In the development of Russian art school Vasily Ivanovich Surikov made a great contribution. He was born on January 24 (January 12 - according to the old calendar) 1848 in Siberian city Krasnoyarsk. Surikov’s parents, father Ivan Vasilyevich Surikov, who served as the provincial registrar, and mother Praskovya Fedorovna, née Torgoshina, belonged to the descendants of the first Cossack families. His paternal ancestors may have come to these lands from the Don almost during the time of Ermak. Cossack origin was a source of special pride for Surikov - this is evidenced by the fact that Vasily Ivanovich directly called himself a Russian Cossack.
ABOUT early years We know Surikov’s life and childhood mainly from the work of the poet M. Voloshin. Shortly before the painter's death, in 1913, M. Voloshin, while working on a monograph about Surikov, ordered by I. Grabar, often met and talked with the outstanding artist.
In 1859, the artist’s father dies, his family finds itself in a difficult financial situation. Praskovya Fedorovna was forced to rent out the second floor of her house to tenants, and she herself did not refuse odd jobs. Surikov graduated from the Krasnoyarsk district school in 1861 and entered the service of the provincial administration as a clerical officer. By this time he had already decided that he would become an artist. Great luck and success for Surikov was his acquaintance with N. Grebnev, who became his first mentor and teacher. Grebnev recognized great potential in the teenager, and gently but persistently began to guide him in the right direction.
The governor of Krasnoyarsk P. Zamyatin also took part in the fate of the talented person, who sent a petition to St. Petersburg with a request to enroll Surikov in the Academy. Despite the fact that the application was accepted, the Academy refused to pay Surikov a scholarship. Industrialists from Siberia in those days were distinguished by the breadth of their philanthropic activities; they did not spare money on both cultural and educational work. Among them was gold miner P. Kuznetsov, who undertook to provide Surikov with everything necessary for the period of his studies at the Academy. At the end of 1868, Surikov with Kuznetsov’s industrial train set off to conquer art world. The journey to St. Petersburg took two months.
However, Surikov was not accepted into the Academy right away - he had to study a little at the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, where he “trained” his hand by drawing plaster casts, only after that he was enrolled in the Academy as a volunteer. Surikov became a full-fledged student of the Academy in August 1870, having completed a three-year training program on his own.
After this came triumphs. Unfortunately and to the indignation of Surikov’s teacher P. Chistyakov, who guaranteed an overseas internship, Surikov did not receive a gold medal after graduating from the Academy. Six months later, Surikov was still offered a trip abroad, but he refused it, taking up the task of painting frescoes in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Belokamennaya.
Thanks to his work in the temple, the artist gained financial independence and new environment habitat. Once in Belokamennaya, Surikov immediately felt familiar and moved to Pervoprestolnaya for good. “Menshikov in Berezovo”, “Boyaryna Morozova”, “Morning of the Streltsy Execution” created here brought Vasily Ivanovich well-deserved recognition and a place among the outstanding painters of that era. After the screening of “The Morning of the Streltsy Execution” in 1881, Surikov became an active participant in the Itinerants movement for 26 years, leaving the Association only in 1907, realizing that this movement was slowing down further development painting.
As for the personal life of Vasily Ivanovich, it is necessary to note his marriage with Elizaveta Augustovna Share, concluded in 1878. They lived ten happy years; Elizaveta Augustovna gave birth to Surikov two daughters. After serious illness she died in 1888, her death became the cause of Surikov’s severe depression. He stopped writing and in 1889 he left with his children for Krasnoyarsk, expecting to stay in the “city of childhood” forever.
Here on " small homeland", depression recedes. Almost by force, Surikov’s brother forces him to begin writing “The Capture of the Snow Town.” Surikov became interested in his work, and in the fall of 1890 he returned to Moscow. The entire period of the 1890s was marked by a new search for content and color - and, of course, new pictorial masterpieces, always exhibited among the “Itinerants”.
In this and the following decade, Vasily Ivanovich traveled a lot and often. He visited Siberia, Crimea, the Oka and the Volga. Visited Spain, Switzerland, Italy, France. At the end of his life, Surikov remained captivated by grandiose ideas. But, unfortunately, “Krasnoyarsk Riot”, “Pugachev”, “Princess Olga” remained unfinished. While on vacation and treatment in Crimea in 1915, Surikov painted his last self-portrait, which serves as a suitable illustration of the characterization given by Voloshin.
The outstanding Russian Itinerant artist died on March 19 (March 6 according to the old calendar) in Moscow. Vagankovskoe cemetery became the artist's last refuge.
