Literary and historical-architectural museum-reserve. Taganrog State Literary and Historical-Architectural Museum-Reserve Branch or subordinate organization

Museums.

History of the museum

Created in 1981. The total area of ​​the formation is more than 5000 square meters. m. The funds number more than 280 thousand storage units. Each of the museums included in the association was created in different time and has its own history.

Museum structure

Literary part of the association

• The Literary Museum of A.P. Chekhov is located in the building of the former men's classical gymnasium. The writer A.P. Chekhov studied here. The museum was opened on May 29, 1935. The museum's exposition presents materials about the life and work of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. The exhibition includes about 1600 exhibits.
• Memorial Museum "Chekhov's House" - the house in which A.P. Chekhov was born. In 1926, the first museum exhibition dedicated to the life of the writer opened here.
• Museum "Chekhov's Shop". The museum is located in a house that the Chekhov family rented from 1869 to 1874. The Chekhov family's store was on the first floor, and the family lived on the second. A.P. Chekhov lived here from 9 to 14 years old. The museum in the house was opened on November 3, 1977.
• The I. D. Vasilenko Museum is located in the house in which the writer, Stalin Prize laureate Ivan Dmitrievich Vasilenko lived from 1923 to 1966. Transferred to the Taganrog State Literary and Historical-Architectural Museum-Reserve in 1988.

Historical part

• Exhibits of the Museum of History and Local Lore

Taganrog Museum of Local Lore is one of the oldest museums in the south of Russia. Today it is part of the museum association “Taganrog State Literary and Historical-Architectural Museum-Reserve,” formed in 1983 and including seven museums.

Before turning to the history of the creation of a local history museum in the city, it is necessary to say something about Taganrog itself. Founded by Peter I in 1698, the first sea harbor of Russia with the original name Trinity Fortress on Tagan-Rog (from the Turkic “Noticeable Cape”) by 1709 already had 10 thousand inhabitants. However, unsuccessful battles with the Turks forced the Russian Tsar to return the Trinity Fortress on Tagan Rog to Turkey. Peter I ordered “to destroy the city as widely as possible, but without damaging its foundation, for God will turn it differently.” In February 1712, the last Russian soldier left the fortress. Restoration of the returned citadel began in the mid-18th century. Under Catherine II, Taganrog, having lost its status as a military fortress, gained fame as one of the largest trading ports in southern Russia.

The history of museum construction in the city is associated with the name of Emperor Alexander I. Mysterious and unexpected death The Tsar-Liberator of Europe in Taganrog on November 19, 1825 still attracts the keen interest of historians.

The house in which the emperor died was bought from the city by Elizaveta Alekseevna, the widow of Alexander I, and in 1826 it became the first memorial museum in Russia. Preserved and maintained the atmosphere of the memorial provided for by “ staffing table» Ministry of the Imperial Court, caretaker of the Palace in Taganrog.

Alferaki A. I.,
mayor of Taganrog
in 1880-1888 1882

Chekhov A.P.,
beginning 1900s

The city, rapidly growing and developing in the 19th century, had its own theater since 1827, becoming the second city in Russia in which the Italian theater constantly existed. opera troupe. By the end of the century, a whole network had been formed in Taganrog educational institutions with free and universal primary education. The idea of ​​creating a pedagogical museum arose. City mayor A. N. Alferaki and his successor P. F. Yordanov, taking into account positive attitude townspeople to this idea and the approaching 200th anniversary of the city, managed (with the support of A.P. Chekhov) on June 22, 1898 to achieve the desired decision in the City Duma. This day is considered to be the founding date of the Taganrog Museum of Local Lore. The profile, direction and structure of the emerging museum were determined by A.P. Chekhov. He proposed to place it in a majestic building belonging to the city and call it Petrovsky.

After the revolution, all the city's museums were repeatedly tried to unite. The memorial museum of Alexander I was destroyed, some of the exhibits of which were preserved in the funds of the local history museum. In the early 20s, museums received art objects from estates and mansions, and later from the State Museum Fund, the Russian Museum and State Museum ceramics. In 1930, the City Museum was renamed the Taganrog Museum of Local Lore. By the end of the 30s, his collections, in the acquisition of which prominent figures of literature, art and science took part (A. P. Chekhov, K. A. Savitsky, the Miller brothers, I. Ya. Pavlovsky and many others), numbered nineteen half a thousand storage units, including the book stock.

