O. V. Yakunina, L.I. Svyatkina
Quality, as a characteristic of the essence of objects and their properties, has always been and is of great importance for people. practical significance. Therefore, the issue of quality assessment has been and remains one of the most important. The development of international trade required the classification of products into qualitative categories, and for this it was necessary to measure not only the individual properties of the product, but to quantify its quality based on the totality of all basic consumer properties. In this regard, in Europe and the USA at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. Methods for assessing product quality using points began to be widely used.
In the January 1968 issue. The magazine “Standards and Quality” published an article where for the first time qualimetry was presented as a science within which the problems of measuring qualities are studied and methodology and methods for quantitative assessment of the quality of objects of any nature are developed. The article proved the fundamental possibility of expressing the quality of an object with one quantitative indicator, despite the multiplicity of its different properties and characteristics.
Since 1979 the term “qualimetry” is standardized in GOST 15467-79 “Product quality management. Basic concepts. Terms and definitions." Qualimetry, which originated and is actively developing in our country, is now recognized and mastered by specialists foreign countries. For example, in the USA in October 1997. An international seminar was held to train managers in the use of qualimetry methodology and methods. At the same time, mainly Russian developments in the theory of qualimetry were taught, starting with the assessment of qualities. Now qualimetry is a relatively new, but fully formed science, the knowledge of which is necessary for workers involved in assessing and managing the quality of various objects.
Qualimetry is the science of measuring and quantifying the quality of all kinds of objects and processes. It is part of quality science - a comprehensive science of quality, consisting of qualintology, i.e. general theory of quality, qualimetry and teachings about quality management, which consider organizational, economic and other methods and means of influencing the quality of objects in order to increase their ability to satisfy existing and future needs of people.
The structure of qualimetry consists of three parts:
- general qualimetry or general theory of qualimetry, which addresses problems and issues, as well as methods for measuring and assessing qualities;
— special qualimetry of large groups of objects, for example, qualimetry of products, processes, services, social security, habitat, etc. down to the quality of people's lives;
— subject qualimetry individual species products, processes and services, such as qualimetry of engineering products, construction projects, qualimetry of petroleum products, labor, education, etc.
The concept of the quality of an object of consumption includes both objective properties and subjective assessments of the usefulness of an object intended for consumption or already consumed by people. In fact, using qualimetric methods, the quality of an object is assessed by one generalized indicator. This proves that quality is a cumulative characteristic of the essence of an object, determined by its properties and characteristics. Since the quality of an object is manifested primarily through its properties, it is believed that to assess quality it is necessary:
- determine a list of those properties, the totality of which sufficiently fully characterizes quality;
- measure properties, i.e. determine their numerical values;
- analytically compare the obtained data with similar characteristics of another object taken as a sample or quality standard.
The result obtained will characterize the quality of the object under study with a sufficient degree of reliability.
Based on the results of qualimetric assessments, the following is produced:
1) optimization of properties and quality indicators in general;
2) forecasting product quality;
3 Determination of the level and margin of competitiveness as a cumulative assessment of the levels of quality and price of a product or service, and much more.
Qualimetry is, firstly, relevant and basic for other related sciences aimed at solving quality management problems. Secondly, qualimetry still needs to be developed and used in adoption management decisions regarding the quality of something.
The object and subject of qualitology, the typology of knowledge syntheses in it. The principle of the trinity of quality science. The structure of the conceptual apparatus of quality theory. Quality category as a conceptual system. Service: concept, classification, distinctive features.
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Quality, as a characteristic of the essence of objects and their properties, has always been of great practical importance for people. Currently, assessing the quality of social services and social services for the population is the most actual problem modern society.