As a child, he lived very poorly, especially after his father died from tuberculosis when he was only 11 years old. After graduating from two classes of the parochial school, Surikov entered the district school. It was while studying there that Vasily began to draw. After finishing my studies, I went to work, since my family did not have money to continue my studies. By chance, his drawings were seen by the governor himself, who helped him enter the Academy of Arts of the city of St. Petersburg, where Surikov studied from 1869 to 1875. In 1877 he moved to Moscow and lived there until the end of his life.
On January 25, 1878, he married Elizaveta Shara, with whom he had two daughters, Elena and Olga. In 1888, his wife died, which was a terrible blow for Surikov - he did not even paint for some time.
Traveled a lot, visited Italy, France, Spain, Crimea and other places. In 1910, he helped open a drawing school in his native Krasnoyarsk.
The most important paintings: “Boyaryna Morozova”, “Morning of the Streltsy Execution”, “Suvorov’s Crossing of the Alps”, “Capture of the Snowy Town”, “Conquest of Siberia by Ermak Timofeevich”, “Menshikov in Berezovo”, “Stepan Razin”, “Visit to the Princess of the Women” Monastery", "Portrait of a Daughter".
Ivan Zakharovich Surikov is a talented self-taught poet who was a prominent representative of the “peasant” trend in literature. Many of his works became folk songs: “I grew up an orphan”, “In the steppe”, “Rowan”, etc. The following music was written to the poet’s words famous composers, like Tchaikovsky, Dargomyzhsky, Rimsky-Korsakov and Borodin. In this article you will be presented with a brief biography of Ivan Zakharovich Surikov. So let's get started.
Childhood
Ivan Surikov was born in the village of Novoselovo (Yaroslavl province) in 1841. The boy's father lived in Moscow. He went there to earn money while still young. At first I had to be a helper, and then serve as a clerk at the market. As a result, Ivan’s father opened his own. Zakhar Surikov only occasionally came to the village to visit his relatives.
Moving to Moscow
Until the age of nine, sickly, weak and quiet Ivan lived in the village. Its calm, peaceful, simple way of life and the beauty of its surroundings made an indelible impression on the future poet. Years later, readers will be able to observe rustic motifs. But that’s later... In 1849, Ivan and his mother moved to Moscow to live with his father. The metropolis, with its suffocating air, lack of space, dirt and noise, had a negative effect on the boy. He became even more withdrawn into himself. In the tenth year of his life, Ivan’s parents sent him to study with the Finogenov sisters from a merchant family. They taught the future poet the church and civil alphabet, writing, reading, religion, etc. Having barely mastered reading and writing, little Surikov began to greedily “absorb” books. Moreover, he read everything that came to hand. These were novels, travel, fairy tales, lives of saints, etc.
Introduction to Poetry
Soon, the biography of Ivan Zakharovich Surikov was replenished with a significant event - the boy read poetry for the first time. These were Dmitriev's fables, Tsygankov's songs and a number of Merzlyakov's novels. After reading these works, the boy felt a subtle attraction to poetry. Since Ivan studied “in the old way,” he did not read poetry, but sang them. Surikov used this “natural” method in the future to check the size of his creations. And he left it only when he became acquainted with the theory of versification. The official Xenophon Dobrotvorsky who lived next door made the boy even more addicted to reading. He regularly gave him books from his library.
First work and first verse
As soon as Ivan Zakharovich Surikov, whose brief biography is known to all lovers of Russian poetry, reached adolescence, his father put the young man behind the counter. He was not at all interested in the boy's hobbies. But Ivan did not give up reading and continued to do it on the sly. Soon the young man’s attraction to poetry was expressed in a concrete work. The boy wrote the first poem, which was inspired by the fire that happened in their house. Dobrotvorsky praised Surikov and advised him to continue. Inspired by the words of his mentor, Ivan composed several plays in the form of songs.
Criticism
By 1857, Ivan Zakharovich Surikov, whose brief biography is presented in this article, wrote a whole notebook of poems. The boy was barely 16 years old. On the advice of friends, he took his creations to two Russian poets. One of them took a warm part and gave useful tips. From the second, such an unfavorable review came that Ivan became despondent. Nevertheless, the young poet did not abandon versification, but only began to work harder. Surikov improved the sonority, smoothness and form of his works. And this yielded results: artistry and simplicity of images appeared in the poems.
Father's Ruin
Soon the boy's father decided to expand his trading business. The biography of Ivan Zakharovich Surikov says that from that moment his life took a new turn. Despite the new workload (reporting and work behind the counter), the young poet was able to find time for his favorite activity. Wanting to get rich quickly, Ivan's father began to play at the races. This led to serious losses. Zakhar started drinking, only making the situation worse. As a result, both of his shops went bankrupt. The boy’s father had to leave for the village, and the young poet himself got a job as an assistant to Zakhar’s brother.