Central street of Taganrog
during the days of the German occupation,
summer 1942

Bench in the city garden
with the inscription "Only for Germans",
1942-1943

Fragment of the local history exhibition
museum during the years of occupation,
1942-1943

Order of the mayor of Taganrog
about providing paintings from the museum
at the disposal of the general,
November 26, 1941

Hood. N. P. Bogdanov-Belsky.
Dying peasant. 1893

The war, which began on June 22, 1941, from the first days affected the life of the seaside city, whose economy since the late 30s was mainly focused on defense orders. The city welded steel, built airplanes, produced heavy motorcycles, and sewed uniforms. And from the first days of the war, peaceful enterprises switched to producing military products. When the front began to rapidly approach the city, the local leadership, naturally, was concerned about the speedy evacuation industrial enterprises. By October 15, 1941, up to 75% of equipment, products, factories and valuables were removed from Taganrog, and most of the workers were evacuated. The city authorities have no options left to send museums to the east.

A desperate attempt to save objects made of precious metals was made by the director of the museum, K. I. Chistoserdov. A week before the arrival of the invaders, he took a collection of valuable items with him for evacuation and officially transferred them to the Kabardino-Balkarian Museum of History and Local Lore in Nalchik. A year later, Nalchik was occupied by the Germans, and the museum was brutally looted. (In response to a request from the Taganrog Museum about the fate of its exhibits from Nalchik in June 1944, they were informed that they had been stolen during the German occupation.)

On October 17, 1941, German tanks broke into Taganrog. Its occupation lasted 683 days.

The “new order” of the German authorities in the occupied “eastern” territories is widely known. The mayor organizes the management of the city economy, the Ortskomendatura controls all activities, special structures collect taxes (on dogs, bicycles, skis, hand wheelbarrows and shows). Burgomistrat employees carefully check school textbooks, library and store books. The museum’s library, from which “Bolshevik” literature was confiscated, is also subject to censorship checks. The monument to Peter I by M. Antokolsky, removed in 1924 and saved from melting down by museum workers, was returned to the city. According to available documents, in the first days of the occupation, museums were looted local residents and German soldiers. Along with paintings, icons, porcelain, archaeological collections and numismatics, items from the exhibition of consumer goods were stolen.

The acting director of the museum, V. M. Bazilevich, reported to the new authorities: “... during the days of the flight of the Bolsheviks and the occupation of the city by the German army, the museum remained for several days without official protection. Taking advantage of this, persons outside the museum repeatedly entered the museum by breaking the locks, scattered and damaged its exhibits, and stole a number of items.” During this period, the collection of paintings suffered especially: “up to 30 paintings were torn from their stretchers, 25 of them were stolen.” Among the stolen works were paintings by I. N. Kramskoy, E. F. Krendovsky, I. A. Pelevin, A. P. Bogolyubov, J. Ya. Weber and others.

On November 20, 1941, the German authorities, in order to prevent theft, issued a safe conduct to the museum. The Germans knew that Professor Bazilevich was fruitfully engaged in scientific activity, published 45 books, including widely famous works“Griboedov in Ukraine” and “Honoré de Balzac in Ukraine”, which was subjected to repression in 1927. In 1939, after a second five-year stay in the Far Eastern camps, he settled at the direction of the authorities in Taganrog.

With great difficulty, he, a world-famous scientist, managed to get a position as an employee of a local history museum. In just one year of service at the museum, he prepared twenty works. Among them: “Pushkin and Taganrog”, “Decembrists and Taganrog”.

The director of the Chistoserdov museum, who was leaving for evacuation, recommended Bazilevich for the role of those responsible for the preservation of the funds. In November 1941, the German authorities appointed him director of the museum. The burgomaster of Taganrog, Kulik, issued stern recommendations to the new leader: “You are obliged to strictly follow all orders of the city administration or its departments and not allow any activities that would run counter to the interests of the city population and the German armed forces.”

Bazilevich served as director for eight months, until June 1942. In his report addressed to the burgomaster, he reported that the museum’s premises had been put in order and the main losses of exhibits had been identified. Subjected to a radical reorganization Art Gallery, memorial room of Emperor Alexander I and the “Old Taganrog” department. A detailed check of the presence and condition of the exhibits was carried out, and a scientific inventory began. The museum has been replenished with a number of art exhibits, including works by local artists. The report notes that the museum remains closed to public viewing in accordance with the instructions of the burgomaster and the commandant's office. It was visited daily by soldiers of the German and Romanian armies.

