Sections: Literature
Target. Analyzing chapter 11 of the poem, draw students’ attention to one of the extraordinary phenomena in the history of Russian culture of the 19th century: to replace the unconditionally positive heroes of the 18th century, in which moral ideal era of classicism, “strange characters” came, immoral and enterprising.
Tasks.
- Reveal the writer's attitude towards his hero.
- Find out the meaning of the image of the main character, Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov.
- Discuss the relationship between enterprise and ingenuity in finding ways to get rich and give a moral assessment of these properties.
Equipment: electronic presentation, handout cards with excerpts from chapter 11 of the poem and questions for analysis.
The class is pre-divided into 3 groups, each group has one speaker, one co-speaker, and the rest complement.
Lesson progress
1. Opening remarks teachers.
In the 19th century, the unconditionally positive heroes of the last century, who embodied the moral ideal of the era of classicism, were replaced by “strange” characters, immoral and enterprising. The appearance of such a hero as Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov was a real revolution in Russian literature. A strange hero and a strange poem. This is evidenced by the well-known correspondence of V. G. Belinsky with K. Aksakov, who compared “ Dead Souls” with the “Iliad” and considered Gogol to be the Homer of the new time. Why was it possible for such a hero to appear? And who is he, Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov - a clever “combinator”, a hero-acquirer or a scoundrel, as the author calls him? Or maybe in Russia one phenomenon is unthinkable without the other?
- In the advice of Father Pavlusha, what moral values are money opposed to? Is it possible to agree with such a value system, why is it dangerous?
- Is the father's instruction consistent with the moral code of Christianity? What moral laws of the Bible do the advice of Father Pavlusha disagree with?
- What is the moral assessment of the author of the instruction himself - Father Pavlusha? Give reasons for your answer.
- Does a father teach his son meanness or entrepreneurship when he talks about the power of a penny?
3. Work in groups.
Main question:
How did Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov learn his father’s instructions?
Group 1. Analysis of an episode about an elderly police officer.
- Is it immoral to punish a bad boss?
- Is it possible to protect good while punishing evil with evil?
- How to evaluate Chichikov’s actions towards the daughter of an elderly police officer - enterprise or meanness?
Conclusion: the story with the police officer is the first moral threshold that Chichikov crossed. Then it went according to the established rules.
Group 2. Analysis of the episode “The fight against bribes” (from the words “You need to know that at the same time...” to the words “The petitioner, of course, is right, but now there are no bribe takers...”)
- Who and what is more immoral - a person or a state, an bureaucratic apparatus that does not respect the interests of the individual, or the official himself, who uses social vices for personal enrichment?
- How did Chichikov manage to turn the fight against bribes to his advantage? Was entrepreneurship or meanness evident in this episode?
- Can deception be moral?
Conclusion: Gogol’s officials rob both the state and the petitioners. Embezzlement, bribery, robbery of the population are everyday and completely natural phenomena. Gogol shows the immorality of officials even through the description of the public places where they serve. “On the square there is a large three-story stone house, all white as chalk...” The author ironically explains: “... white as chalk, probably to depict the purity of the souls of the positions housed in it.” These “pure souls” want only one thing: to live widely at the expense of “the sums of their dearly beloved fatherland.” The writer ridiculed greed, meanness, indifference to other people's troubles, bribery, narrow-mindedness - problems that are relevant in our time.
Group 3. Analysis of the episode “Service as an attorney” (from the words “From the instructions he got...” to the words “That’s two hundred thousand in capital”).
- Is it possible to name Chichikov smart person?
- Are intelligence and talent subject to moral assessment?
- How to characterize a society that values wealth in human souls?
Conclusion: Chichikov is an expected and natural phenomenon in the Russian bureaucratic world, deprived moral qualities. Pavel Ivanovich is a figurative generalization of a wide range of phenomena of Russian reality.
Questions for the class:
- What final assessment does the writer himself give to the hero? Read it.
“So, here is our hero as he is! But they will perhaps require a final definition in one line: who is he in terms of moral qualities? That he is not a hero, full of perfections and virtues, is clear. Who is he? So he's a scoundrel? Why a scoundrel, why be so strict with others? Nowadays we don’t have scoundrels, we have well-intentioned, pleasant people, and only two or three people would be found who would expose their physiognomy to public disgrace and be slapped in the face in public, and even those are now talking about virtue. It is fairer to call him: owner, acquirer. Acquisition is the fault of everything; because of him, deeds were carried out that the world calls not very pure.”
