Any enterprise for the implementation of production or any other entrepreneurial activity must have fixed capital, which includes:

materialized capital, which is embodied in the means of production or fixed assets of an enterprise and its intangible assets"

intangible capital, which does not participate at all or does not yet participate in its own production and is represented by: -

long-term financial investments (direct cash investments in someone else’s enterprise, securities, etc.); -

unfinished capital construction in its own production.

The structure of fixed capital is determined by the ratio of the values ​​or values ​​of fixed assets, intangible assets and intangible capital. It characterizes the entrepreneur’s orientation and the role of his own production in generating gross income. For example, traditionally in the branches of the mechanical engineering complex fixed assets dominated (buildings accounted for 30-40%, working machines - 40-50%).

The formation of the structure is influenced by: -

industry specifics; -

nature of business activity; -

development of market infrastructure (presence of a securities market, credit institutions, etc.). 2.2.

Fixed assets of the enterprise 2.2.1.

Definition of fixed assets of an enterprise (OPF) and their classification

Each enterprise has an authorized capital, which consists of fixed and working capital.

The main purpose of fixed and working capital is to purchase means of production. The means of production, expressed in value form, are the production assets of the enterprise (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Composition production assets enterprises

Fixed assets are part of the production assets of an enterprise, which repeatedly participates in the production process, while maintaining its natural and material form, and transfers its value to the finished product in parts.

Depending on their purpose, fixed assets are divided into production and non-production.

Fixed production assets (FPF) include funds that are directly involved in the production process or create conditions for it.

Non-productive funds include enterprise funds that are not directly involved in the production process and do not create conditions for it, but are listed on the balance sheet of the enterprise. These are cultural and community facilities, etc.

The classification of the enterprise's fixed assets is presented in Fig. 6. According to the classification of fixed assets by type, there are: 1.

Buildings - buildings and structures in which main, auxiliary and service production processes take place; administrative buildings and structures with their own infrastructure. 2.

Structures are engineering and construction objects that are necessary for the production process (overpasses, roads, bridges, etc.).

Fig.6. Classification of fixed assets

Facilities

Transfer devices

Machinery and equipment

Vehicles

Tool

Production, inventory

Household equipment

Working and food livestock

Perennial plantings

Capital costs for land improvement

Production, purpose Non-production. appointments

Active

Dormant

Own

Rented

Industry Agriculture Communication Transport Construction

Active

Passive

3. Transmission devices - water and electrical networks, gas and steam pipelines, etc., performing the transmission function various types energy to working machines. 4.

Machinery and equipment: -

power machines and equipment, including all types of units and engines; -

working machines and equipment that directly affect the object of labor or its movement during the manufacturing process; -

measuring and control instruments, devices and laboratory equipment intended for measurements, regulation and testing; -

computer technology, as well as machines and devices used to control the production process; -

other machines and mechanisms. 5.

Vehicles - rolling stock owned by the company railways, automobile and water transport, in-plant vehicles. 6.

Tools and accessories - tools of all types, the service life of which is at least one year and the cost of at least 15 minimum wages. 7.

Industrial equipment and accessories intended for storing materials, tools and to facilitate labor - workbenches, containers, racks, etc. 8.

Household equipment - items for office and household purposes: furniture, fireproof cabinets, duplicating machines, etc. 9.

Working and productive livestock. 10.

Perennial plantings. 11.

Capital costs for land improvement. 12.

Other fixed assets.

Depending on the degree of participation in the production process, OPFs are divided into active and passive.

Active general purpose assets are fixed assets directly involved in the production process, modifying the form or condition of the subject of labor. To them

include machinery and equipment. zo

Passive OPFs are the main production

funds ensuring normal functioning

active.

Depending on the applied depreciation rates or depreciation compensation method, fixed assets are divided into four groups:

Group 1 - buildings, structures, their structural components and transfer devices, including residential buildings and their parts (apartments and common areas), the cost of capital improvements to land.

Group 2 - motor transport and components (spare parts) for it; furniture; household electronic, optical, electromechanical devices and tools; other office equipment; equipment and accessories.

Group 3 - any other fixed assets not included in groups 1, 2, 4.

Group 4 - electronic computers; associated means of printing and reading information; software, information systems, telephones, microphones and walkie-talkies, costing more than MBP.

Ratio various groups fixed assets in their total value is their type structure, which depends on the industry of the enterprise.

The production structure is characterized by the ratio of active and passive funds.

The technological structure is characterized by the ratio of types of OPF in a certain subgroup - types of equipment in its total cost.

The age structure is characterized by the ratio of different age groups fixed assets. 2.2.2.

Valuation of fixed assets. Types of OPF costs

Fixed assets are measured in different units. Natural indicators are used for calculation production capacity, drawing up repair plans, etc., monetary (or cost) indicators are used to calculate depreciation charges, rent, and the efficiency of using the general fund.

Depending on the specific purposes, several types of costs of fixed assets are used: Initial cost is the cost of acquiring fixed assets, including the price at the time of acquisition, costs of transportation, installation, installation and commissioning.

This cost in an enterprise arises only once - when funds are placed on the balance sheet of the enterprise

^first=^np ^ ^ ^mont *

where: Fpr - cost of purchasing or manufacturing OPF, UAH;

TZR - transportation costs, UAH;

Zmoat - costs of installation and installation of OPF, UAH.

Replacement cost is the cost of producing similar fixed assets in modern conditions.

It eliminates the distorting influence of the price factor. In practice, the replacement cost is determined by revaluing existing fixed assets, taking into account their physical and moral wear and tear: f =f _y ^recovery ^rupt opf f =f ^recovery^ ^perv.an, >

where: Wopf is the reduction in the cost of general production assets as a result of an increase in the productivity of social labor;

F w t - the initial cost of similar OPF in modern conditions, UAH.