Uncle's job
Ivan Zakharovich describes this period of his life as quite difficult. A capricious and picky uncle burdened the young poet with work even more. Ivan had to not only serve customers, but also deliver goods to customers, and also sweep the shop. Free time for favorite reading and there was almost no versification left. My uncle's life was becoming simply unbearable. As a result, Surikov sold all his property and rented a small room on Tverskaya. He and his mother also started buying and selling old scrap. Things went especially well when Ivan, in addition to iron, began trading in coal and charcoal.
Gaining independence
Having become independent, the poet was able to return to his favorite pastime. Since the beginning of the 60s, the biography of Ivan Zakharovich Surikov has been replenished with a number of important events. One of them was meeting the poet Pleshcheev. The last one saw in young man talent and motivated him to further self-education and creativity. Pleshcheev sent several of his most successful poems to the editor of the Entertainment magazine, Miller. The first of them was published in 1863. Inspired by success, Ivan began to be even stricter about the creation of his works. Pleshcheev helped him improve his verse and form. But soon a crisis came in the life of the young poet.
Difficult stage
Ivan Zakharovich Surikov (a short biography intended for children also describes this period in detail) lost his mother, and his father returned from the village. He moved in with his son and led a drunken lifestyle. Then Zakhar married a schismatic - a grumpy woman with a difficult character. Ivan could not stand her and left the house. For the young poet, a life began full of wanderings, hardships and constant searches for work. Surikov tried several professions: apprentice in a printing house, copyist, assistant...
New publications
When the stepmother left, having robbed Zakhar completely, Ivan again settled with his father and began trading. He did not forget about the pen. “Entertainment”, “Illustrated Newspaper”, “Sunday Leisure” - these are the publications in which Ivan Zakharovich Surikov was published (the biography for children will be very interesting if you read to them at least a few excerpts from the poems published in these magazines). The poet's talent and fame grew in In 1871, the first collection of his works was published, including 54 plays.
Circle of self-taught poets
This is where the short biography of Ivan Zakharovich Surikov comes to an end. There are a couple more left to reveal. important points. Ivan was always impressed by self-taught people like himself. Therefore, Surikov decided to organize a corresponding circle, which included Radienov, Grigoriev, Razzorenov, Derunov, Kondratiev, Tarusin, and others. Together they published the almanac “Dawn” in 1872. And in 1875, the 2nd edition of the poet’s collection of poems was published. Any biography of Ivan Zakharovich Surikov tells us this. By the way, he wrote wonderful poems for children. The mid-70s marked the peak of the poetic career of the hero of our story.
Recent years
This was the entire biography of Ivan Zakharovich Surikov. IN recent years The poet found himself in difficult conditions in his life. There was always not enough money. This undermined his strength and health. Surikov began to get seriously ill in 1879. The poet developed consumption. The 3rd edition of his works brought some funds, and Ivan Zakharovich used them to go to the Samara steppes for treatment. For the same purpose, he lived for some time in Crimea. But the treatment did not help, consumption progressed. In April 1880, the poet died and was buried in Moscow at the Pyatnitskoye cemetery.
In 1910, several Russian literary communities celebrated the 30th anniversary of Surikov's death. On this occasion, a monument was erected at the poet’s grave.
On January 24, 1848, in the family of the collegiate registrar Ivan Vasilyevich Surikov, a boy was born in the city of Krasnoyarsk, who was named Vasily.
Providence itself wished that the future great titan and genius of Russian painting would be born into a family belonging to an ancient Cossack family.
The ancestors of the great artist Vasily Ivanovich were Don Cossacks; eternal adventurers, they, like hundreds of other Donets, came to Siberia along with the legendary Ermak.
IN mid-17th century centuries, newly arrived Cossacks in the wide expanses of Siberia set up a town on the Yenisei, called Krasnoyarsk forts, and here the Cossacks Surikovs settled down.
The artist’s ancestors served honestly; for impeccable and dedicated service, starting from the 18th century, the Cossacks of the Surikovs began to be promoted to officer ranks.
According to the laws Russian Empire For distinguished service, a Cossack promoted to officer was awarded the title of nobility. The right to nobility extended to all heirs, so Vasily Surikov was born a nobleman.
WITH youth Vasily Surikov is obsessed with painting; at the age of twenty he moved to St. Petersburg, where from 1869 to 1875 he studied at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts. During his studies, teachers mark him as the best student and foretell a great future for him.
