What is a particle called in Russian? Meaning of a particle in Russian

Particle– this is a service part of speech, which serves to express shades of meaning of words, phrases, sentences and to form word forms. Particles do not change and are not members of the sentence. (In school grammar, however, it is customary to emphasize the negative particle Not together with the word to which it refers; This is especially true for verbs.) Depending on the additional values ​​transmitted, the following are distinguished: semantic particles (Here He, approximately two), modal particles(Yes, we have met, Well, go) and formative particles, which convey different grammatical meanings: Let coming. Yes Hello participants of the rally!

Basic semantic particles

Shaping particles

Modal particles

TO formative particles include particles that serve to form forms of conditional and imperative mood verb. These include the following: would(index conditional mood), let, let, yes, come on(indicators of the imperative mood). Unlike semantic particles, formative particles are components of the verb form and are part of the same part of the sentence as the verb, and are emphasized along with it even when placed in a non-contact manner, for example: I would not late if would it didn't rain .

Semantic particles express semantic shades, feelings and attitudes of the speaker.

In some studies, other groups of particles are also identified, since not all particles can be included in these groups (for example, supposedly, they say).

Particle neither acts as a negative in the constructions of an impersonal sentence with an omitted predicate ( In the room neither sound) and as an intensifying one in the presence of an already expressed negation ( In the room Not audible neither sound). When repeated, the particle neither acts as a repeating coordinating conjunction ( Can't hear it in the room neither rustles, neither other sounds).

Postfixes are not particles - Xia (-s), -this, -either, -something and consoles Not And neither as part of negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, as well as participles and adjectives, regardless of combined or separate spelling.

A semantic particle - That must be distinguished from the word-forming postfix - That, acting as a means of forming indefinite pronouns and adverbs. Let's compare: Which- That, Where- That (postfix) – I- That I know where to go(particle).

Among the particles should be distinguished. There are quite numerous examples of them in the Russian language. The difficulty is that they can perform several functions, and particles often go into Let's look at how these particles are represented in Russian, examples will help with this.

Concept

What is a particle? This is a special auxiliary part of speech, which is designed to convey additional semantic or emotional shades both to the entire sentence as a whole and to a specific word. They also have another important function: they participate in the formation of word forms.

Let's look at two sentences that use particles. Examples are as follows:

• Only she can help me do this hard work.
• Let them finish this task quickly and move on to the next one.

If in the first sentence the particle only strengthens the pronoun she, gives the word the meaning of isolation, exclusivity, then in the second particle let performs a completely different function - it participates in the formation of the imperative mood: let them finish, let them move on.

Syntactic role

Just like other function words (prepositions and conjunctions), particles do not carry a syntactic load; it is wrong to single them out as a part of a sentence. The only exception is their formative role. In this case, the particle is indicated with the member of the sentence to which it is adjacent.

• Wasn't it you and me we met on the bus yesterday? (The addition not with you includes the particle Not.)
• Let the lights sparkle brighter. (The predicate in the imperative mood let them sparkle includes the particle let him.)

Let's compare with sentences where there are no examples:

• Should you be on class duty today? (Interrogative particle isn't it does not carry any syntactic load.)
• How beautiful the sea is at dawn! (Exclamation particle how come is not part of the sentence.)

Main functions

Let's figure out what forms this part of speech (particle) is used to form. Examples will help with this.

1. The imperative mood of the verb. These are the particles: let (let), come on, yeah. (Let's start your duties as soon as possible . Yes the celebration will begin! )
2. Conditional mood of the verb. The particle used here is would (b). (If would just return everything back. Came b you came to me, you got it done would much faster.)
3. Particles are also used to form the degree of comparison of an adjective or adverb. Examples: taller, less deep, most beautiful; more interesting, less broad.
4. A number of linguists identify some (we will give examples of them in this paragraph) as participating in the formation of indefinite pronouns: either, either, something(someone, somewhere, anyone, some). However, classical science still identifies them as suffixes and prefixes (some-).

Transmitted values

Much more diverse Examples will help prove that with the help of these function words you can convey various emotional and semantic shades.