Residual value is the initial cost of fixed assets minus depreciation, the amount of which is determined by the amount of depreciation charges for the entire past service life of this fixed asset item.

For an aggregated calculation Fost:

where: N A0 - rate of annual depreciation, %;

T sl.fact. - actual service life of the OPF.

With an accurate calculation, the residual value of FOST1kv is calculated quarterly through the quarterly depreciation rate:

^pervikv " pAOkv

ostikv first 100

where: N AOkv - depreciation rate for the quarter, %;

Ffirst 1Q - cost of OPF at the beginning of the quarter, UAH.

Liquidation value is the cost of selling worn-out and discontinued fixed assets (often the price of scrap).

^likv ^lom dem"

where: scrap - the cost of OPF, estimated at the price of scrap metal, UAH;

3DEM - cost of dismantling the OPF, with a “-” sign if it is included in the cost of scrap and with a “+” sign if not included, UAH.

The average annual cost of fixed assets characterizes the performance of funds during the year.

It is determined on the basis of the initial cost, taking into account their commissioning and liquidation according to the following formula:

F, fvv-Mvv Fl-(12-MSa)

s-p(b) J2 12 ’

where: Fs - average annual cost of fixed assets, UAH;

Фп - initial (book) value of fixed assets, UAH;

Fvv - cost of introduced funds, UAH;

М8В - number of months of operation of introduced fixed assets;

Fl - liquidation value, UAH;

Mv,b - the number of months of operation of retired fixed assets.

The value at the beginning of the year characterizes the value of fixed assets at the beginning of the analyzed year.

The value at the end of the year characterizes the full value of fixed assets as of December 31 of the analyzed year.

The value at the end of the year is determined taking into account the annual movement of funds:

where: Фвв and ФВь|в - respectively, the cost of funds introduced and retired during the analyzed year, UAH.

In addition to the valuation cost, fixed assets are also characterized by the method of transferring their value to manufactured products (Fig. 7).

If we designate the initial (book) value as F6 and take into account the service life (tCJI), then with a uniform transfer, the transferred part of the value each year will be:

This amount must be reimbursed annually through the cost of production. Original? Cost U

*. / U (balance sheet) ? ready? d - cost? products?

Depreciation charges for restoration

Rice. 7. Scheme of loss of OPF initial value 2.2.3.

Depreciation of fixed assets and its compensation. Concept and types of depreciation

During operation, fixed assets wear out and lose part of their value.

Wear and tear is the loss of funds of their physical and technical-economic qualities.

There are two types of wear and tear: moral and physical.

The main types of physical wear: natural and operational.

Natural wear and tear, which occurs constantly as a result of exposure to natural factors: metal corrosion, changes in strength characteristics, oxidation, etc.

Operational wear or wear as a result of the use of assets: abrasion of rubbing surfaces, violation of the rigidity of the “machine - fixture - tool - part” system, etc.

Calculation of physical depreciation is carried out to properly plan the renewal of the general fund and determine the residual value.

The coefficient of physical wear and tear of OPF is determined by the formula: JSC,

where: Tfikt and Tno w - actual and regulatory period and OPF services, years;

JSC um - the amount of depreciation charges from the beginning of the service of fixed assets, UAH.

The physical wear and tear of the OPF is influenced by the following factors: -

degree of operation of the OPF; -

the quality of the OPFs themselves; -

degree of protection from conditions external environment and features of the technological process; -

quality of care for OPF and qualifications of workers. The main types of obsolescence: 1st kind and 2nd

Obsolescence of the 1st type arises as a result of the development of technology and improvement of methods for manufacturing basic fixed assets. As a result, fixed assets become cheaper, but their technical characteristics do not change.

tl _ ^first VOST

Obsolescence of the 2nd kind is associated with the emergence of other OPFs that have design changes that replace previous OPFs. Obsolescence coefficient of the 2nd kind:

K = 1 (En+3krch)‘St8p ^si

mor2 "Oc+3Kpc)-Gsc-tcc ’

where: En and E - operating costs for new and old types of OPF, UAH.

Зкрн and Зкрс - costs of major repairs of new and old open-air production facilities, UAH.

G and G - changed indicators of OPF (power

ity, productivity, material consumption, etc.). tci) and tco - between-repair periods of operation of new and old OPFs, years.

Calculation of obsolescence is carried out to determine the replacement cost.

Types of depreciation of OPF and the development of the capital goods market create the need to calculate different service life of OPF: -

until complete physical wear; -

until complete obsolescence; -

residual (until the standard service life); -

actual (before disposal, taking into account specific production conditions); -

optimal (economically feasible); -

depreciation or standard.

Depreciation of fixed assets means the transfer in parts of the cost of the general public fund to the products they produce for the purpose of accumulation cash for subsequent full or partial reimbursement.

After the sale of products, part of the amount of money corresponding to the transferred value of fixed assets goes to the depreciation fund, in which it accumulates to the full amount corresponding to the original cost minus worn-out fixed assets. This fund is used to purchase new fixed assets to replace worn-out ones for their renovation or restoration.

Main functions of the sinking fund: -

full restoration of general purpose pension funds after their disposal; -

accumulation of funds to expand production; -

stimulating faster renewal of general capital assets (a long period of operation makes it possible to reduce the share of their cost transferred to a unit of production and thereby reduce losses of incomplete depreciation due to obsolescence).

Fixed assets are located in constant movement, modifying its natural material form. The circulation of fixed assets is shown in Fig. 8.

To account for depreciation, the indicator of depreciation charges (AO) is used - the monetary expression of the transferred cost to the finished product.