- What meaning does the writer put into the words “acquisition”, “acquirer”?
- Why are the scoundrel and the acquirer contrasted in this passage?
- Can one phenomenon exist without the other?
- How can one explain the fact that Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov, a scoundrel hero, entrepreneur and acquirer, is sitting in a chaise that rushes across the expanses of Russia?
Teacher's conclusion. Chichikov's path is fruitless. This futility is expressed through the wisdom of the popular saying about a task that is not worth a damn. This proverb first appears long before the finale of Volume 1, and with it Gogol sums up Chichikov’s case. And this traditional folk conclusion contains both a verdict on the hero and the possibility, according to the author, of a future revival. It is not for nothing that in the second volume Murazov repeats to himself: “Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov is a most mysterious person for me. After all, if only with such will and perseverance, but for a good deed!” I feel sorry for Pavel Ivanovich. After all, the hero wastes all his extraordinary practical intelligence, will to overcome obstacles, knowledge of people, perseverance in achieving goals on immoral, and sometimes simply immoral, deeds. An entrepreneur, of course, must be a dexterous, energetic, practical person, but such concepts as conscience, loyalty to his word, honesty and nobility have always been part of the unique “code of honor” of the Russian merchant. The only pity is that they are increasingly being replaced by bourgeois Chichikovs, for whom the penny has firmly become their ideal instead of conscience.
4. Homework (optional)
- Essay-argument “Is the revival of Chichikov possible?”
- Draw up a Code of Honor for a modern entrepreneur.
- Essay essay “Is Chichikov a bright, strong personality or an ordinary little person?”
- Prepare a series of illustrations for chapter 11.
- Create a system of questions to analyze Chapter 11.
Literature
- Voropaev Vladimir “A Case Taken from the Soul”, magazine “Literature at School”, No. 4 1998.
- Zolotareva I.V., Mikhailova T.I. Lesson developments in Russian literature, Moscow 2004
- Pudovkina I. “The world of man in the poem by N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls”, newspaper “Literature”, No. 12 2001
- Chizhova L.A. “Who is Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov - a scoundrel or an entrepreneur?”, Didact magazine, No. 5, 1996.
Chichikov, who is he: an entrepreneur - an adventurer or a fraudster
The poem “Dead Souls” by the writer N.V. Gogol is written in the author’s unusual language, emphasizing, on the one hand, the seriousness of creation, and on the other, a mockery of human adaptability.
After all, it is Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov who is depicted as a kind of person who has no conscience, but at the same time he goes straight ahead towards his goals. His dad taught him that he should deal only with people who have financial means, and the more, the better.
And don’t forget to take care of your own money, as it better than people and help in “difficult times.”
That is, in other words, any connections must be supported by something more important and significant.
Thus, leading the reader to think that Chichikov belongs more to the class of entrepreneurial adventurers than to scammers. After all, for each of the other heroes of the poem, for example, with Manilov, Plyushkin, Korobochka, with whom he communicates. His face changes like a mask.
And this is done to achieve only positive results.
It’s not for nothing that Gogol describes his long-awaited profession with flattering words, from which you don’t seem to expect anything good. And when he became a prominent person, Chichikov still did not miss the opportunity to show himself from different angles. positive aspects in action. After all, the qualities that Pavel Ivanovich possessed, the “iron” character, agility, vigilance, foresight and ingenuity, were used against his interlocutors.
An entrepreneur is an adventurer with a mixture of various qualities characteristic of unresponsive and overly thrifty people. The author also describes his significant appearance as an average man of pleasant appearance. After all, not only Pavel Ivanovich’s internal convictions are important in him, but also external restraint and neatness.
All these characteristics of Chichikov show the reader as if he is a person with a completely different perception of the world and the people around him, from whom he only benefits.
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IAOD
1.The teacher's word.
We are almost finishing our study great work N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls". And let's remember some of the heroes of the poem.
2. Motivation. Crossword.
Guess: who are we talking about?
1. Even his well was lined with such strong oak, the kind that is used only for mills and ships. ( Sobakevich).
2 - 6. What were the names of Manilov’s children? ( Alcides, Themistoclus).
3.... the hostess entered, an elderly woman, in some kind of sleeping cap, put on hastily, with a flannel around her neck, one of those mothers, small landowners who cry about crop failures, losses... (Box).