There are several groups of such particles:

1. Interrogative. Really, really, really) indicate a question. ( Really Is it so difficult to complete a simple task? Isn't it Did I say I'll come after lunch? You whether stood behind that tree?)
2. Exclamation marks. How, what the talk about admiration or indignation. ( How It's great to come home after a day of work! What the beautiful morning! What the disobedient child! How You can make such a terrible soup!)
3. Index marks. Here, there are used when it is necessary to draw the listener's attention to a specific subject. ( Here this house. It is over a thousand years old. There, look, a wedge of cranes.)
4. Amplifiers: even, after all, after all, then. They are used to emotionally enhance a specific word. ( Even a small child knows that he needs to wash his hands after going outside. After all I warned you that you could make a mistake here. Still you are an incorrigible romantic. Anya same I went into the forest through the thicket. To me -That Don’t you know how hard it is to study and work!)
5. Clarifying: exactly, exactly, exactly- used to designate specific objects and phenomena. (It was exactly that dress that was hanging in the window just yesterday. Exactly This is what I'm trying to convey to you. Just Pavel should know this.)
6. Conveying doubt: hardly, hardly.(Hardly there will be someone who can help us. Hardly he will cope with such a difficult test.)
7. Negative particles: no, neither. We will look at examples of their use in more detail below. Here we will only say that they convey negation in different ways.

Denial with no and no

It is the negative particles that cause the most difficulties. The difficulty lies in the fact that they are used in different speech situations. Yes, particle Not used when it is necessary to convey the negation of a sentence as a whole. ( Not talk to me in that tone! I Not Can Not go to this meeting . )

Another thing is the particle neither. It is designed to strengthen the already existing denial. In other words, it is always used in conjunction with Not, giving it additional meaning. By the way, instead of a particle Not there may be an equivalent word no. (In heaven there is no neither clouds, neither clouds. I will not go neither to the store, neither to visit - I want to stay at home.) Word No, which is a predicate, can be omitted, it can be easily restored from the context. (In the house neither souls. Wed: Not in the house neither souls.)

Particle neither can also take on an intensifying meaning. (Where neither I’ll look - everywhere they rejoice at the first sun.) In such cases, the function word is used in subordinate clauses along with for example, who, what, where, where.

Spelling no and no

When to write Not, and when neither? The answer is simple: try to “eliminate” the controversial particle from the sentence. If the meaning does not change, you need to use neither, otherwise - Not. ( Whichever book I neither I read, everywhere I meet characters who are similar to my loved ones.) If you remove the sentences, it will remain the same, it will not suffer grammatically.

(Who Not I was preparing for exams and passed them very poorly.) If you remove the particle, the meaning of the sentence will change to the opposite. Must be consumed Not.

It should also be remembered that in exclamatory sentences, together with the particle only always written Not.(Where is he? Not I looked for the loss - everything is useless!)

Particles are a service (one might say auxiliary) part of speech.

Having no lexical meaning, they give words different shades.

There are many particles in the Russian language, which are divided into:

• word-forming particles. These include particles: either, either, then, etc.;
• formative particles. These include the following particles: let, let, come on, etc.;
• modal or meaning-forming particles.

They (modal particles) are in turn divided into:

• negative (not, nor);
• interrogative (is it, is it, etc.);
• affirmative (exactly, yes, so, etc.);
• amplifying (more, just, even, etc.);
• clarifying (here, there, etc.);
• exclamation marks (this and that, well, and so on);
• comparative (as if, as if, like, etc.);
• expressing doubts (hardly, hardly, etc.).

• In the Russian language, the concept of particles refers specifically to the service and, at the same time, auxiliary parts of speech, which contribute to greater expressiveness and emotionality of speech.

  So a particle can be negative (it is not, and also neither)

  The particle can also be formative (let it be, let it be, let it be)

  Also modal with an indication (over there), with a question (really, what), with an exclamation (how), with doubt (hardly), with limitation (only, exclusively), with intensification (well, after all).

  Here's more about modals:

  Particles are part of speech. They can serve to form word forms or add emotional nuances to a sentence.

  Can be written separately or hyphenated.

  Particles are divided into categories:

  • formative (subjunctive),
  • modal,
  • negative,
  • characterizing a sign (action or state).

  Particles are classified according to their meaning into primitive and non-primitive.

  They are divided according to their composition into compound, simple, indivisible, and dismemberable.

  

  In Russian, particles are one of the parts of speech, namely the service part.

  

  It is customary to divide all particles into three groups, or categories.

  1). Shaping particles. They participate in the formation of forms:

  a) the verb will command. incl. (let it go, come on)

  b) conditional verb forms. incl. (would and b),

  c) forms of degrees of adjectives and adverbs (more, less).

  2). The well-known particles NOT and NI form a group of negative adverbs.