The size of the joint-stock company is determined through the depreciation rate Nao or the annual percentage of repayment of the cost of the OPF:

n0„=Fperv~Flikv 100%,

nerve licv

cost of OPF, UAH;

There is the standard or depreciation service life of the OPF.

initial and liquidation

Fig.8. Circulation of fixed assets of the enterprise

From January 1, 2004, centralized, i.e. For all enterprises, the following quarterly depreciation rates will apply:

Group 1 - 2%;

Group 2 - 10%;

Group 3 - 6%;

Group 4 -15%.

The specified standards before 2004 change only in established by law order: for example, in 1997, 1998, 2000. they were applied with reduction factors. Since 2004, it is possible to apply other depreciation rates, the value of which is not higher than the legally established standards, and independently index the cost of the general fund. Changing standards during the reporting period is prohibited by the Profit Law.

Separate standards exist for wells that are used to develop oil and gas fields.

This calculation method is uniform and linear. In addition, non-linear or accelerated depreciation is used in world practice.

Accelerated depreciation is depreciation at revised rates.

In this case, an increase in the norms is allowed no more than twice. Scale of joint stock company norms for accelerated depreciation:

1st year of operation - 15%, 2nd year of operation - 30%, 3rd year of operation - 20%, 4th year of operation -

15%, 5th year of operation - 10%, 6th year of operation - 5%, 7th year of operation - 5%.

Accelerated depreciation is not accrued for: machinery, equipment and vehicles whose standard service life is less than 3 years; rolling stock road transport, depreciation for which is calculated as a percentage of the cost per 1000 km of its actual mileage; unique technology and equipment designed for certain tests and production of a specific type of limited volume of products.

From January 1, 2004, the use of accelerated depreciation for newly acquired fixed assets is prohibited by law.

A comparison of the uniform and accelerated depreciation methods is shown in Fig. 9.

1 - uniform depreciation 2 - accelerated depreciation

Fig.9. Uniform and accelerated depreciation methods.

From Fig. 9 it is clear that the accelerated depreciation method allows you to recover up to 60-75% of the original cost during the first half of the standard depreciation period, and ordinary depreciation up to 50%.

Depreciation charges for the quarter are determined according to established depreciation rates:

dd_^first *hao.kv 100

where: Naokv is the established quarterly depreciation rate, %. Determined by dividing the annual rate by 4 (the number of quarters in a year).

The monetary expression of the share of the value of fixed assets transferred annually to products depends on: -

the value of the initial cost of fixed assets (the more expensive, the more share); -

type of fixed assets (for buildings and other fixed assets with a long standard service life it is lower); -

industry specifics of production (in the electric power industry, depreciation costs are 27.4%, and in food industry- 5% of the total cost structure).

Since 1991, depreciation charges in Ukraine are accrued only for complete restoration. According to the “Regulations on the procedure for calculating depreciation and attributing depreciation deductions to production (circulation) costs,” costs associated with:

acquisition and commissioning of fixed assets;

self-production fixed assets;

carrying out repairs, reconstruction and modernization of fixed assets;

land improvement.

In this case, the enterprise has the right, during the reporting year, to attribute to expenses a part of the actual costs for all types of repairs, reconstruction, modernization, and technical re-equipment in an amount not exceeding 10% of the total book value of fixed assets at the beginning of the year. The remaining costs increase the book value of the entire 3rd or 4th group and the cost of the corresponding type of fixed assets of the 1st group and are subject to subsequent depreciation. The same depreciation rates are used for them as for other fixed assets of the corresponding group.

Depreciation is charged on fixed assets of the 1st group until they reach the value of 100 tax-free minimum incomes of citizens, which is written off as production costs in the same period in which this value is reached.

Depreciation on fixed assets of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups is carried out until the group reaches zero book value. 2.2.4.

Indicators of movement and use of fixed assets

The movement of OPF is characterized by the following indicators:

1. The renewal coefficient shows what part of the general fund was updated during the year:

t _ ^vvsd obn f ’

where: F and F - the cost of those introduced during the year

and the cost at the end of the year of OPF, UAH.

Fkg ^ng ^input ^select’

where: F is the cost of open pension fund at the beginning of the year, UAH;

Fvyb - cost of general purpose pension funds retired during the year, UAH.

1. The growth rate shows how much the OPF value has increased over the past period:

y _ vv ^select lirr f >

where: Fkg - cost of open pension fund at the end of the year, UAH. 3.

The retirement ratio characterizes the disposal of general fund during the year:

t = ^select select f

The use of OPF is characterized by the following indicators: 1.

Capital intensity is the reciprocal of capital productivity. It shows what the cost of OPF is per unit of output:

e f g> ’ ho ° year

where: Vgod - annual volume of manufactured products, UAH.

At effective management production, capital productivity should tend to increase, and capital intensity should tend to decrease. 2.

Capital-labor ratio is an indicator reflecting the amount of general production fund per employee of the enterprise:

where: CR - average annual number of employees (industrial and production personnel, production workers, main workers), people. 3.

Odds:

extensive use of OPF (over time):

xg _ gfact ex T-. >

where: Gfact - actual time worked for the year, h;

F - effective (or actual annual) time fund, h.

ef 1 dir p"

where: F - regime or nominal time fund, i.e. calendar fund of time minus weekends, holidays and work reduction time on pre-holiday days, hour;

Fn - downtime of a piece of equipment for repair, hour.

intensive use of OPF (by power):

*Chint about ’

where: Vfpkt and Vmpks - actual and maximum possible output for the year, UAH. or pcs. (m, m 2, el. units, etc.),

integral use of OPF:

**integral HL,EX "INT"

work shift ratio:

v_fact_fact

where: Tfact is the actual number of machine shifts or machine shifts worked per day;

T - the maximum possible number of machines

The implementation of the production process at an enterprise involves the interaction of three factors of production: fixed assets (means of labor), objects of labor and labor.