The first known cases of assessing the quality of products date back to the 15th century BC, when potters on the island of Crete marked their products with a special sign indicating the manufacturers and the high quality of their products. This was a quality assessment using the so-called “name scale” or “address scale”. Brand names, as well as other quality marks, still serve as a guide, an evaluative sign of product quality. Later, as a type of expert method for assessing product quality, a method was used based on the generalized experience of consumers - the method of “collective wisdom”. The oldest example expert assessment quality is wine tasting. The ever-increasing need to determine the compliance of labor products with the needs of consumers has led to the emergence of a special scientific discipline - commodity science. This was due to the appearance on the sales market large quantity various goods requiring classification, as well as assessment of their quality and value.
For the first time in Russia, the famous shipbuilder, academician A. M. Krylov substantiated and applied the analytical method for assessing product quality. Using appropriate coefficients that take into account the degree of expression of each ship property and their unequal significance, he assessed the quality of the proposed ship construction projects. Combining these coefficients into a single system made it possible to quantify the quality of the projects under consideration.
In the 20-30s of the twentieth century in the USSR and other countries, methods for quantitative assessment of the quality of goods were successfully developed and used in practice. For example, in 1922, P. Bridgman proposed a way to reduce several quantitative assessments of various parameters characterizing quality to one indicator. In 1928, M. Aranovich solved the same problem. At the same time, P. Florensky proposed new methods of data processing for quantitative assessment of product quality.
Qualimetry as an independent science of assessing the quality of any objects was formed in the late 60s of the twentieth century. Its appearance was due to the urgent need for a more effective and scientific basis for managing the quality of manufactured products. During the Cold War between the two social systems, not only the military-political, but also the competitive economic struggle of various countries and firms, the victory of which depended largely on the quality of the products produced, especially intensified.
In the first half of the twentieth century, economically developed countries In the West, various empirical and mainly statistical and expert methods of numerically assessing the quality of various products have appeared. Similar methods and techniques for quality assessments were used in the USSR. However, to solve many practical problems, unified methods were needed that would make it possible to more reliably and accurately determine quality levels and, on this basis, make adequate management, engineering, technological and other decisions regarding product quality.
In addition, the solution to various special problems of technology, for example, reliability, manufacturability, safety, aesthetics, etc., led scientists to realize the need to conduct integrated, comprehensive quality assessments for all the most important parameters of properties technical systems: machines, equipment, instruments, etc. On the other hand, methods for quantitative assessments of various objects were required. All this led to the fact that a group of Soviet scientists, including military civil engineer G.G. Azgaldov, mechanical engineers Z.N. Krapivensky, Yu.P. Kurachenko and D.M. Shpektorov, economists in the field of aircraft construction A.V. Glichev and V.P. Panov, as well as architect M.V. Fedorov, having convinced himself of the methodological commonality of existing in a variety of ways quantitative assessments of various objects, decided to carry out a theoretical generalization of these methods by developing an independent scientific discipline called “qualimetry”. This essentially historic decision for science was made in November 1967 at an informal meeting of a group of enthusiasts in the Moscow restaurant “Budapest”. Already in the January 1968 issue. magazine “Standards and Quality” published an article outlining the collective position of the “group”, where qualimetry was presented as a science within which the problems of measuring qualities are studied and methodology and methods are developed for quantitative assessment of the quality of objects of any nature: material and intangible, animate and inanimate , objects and processes, products of labor and nature, etc. The article proved the fundamental possibility of expressing the quality of an object with one quantitative indicator, despite the multiplicity of its different properties and characteristics.
In 1971, the first “Methodology for assessing the quality level of industrial products” was published in Russia. In the same year, at the 15th International Conference of the European Organization for Quality Control (EOQC), one of the five sections was devoted to qualimetry issues. In 1972 The first all-Union scientific conference on qualimetry was held in Tallinn. In 1979, the USSR State Standard publishes Guiding Document RD 50-149-79 entitled “Guidelines for assessing the technical level and quality of industrial products.”
Since 1979, the term “qualimetry” has been standardized in GOST 15467-79 “Product Quality Management. Basic concepts. Terms and definitions." The EOCC has regularly discussed issues of qualimetry at its international meetings since 1971.