Two years after graduating from the academy, Surikov moved to Moscow, where he created the bulk of his great works. From 1881 to 1887, he created such masterpieces of monumental historical painting as “The Morning of the Streltsy Execution” and “Boyaryna Morozova”.
In 1888, Vasily Ivanovich suffered great grief - the death of his wife, whom he dearly loved. The artist falls into a deep depression; he writes nothing for almost two years.
Enlightenment comes after a trip to his native Siberia (1889 - 1890); in 1891, his painting “The Capture of a Snowy Town” was published, personifying the daring and broad soul of the Russian people.
Next, Surikov again creates canvases dedicated to the history of Russia; the enlightened world is amazed by his canvases “The Defeat of Siberia by Ermak”, “Suvorov’s Crossing of the Alps”, “Stepan Razin”. Some critics note that the works created by the artist after 1890 are lower in quality of perfection than the works written in the 80s.
Died great artist On March 19, 1916, while dying, he said a simple phrase: "I'm disappearing." But the brilliant legacy he left will live forever. Surikov’s paintings are very close in spirit to every Russian person, because most of them are dedicated to the Russian people and their history.
In conclusion, one cannot fail to note the very interesting fact. The daughter of Vasily Ivanovich Surikov, Olga, married the Russian artist Pyotr Konchalovsky.
A girl, Natalya, was born into the Konchalovsky family, in the future she was destined to become the wife of the writer and poet Sergei Vladimirovich Mikhalkov, author of Hymns Russian Federation And Soviet Union. So, famous directors Nikita Mikhalkov and Andrei Konchalovsky are the great-grandsons of Vasily Ivanovich Surikov.
Future great painter was born on January 12 (24), 1848 in Krasnoyarsk, in a family belonging to the Cossack class.
After early death Father's family had a hard time, and Vasily's mother was forced to rent out the second floor of their house. There was barely enough money for the basic necessities, but a wise woman, noticing her son’s passion for drawing, managed to pay for painting lessons. Vasily’s first teacher was N.V. Grebnev, who taught drawing at the Krasnoyarsk district school.
Most early work Surikov, which has survived intact to this day, is the watercolor “Rafts on the Yenisei,” painted by him at the age of 14.
After graduating from college, his mother was unable to pay for Vasily’s further education, and he was forced to take a position as a scribe in the provincial government. However, fate was merciful to the talented young man. Having accidentally seen the work of a subordinate, Governor P. Zamyatin found a philanthropist who was able to pay for Surikov’s education at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts.
IN educational institution Vasily learned the intricacies of painting under the guidance of P. Chistyakov. Very quickly he became one of his best students, regularly receiving cash prizes and medals for his work.
Creation
The first painting with which young Surikov declared himself as a master of large-scale compositions was “View of the monument to Peter I on Senate Square in St. Petersburg." He sold it to his patron, P. Kuznetsov, a large gold miner. A few years later, while visiting his patron, the young artist painted the painting “The Good Samaritan” as a gift to him.
From short biography Surikov is known to be extremely reluctant to paint portraits to order. However, I was forced to do this in order to be financially free.
The source of inspiration for the talented painter was music, especially opera. In addition, he himself enjoyed learning to play the guitar.
Surikov spent about three years writing one of his most famous paintings, “The Morning of the Streltsy Execution.” But it was this work that opened the doors to the world for the artist great art. His talent was unconditionally recognized, and he became a member of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions.
Vasily Ivanovich had long dreamed of traveling around Europe to see with his own eyes the paintings of outstanding painters. Having profitably sold one of his works, he fulfilled a long-time dream and visited famous European galleries and art museums.
In 1881, Surikov began work on his famous painting"Boyaryna Morozova". He was so sensitive to this work that in search of the ideal composition he could spend more than one month on endless sketches and sketches.
The most important paintings by Surikov also include “The Capture of the Snowy Town,” “Suvorov’s Crossing of the Alps,” and “Stepan Razin.” For children, acquaintance with the artist’s work can begin as early as 3rd grade - all the master’s paintings are distinguished by high artistic value and variety of images.
Personal life
First and only love The painter became his wife, Elizaveta Augustovna Share. The young people got married in 1878, and after a while they had two daughters - Olga and Elena.
However, family happiness was short-lived - 10 years later, his beloved wife died, leaving the artist in the deepest depression. He was able to return to life only thanks to creativity.
Death
In the last years of his life, Vasily Ivanovich’s health deteriorated significantly. He went to Crimea for treatment, but it did not help. On March 6 (19), 1916, the great artist died of coronary heart disease.
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