  3). Modal, or semantic, particles are a large group of particles with different shades of meaning.

  

  Examples of sentences with modal particles:

  Did you feel bad that you called your mom?

  Look how many toys you’ve scattered, are you too lazy to put them away?

  What kind of gift?

  Particle- one of the service parts of speech. It adds additional shades of meaning to a sentence and can also form word forms.

  Shaping particles: let, let, yes, let's - form together with the verb the form of the imperative mood, for example: let them run, let's make peace, let there be peace.

  Particle would forms the conditional form of the verb: I would like, I would say, I would go.

  Particles that introduce different shades of meaning are divided into

  affirmative(yes, yes, exactly, yes),

  negative(no, neither),

  interrogative(really, really, really, really, really),

  comparative(as, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, as if)

  amplifiers(even, still, after all, already, everything, after all, simply, directly),

  index fingers(there, this, here),

  clarifying(exactly, just, truly, exactly)

  excretory-restrictive(only, only, at least, entirely, exclusively),

  exclamation marks(what the, that, how, well, after all),

  expressing doubts(hardly, hardly).

  Particle- this is perhaps the most morphologically insidious auxiliary part of speech, which is capable of forming new words, forms of words, or introducing new semantic shades into the context. The tricky thing about particles is that in different sentences they can turn into other parts of speech.

  Word-forming.

  These are particles such as this, either, that, either, not, nor and others. At the school level, they are often considered morphemes: suffixes and prefixes. This is the difficulty.

  Form-building.

  Come on, let's, let, let, yes, let. They form the conditional and imperative moods of verbs.

  And all other particles can be grouped and called meaning-forming. And then, depending on the shades they form, you can again divide them into several small subgroups, which, as a rule, look something like this:

  1. interrogative: LI (should I tell you?), UNLESS (doesn’t he understand?), REALLY (should I really tell you again?), A (ah, didn’t understand?);
  2. exclamation marks: WHAT THE (what kind of nonsense is this!), WELL AND (what a scoundrel you are!), HOW (how cool, huh!), LOOK HOW (look how she jumps!), WHAT WOULD (well, still he spoke differently!);
  3. affirmative: YES (well, yes, of course), SO (so, good), EXACTLY (only in the meaning YES);
  4. intensifying: EVEN (look, he doesn’t even think!), SAME (he’s stupid as a cork), AND (yes, even though), VED (that’s impudent), NEI (in the sense of strengthening negation or affirmation);
  5. negative: not, not at all, not at all; here everything is visible without examples;
  6. demonstrative: HERE (here is our Yegorushka), OVER (behind that pine tree), HERE AND (here the sun came out), THIS;
  7. clarifying: just, exactly, exactly, exactly;
  8. restrictive: only, almost, only, exclusively;

  This list contains not all, but the most common particles.

  A particle is primarily a part of speech; it does not have an independent lexical meaning, but gives words various shades for example expressiveness, emotionality or concreteness, the concept of a particle is described below,

  

  It should be noted that the particles are also different.

  

  This is an auxiliary part of speech that imparts additional meanings, shades of meaning to a sentence, serves to form the form of a word, and can participate in word formation.

  Particles can be negative, reinforcing, formative

  Particle- this is a part of speech. Has no independent lexical meaning, give words different shades(expressiveness, specificity, emotionality)

  Particles do not change. Particles are not members of the proposal(but may be included in other members of the sentence). When parsing a sentence h astitsa is highlighted together with the word it refers to or is not highlighted at all.

  Particles can consist of one word(such particles are called simple) - for example, After all.

  or two (very rarely more than two) words(such particles are called composite) - for example, If.

  At the same time, some particles can be separated by words (for example, I wish), but some cannot (for example, It’s unlikely).

  A particle is a service, auxiliary part of speech that can make speech more expressive and emotional. First of all, particles are divided into categories:

  • 1st category: negative particles (not, nor);
  • 2nd category: formative particles (come on, let's, let, let, would (b), yes);
  • 3rd category: modal particles, they, in turn, come with different shades of meaning:

  indication (there, and there, here, and here);

  question (is it, is it possible, is it really possible, what (for example: what, is this bad?);

  exclamation (how, what);

  doubt (hardly, hardly);

  limitation/emphasis (especially, exclusively, only, only, almost);

  clarification (exactly, exactly);

  strengthening (after all, the same, and, even, after all);

  and finally, relaxation of the requirement(s).