4....he talked about how nice it would be to build an underground passage from the house or build a stone bridge across the pond...( Manilov).
5. For a long time he could not recognize what gender the figure was: a woman or a man. The dress she was wearing was completely indefinite, very similar to a woman's hood, on her head was a cap, like that worn by village courtyard women, only one voice seemed to him a little strong for a woman. (Plyushkin)
7. He was of average height, a very well-built fellow with full rosy cheeks, teeth white as snow and jet-black sideburns. (Nozdrev).
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What keyword did we get? (Chichikov)
Right. And today in class we will talk about this hero of Gogol’s poem.
Teacher's word.
The first impression of a character is always very important, so let’s turn to the first chapter and try to answer the question: who is he, Chichikov? And what techniques for depicting the image does the author use. Find a description of the portrait of Chichikov, what does the author emphasize in the image of the hero?
Gogol – detail master. This is especially evident in the description of Pavel Ivanovich’s luggage. Things help to understand the essence of the hero. What did Chichikov's things tell us?
- We will learn even more about Chichikov if we read the little story with the poster. Find this episode, highlight keywords, which help to understand the character of Pavel Ivanovich.
What impression did Chichikov manage to make on the officials of the city of N? (1 chapter)
So, Chichikov comes to the city of NN. But why? The purpose of his visit. But before we answer, let's look at the excerpt video “Chichikov in the tavern.”
Chichikov visits the landowners. And in previous lessons we said that Pavel Ivanovich easily finds common language with all the heroes of the poem. With Manilov he is sweet-voiced and delicate, with Sobakevich he is stingy and stingy, with Korobochka he is assertive. It reflects like a mirror spiritual qualities landowners, but, speaking about landowners, we concluded that these are people with “dead souls.” Let's look at excerpts from some of Chichikov's visits to the landowners and let them know how they feel about Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov.
Hero's business card .
Landowner Manilov-
barren dreamer and visionary
invites you to a sweet chat"
in the "Temple of Solitary Reflection"
on the shore of the lake in the Manilovka estate.
“Chichikov at Manilov’s” (video)
Manilov: “Pavel Ivanovich?! ABOUT! He is an extremely pleasant, educated person. He honored me and my darling Lizonka with his visit... he really gave me pleasure... May day... my heart's name day... Yes, the occasion brought me happiness, one might say exemplary, to talk with Pavel Ivanovich and enjoy a pleasant conversation. Nastasya Petrovna Korobochka! What can you say about Chichikov?
Hero's business card
landowner
Korobochka Nastasya Petrovna-
college secretary,
"club-headed"
superstitious and limited
always waiting for you in his village
and I’m ready to sell you even
your soul at a bargain price.
Box: A? That visitor! He then bought dead souls from me for 15 rubles. He also buys bird feathers. And he promised to buy a lot of things. And he also puts lard into the treasury, and that’s probably why he’s a cheat.
Landowner Nozdryov:
reveler, gambler and talker -
with great pleasure he will lose his entire fortune to you at cards,
then he will drink and eat at your expense in any tavern.
“Chichikov at Nozdrev’s” (video)
Hero's business card.
Nozdryov: Who is Chichikov? Yes, he is a big scammer. If I were his boss, then by God I would hang him on the first tree. He also wanted, he’s such a pig, a cattle breeder, to take away the governor’s daughter. I myself undertook to help him in this matter, because we are great friends. Do you want to know who Chichikov is? Yes, he is a fetish, in a word, a fetish. Now it is clear that he is a two-faced person. Now I know him well. I thought before that he was at least somewhat a decent person, but he doesn’t understand any kind of treatment. There is no way to talk to him as if he were a close person. No straightforwardness, no sincerity. Sobakevich, such a scoundrel!
Manilov: Mikhailo Semenovich Sobakevich! What is your opinion about Chichikov?
landowner
Sobakevich Mikhailo Semenovich-
a hater of enlightenment, a strong master, unstable in bargaining,
will be happy to “throw mud” at everyone he knows over a hearty dinner in his home.
Sobakevich : Chichikov – good man!
“Chichikov at Plyushkin’s” (video)
Plyushkin: Yes, I must admit, I see little use in this Chichikov: he has started a very indecent custom of going on visits, and there are omissions in the farm... and feed the horses with hay.
Teacher: So, we listened to those from whom Chichikov bought an unusual product - dead souls. And what did we hear? The most pleasant, most educated person, a rogue, such a piece of trash, generous. Opinions vary, but overall he is a good person. How do you think Chichikov differs from landowners?