In subsequent years and to this day, dozens of monographs have been published in Russia, hundreds of articles have been published, scientific conferences and seminars are held, many doctoral and candidate dissertations have been defended on the problems and issues of qualimetry. Qualimetry is taught to students of many technical universities training engineers in the specialty “Metrology, standardization and quality management,” as well as to future engineer-managers of the new specialty “Quality Management.” In all universities where managers are trained, the discipline “quality management” is taught. There are textbooks and teaching aids in qualimetry. Gosstandart periodically issues guidelines and teaching materials on the use of qualimetry methods in practice.
Qualimetry methods are used quite effectively in practice where issues of product or service quality management are resolved on a scientific basis, and not just by organizational and economic methods.
Qualimetry, which originated and is actively developing in Russia, is now recognized and mastered by specialists from foreign countries. For example, in the USA in October 1997, an international seminar was held to train managers in the use of qualimetry methodology and methods. At the same time, mainly Russian developments in the theory of qualimetry were taught, starting with the assessment of qualities.
A great contribution to the theory of qualimetry and the practice of its use was made by Yu.P. Adler, G.G. Azgaldov, V.G. Belik, G.N. Bobrovnikov, A.V. Glichev, V.V. Kochetov, G.N. Malt, A.V. Subeto, A.G. Suslov, M.V. Fedorov, I.F. Shishkin and many other scientists and specialists.
Qualimetry (from the Latin quails - which in quality and metric) is a scientific field that combines methods for quantitative assessment of the quality of various objects. Qualimetry is a science that studies theoretical and applied problems of assessing the quality of objects.
The objects of qualimetry can be any objects to which the concept of “quality” is applicable - products, services, processes, systems, intellectual products.
The subject of qualimetry is both quantitative and non-quantitative methods for assessing product quality.
The objectives of qualimetry are:
Development of methods for determining numerical values of product quality indicators, collecting and processing data to establish requirements for quality indicators;
- development of uniform methods for measuring and assessing quality indicators;
Development of single, complex and integral indicators of product quality;
Development of principles for constructing generalized quality indicators and justification of the conditions for their use in standardization and quality management tasks;
- development of principles and methods for quality assessment;
- forecasting and planning of needs, technical level and quality of products;
Determination of optimal (options) quality indicators, their standardization, development technical specifications and standards for new products;
Optimization of the quality level of objects;
- optimization of standard sizes and parametric series of products;
- studying the dynamics of product quality and competitiveness;
- summing up the activities of the organization and its divisions;
- execution of reports and preparation information materials about the quality and competitiveness of products, etc.
Qualimetry as a science combines quantitative methods for assessing quality, used to substantiate decisions on quality management and related issues of management activities. It includes an interconnected system of theories:
General qualimetry, which involves the development of general theoretical problems of the conceptual apparatus, measurement, assessment, qualimetric scaling, etc.;
Special qualimetry, classified by type of quality assessment methods and models (for example, expert, probabilistic-statistical, index, taxonomic qualimetry, etc.);
Subject qualimetry, differentiated by types of objects of assessment (products; services; labor; processes; project qualimetry, etc.).
IN recent years New directions have appeared in qualimetry: sociological, pedagogical, logistic qualimetry, etc. This is due to its “expansion” and “diffusion” into many areas of material and intangible types of human activity.
Qualimetry as a science has statuses: economic, technical, technical-economic, general scientific, systemic.
Economic status is determined by the economic content of quality and its interaction with use value. From this perspective, qualimetry involves the use of econometric methods to measure and further evaluate the economic properties of various objects.
The technical status is determined by the relationship of the technical aspect of quality with quantitative and qualitative changes in the specific technical properties of the measured objects.
The technical and economic status is determined by the focus of qualimetry on a generalized comprehensive measurement of the quality of the objects being assessed. Both technical and economic properties should be assessed.
The general scientific status reflects the relationship of the philosophical aspect of the quality category with all others, which determines the need and possibility of forming and using subject qualimetry along with the general theory and special types of qualimetry.