Fixed capital of the enterprise is the monetary value of its fixed assets. Fixed assets - means of labor that are repeatedly involved in the production process, while retaining their natural material form and transferring their value to the manufactured products in parts as they wear out in the form of depreciation charges.

The criteria for classifying means of labor as fixed assets are the period and purpose of their use. In accordance with the law, fixed assets are considered to be labor tools with a service life of more than one year, intended for production use.

To organize primary accounting, statistical reporting, assessment and analysis, fixed assets are classified according to a number of criteria:

ü according to natural composition fixed assets are divided into the following groups: buildings, structures, transmission devices, working and power machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices, computer technology, vehicles, tools, production and household equipment and accessories, working and productive livestock, perennial plantings , on-farm roads, etc. This group has great value for calculating depreciation, calculating indicators of the use of fixed assets, as well as for studying their dynamics and structure;

ü by functional purpose fixed assets are divided into production and non-production. Production fixed assets are means of labor directly involved in the production process or creating conditions for its normal implementation (machines, equipment, buildings, etc.) and constituting the material and technical base of the enterprise. Non-productive fixed assets bear a social burden and are not directly involved in the production process. These include healthcare, education, physical culture, catering and housing and communal services, which are on the balance sheet of the enterprise and are intended to meet the various needs of employees;

ü depending on degree of participation in the production process in the practice of planning and economic analysis, fixed production assets are divided into active and passive. Active part funds affects the volume of production and its quality, directly affecting the subject of labor (machinery and equipment). Passive fixed assets do not directly affect the subject of labor, but create conditions for the normal functioning of production (buildings, structures, etc.). An increase in the share of the active part in the structure of fixed production assets is considered to be a favorable trend for an enterprise, since this is one of the factors in increasing the economic efficiency of the enterprise.

Analysis of the availability and use of fixed assets at an enterprise, their quality condition and reproduction is impossible without determining their structure. Each enterprise should strive to achieve the optimal type, age and technological structure of fixed assets.

Species (production) the structure of fixed production assets is characterized by the share of each group of assets by natural and material composition in their total average annual value. The production structure depends on many factors, including the industry of the enterprise, the geographical location of production, the size of the enterprise, the technical level of production and the pace of scientific and technological progress, the level of concentration, specialization, cooperation, combination and diversification of production.

Age the structure of fixed production assets is the ratio of individual age groups of assets in their total value. In economic analysis, the following distribution of funds by age is accepted: up to 5 years; from 5 to 10; from 10 to 15; from 15 to 20; over 20 years. The age structure allows us to calculate middle age fixed assets as a weighted average value.

Technological the structure of fixed production assets reflects their distribution among the structural divisions of the enterprise and the share of the assets of each division in their total value.

Accounting and valuation of fixed assets carried out in kind and in monetary terms. Natural indicators make it possible to obtain data for calculating production capacity, equipment balance, and technical level of production. They are calculated for each group of fixed assets according to their natural composition. Valuation is necessary for accounting, analysis and planning, to determine the dynamics and structure of fixed assets, depreciation charges, indicators of the efficiency of use of fixed assets, as well as to calculate the volume and structure of investments.

The valuation of fixed assets is carried out in the following areas.

Initial cost fixed assets. Allows you to determine the amount of costs for their purchase or construction and is the basis for their registration and determination of depreciation charges for renovation (full restoration). It includes all costs for the construction (construction) or acquisition of fixed assets, including delivery and installation costs, as well as other costs necessary to bring this facility to a state of readiness for operation for its intended purpose (excluding VAT). Methods for the initial assessment of fixed assets largely depend on the source of receipt of fixed assets for the enterprise. For example, the initial cost of fixed assets contributed by the founders to authorized capital enterprise, determined by agreement of the parties; the initial cost of fixed assets manufactured at the enterprise itself, as well as purchased for a fee from other enterprises - based on the actual costs incurred for the construction (construction) or acquisition of these objects, including the costs of delivery, installation and installation. If used fixed assets are received free of charge, they are usually valued at their residual value.

Fixed assets of an enterprise can be created and acquired in different times, so their initial assessment may not be comparable to actual conditions. As a result, fixed assets in an enterprise are valued at restorative cost, which refers to the cost of their reproduction in modern conditions. The deviation of the replacement cost of fixed assets from the original cost depends mainly on the rate of inflation and scientific and technical progress. Replacement cost is determined as a result of revaluation of fixed assets.

Revaluation of fixed assets (determining their real value) allows you to objectively assess the true value of fixed assets; more correctly and accurately determine the costs of production and sales of products, as well as the amount of depreciation charges sufficient for the simple reproduction of fixed assets; objectively set sales prices for the fixed assets being sold and rent (if they are leased). During the transition to a market economy, which was accompanied by high rates of inflation, the revaluation of fixed assets was carried out six times: on July 1, 1992, on January 1, 1994, on January 1, 1995, on January 1, 1996, on 1 January 1997 and January 1, 1998 (selected).

Residual the cost is the difference between the original, or replacement, cost and the amount of depreciation, i.e. This is that part of the cost of fixed assets that has not yet been transferred to manufactured products. Determining the residual value is necessary primarily for assessing the quality condition and plans for the reproduction of fixed assets, as well as for drawing up a balance sheet.

The enterprise may also determine liquidation the cost of fixed assets, which is established by subtracting the proceeds from the sale of worn-out or decommissioned fixed assets and the cost of dismantling them.

Which fully and repeatedly takes part in the production of goods, transfers its value to new product in parts, over a number of periods. Adam Smith's concept of classical economics. One of the main concepts political economy K. Marx, part of constant capital.

According to Smith, fixed capital is capital that does not enter into the circulation process and remains in the hands of the owners.

Figure 1.