Yes, that's right. Chichikov has a past and we learn about it in chapter 11. But also in Chapter 11, Gogol poses an interesting question to the reader in relation to Chichikov: “Who is he? So, a scoundrel?
Let's try to answer this question. To do this, let's turn to Chapter 11 and work with the text according to plan.
Plan
Chichikov's childhood years.
Studying at school.
Service in the treasury chamber.
Participation in the construction commission.
Customs service.
Invention of a new method of enrichment.
How was Chichikov's childhood? What Gogol says about the origin and
Chichikov's childhood?
What advice did he receive from his father when entering college?
How did Chichikov take advantage of his father’s advice?
How did you pass it? school years?
What goal did Chichikov set for himself when entering life?
Teacher: Already in childhood and adolescence, Chichikov developed such character qualities as: the ability to achieve a goal at any cost, the manner of pleasing, finding benefit for oneself in everything, spiritual meanness, etc.
The central place in Chichikov’s biography is occupied by a description of his career.
Service in the treasury chamber.
How did Chichikov's career begin?
- What means does he choose to make a career?
- How did Chichikov manage to win over the police chief?
Teacher: We see that the same qualities that were mentioned above have not only not been lost, but have also been developed.
Participation in the construction commission.
Where did Chichikov move from the government chamber?
- What have you achieved in your new place?
Why did he have to resign from the commission for the construction of a government building?
Customs service
- How did his career develop as a customs official?
- Why did it end in failure?
Teacher: Consequently, the stages of Chichikov’s career are a story of his ups and downs, but for all that, it reveals such traits of his character as energy, efficiency, enterprise, tirelessness and perseverance, prudence, and cunning.
Invention of a new method of enrichment
Teacher:
“Here is our hero in full view, as he is!”
And we return to the question posed at the beginning of the lesson:
- “Who is he? So, a scoundrel?
“A decent, knowledgeable and respectable person”; “most kind and courteous; “not handsome, but not bad-looking, neither too fat nor too thin; one cannot say that one is old, but one cannot say that one is young”; the kidnapper of the governor's daughter, the "spy", the "robber Rinaldo Rinaldini", the "counterfeiter", the "Napoleon in disguise" and, finally, the Antichrist himself.
We are talking about the main character of the poem P.I. Chichikov.
The critic I. Zolotussky said about him: “He’s still some kind of strange scoundrel...”
- Why does Gogol place chapter 11 at the end of volume 1, and not at the beginning?
Lesson summary.
The image of Chichikov is a huge discovery of Gogol in Russian literature. With development public relations The old feudal-serf system was rapidly collapsing. The Manilovs, Nozdryovs, and Plyushkins were no longer able to govern the country, the state, or even their own households. Time has called new people to life - energetic, dexterous opportunists who know how to conquer living space for themselves, such as Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov, whose image represents the broadest socio-psychological generalization, allowing us to talk not only about literary hero, but also about Chichikovism, i.e. a special socio-psychological practice of a fairly wide range of people. Chichikovshchina threatens the world with its militant, ever-increasing meanness. It brings with it the complete destruction of humanity in the broadest sense of the word. Chichikovism is terrible because it hides behind external decency and never admits its meanness. The world of Chichikovism represents the most terrible, lowest, most vulgar circle of Rus' “from one side,” and therefore the first volume of the poem ends with it, covering all the phenomena that deserved the most merciless satirical ridicule.
Gogol asks the readers a question.
(“And which of you, full of Christian humility, not publicly, but in silence, alone, in moments of solitary conversations with yourself, will deepen this difficult question into the interior of your own soul: “Isn’t there some part of Chichikov in me too? "")
How would you answer this question?
Conclusion: Chichikovism is also characteristic of modern society, The Chichikovs are thriving today, and the blame for everything is acquisition.
The reason lies in author's description Chichikova. “No, it’s time to finally hide the scoundrel. So, let’s harness the scoundrel!” And in the same chapter another characteristic is heard: “That he is not a hero, full of perfection and virtue, is clear. Who is he? So, a scoundrel? Why a scoundrel, why be so strict with others?.. It would be fairer to call him: owner, acquirer. Acquisition is the fault of everything; Because of him, things were done that the world calls not very pure...”