The systemic status of qualimetry implies the use systematic approach when forming and ensuring quality.
Along with the indicated statuses, qualimetry may have sociological and legal statuses. It is obvious that the listed statuses define qualimetry as a science that has a generally interdisciplinary status.
The most important issue qualimetry is an objective determination of the level of quality. In relation to products, the quality level is a relative characteristic of product quality, based on a comparison of a set of indicators of its quality with the corresponding set of basic indicators.
The intensive development of qualimetry in recent years is associated with the massive number of quality assessment tasks that constantly arise in management practice. Among them, the most important are the following:
Forecasting needs, technical level and quality;
Development of methods for determining numerical values of quality indicators;
Development of principles and methods for quality assessment;
Selecting the optimal product option for its development and production;
Determination of optimal quality indicators, their standardization, development of specifications and standards for new products;
Determination of the scientific and technical level of scientific and technical documentation;
Calculation and acceptance of competitive product prices;
Establishing sales markets and the feasibility of entering the market;
Planning the development and introduction of new types of products;
Determining the most rational ways to improve and ensure quality;
Assessment of the quality of work of performers, departments, etc.;
Determination of commercial viability, justification for modernization and/or discontinuation of products;
Planning to improve product quality;
Planning of technical level and quality;
Carrying out inspections and tests;
Establishing feasibility overhaul and determining the quality of its implementation;
Selection of product certification models and QMS;
Conducting assessments of the QMS of subcontractors and suppliers (raw materials, materials, components, etc.) by external organizations;
Conducting internal assessments of their QMS and its various subsystems;
QMS certification;
Production certification;
Selection of products when purchasing them (for example, when purchasing equipment, machines, instruments, materials);
Determination and creation of optimal conditions for storage, transportation and recovery of products;
Studying the dynamics of product quality and competitiveness;
Summing up the activities of the enterprise and its divisions;
Completing reports and preparing information materials on the quality and competitiveness of products.
It is obvious that the listed tasks do not exhaust all the problems and the role of qualimetry in quality management.
Thus, to date, qualimetry is a relatively new, but fully formed science and academic discipline. This is the knowledge that is necessary for practitioners involved in the assessment and subsequent quality management of various objects. The history of the origin and development of qualimetry covers a fairly large period of time. This is due to the fact that the result of any activity must have a set of properties and characteristics, and, as a consequence, a set of indicators of these properties, the requirements for which are fixed in regulatory documents.
Security questions:
1. What is included in the concept of “qualimetry”?
2. Describe the history of the development of quantitative and qualitative assessment of the quality of goods.
3. Identify the objective conditions and subjective factors for the emergence of qualimetry as a science.
4. When did qualimetry appear as a science?
5. How and by whom did qualimetry develop in Russia? Name latest works on qualimetry and their authors.
6. Extract at least 3 articles on qualimetry from journals included in foreign databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Wiley, Oxford University Press, Taylor and Francis, Springer, etc.).
2 . Brief history.
Quality, as a characteristic of the essence of objects and their properties, has always had and has great practical importance for people. Therefore, the issues of assessing the quality of everything a person deals with have been and remain among the most important.
The first known cases of assessing product quality date back to the 15th century BC. Then the potters of the island of Crete marked their products with a special sign, indicating the manufacturers and the high quality of their products. This was a quality assessment according to the so-called “name scale”, or “address scale”. Brand names, as well as other quality marks, still serve as a guide, an evaluative sign of product quality. Later, as a type of expert method for assessing product quality, a method was used based on the generalized experience of consumers - the method of “collective wisdom”. The oldest example of expert quality assessment is wine tasting. The ever-increasing need to determine the compliance of labor products with the needs of consumers has led to the emergence of a special scientific discipline - commodity science. This was due to the appearance on the sales market of a large number of different goods that required classification, as well as assessment of their quality and cost. The first department of commodity science was organized in 1549 in Italy at the University of Padua.