Marx equated the concept of fixed capital with the means of labor, which he spoke about as follows:

...the means of labor, having once entered the sphere of production, never leave it. They are firmly held in the sphere of production by their function. Part of the advanced capital value is fixed in this form, determined by the function of the means of labor in the production process. Due to the functioning, and therefore wear and tear, of the means of labor, one part of its value is transferred to the product, while the other remains fixed in the means of labor and, therefore, remains in the production process. The value thus fixed is constantly decreasing until the instrument of labor has served its purpose; its value is therefore distributed over a more or less long period among the mass of products which emerge from a series of constantly repeated processes of labour. But as long as the instrument of labor still acts as an instrument of labor, and therefore as long as it does not yet have to be replaced by a new specimen of the same kind, the value of the constant capital remains fixed in it all the time, while another part of the value originally fixed in it is transferred to the product and therefore circulates as an integral part of the commodity stock. The more durable the instrument of labor, the slower it wears out, the longer the constant capital value remains fixed in this use form. But whatever the degree of durability of a means of labor, the degree to which it transfers its value is always inversely proportional to the total duration of its functioning. If of two machines of the same value, one wears out in five years, and the other in ten, then over the same period of time, the first one will return twice as much value as the second. This part of the capital value, fixed in the means of labor, circulates like any other part. We have seen that in general all capital value is in constant circulation and in this sense all capital is therefore working capital. But the circulation of the part of capital considered here is peculiar. Firstly, it does not circulate in its use form, only its value circulates, and only gradually, in parts, to the extent that it is transferred from the part of capital in question to the product, which circulates as a commodity. During the entire period of operation of this part, a certain share of its value remains fixed in it, retaining its independence in relation to the goods whose production it contributes to. Thanks to this feature, this part of constant capital takes the form of fixed capital.

Structure of fixed capital

Fixed assets are presented primarily as:

1. buildings and structures,
2. transfer devices,
3. machines, equipment and devices,
4. vehicles,
5. tool,
6. livestock,
7. intangible assets (patents, trademarks, copyrights and other rights).

Fixed capital indicators

To assess the efficiency of using fixed capital, a system of indicators is calculated:

1. Depreciation rate of fixed assets
2. Fixed asset serviceability ratio
3. Fixed asset renewal ratio
4. Renewal period for fixed assets
5. Update Rate Factor
6. Fixed asset retirement ratio
7. Coefficient of real value of fixed assets in the organization's property
8. Capital productivity
9. Capital intensity
10. Capital-labor ratio
11. Return on assets

Groups of the organization's fixed capital

The organization's fixed capital is divided into the following groups:

1. Buildings and structures.
2. Transfer devices.
3. Machinery and equipment. These include power equipment, working machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices and laboratory equipment, computing instruments, other machines and equipment;
4. Tools and devices that last more than one year and cost more than 1 million rubles. per unit. Tools and equipment that serve less than a year or cost less than 1 million rubles. per piece refer to working capital enterprises.
5. Inventory of a production and economic nature.

Various industrial buildings, structures and equipment support the functioning of the active parts of the enterprise's fixed assets, therefore they are classified as their passive part.

If some of the equipment is high in cost, then, with other stable indicators, the output of goods and the capital productivity indicator will be higher.

Sources of fixed capital income

• Introduction of new fixed assets into production.
• Purchase of fixed assets.
• Non-commercial receipt of fixed assets from other legal entities and individuals.
• Lease of fixed capital.
• Disposal, which occurs due to moral and physical wear and tear, sale of fixed assets to various legal entities and individuals, gratuitous return, and long-term rental of fixed assets.

The implementation of the production process at an enterprise involves the interaction of three factors of production: fixed assets (means of labor), objects of labor and labor.

Fixed capital of the enterprise is the monetary value of its fixed assets. Fixed assets- means of labor that are repeatedly involved in the production process, while retaining their natural material form and transferring their value to the manufactured products in parts as they wear out in the form of depreciation charges.

The criteria for classifying means of labor as fixed assets are the period and purpose of their use. In accordance with the law, fixed assets are considered to be labor tools with a service life of more than one year, intended for production use.

To organize primary accounting, statistical reporting, assessment and analysis, fixed assets are classified according to a number of criteria:

according to natural composition fixed assets are divided into the following groups: buildings, structures, transmission devices, working and power machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices, computer technology, vehicles, tools, production and household equipment and accessories, working and productive livestock, perennial plantings , on-farm roads, etc. This grouping is of great importance for calculating depreciation, calculating indicators of the use of fixed assets, as well as for studying their dynamics and structure;

by functional purpose fixed assets are divided into production and non-production. Production fixed assets are means of labor directly involved in the production process or creating conditions for its normal implementation (machines, equipment, buildings, etc.) and constituting the material and technical base of the enterprise. Non-productive fixed assets bear a social burden and are not directly involved in the production process. these include healthcare, education, physical education, public catering and housing and communal services facilities, which are on the balance sheet of the enterprise and are intended to meet the various needs of employees;

Depending on degree of participation in the production process in the practice of planning and economic analysis, fixed production assets are divided into active and passive. Active part funds affects the volume of production and its quality, directly affecting the subject of labor (machinery and equipment). Passive fixed assets do not directly affect the subject of labor, but create conditions for the normal functioning of production (buildings, structures, etc.). An increase in the share of the active part in the structure of fixed production assets is considered to be a favorable trend for an enterprise, since this is one of the factors in increasing the economic efficiency of the enterprise.

Analysis of the availability and use of fixed assets at an enterprise, their quality condition and reproduction is impossible without determining their structure. Each enterprise should strive to achieve the optimal type, age and technological structure of fixed assets.

Species (production) the structure of fixed production assets is characterized by the share of each group of assets by natural and material composition in their total average annual value. The production structure depends on many factors, including the industry of the enterprise, the geographical location of production, the size of the enterprise, the technical level of production and the pace of industrial development, the level of concentration, specialization, cooperation, combination and diversification of production.