How do literary scholars interpret the image of Chichikov? V. F. Pereverzev: “Chichikov is the most synthetic type of Gogol. In it, Manilov, Nozdryov, and Sobakevich were tied into one knot.” V. Kozhinov: “Chichikov is a truly strong personality...” P. Weil: “Chichikov’s mediocrity, dullness... limitedness is his main feature. Little man with little passions. Chichikov knows one goal - money." S.I. Mashinsky: “In the epic with “Dead Souls,” Chichikov’s devilish energy and ingenuity, his character as a businessman and inventor of a new formation were most clearly revealed...” V.V. Nabokov: “Fool...it was stupid to trade dead souls with the old woman and Nozdryov.”
How do literary scholars interpret the image of Chichikov? A. I. Herzen: “One active person is Chichikov, and that is a limited rogue.” V. G. Marantsman: “Chichikov, different from the landowners, is also a dead soul.” The “brilliant joy of life” is inaccessible to him. M. B. Khrapchenko: “One of Chichikov’s qualities is the ability to mimicry (adaptability), the contradiction between the desire to appear and the inner essence of character.” V. Zenkovsky: “The main theme that Gogol traces in Chichikov is the capture of his soul by wealth. This preoccupation with wealth, this belief that there are no other real points of support in life, is typical feature modernity, its driving force."
P. M. Boklevsky. Drawings for N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls".
What qualities of Chichikov contributed to his career growth and enrichment. The ability to do something at the right time, plan a “business” that brings profit, conduct business from the “row” of unclean ones, maintain a conversation, carry out pleasant experience easy to transform, find an approach to everyone, show yourself as a person of good social tone
Analysis of these episodes once again emphasizes the duality of the hero. Y. Mann “And yet, what an unusually high experience for the vulgar Chichikov. And how much stronger it is than his reaction at the first meeting with a stranger! Here Chichikov felt “almost like a hussar.” “Accidentally raising his eyes, he suddenly stopped... as if deafened by thunder.”
The beauty of the governor's daughter struck Chichikov. What does this mean? “Chichikov, of course, is not a poet,” says Gogol. His experiences are incomparably weaker and shallower. Moreover, these are rare, exceptional moments of his life. But those minutes were there! And this is important! " I. Zolotussky: “Didn’t she finally let him down? Wasn’t it on her that he cut off and released from his hands, perhaps, happiness that was already ready to flutter into his hands? If Chichikov had not neglected the attention of the city ladies, everything would have been wonderful... But he became upset, at the ball he SHOWED his feelings and was immediately punished.”
Why is the image of Chichikov so contradictory? “Much, too much has been promised, so much that there is nowhere to get what to fulfill the promise, because it is not yet in the world.” (Belinsky). Against Gogol was life itself, and even talent, uncompromisingly consistent and faithful to the truth.
Who is Chichikov: “scoundrel”, “acquirer” or? Which writer's point of view is closer to you? Express your opinion and justify it. A businessman (who successfully, without ever being stingy with money, conducts business). Acquirer (seeking to acquire things, values, and enrichment). Entrepreneur (enterprising and practical). Scoundrel (mean person, scoundrel).
It is fairer to call him: owner, acquirer. N. Gogol. Dead Souls In the poem “Dead Souls” N.V. Gogol showed us not only the destruction of the old patriarchal noble Russia, but also the need for the emergence of people of a different orientation in life, dexterous and enterprising, such as Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. In the image of Chichikov we see “a man of middle age and a cautiously cool character,” he is partly an official and partly a landowner (true, a “Kherson” landowner, but still a nobleman), “not handsome, but not bad-looking either,” “ neither too thick nor too thin.” This image is constantly in development, which is why it is so uncertain; Chichikov is endowed with the ability to adapt to events, characters, circumstances; he is flexible, dexterous, and many-sided. The father left little Pavlusha as an inheritance half a piece of copper and a covenant to study diligently, please teachers and bosses, avoid friends and, most importantly, take care and save a “penny”, for everyone can betray, only a penny will help and save. Strictly following his father’s advice, Chichikov moved through life and soon realized that the concepts of honor, dignity, and moral principles, which his father kept silent about, only interfered with achieving his goals. The desire for acquisition and accumulation was developed in Chichikov from childhood; he sacrificed to it many pleasures that he could use in life. Intelligence and resourcefulness helped the main character make money by deceiving his comrades, bosses, and the state. Working a lot in early years, enduring infringements and deprivations in life, Chichikov begins his career by deceiving the police officer and his daughter, and then - bribery, embezzlement of government money, and major fraud at customs. His fate was such that he suffered a fiasco