The development of international trade required the classification of products into qualitative categories, and for this it was necessary to measure not only individual properties of products, but to quantify their qualities based on the totality of all basic consumer properties. In this regard, in Europe and the USA at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. Methods for assessing product quality using points began to be widely used.
For the first time in Russia, the famous shipbuilder, academician A. M. Krylov substantiated and applied the analytical method for assessing product quality. Using appropriate coefficients that take into account the degree of expression of each ship property and their unequal significance, he assessed the quality of the proposed ship construction projects. Combining these coefficients into a single system made it possible to quantify the quality of the projects under consideration.
In the 20-30s of the 20th century in the USSR and other countries, methods for quantitative assessment of the quality of goods were successfully developed and used in practice. For example, in 1922, P. Bridgman proposed a way to reduce several quantitative assessments of various parameters characterizing quality to one indicator. In 1928, M. Aranovich solved the same problem. At the same time, P. Florensky proposed new methods of data processing for quantitative assessment of product quality.
Qualimetry as an independent science of assessing the quality of any objects was formed in the late 60s of the 20th century. Its appearance was due to the urgent need for a more effective and scientific basis for managing the quality of manufactured products.
During those years of the Cold War between the two social systems, not only the military-political, but also the competitive economic struggle of various countries and firms, the victory of which depended largely on the quality of the products produced, especially intensified.
In the first half of the last century, in the economically developed countries of the West, various empirical and mainly statistical and expert methods for numerically assessing the quality of various products appeared. Similar methods and techniques for quality assessments were used in the USSR.
However, to solve many practical problems, unified methods were needed that would make it possible to more reliably and accurately determine quality levels and, on this basis, make adequate management, engineering, technological and other decisions regarding product quality.
In addition, the solution of various special problems of technology, for example, reliability, manufacturability, safety, aesthetics, etc., led scientists to realize the need to conduct integrated, comprehensive quality assessments for all the most important parameters of the properties of technical systems: machines, equipment, instruments, etc. on the other hand, methods for quantitative assessments of various objects were required. All this led to the fact that then a group of Soviet scientists consisting of military civil engineer G.G. Azgaldov, mechanical engineers Z.N. Krapivensky, Yu.P. Kurachenko and D.M. Shpektorov, economists in the field of aircraft construction A.V. Glichev and V.P. Panov, as well as architect M.V. Fedorova, convinced of the methodological commonality of the existing various methods of quantitative assessments of various objects, decided to carry out a theoretical generalization of these methods by developing an independent scientific discipline called “qualimetry”.
This essentially historic decision for science was made in November 1967 at an informal meeting of a group of enthusiasts in the Moscow restaurant “Budapest”. Already in the January 1968 issue. magazine “Standards and Quality” an article was published outlining the collective position of the “group”, where qualimetry was presented as a science within which the problems of measuring qualities are studied and methodology and methods are developed quantitative assessing the quality of objects any nature: material and intangible, animate and inanimate, objects and processes, products of labor and nature, etc. The article proved the fundamental possibility of expressing the quality of an object with one quantitative indicator, despite the multiplicity of its different properties and characteristics.
In 1971, our country published the first “Methodology for assessing the quality level of industrial products.” That year, at the 15th International Conference of the European Organization for Quality Control (EOQC), one of the five sections was devoted to qualimetry issues. Our authors gave keynote speeches. In 1972 The first all-Union scientific conference on qualimetry was held in Tallinn.
1979 – The USSR State Standard publishes Guiding Document RD 50-149-79 entitled “Guidelines for assessing the technical level and quality of industrial products.”
Since 1979, the term “qualimetry” has been standardized in GOST 15467-79 “Product Quality Management. Basic concept. Terms and definitions." The EOCC has regularly discussed issues of qualimetry at its international meetings since 1971.