Age the structure of fixed production assets is the ratio of individual age groups of assets in their total value. In economic analysis, the following distribution of funds by age is accepted: up to 5 years; from 5 to 10; from 10 to 15; from 15 to 20; over 20 years. The age structure allows us to calculate the average age of fixed assets as a weighted average.

Technological the structure of fixed production assets reflects their distribution among the structural divisions of the enterprise and the share of the assets of each division in their total value.

Accounting and valuation of fixed assets carried out in kind and in monetary terms. Pathological indicators make it possible to obtain data for calculating production capacity, equipment balance, and technical level of production. They are calculated for each group of fixed assets according to their natural composition. Valuation is necessary for accounting, analysis and planning, to determine the dynamics and structure of fixed assets, depreciation, indicators of the efficiency of use of fixed assets, as well as to calculate the volume and structure of investments.

The valuation of fixed assets is carried out in the following areas.

Initial cost fixed assets. Allows you to determine the amount of costs for their purchase or construction and is the basis for their registration and determination of depreciation charges for renovation (full restoration). It includes all costs for the construction (construction) or acquisition of fixed assets, including delivery and installation costs, as well as other costs necessary to bring this facility to a state of readiness for operation for its intended purpose (with the exception of PDS). Methods for the initial assessment of fixed assets largely depend on the source of receipt of fixed assets for the enterprise. For example, the initial cost of fixed assets contributed by the founders to the authorized capital of the enterprise is determined by agreement of the parties; the initial cost of fixed assets manufactured at the enterprise itself, as well as purchased for a fee from other enterprises - based on the actual costs incurred for the construction (construction) or acquisition of these objects, including the costs of delivery, installation and installation. If used fixed assets are received free of charge, they are usually valued at their residual value.

Fixed assets of an enterprise can be created and acquired at different times, so their initial assessment may not be comparable with real conditions. As a result, fixed assets in an enterprise are valued at restorative cost, which refers to the cost of their reproduction in modern conditions. The deviation of the replacement cost of fixed assets from the original cost depends mainly on the rate of inflation and scientific and technical progress. Replacement cost is determined as a result of revaluation of fixed assets.

Revaluation of fixed assets(determining their real value) allows you to objectively assess the true value of fixed assets; more correctly and accurately determine the costs of production and sales of products, as well as the amount of depreciation charges sufficient for the simple reproduction of fixed assets; objectively set sales prices for the fixed assets being sold and rent (if they are leased). During the transition to a market economy, which was accompanied by high rates of inflation, the revaluation of fixed assets was carried out six times: on July 1, 1992, on January 1, 1994, on January 1, 1995, on January 1, 1996, on 1 January 1997 and January 1, 1998 (selected).

Residual the cost is the difference between the original, or replacement, cost and the amount of depreciation, i.e. this is that part of the cost of fixed assets that has not yet been transferred to manufactured products. Determining the residual value is necessary, first of all, to assess the quality condition and plans for the reproduction of fixed assets, as well as to draw up a balance sheet.

The enterprise may also determine liquidation the cost of fixed assets, which is established by subtracting the proceeds from the sale of worn-out or decommissioned fixed assets and the cost of dismantling them.

One of the features of an enterprise's fixed assets is their repeated use in the production process. However, over time, fixed assets lose their original characteristics due to use and natural wear and tear.

A distinction is made between physical and obsolete depreciation of fixed assets.

Under physical wear and tear refers to the loss of the means of labor of their original production and technical qualities in the process of their use. A distinction is made between complete physical wear and tear, which leads to the liquidation or replacement of fixed assets with new ones (capital construction), and partial, which is compensated through repairs. In addition, physical wear and tear can occur as a result of the operation of a fixed asset (physical wear of the first type) and as a result of natural adverse effects, such as, for example, oxidation (physical wear of the second type).

The level of physical wear and tear of fixed assets depends on the initial quality of the latter, the degree of their operation, the level of aggressiveness of the environment in which fixed assets operate, and the level of qualifications service personnel, timeliness of repairs, etc.

To analyze the degree of physical deterioration of fixed assets, the following indicators are used:

1) coefficient of physical depreciation of fixed assets:

where I is the amount of depreciation of fixed assets (accrued depreciation for the entire period of operation);

Ps is the initial, or replacement, cost of fixed assets.

Physical wear and tear can also be determined by service life:

where Tf is the actual service life of the object;

Tn – standard service life of the object;

2) the serviceability coefficient of fixed assets, characterizing their physical condition at specific date, is calculated by the formula:

The serviceability coefficient can also be determined based on the physical wear coefficient:

Along with physical wear and tear, fixed assets undergo obsolescence(depreciation). It manifests itself in the fact that there is a decrease in the efficiency of using fixed assets in production due to the fact that the means of labor depreciate, lose value before their physical wear and tear, before the end of their physical service life. Obsolescence is a direct consequence of scientific and technical progress and is expressed in two forms. The first form of obsolescence is that machinery and equipment depreciate due to the reduction in the cost of their reproduction in modern conditions. The second form of obsolescence is due to the introduction into production of more technically advanced, productive and economical machines, as a result of which the value of old machines that are still physically usable occurs.

Some economists identify a third type of wear and tear - social, when there is a discrepancy between the social characteristics of an object of fixed assets (safety, level of harmful emissions, lighting) with their normal level in society.

The degree of depreciation of the enterprise's fixed production assets directly affects the volume and quality of products, its competitiveness, the level of production costs and the efficiency of the enterprise. Therefore one of most important tasks management is monitoring the condition of fixed assets in order to prevent their excessive physical and moral wear and tear.

To economically compensate for the depreciation of fixed assets, their cost in the form of depreciation charges is included monthly in the costs of production. Depreciation- This is a gradual transfer of the value of fixed production assets to newly created products.