every time, but he settled down again and with even greater energy carried out the next fraud, justifying himself by saying that everyone uses their position, “everyone gains” and if he had not taken it, others would have taken it. We understand that in Russia at that time such behavior of officials was natural, but Chichikov differed from everyone else with some incomprehensible caution and prudence. He always approached his “acquisitions” very purposefully, systematically, and slowly. He also carefully thought through the scam with dead souls, which after the purchase he was going to pledge to the board of guardians as if they were alive, and get rich from this business. When buying so unusual goods Chichikov appears before us as an unsurpassed psychologist. He is excellent at communicating with people, using both their strengths and weaknesses for his own purposes. When communicating with officials and landowners, Chichikov behaves completely differently with each of them, skillfully adapting to their characters and social status: sometimes sentimental, sometimes rude, sometimes stubborn and persistent, sometimes flattering and insinuating. With his energy, efficiency, and intelligence, he stands out favorably against the background of sluggish, often stupid landowners who do not have specific goals. However, communicating with scoundrels, swindlers, slackers, fools, this does not make Chichikov more honest, nobler, or more humane. By calling his hero “a swindler of swindlers,” a “scoundrel,” Gogol not only expresses his attitude towards this type of people, but also tries to show us that acquisitiveness is becoming a terrible scourge of society. Clever, enterprising, energetic, Chichikov differs from the “dead souls” of landowners and officials with whom his business brought him together, but he brings no less evil to the world. We see how vulgarity, inertia, and spiritual poverty are replaced by unscrupulousness, merciless towards people, and militant meanness. Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov's goal in life was capital, money as a means of giving independence and position in society. Separate service and ranks never interested him, and Chichikov walked towards his only goal, throwing aside moral standards, honor and dignity, internal responsibility to people for the immoral acts he committed. Gogol was alarmed and worried by the appearance of the Chichikovs in society, since it not only opened the way for even greater predators and scoundrels, but also led to the loss of humanity. In his “Author's Confession,” the writer admitted: “I thought that... lyrical power... would help me portray shortcomings so clearly that the reader would hate them, even if he found them in himself.” However, we see that in our time the Chichikovs find areas of application for their ideas, energy, and selfish plans. Not only reasonable legislation, which stands up for the protection of the people, can fight them, but also each person individually, developing his inner qualities, nurturing his heart and soul.
But nevertheless, it is Chichikov who in the poem- one of the few “people of the path” who, according to Gogol, were destined to be reborn. Yes, the hero’s goal is petty, but movement towards it is better than complete immobility. However, the second volume of the poem, in which the hero was supposed to come to the purification of the soul, was never published. The social soil on which the Chichikovs flourished has long been destroyed. And the evil of hoarding continues to entangle humanity. Is this why the image of Chichikov can be considered Gogol’s brilliant discovery?
Chichikov not only tireless in inventing cunning plans. His entire appearance is already adapted to make it easier to “save a penny.” There are no striking features in his appearance, he is “not too fat, not too thin,” “not handsome, but not bad-looking either.” Chichikov knows people well and speaks to everyone in a language understandable to the interlocutor. He captivates officials with “the pleasantness of his secular address”, he charms Manilov with his sugary tone, he knows how to intimidate Korobochka, and with Nozdryov he plays checkers for the souls of dead peasants. Even with Plyushkin, who avoids communicating with people, Chichikov finds a common language.
Origin of the hero, as the author says, “dark and modest.” His parents are impoverished nobles, and his father, sending Pavlush to a city school, can leave him only “half a copper” and a wise instruction: to please teachers and bosses and, most importantly, to save and save a penny. Even as a child, Pavlusha reveals great practicality. He knows how to deny himself everything, just to save at least a small amount. He pleases teachers, but only as long as he depends on them. After graduating from college, Pavlusha no longer considers it necessary to help the drunken teacher.
We must give the hero his due. He does not enjoy patronage and lacks stars from the sky; everything he achieves is the result of hard work and constant hardship. Moreover, every time the contours of luck appear on the horizon, another disaster befalls the hero. Gogol pays tribute to the “irresistible strength of his character,” for he understands how difficult it is for a Russian person to “throw a rein on everything that would like to jump out and walk free.”