In subsequent years, up to the present day, dozens of monographs have been published in the country, hundreds of articles have been published, scientific conferences and seminars have been held, and many doctoral and master's theses have been defended on the problems and issues of qualimetry. Qualimetry is taught to students of many technical universities training engineers in the specialty “Metrology, standardization and quality management,” as well as to future engineer-managers of the new specialty “Quality Management.” There are textbooks and teaching aids on qualimetry. Gosstandart periodically publishes guidelines and methodological materials on the use of qualimetry methods in practice. Qualimetry methods are used quite effectively in practice where issues of product or service quality management are resolved on a scientific basis, and not just by organizational and economic methods.
Qualimetry, which originated and is actively developing in our country, is now recognized and mastered by specialists from foreign countries. For example, it is known that in the USA in October 1997 an international seminar was held to train managers in the use of qualimetry methodology and methods. At the same time, mainly Russian developments in the theory of qualimetry were taught, starting with assessments of qualities.
So, to date, qualimetry is a relatively new, but fully formed science and academic discipline, knowledge that is necessary for practitioners involved in the assessment and subsequent management of the quality of various objects.
Our compatriots made a great contribution to the theory of qualimetry and the practice of its use, in particular: Yu.P. Adler, G.G. Azgaldov, V.G. Belik, G.N. Bobrovnikov, A.V. Glichev, V.V. Kochetov, G.N. Malt, A.V. Subeto, A.G. Suslov, M.V. Fedorov, I.F. Shishkin and many other scientists and specialists.
3. Object, subject and structure of qualimetry.
Qualimetry is the science of measuring and quantifying the quality of all kinds of objects and processes, i.e. objects of the real world. Qualimetry is part quality studies– a comprehensive science of quality, consisting of qualintology, i.e. general theory of quality, qualimetry and teachings on quality management, which examines organizational, economic and other methods and means of influencing the quality of objects in order to increase their ability to satisfy existing and future needs of people.
Object of qualimetry there can be anything that represents something whole that can be isolated for study, explored and known.
Subject of qualimetry is an assessment of quality in quantitative terms.
Structure qualimetry consists of three parts:
1 – general qualimetry or the general theory of qualimetry, which deals with problems and issues, as well as methods for measuring and assessing qualities;
2 - special qualimetry large groups of objects, for example, qualimetry of products, processes, services, social security, habitat, etc. down to the quality of people's lives;
3- subject qualimetry certain types of products, processes and services, such as qualimetry of engineering products, construction projects, qualimetry of petroleum products, labor, education, etc.
Quality, V in a broad sense This concept is an objective and most generalized characteristic of any object.
Quality of the consumer item- this is a cumulative characteristic of its properties, with the help of which the corresponding needs of people can be and usually are satisfied. This idea of quality is of an applied nature and is therefore narrower and more specific. There are also limited ideas about quality, when it is assessed not by all, but by one or several characteristics of an object that are most important for people. It should be noted that the concept of the quality of an object of consumption includes both objective properties and subjective assessments of the usefulness of an object intended for consumption or already consumed by people.
Qualimetry– a science that studies theoretical and applied problems of assessing product quality.
The role of qualimetry :1. Forecasting consumers of the technical level and quality of products; 2. Development of methods for determining and assessing product quality; 3 . determination of optimal options for quality indicators ; 4. determination of the scientific and technical level of scientific and technical documentation; 5 .establishing sales markets and the feasibility of entering the market for new products; 6 .identification of the most rational ways to improve and ensure product quality .
The industry is currently being formed research activities, which has a wide practical application to a wide variety of labor products. This industry has a specific object of research (general principles and quality assessment methods), its specific subject of research(the set of properties of the products of human labor), its specific mathematical apparatus, their specific problems of a mathematical, physiological and sociological nature.
In qualimetry, two terms are used - measurement and evaluation. If in metrology measurement is considered as a special case of estimates, then in qualimetry they characterize two non-subordinate concepts. Quantitative assessment in qualimetry is understood as a certain function of the ratio (most often expressed as a percentage) of the quality indicator of the product under consideration to the quality indicator of the product taken as the standard.