Depreciation deductions are made by enterprises on a monthly basis based on depreciation rates and the book value of fixed production assets for individual groups or inventory items on the enterprise's balance sheet.

Depreciation rate represents the established annual percentage of repayment of the cost of fixed assets and establishes the amount of annual depreciation charges. The methodology for determining depreciation rates is the same for all enterprises, regardless of ownership and organizational and legal forms, and provides for the establishment of standards based on the classifier of fixed assets. According to the classifier, all depreciable property is divided into depreciation groups depending on the period beneficial use. Thus, the first depreciation group includes all short-lived fixed assets with a useful life of one to two years, and the tenth depreciation group includes property with a useful life of over 30 years. The useful life within the specified boundaries is determined by the enterprise independently on the date of putting the fixed asset into operation.

To calculate depreciation of fixed assets, one of the following can be used: ways:

linear method involves the accrual of depreciation evenly, based on the original cost of the fixed asset and the depreciation rate calculated based on the useful life of this object. This method applies to buildings, structures, transmission devices included in the eighth - tenth depreciation groups;

reducing balance method. Depreciation is calculated based on the residual value of the fixed asset at the beginning of the reporting year and the depreciation rate established based on the useful life of this object;

a method of writing off value by the sum of the numbers of years. The calculation of the amount of depreciation charges is made based on the original cost of the fixed asset object and the annual ratio, where the numerator is the number of years remaining until the end of the asset’s service life, and the denominator is the sum of the numbers of years of the asset’s service life;

a method of writing off cost in proportion to the volume of production. Depreciation is accrued based on the natural indicator of the volume of production in the reporting period and the ratio of the initial cost of the fixed asset object and the expected volume of production for the entire useful life of the object.

The use of one of the methods for a group of homogeneous fixed assets is carried out throughout its entire useful life.

To determine the amount of depreciation for the planned period, you must:

Group existing fixed assets at the beginning of the planning period according to a single classifier and calculate their value (excluding fully depreciated ones);

Find the average annual cost of fixed assets for each group;

Set the amount of depreciation charges for the planned period.

Depreciation for fixed assets newly put into operation begins on the first day of the month following the month of their commissioning, and for retired fixed assets it stops from the first day of the month following the month of disposal.

In addition to the above methods, in order to strengthen the interest of enterprises in the accelerated renewal of fixed capital, accelerated depreciation of the active part of fixed assets is also allowed. When introducing accelerated depreciation, enterprises use a uniform method of accrual, while in the first year of operation up to 50% of the cost of the fixed asset is written off as costs. The method applies only to the active part of fixed assets whose service life exceeds three years. Accelerated depreciation allows an enterprise to speed up the process of updating fixed assets, accumulate funds for technical re-equipment and reconstruction, and avoid moral and physical wear and tear of labor.

Reproduction of fixed assets- This is a continuous process of updating them through the acquisition of new ones, reconstruction, technical re-equipment, modernization and overhaul. Its main goals are to replace worn-out fixed assets, increase the mass of fixed assets, provide enterprises with them in accordance with the production program and maintain them in working condition.

There are two types of reproduction of fixed assets. Simple reproduction involves the renewal of fixed assets on a constant scale by replacing obsolete means of labor and major repairs. Advanced reproduction involves updating fixed assets in an increasing volume, i.e. increasing their physical volume through new construction, expansion of existing enterprises, reconstruction and technical re-equipment, modernization of equipment.

In a market economy, the process of reproduction of fixed assets can be carried out from various sources. Fixed assets for reproduction come from contributions to the authorized capital; at the expense of profits remaining at the disposal of the enterprise; as a result of gratuitous transfer; by rent.

Analysis of the process of reproduction of fixed assets involves the calculation of the following indicators:

1) coefficient of renewal of fixed assets:

where Kobn is the renewal coefficient, %;

Fk – cost of fixed assets at the end of the year, rub.;

Fv – cost of fixed assets put into operation during the year, rub.

2) retirement rate of fixed assets:

where Fl is the cost of fixed assets liquidated during the year, rub.;

Fn – cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, rub.

The excess of the value of the renewal coefficient over the value of the retirement coefficient indicates that the enterprise is in the process of updating fixed assets.

One of the important tasks of the production and economic activity of the enterprise is maintaining the equipment used in good technical condition. This problem is solved, on the one hand, by strict adherence to the rules of equipment operation, on the other hand, by organizing repair maintenance of equipment, including maintenance and repairs.

Equipment Maintenance– this is a set of works to maintain the functionality of equipment during storage, transportation, preparation for use and operation.

Repair– a set of technical, economic and organizational measures related to the maintenance and partial (or complete) restoration of the consumer value of fixed assets or objects of labor.

Enterprises carry out two types of repairs of fixed assets: planned, carried out according to a predetermined schedule, and unscheduled, carried out when equipment stops or breaks down or the passive part of fixed assets is in an emergency.

System of scheduled preventive maintenance (PPR) – This is a set of organizational and technical measures for the care, supervision, maintenance and repair of equipment to maintain it in normal working condition, ensure maximum productivity and increase service life.

Scheduled repairs Based on the volume of work performed and sources of financing, it can be divided into three categories: current, medium, capital. Current is a repair that is minimal in scope of work, in which by replacing or restoring wearing parts and adjusting mechanisms, normal operation of the equipment is achieved until the next scheduled repair. Medium renovation– repairs performed to restore serviceability and partially restore equipment resources with the replacement or restoration of components of a limited range and monitoring the technical condition of the components. Capital repair is a type of planned repair carried out with the aim of restoring the life of equipment with the replacement or restoration of any of its parts (including basic ones) and their adjustment.