In winter, the museum premises were not heated, so some of the exhibits had to be moved to a storage facility. But on June 22, 1942, on the anniversary of the start of the war with Russia, the occupiers held a reception for officers at the museum. In the Double-Height Hall of the museum, famous for its excellent acoustics, theater actors and a German brass band gave concerts. A cafe “only for Germans” was opened on the courtyard terrace. Later, other residents were also admitted. Increasingly, the German command began to use the museum’s halls for ceremonial entertainment. The city housed the headquarters of German units and intelligence services, hospitals, and rest homes for soldiers and officers. The German command obliged the city authorities to organize appropriate leisure activities for the valiant Wehrmacht soldiers.

The museum was ordered to organize a number of exhibitions, including those of local artists. The newspaper “Novoye Slovo” wrote about one of these exhibitions: “Eleven Taganrog artists responded to the call of the propaganda department of the German army and the city administration to participate in the exhibition that opened in the halls of the city museum... The exhibition met with a warm reception from the public. On the first day, up to 700 people visited it. A number of paintings were purchased by members of the German command and administration of the city for placement in the halls of the museum. Representatives of the German command visited the exhibition and gave very flattering reviews about it and ordered a number of portraits from the artists Scorciletti and Ryasnyansky. The venerable artist Ms. Blonskaya-Leontovskaya, who visited the exhibition on the day of its opening, donated two of her best paintings to the city: “Girls” („ Palm Sunday") and a portrait of the notary Blonsky - the father of the artist by her husband Leontovsky - famous portrait painter aristocratic circles of St. Petersburg in the period 1900-1914.” If this exhibition presented works of different genres, then in the exhibition, which opened on August 1, 1943, portraits of Hitler occupied an exceptional place. The museum gradually turned into a free “antique shop” for high-ranking occupiers. Increasingly, the museum's management begins to receive cynical orders and instructions from the burgomaster: - provide several paintings to decorate the general's apartment (seven paintings were provided); - hand over four paintings for the Gestapo headquarters; - two paintings for the security police and SD; - two paintings for Special Team No. 10... Among the paintings that left the museum were works by Bogolyubov, Vasilkovsky, Krylov, Makovsky, copies unknown artists XIX century from paintings by Correggio, Rafael Santi. In mid-June 1942, when General Recknagel was honored, the hero of the day was presented with an old pistol from the museum’s collection as a souvenir. Police chief Kirsanov showed a passion for “collecting” ancient weapons from the museum’s collections. During 1942, the personal collection of the guard of the “new order” was replenished with: “pistol No. 137 (flintlock, dilapidated); blade No. 118, (handle with bone); blade No. 114 (forged, silver).”

Objects were also confiscated from the museum's funds for the practice of Orthodox rituals permitted for propaganda purposes. In particular, in January 1942, seven icons, banners, and other church accessories were confiscated for the St. Nicholas Church. Later, icons, chandeliers, icon cases, banners and other church utensils were sent to the same temple. To furnish an Orthodox house on the street. Chekhov, 101 priest Suslenkov received from the museum: “1. Two copper candlesticks in pairs for two candles each (inv. No. 277, 278). 2. A copper censer; only the lid and part of the chain, damaged, have survived (inventory No. 339). 3. Metal glasses, frage, 2 pcs. (Inv. No. 134,135). 4. Frame with glass from the icon. 5. A piece of red satin fabric with gilded fringe (No. 569).” The fact of receipt is certified by the corresponding receipt from priest Suslenkov.

From August 1, 1942, the museum building was occupied by the headquarters of the German command. The entire exhibition was urgently curtailed within eight hours. After the staff left, museum staff discovered that “some of the items from the collection had disappeared. The archaeological department, Durov’s corner, etc. were damaged.”