Problems of qualimetry in science. V:
Forecasting needs, technological level and product quality;
Development of methods for determining the number of quality indicators;
Definition and development of principles and methods for quality assessment;
Determination of optimal options for quality indicators, their standardization, development of technological conditions, USTs for new products;
Determination of the scientific and technical level of scientific and technical documentation;
Calculation and acceptance of competitive product prices;
The mouth of sales markets and the feasibility of entering the product market;
Planning and development of new types of products;
Assessment of the quality of three performers, as well as all departments involved in the production of products;
Carrying out inspections and tests;
Selecting a product certification scheme;
Conducting internal assessments of their quality systems;
Certification of quality systems;
Studying the dynamics of product quality and competitiveness
Qualimetry is divided into:
General(system of terms, concepts, categories; scaling theory; assessment theory; axioms and consequences);
Special(expert; probabilistic statistical; index qualimetry);
Subject(qualimetry of processes and actions; demand; decisions and projects; personnel; information).
General qualimetry ® Special qualimetry ® Subject qualimetry
Qualimetry methods:
1. Instrumental (measuring)(carried out on the basis of technical measuring instruments; using this method, the values of such quality indicators as product mass, current strength, vehicle speed, etc. are determined);
2. Calculated(calculation of quality indicators based on the use of theoretical or empirical dependencies of product quality indicators on its parameters; the method is used to determine the values of the mass of the product, indicators of its productivity, power, strength);
3. Statistical(based on the use of rules of mathematical statistics);
4. Organoleptic(carried out on the basis of an analysis of the perceptions of the senses; used to determine the quality parameters of drinks, confectionery, tobacco, and perfumes);
5. Expert(carried out on the basis of a decision made by experts);
6. Sociological(carried out on the basis of collecting and analyzing the opinions of actual or potential consumers of products through surveys, marketing research, conferences, exhibitions, tastings);
7. Combined(using several methods).
8. differentiated (comparison of individual quality indicators of the evaluated product with the quality indicators of the base sample);
Currently, qualimetry is beginning to combine not only methods for assessing the quality of various types of products, but also methods for assessing the quality of items that are not products, and also various processes.
When finally systematizing, we can indicate the following areas of science about product quality:
Research into the nature of product quality;
Studying a range of issues related to product quality management;
Development theoretical foundations And practical methods measurement and quantification of product quality;
Studying the information aspects of production and consumption of products of certain quality;
Study of economic problems associated with changes in product quality;
Studying the sociological aspects of the problem of product quality.
Of all the listed areas, currently one of the most important is the one that is associated with the measurement and quantification of product quality. This gives the researcher the necessary tool with which to fruitfully solve all other problems of product quality.
These assessments are an integral element of any quality management system, since in order to manage any process one must, first of all, be able to measure its parameters. It is impossible to do without quantitative assessments of quality when studying the information aspects of the problem of product quality. And finally, the very nature of the economic problems of changing product quality predetermines the need to use quantitative methods to describe quality.
Quality indicators– it is quantitative or indirect established requirements, the nature or properties of an object, making it possible to implement and verify them.
Quality indicators:
1. single – relate to only one property:
1.1. basic - a quality indicator adopted as a standard for comparative quality assessments.
1.2. Relative – the ratio of the quality indicator of the assessed object to the basic quality indicator, expressed in relative units.
2. Complex – several properties (arithmetic mean):
2.1. Integral – the ratio of the total beneficial effect of using an object for its intended purpose to the costs of creation and use.