The costs of repairs are included in the costs of production and sales of products. They depend on the degree of physical wear and tear of fixed assets, the quality of repairs carried out and the level of qualifications of personnel servicing machines and equipment. Among the areas for reducing repair costs, one can note the timely and high-quality implementation of scheduled preventative repairs, the economic justification for major repairs, and the restoration of worn parts directly at the enterprise.

Modernization represents a technical improvement of the OPF in order to eliminate obsolescence and increase technical and economic indicators to the level of the latest equipment.

Analysis of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets at the enterprise is carried out in order to identify the most important factors, affecting the level of use of labor tools, as well as determining the reserves for their use. The information base for the analysis consists of accounting and statistical reporting data, primary materials, and materials from individual special studies.

The main indicators of the efficiency of using fixed assets can be combined into four groups.

1. General indicators of the use of fixed assets.

Capital productivity(Fo) is the indicator of production output per one ruble of the cost of fixed assets; is defined as the ratio of the actual volume of output to the average annual cost of fixed production assets:

where Vf is the cost of marketable or normatively pure products produced per year, rub.;

The greater the value of capital productivity, the more efficiently the enterprise's fixed assets are used. The level of capital productivity is influenced by the following factors: the share of the active part of funds, the level of specialization and cooperation, the level of prices for products, as well as the use of equipment in terms of time and capacity.

Capital intensity(Fe) – the reciprocal value of capital productivity; shows the share of the cost of OPF attributable to each ruble of manufactured products.

Profitability of fixed production assets(Iaopf) characterizes the amount of profit per one ruble of funds:

where P is profit, rub.;

F – average annual cost of fixed production assets, rub.

The level of provision of workers with fixed assets is determined by the indicator capital-labor ratio. Capital-labor ratio is the ratio of the cost of fixed production assets to the number of employees:

However, the capital-labor ratio is not an indicator of the efficiency of using fixed assets to the fullest extent, since the calculation of any efficiency indicator involves comparing the result (effect) with the costs that caused it.

2. Indicators of extensive use of fixed assets reflect the level of their use over time.

Extensive equipment utilization rate(Kext) is defined as the ratio of the actual number of operating hours of equipment (Tf) to the number of standard operating hours (Tn):

Shift rate equipment operation (Ksm) is the ratio of the total number of machine-tool shifts worked by the equipment (Dstsm) to the number of machines working in the largest shift (n):

Equipment load factor(Kzagr) – the ratio of the actual shift ratio of work to the planned shift of equipment:

3. Indicators of intensive use of fixed assets reflect the level of their power use.

Intensive use factor equipment (Kint) - the ratio of the actual productivity of equipment (Pf) to the standard or production capacity (Pn):

4. Indicators of integral use, taking into account the combined influence of extensive and intensive factors.

Integral utilization factor equipment (Kintegra) comprehensively characterizes its operation in terms of time and power and is the product of the coefficients of extensive and intensive use of equipment:

K integral = Kext K int

Ways to improve the use of fixed assets at an enterprise:

#8594; increasing work shifts, reducing intra-shift and all-day equipment downtime, as well as the amount of idle equipment;

#8594; improving the organization of auxiliary and service production of the enterprise, ensuring the centralization of repair services (where appropriate);

#8594; timely and high-quality implementation of planned preventive and major repairs, increasing the level of qualifications of service personnel;

#8594; timely updating of the OPF, especially the active part, in order to prevent excessive physical and moral wear and tear;

#8594; improving the quality of preparation of raw materials and materials for the production process;

#8594; improvement technological processes, increasing the level of mechanization and automation of production, ensuring fund-saving development of the enterprise;

#8594; improving the organization of production, labor, logistics and tactical planning.

1. Fixed assets are means of labor that are repeatedly involved in the production process and transfer their value to products in parts as they wear out. They are classified according to their natural composition, functional purpose and degree of participation in the production process. Valuation of fixed assets involves determining the initial, replacement, residual and liquidation values.

2. Fixed assets are subject to physical and moral wear and tear over time. One of the most important tasks of an enterprise is to prevent excessive wear and tear of the material and technical base.

3. The cost of fixed assets is transferred to manufactured products in the form of depreciation charges. The depreciation policy of an enterprise directly affects the reproduction of fixed assets.

4. The efficiency of using the fixed capital of an enterprise can be determined by calculating the indicators of the use of fixed assets.

5. Analysis of the efficiency of using fixed assets at an enterprise allows us to outline ways to improve their use, the implementation of which leads to a reduction in the cost of materialized labor per unit of production and an increase in production efficiency.

Monetary valuation of fixed capital helps in planning the expanded production of fixed assets, determining the degree of wear and tear and the amount of depreciation charges, and the volume of privatization. In practice, several methods are used to evaluate fixed assets associated with long-term participation and gradual wear and tear during the production process, changes in production conditions during this time: at initial, replacement and residual value.

The initial cost of an enterprise's fixed capital is the total cost of purchasing or manufacturing funds, their delivery and installation. It is according to this that fixed assets are initially assessed. Initial cost includes:

• procurement costs;
• transportation;
• installation and installation of fixed assets.

That is, these are the costs that are associated with their acquisition and putting into circulation.

Annual balances of the organization's fixed assets are compiled to analyze changes in the volume and movement of fixed capital, their reproduction. On their basis, the processes of their production are characterized, dynamics and growth indices are studied, and indicators of renewal and the current state of fixed assets are calculated.

Annual depreciation of fixed capital equal to the sum accrued depreciation charges for 12 months.

Sources of fixed capital income

• Introduction of new fixed assets into production.
• Purchase of fixed assets.
• Non-commercial receipt of fixed assets from other legal entities and individuals.
• fixed capital.
• Disposal, which occurs due to moral and physical wear and tear, sale of fixed assets to various legal entities and individuals, gratuitous return, and long-term rental of fixed assets.

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