Certainly, it is no coincidence that officials compare Chichikov with Captain Kopeikin. Within the framework of the plot, this comparison is comical (the postmaster does not pay attention to the fact that Chichikov’s arms and legs are in place), but for the writer it is of great importance, it is not for nothing that even the surname of the noble captain is consonant with Chichikov’s “save a penny.” The hero of the War of 1812 personifies romantic era the recent past, but now time has finally shrunk, and the Chichikovs have become its heroes. And the worst thing is that in life they are perceived by people the same way as in the poem. They are called interesting, everyone is happy with them. And therefore Gogol considers it necessary to look deeper into their souls, to discover their “innermost thoughts,” that which “eludes and hides from the light.”
« All Rus' will appear in it“- said N.V. Gogol about his work “Dead Souls”. By sending his hero on the road across Russia, the author strives to show everything that is characteristic of Russian national character, everything that forms the basis of Russian life, the history and modernity of Russia, tries to look into the future... From the height of his ideas about the ideal, the author judges “all the terrible, stunning mud of little things that entangle our life,” Gogol’s penetrating gaze explores the life of Russian landowners, peasants, state of people's souls. The broad typification of the poem's images became the prerequisite for the fact that the names of many of Gogol's heroes became household names. And yet Gogol could be considered a genius just by creating the image of the “dearest man” Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. What kind of person is this Chichikov? The author emphasizes that the time of virtuous heroes has passed, and therefore shows us... a scoundrel.
Chichikov represents a new type of businessman-entrepreneur for Russian reality. But this does not mean that Gogol excludes him from a number of literary associations. Sometimes Pavel Ivanovich resembles a romantic secular hero, who “... was ready to give an answer, probably no worse than those given in fashionable stories...”. Secondly, Pavel Ivanovich has something of the image of a romantic robber (according to rumors, he breaks into Korobochka “like Rinald Rinaldina”). Thirdly, city officials compare him to Napoleon, who was “released” from Helena. Finally, Chichikov is even identified with the Antichrist. Of course, such associations are parodic. But not only that. The worst thing, according to Gogol, is that the appearance of such a hero means that vice has ceased to be majestic, and evil has ceased to be heroic. Chichikov is an anti-hero, an anti-villain. He embodies only the prose of adventurism for the sake of money.
Chichikov convinces himself, that there is no “attachment to money itself for money’s sake.” Money is a means to achieve a life of “all pleasures.” The author notes with bitter irony that the hero of the poem would sometimes even like to help people, “but only so that it does not involve a significant amount.” And so, gradually, the desire for hoarding obscures the most important moral principles for the hero. Deception, bribery, meanness, fraud at customs - these are the means by which Pavel Ivanovich tries to ensure a decent existence for himself and his future children. It is not surprising that it is precisely such a hero who conceives a fantastic scam: the purchase of “dead souls” with the aim of pawning them in the treasury. He has long been no longer interested in the moral aspect of such transactions; he completely justifies himself by the fact that he “takes advantage of the surplus,” “takes where everyone would take.”
Epochs change, making their own adjustments to philosophical and economic concepts. Classic literature has its own peculiarity - it is always relevant. Is Chichikov an acquirer or an entrepreneur? The character, who came from the pen of N.V. Gogol, has been going through more than one century: he changes his appearance, becomes more cunning, but even among his contemporaries of the 21st century it is easy to meet him.
Acquirer or entrepreneur
One sentence from the hero of the novel caused controversy among many generations: who he is - an acquirer or an entrepreneur. Chichikov says: “...they buy everything.” The character himself admits: he is an acquirer. Some readers try to find the traits of an entrepreneur in him. It is important here to understand the relationship to two economic concepts. The purchaser is any person. The meaning of life is to acquire something, to increase your wealth. There are many positives in acquisitions. The main thing is to keep the line between acquisition and greed, honest work and immorality. A new item that has appeared for personal use is encouraging. The entrepreneur tries to resell it, find a profit, makes the purchased product work and generate income.
Chichikov buys dead souls. He bought them, but has no plans to sell them. Benefit of acquisition - increase social status. He wants to stand on the same level as rich landowners. His desire is to create around himself the image of a successful, strong official. It is difficult to even imagine how “dead souls” can be further used other than the goal that Pavel Ivanovich set for himself. This will be a paper register of the peasants belonging to him. The landowner will be able to feel equal to others.
Entrepreneur Traits
Therefore, there is no need to argue with the author. Chichikov is an acquirer, but still there is something in him of enterprising businessmen, swindlers and deceivers. With this reasoning, the concept of entrepreneur is viewed from a negative perspective. In reality this is true. Entrepreneurs are different in their activities. Some make profits for the benefit of an entire group of the population, others are based on deception and work only for personal enrichment. What traits are inherent in Chichikov?