Dyachenko S.V.
Jr Researcher
IRYa them. V.V. Vinogradov RAS

How to recognize a particle in a sentence

What is a particle? As we know from morphology, a particle is a service part of speech that helps express different shades of meaning. But how exactly do particles participate in changing the shades of our speech?

Shaping particles help us form new forms of words, for example, the conditional or subjunctive mood of verbs: I I'd like to visit Florence. These forms denote the speaker’s special relationship with the world around him: his wishes and dreams, aspirations, needs, requests and orders, assessments of objects and events.

*Remember that formative particles can also form the imperative mood of verbs and degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs. Find particles in the sentences and explain their role in each case:

1. The concert turned out to be longer than the organizers wanted, since the artists were often called for an encore.

2. May this year bring joy and success to all of us!

3. If I could play the piano, I would play Chopin every evening.

4. This was the most beautiful sunset which I have seen in my life.

5. The teacher said that my essay about Lermontov turned out to be less interesting than the essay about Pushkin.

6. Long live the sun, may the darkness disappear!

7. I would love to show you this letter, but I can’t.

8. This time the student was more attentive in his preparation and made fewer mistakes in his work.

9. “Tell your father to take tickets not to the mezzanine, but to the stalls,” my mother asked.

10. The worst thing was that along with the key, the opportunity to get a brand new travel magazine from the mailbox disappeared.

11. After the business trip, Mr. N began to express himself even more pompously than before.

Of course, in addition to formative particles, there are also brighter particles that are more understandable to us - semantic. They help us express feelings and emotions that are associated with the subject of conversation: uncertainty and doubt in someone's words, surprise or indifference. In addition, these particles help organize information: they highlight an object, point to it, clarify information, or enhance meaning. For example, a sentence It will always be summer here we can change with the help of particles so that we get absolutely different meanings(think which ones):

It won't always be summer here.

May it always be summer here.

And it will always be summer here.

Will it always be summer here?

It will always be summer here.

And there will always be summer here...

So, semantic particles help us to unobtrusively express different feelings and thoughts and, moreover, do not attract attention to themselves - that’s why they particles! But besides modest small particles, other parts of speech also operate in sentences, designed to formalize syntactic connections and express emotions. How to distinguish a particle from a conjunction, preposition or interjection?

Union is always associated with parts of one whole: it occurs when homogeneous members or with parts complex sentence. That is why the conjunction has its place in the sentence, and it cannot “run” back and forth across the sentence: If you write the dictation well, we will watch a film in the next lesson. We cannot move the conditional conjunction “if” to the end: * You will write a dictation, okay if we watch a movie– sounds comical and incomprehensible, not in Russian, as they say. A particle, unlike a conjunction, does not depend so much on the relationship of parts, the beginning and end of the sentence. It can move more freely, like a particle “would”, or together with the word to which it is attached: Which- That the boy gave the veteran flowers. – Some guy gave flowers to the veteran. That boy.

As you noticed, the connection of a particle with a word often leads to spelling with a hyphen or even together - this is how the negative prefixes “not-” and “ni-” arise:

I asked not to give me a large bag, but a small green handbag. “I handed her a small green handbag.

Pretext is associated with cases of nouns and is used only with them. We cannot tear a preposition from a noun and move it to another part of the sentence, just as we cannot designate the emotion or idea that the preposition expresses : During Oleg studied music diligently for five years.

In its functions, the interjection is very close to a particle: this part of speech also expresses our emotions, secret movements of the soul and reactions to what is happening. To distinguish between particles and interjections, checking for connections with other parts of the sentence will help: usually the particle is connected with the rest of the sentence, and the interjection can be separated into a separate exclamation: Oh, it's been so long since I've been to the theater! – Oh! It's been a long time since I've been to the theater!

! Remember: If we come across a one-word sentence expressing doubt or irony, we should be careful:

Today I got an A for my dictation. - Really?

We were going to the cinema today. - Really?

* Think about what part of speech the words are in these sentences really And isn't it. You will find the answer at the end of the article.

Exercise. Find prepositions, conjunctions, particles and interjections in the sentences. Explain the role of these parts of speech.

1. Over the years, this story has acquired more details and has become more exciting than many modern detective stories.

2. I am talking exclusively about those biologists who prefer field research.

3. Even if I’m scared, how can you check me?

4. Alas, time flies too unnoticed for young people!

5.Away from native land the heart becomes chilly and uncomfortable.

6.What the a strange man our neighbor!