2.2. Generalizing – evaluates the quality as a whole.
Nomenclature of quality indicators is a set of product quality indicators based on characterized properties, normatively accepted to assess the level of its quality. The classification of quality indicators can be approached from different points vision (GOST 22851-77, GOST 15467-79):
1. By the number of characteristic properties: single; complex.
2. By stage of determination: design; production; operational.
3. By method of determination: calculated; expert; experimental.
4. By degree of dimension (by way of expression): dimensional; dimensionless.
5. By nature of use: basic; relative.
GOST 22851-77 lists 11 basic ones. groups of quality indicators products:
1. Destination indicators(har-yut beneficial effect from the operation and use of products and serve the area of its application - indicators of composition, structure, functional and technical. efficiency);
2. Transportability indicators(characteristics of the ability of products to move in space without operation or consumption using various types of transport - permissible temperature, humidity, pressure during transportation, transportation time, cost per unit of product during transportation, overall dimensions of the product);
3. Safety indicators(characteristics of product features related to ensuring safe conditions for its production, handling, consumption (operation) and restoration (repair) - the likelihood of an emergency, response time of protective devices, number of degrees of protection against counterfeiting, etc.) ;
4. Manufacturability indicators(characterize the effectiveness of design and technological solutions to ensure high labor productivity in the manufacture and repair of products - labor intensity of production, technological cost, etc.);
5. Reliability indicators(characteristics of products must be fulfilled specified functions, maintaining over time the value of operational indicators - indicators of durability, maintainability, storability);
6. Indicators of standardization and unification(characterize the degree of use of standardized parts, assembly units, blocks and other components in a specific product, as well as the level of unification of the component parts of the product - applicability coefficient by standard sizes, by component parts of the product, repeatability and applicability coefficients);
7. Aesthetic indicators(characterized by a variety of aesthetic properties of products: expressiveness, harmony, integrity, compliance with the environment and style, coloristic design, etc. - values of rationality of form, informational expressiveness, holistic composition, perfection of production execution);
8. Economic indicators(reflect the costs of development, production and operation (consumption) of products, as well as the economic efficiency of its operation - the product itself, its price, reduced costs per unit of product, a relative economic indicator of product quality);
9. Ergonomic indicators(characterize the “person-product-environment” system and take into account the complex of hygienic, psychological, anthropometric, physiological, psychophysiological properties of a person, manifested in production and household processes - hygienic, anthropometric, physiological, psychophysiological, psychological indicators);
10. Patent and legal indicators(characterize the degree of patent protection of the product in the Russian Federation and abroad, the level of patent purity of the product - patent protection and patent purity);
11. Environmental indicators(characterize the level of harmful effects on the environment of manufactured and consumed products - the likelihood of harmful emissions into the environment, the concentration of harmful impurities released into the environment, the level of radiation, etc.).
Mandatory requirements to product quality are included in the state standards of the Russian Federation - product standards.
Quality indicators services can be divided into two large groups:
1. Quantitative: - waiting time and service provision;
Reliability of service provision;
Execution accuracy;
Completeness of service provision;
Level of automation and mechanization;
Security, etc.
2. Quality:
Politeness, accessibility, sensitivity and competence of staff;
Level of professional skill;
Effectiveness of contacts between performers and clients.
Based on the results of qualimetric assessments, the following is carried out: 1) optimization of indicators of properties and quality in general; 2) forecasting product quality; 3) determining the level and margin of competitiveness as a cumulative assessment of the levels of quality and price of a product or service, and much more.
Qualimetry as a relatively new and fundamental science is, firstly, relevant and basic for other related sciences aimed at solving quality management problems. Secondly, qualimetry still needs to be developed and used when making management decisions regarding the quality of something.
Product quality analysis includes:
1) The nature of quality according to oral indicators and dynamics plans (by urgency, by quality categories, by product compliance with established GOST and TU, by the specific gravity of products high quality in the total volume, according to specific quality indicators for individual industries and industries).
2) Study of the main factors influencing quality (in accordance with the design of products and market requirements, the level of qualifications of workers involved in the organization and manufacture of these products, the quality of raw materials and materials, material and moral incentives, organization of control over product quality, specific conditions of individual industries and organizational structure).
3) Calculation of the impact of quality on production volume in monetary terms (based on quality parameters, on the growth of the quality level in dynamics, on the basis score quality of products on the market).