- Resourcefulness: from the secretary’s phrase: “... one died, another is born, but everything is good for business”, he managed to create a whole system for improving his social position.
- Determination: Pavel Ivanovich strives to solve the assigned problem. He moves from one landowner to another without giving up his idea.
- The ability to find the right line of behavior. Chichikov talks to each landowner in his own way. He finds the manner of trading that results in a purchase.
- Efficiency. Chichikov does not resort to arguments or emotional pressure. Man observing business ethics, moves towards its goal.
I wonder how from positive trait base desires and interests are visible.
The businessman is a chameleon
Human activities must be consistent with moral standards and rights. By pleasing people, Pavel Ivanovich truly reveals himself as a skilled entrepreneur. He easily gets out of sticky situations. He disappears from the city in time, having completed his work. Chichikov becomes the personification of enterprising businessmen who hide under the guise of piety. They look for “dead souls”, find an opportunity to deceive, profit, sometimes without understanding the results of their work: grief, ruin, poverty. Chichikov has a whole complex negative traits. He's a cheat. Only a cunning person can come up with unimaginable normal person adventures, one of which is the purchase of “dead souls”. He's a scoundrel. There are so many dark thoughts in the soul and in deeds that they can be kept by a fraudster for whom human life has no value.
Everyone has their own attitude towards entrepreneurs. Images of scammers classical literature Many have been created, but Gogol’s Chichikov remains in a special place. One cannot deny his entrepreneurial spirit, but the author’s position must be recognized as correct. The information will help you write an essay “Chichikov – entrepreneur or acquirer” and justify your opinion.
Work test
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol is one of the most brilliant authors of our vast Motherland. In his works, he always spoke about painful issues, about how His Rus' lived in His time. And he does it so well! This man really loved Russia, seeing what our country really is - unhappy, deceptive, lost, but at the same time - dear. Nikolai Vasilyevich in the poem “Dead Souls” gives a social profile of the Rus' of that time. Describes landownership in all colors, reveals all the nuances and characters. Among them, one of the most important, the main character of this poem, is Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov.
So who is he? The writer does not allow us to immediately and clearly understand what his hero looks like: either he is fat or thin, he is not handsome, but he is not ugly either. We can't understand any of it human quality. This is one of the most mysterious characters in Russian literature. Only in the eleventh chapter will we see and understand what Chichikov really is like and what kind of upbringing he received.
How to understand whether he is an entrepreneur or an acquirer? In order to understand this, you need to understand how these concepts differ? The acquirer is busy with what he acquires, that is, he receives something for personal use and rejoices. And an entrepreneur also acquires, but also does something with it... He either resells or tries to increase the previously purchased item. That is, he makes things work for himself. So who is our Chichikov?
What's the point shopping dead shower? The fact is that they cost mere pennies, if they have any value at all. But according to the documents, they are exactly the same people as the living ones. That is, when buying up the dead, our Pavel Ivanovich gave an insignificant amount of money for them, but received full-fledged peasants, on paper. But he didn’t need real ones. He had nowhere to place them, and he also did not have an estate for work.
So it turns out that Chichikov is the acquirer. Perhaps we agree with Nikolai Vasilyevich, he already knew what he was talking about. Pavel Ivanovich stopped at the same thing - he bought a hundred or two dead souls and calmed down. And what else could be done with them. But doesn't our hero have entrepreneurial traits? Try to persuade sleepy and greedy landowners to sell you dead souls. The only thing is that Chichikov manages to get out of all these sticky situations, and even conclude a deal with a benefit for himself. He was able to find an approach to each of the landowners. Those, in turn, are also cunning to the point of disgrace. Deep down, understanding the illegality of the purchase and sale transactions they are making, they still do not report where they should, but meet the fraudster halfway and become his accomplices.
Thus, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol makes us understand that Russia will follow the Chichikovs. There will never be a shortage of swindlers in our country, and there will always be someone who supports the fraud and enters into a criminal relationship.
How do we, residents of the twenty-first century, perceive Pavel Ivanovich? Most consider him a safe rogue. What's so special about deceiving the state? Nowadays, many, many people are doing worse things. But in Gogol’s time, the main character of his poem was a most disgusting character, whom nothing could justify.
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