Museum employees, risking their lives, tried to preserve the most valuable items in the collection, providing works of little artistic value at the request of the authorities. Unfortunately, this was not always possible. The burgomaster was adamant in his zeal to please the German authorities; he returned items of little value and demanded that they be replaced with more “worthy” ones. The passion for decoration at the expense of the museum funds among the “fathers” of the city and their owners knew no bounds. The commandant, Captain Alberti, tried with his order to stop the revelry of lovers of “beautiful” art. The consequences of this step cannot be verified archivally. Following a denunciation, items belonging to the museum were found in the house of V. M. Bazilevich, which served as a basis for accusing former director of theft and sentence him to death. This was most likely a demonstrative and intimidating act of the invaders. According to the act signed by the director of the museum, the caretaker, the accountant and the custodian, two silver icons, 26 different coins, rubles from the reigns of Paul I, Nicholas I and Alexander I, a wallet for silver coins, 25 library books, 10 seals, an act of surrender of valuables during evacuation, an inventory of numismatics, seals and other items.

In February 1943, after the victory of Soviet troops at Stalingrad, the front began to rapidly approach Taganrog. The Propaganda Department of the VI Tank Regiment, ahead of the special services of the Operational Headquarters of Reichsleiter Rosenberg, began to “rescue” and confiscate the cultural property of the Taganrog Museum.

Senior Lieutenant of the 691st Tank Propaganda Company Ernst Moritz Arndt took “over forty icons and objects” from Taganrog church utensils, about eighty items made of porcelain, glass and bronze, samples of collectible weapons, five paintings.” In the Central State Archive higher authorities authorities and administration of Ukraine (TSGAVOU), where an extensive archive of the “activities” of the so-called. Rosenberg's headquarters, official correspondence was discovered in connection with the search for exhibits of the Taganrog Museum of Local Lore taken away by Arndt. The curator of the Sonderkommando "Rostov" of the Rosenberg Headquarters, Reck, who accidentally received information about the removal of museum property by the Wehrmacht, showed extreme concern about this. According to Recca, there was an alleged breakdown in chain of command. The right to export should be handled by the Headquarters services, not the Wehrmacht. Moreover, Headquarters knows nothing about the location of the cargo taken from Taganrog by Senior Lieutenant Arndt. The meticulous Rekk checked the chain of promotion of the tank propaganda company with the museum’s values. Verification of the initial information that part of the cargo could have been located at the Berlin assembly point of the Wehrmacht High Command was unsuccessful. In the end, we managed to obtain a list of 125 items. However, the Headquarters treated this information with distrust. The Wehrmacht list contained items of dubious origin, in the opinion of Headquarters employees. As museum employee S. Malikova testifies, during the years of occupation the museum acquired some exhibits using funds allocated by the burgomaster. The same burgomaster confiscated the most valuable things from the funds for his leadership and for gifts to the German command. Museum employees, taking into account the “extortions” local authorities, did not strive to promptly register new receipts and were in no hurry to play the role of a cover for the identification and seizure of antiques by the authorities from the population. Assertive home office staff working group“Ukraine” from Rosenberg’s Headquarters finally found Senior Lieutenant Arndt in Breslau (present-day Wroclaw in Poland). Arndt, with the knowledge of his superiors, informed Rosenberg Headquarters that art objects from the Taganrog Museum were in the Breslau command of the 691st Propaganda Tank Company among other captured property. By prior agreement with the Wehrmacht leadership, Arndt receives clear instructions: boxes with objects from the Taganrog Museum should be marked with the code “RMOZ” and sent to the address: “Buxheim State Station near Memmingen / Swabia, recipient Otto Letner, Zalesian Monastery.” This was the path of the first stage of exporting our museum’s cultural treasures outside the country.

Bazilevich V. M.,
director of the local history museum
in the courtyard of the museum,
winter 1941

And in Taganrog at this time, German headquarters and units were preparing for the second evacuation. On August 27, 1943, the occupiers carried out another large-scale raid on museum funds. Among the seized exhibits are paintings by Aivazovsky, Bogdanov-Velsky, Polenov, Leontovsky, Shishkin and others.

S. Malikova in her “Certificate” from 1943 writes: “The Germans took away mainly antique Russian things from the museum and took them for personal use.”

On August 30, 1943, Taganrog was liberated by the troops of the Southern Front under the command of General Tolbukhin. The city began to count losses during the years of occupation. The Izvestia newspaper wrote on September 4, 1943: “Twelve departments of the Taganrog Museum collected rare exhibits related to the history of our Motherland and the Russian people. The museum kept original paintings painted by Russian artists Makovsky, Shishkin, Pryanishnikov and others, as well as samples of ancient weapons, porcelain dishes, etc. Now the museum is empty - everything ancient has been looted and taken to Germany.”