7.Oh, how wonderful it is to get up on a June morning and go out into the dew-breathing garden!

8.And why didn’t I think of calling you?

9. It was thanks to the horizontal extent of Eurasia that ancient people were able to exchange their inventions, plant seeds and domesticated animals.

10. Mother didn’t even remember the words she said at dinner.

11. I would gladly drop everything and go explore the desert, but I couldn’t break my promise.

Answer(task to determine the part of speech of words really And isn't it:

These words are semantic particles in these sentences - the sentences are incomplete, so the remaining members are omitted.

Creative work on the topic:

"Particles in Russian"

Performed:

7th grade student "A"

Balashova Svetlana

Morphological characteristics

A particle is an auxiliary part of speech that serves to express various semantic shades of any member of a sentence or a sentence as a whole, as well as to form moods. The particle introduces additional semantic shades into the sentence and serves to form word forms. Unchangeable part of speech. The particle is not a member of the sentence.

Morphological features: formative, negative, modal. Formatives serve to form the conditional and imperative mood of the verb. These include: yes, come on, let's, would (b), let, let. Negatives are used to express negation, strengthen negation, or give a sentence a positive meaning when double negative. These include: no, neither. Modals are used to express various shades of meaning and feelings in a sentence. These include: really, really, what for, how, here, only, only, really, etc.

Modal particles introduce the following semantic shades:

1) question: whether, really, really, for example: Have you prepared the previous material for today’s lesson? Didn't you do right choice by continuing your education?

2) instructions: here, there, for example: Here are the necessary tools for the practical lesson;

3) clarification: exactly, just, for example: This particular specialist will be in demand to work in our company;

4) allocation, restriction: only, only, exclusively, for example: Only those who passed will be allowed to take the exams. Medical worker must be an exceptionally kind, sympathetic, merciful person;

5) exclamation: what the, like, for example: How nice it is for a teacher to see the success of his students!

6) doubt: unlikely, hardly, for example: It is unlikely that you will cope with the task if you do not make an effort;

7) strengthening: even, really, after all, after all, for example: How many times have they repeated the basic terms;

8) mitigation, requirement: - ka, for example: Repeat this topic again.

Also, particles are a class of words that express diverse relationships realized in an act of speech or text, namely: the relationship of what is being communicated to the participants in the speech act (speaker, listener), as well as the relationship between them; the relationship of what is being reported to reality (in terms of its reality, unreality; reliability, unreliability); the relationship between statements and their components. By expressing these relationships, particles realize their meanings. Some meanings of the particle contain semantic components that modify the content of what is being communicated (only, total, was, not, nor).

Particles, in addition, serve to form morphological and syntactic moods (would, let, let). In "Grammar of modern Russian" literary language» Particles are classified on a different basis - by function. There are three main categories: syntactic (would, let, yes, come on, etc.), subjective-modal (after all, even, really, really, etc.) and negative (not, nor) particles. Among the subjective-modal particles, intensifying (-that, even, after all, here, right), excretory (only, only), etc. differ in meaning. In the “Russian Grammar” the main categories of particles are also distinguished by function. Characterizing a sign (action or state) by its course over time, by the completeness or incompleteness of implementation, by effectiveness or ineffectiveness (it was, it happened, it happens, etc.). Particles in this grammar are also classified according to their structure: they are divided into primitive and non-primitive, into simple (and, fortunately, more, etc.) and composite; composite particles are divided into dismemberable (that's it, that's it, that's it, like that, etc.) and non-dividable (it would be good, if only, if only, etc.); within the constituent particles, phraseological particles are distinguished (no, no, and; which of that, etc.). Thus, the question of classes of particles and the principles of their isolation is solved in different ways. When studying particles as lexical units in their system, it is revealed a large number of intersecting subclasses interconnected by a variety of relationships.

Various classifications can be applied to particles as units of language, taking the individual meaning of a particle as a classification unit (for example, in the classification proposed below). The most adequate to linguistic reality are those classifications that reflect the semantic properties of particles. However, analysis of the semantics of particles is impossible without taking into account the specifics of their functioning. According to the main classification criterion - semantic, particles are divided into eleven categories. Modal particles expressing different types subjective relations. With the help of such particles, meanings associated with two types of modality are expressed: reality/irreality and reliability/unreliability.