By October 1, 1944, an inventory was carried out in the museum according to the inventories of 13 funds and the library collection. As a result, it was possible to establish that during the occupation, 4,624 items were stolen from the Taganrog Museum. The remaining collection in the funds amounted to 9,369 items and 5,550 books. That is, during the war the museum lost more than a third of its collection of objects.

Archival evidence does not yet allow recovery full picture search and return to the territory of the country of cultural values ​​of the Taganrog Museum.

On September 8, 1945, the Rostov Regional Department of Cultural Education and Work demanded an inventory museum exhibits, killed or taken away by the Nazi invaders. It was proposed to list the groups of property subject to return from Germany. The search and return of stolen property could be helped by the information available in the museum about who carried out the removal and when. In December 1947, 73 exhibits stolen by the occupiers were returned to the museum, which arrived in box No. 21. Unfortunately, neither notification of receipt nor an inventory of the items found in the materials of the city archive, party archive and in the archives of the local KGB could be found.

The situation with the items returned in box No. 21 became clear already in Lately. Employees Federal agency on culture and cinematography actively participate in the search for documents concerning the “military” fate of the cultural values ​​of the Taganrog Museum. It was from them that the materials of the State Archive were received Russian Federation, the archive of the Rosenberg Headquarters, stored in the Central State Archives of the Supreme Authorities and Administration of Ukraine (Kyiv) and other central archives. Employees of the Federal Agency, in addition to assisting in the preparation for the publication of this volume, searched for “traces” of the mentioned box. Its contents ended up at the end of the war in the territory of that part of Germany that was occupied by US troops. The Americans processed cultural property looted by the Nazis in German storage facilities (there were about 1.5 thousand of them) at collection points they organized and then transferred them to the countries of origin. Taganrog items were among those transferred to the Berlin Derutra warehouse and in November 1947 were sent with the returned exhibits of Peterhof, Gatchina, Catherine, Pavlovsk palace-museums, archeology of Kerch, icons of Pskov and Novgorod. The train of 4 railway cars and one platform arrived at the Central Storage of Museum Funds in the city of Pushkin near Leningrad, which was organized specifically for processing the imported valuables. Received museum objects were taken into account very approximately: not by availability, but by accompanying passports. The lack of specialists and the small number of storage staff made it possible only to open boxes arriving from Berlin and identify general character packaged valuables and their belongings. They were then sent to their recipients. But for a number of reasons, valuables did not always reach their rightful owners.

Discovered in State Archives RF “Passport for box No. R-21” indicates the ownership of those contained in it museum valuables(icons, paintings - including “Portrait of a Boy” by Makovsky, - plaster masks, antique vessels, etc.) to the Taganrog City Museum.

Already in the process of preparing materials for the publication of this volume, employees of the Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography established that the painting “The Dying Peasant” by N. P. Bogdanov-Belsky, lost by our museum during the occupation, was sold in 2001 Auction house"Christie". I would like to hope that the painting will take its rightful place in our museum. Employees consider this find good sign possible search and return of other cultural property stolen by the occupiers of the 60s extra years back.

The museum community of Taganrog has always been aware of the need to establish the losses suffered by the museum during the war. But the authorities did not consider this task urgent for a long time. Therefore, the initiative of the Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography to prepare for publication this volume of the Union Catalog of Lost Property was perceived by the museum staff as a long-overdue and fundamentally important matter. The Museum expresses its gratitude to the Agency’s specialists, especially N. I. Nikandrov, for the significant methodological assistance provided, as well as for a number of kindly provided archival documents, without which compiling a catalog would be a very difficult undertaking.

Galina Krupnitskaya,
Head Museum of History and Local Lore

Taganrog Literary and Historical-Architectural Museum-Reserve (TGLIAMZ) is one of the largest museum complexes in the Rostov region. It includes 7 different museums that are dedicated to the history and culture of the city of Taganrog, the life and work of the great Russian writer A.P. Chekhov.

The history of the museum-reserve began in 1981, when a government decree was issued on the merger of the Taganrog Museum of Local Lore and the Taganrog literary museum A.P. Chekhov. Current museum complex formed in the early 2000s, and includes 7 museums and 30 historical sites associated with the city of Taganrog and the life of A.P. Chekhov.

Currently, the museum-reserve contains unique collections - historical monuments, photographic materials and documents, handwritten books and antique publications, household items and much more. Scientific conferences, various seminars, Russian and international symposia are held on the territory of the reserve.