The meanings “possibility”, “desirability”, “necessity” associated with the opposition reality/irreality correspond to the particular meanings of expectation expressed by particles (simple, and, precisely, nevertheless, after all; for example, And you agreed!), surprise (well, look how), motivations, encouragements, demands, wishes (come on, well, so that, otherwise, let, if, when, it would be good; for example, I wish I was alive!; So that I would be good meeting!), reminders/memories (tea, more, same; e.g., Take some candy! - I can’t see the candy!; Do you remember her: she also sang a song to you!), assumptions (perhaps, as if, exactly, as if, like , definitely, not at all; eg, As if someone came in?), fears (unequal); Associated with the opposition of reliability/unreliability are the particular meanings of confirmation (yes, exactly), assumption (albeit, well, good), doubt, distrust [yes, no, directly, perhaps; eg: I'll find you a book! -Yes, you will find it! (meaning “you won’t find it”); I stay. No, really? (meaning “I can’t believe it”)]. Emotionally expressive particles expressing various emotional characteristics (threat, surprise, dissatisfaction, annoyance, irony, ridicule): well, see, see, simply, directly. Some researchers classify these words (except simply, directly) as interjections as words serving the sphere of emotions. They come close to particles when they function as a modal component of a sentence.

Addressive particles expressing semantics associated with social sphere. This semantics can be reduced to the oppositions superior/inferior/equal; yours/someone else's. This category includes particles: -ka, -s (obsolete). In the meanings of a particle, the sign of categorical/non-categorical is revealed, which leads to the sphere of modal meanings. Contextual particles that serve to identify authorial behavior and to draw attention to certain components of a statement or text. Contextual particles can be associated with the organization of speech activity (yes, and, yes, no, here, there; for example, Yes, another piece of news; Yes, I almost forgot, I have a letter for you), with various kinds of clarifications regarding the chosen expressions, filling “emptiness” in speech (or that, namely), and with indications of the transmission of someone else’s speech (they say, de, they say, supposedly). Quantitative particles expressing a quantitative characteristic of a component of propositional content from the point of view of the speaker (only, only, like this).

Negative particles specialized in expressing negation (no, no). A phase particle (was), which modifies the propositional semantics of a verbal predicate, expressing that the action began or was assumed, but did not take place or was interrupted. Excretory particles expressing the meaning of inconsistency or correspondence between the assumed, expected and actual (only, only, even, even, exactly, and).

Identifying particles [same, and; for example, He was born here and lives here all his life; I have the same book (like the one on the display)], which serve to express anaphoric relations in the text (relations of coreference or equilexicality). Gradational particles expressing an increase in a characteristic (even). Replica particles and capable of functioning in dialogue as a replicating component (yes, okay, okay). Semantic classification covers this entire class of words, but does not reflect all the properties of this class. The second classification feature is the features of the functioning of the particle: some of them can function in a relatively closed statement (well, ek, only, there, you), others can bring the statement into a more wide text, being non-union indicators of connection in the text (as if, and, an. well, only, even, exactly). Particles can also be classified according to their correlation with the type of speech act: question - is it possible, is it possible, is it possible; by impulse - let it, give it, well, so that, otherwise; statement - all other particles. This classification does not cover the entire class - some words in this regard are neutral, indefinite, not marked (only, even, total). Particles, being words that have a wide variety of parameters, can simultaneously be included in several classifications. Thus, the particle is even excretory, textual, not marked from the point of view of its relevance to the speech act; particles ek - emotional-expressive, functions in isolated statements and in statements; Is the particle modal, textual, interrogative (in relation to the speech act).

Separate writing of particles

The particles would (b), same (g), li (l) are written separately: would read, if, here, which, however, however, hardly, hardly.

Note. The rule does not apply to those cases when the specified particles are part of the word: so that, also, also, really, or, etc.

Hyphenated spelling of particles

Particles (suffixes) are written through a hyphen -de, -ka, koe- (koy-), (-kas - dialect), -or, -ni, -s, -tka, -tko, -to: you-de, she -here, here, here, look, someone, someone, someone, some, from somewhere, yes, sir, well, look, somewhere , once upon a time, something. Note. The particle -de (colloquial) is used when conveying someone else's speech, as well as in the meaning of the verb says (they speak) and in the meaning of particles they say, they say; cf.: And if I see that the execution is too small for him, I will immediately hang all the judges around the table (Kr.). - My fellow countryman turned to the commander at a halt: so and so, - allow me to leave, they say, it’s an expensive occasion, they say, because local, just a stone's throw from the yard (TV). The particle say (colloquial) was formed by merging two words: de and say.