The yurt is one of the great achievements of mankind, comparable to the invention of the sail. Both made it possible to cover long distances in the shortest possible time. It was the yurt, along with the horse, that allowed our ancestors to short terms to master vast spaces from the Danube to the Yellow Sea. In these spaces, replacing each other, empires appeared and disappeared: the Huns, Turks, Kipchaks, Mongols and other less known peoples. These empires were three times larger in scale than the Roman Empire.
Early nomads, such as the Asian Huns or Xiongnu, roamed in tent-like tents on wheels. The invention of the yurt, transported by a pack, dramatically increased mobility and cross-country ability. Now snow-capped peaks, dense forests and rivers are no longer an obstacle. A loaded horse or camel will pass along a narrow path - where a person will pass. The wheel is beyond competition.
A yurt with a diameter of about four meters is a load for two pack horses, capable of covering up to sixty kilometers a day and having a good rest. And the presence of hundreds of horses for many families made it possible, in emergency situations, to increase this distance to ninety kilometers. A simple calculation shows that the nomads could cover 900 kilometers in ten days. This is confirmed by the lightning speed of their conquests.
The yurt amazes the imagination with its perfection. Over the course of thousands of years, all components have been carefully honed until they reach perfection. Nothing extra. The great French architect Le Corbusier admired the completeness, versatility, and interchangeability of parts of the yurt. It was this that he considered as one of the prototypes of his concept “A house is a machine for living.”
The yurt, which appeared thousands of years ago, remains relevant today. Light weight, compactness, mobility, all-season use and commonality of parts, combined with low cost, make this housing highly competitive in the light-weight construction market. It should also be noted the low operating cost - installation and maintenance do not require highly qualified personnel, and compactness is the basis for low storage costs. At the same time, the cost of a yurt is 2-3 times lower compared to other quickly erected structures.
Just like most Turks, the Bashkirs from ancient times lived in yurts - tirme, which were not particularly different from the dwellings of others Turkic peoples. The name of the parts of tirme also sounds almost the same, but some features still need to be noted. The roof slopes are significantly steeper, this is due to the greater amount of precipitation in the Urals than in the rest of the Steppe. The doors are only wooden. Tirme is never covered with reed mats and is used in construction, in addition to the classic tal, oak, maple, elm and linden. Only the name is original - tirme, found only among the Nogais. The Bashkir tirme is a Turkic-type yurt, although researchers have noted the presence of a Mongolian yurt in the northeast of historical Bashkortostan.
IN last decades The yurt is becoming popular all over the world. Many companies in Europe and the USA are engaged in the production and operation of yurts, thereby popularizing this highly aesthetic and romantic home. 
Tourism and sports
Today, ethnic and ecological tourism is very fashionable and extremely in demand, and at the same time, this type of tourism is the least represented on the market.
Bashkiria has magnificent nature, but the construction of tourist centers from permanent structures seems to be an expensive undertaking, and tents do not provide any acceptable level of comfort. It is the yurt that solves the problem of optimal price-quality ratio. A very rigid and durable frame, covered with warm felt and waterproof fabric, in addition to purely utilitarian properties, carries a huge charge of aesthetics, romance and the spirit of ancestors - values that are extremely scarce in our urbanized age.
The yurt, covered with two layers of felt and equipped with a stove-fireplace, allows it to be used all year round.
A camping yurt is a lightweight option that can be easily transported by one pack horse, allowing tourists a comfortable and romantic stay at every overnight stay. This yurt, the installation of which will take no more than 30 minutes, is indispensable on equestrian routes.
It is no secret that the lack of base camps is the main obstacle to the development of tourism. Compactness allows you to transport 5 yurts on one Gazelle truck, and this is a camp site for 20 vacationers and 5 staff. The same yurts, installed on plank platforms and equipped with heating, can serve as a ski base in winter.
Trade, catering and hotel business
By renting a small plot of land in the city, near major roads, in places of pilgrimage for tourists, on holidays and folk festivals, you can open your own business in the field of trade, catering and hotel business.
To do this, you just need to buy a yurt and install it. If necessary, buy an electric generator - and you are completely autonomous. You do not pay rent for the premises, and your electricity will not be cut off. And the elegant and extravagant appearance of the yurt is a guarantee that there will be no end to visitors.
Yurts can be interlocked in various options: trading floor+ warehouse + change house; kitchen + sales area + change house + warehouse or administration + rooms + dining room + kitchen, etc.
Ethnofolklore holidays and museum work
Along with standard model yurts, the production of which uses modern materials, our company produces yurts ethnic model- this is a home made from authentic materials and using most ancient technologies:
- Wood only from deciduous species (oak, elm, birch, etc.);
- Workpieces are only split (not sawing);
- The use of steaming for bending;
- Connecting parts only with rawhide belt and hemp ropes.
Such a yurt is built without a single metal nail, and even the hinges and door handles are made of wood and leather. To top it all off, handmade natural felt.
It is possible to complete the set with interior items: chests, rugs, saddles and harnesses, vessels for kumys made of wood and leather, small dishes made of burl, bows and arrows in embossed quivers and forearms made of genuine leather. Carved doors with floral and geometric patterns, as well as in an “animal” style, are possible. 
For the romantics
You can buy a yurt just for the soul, put it on your site and “nomad” in the summer. You can buy a yurt and load it on the roof of your car and go “nomad” around the country or the world. Every week or every day your home will be in a new place, you will save on hotels and get incomparable pleasure.
You can sell your apartment, buy a plot outside the city, put up a yurt and live in it until your new home will not be built. This yurt can be used by the workers building your home, and after construction is complete, you can use it as a guest house or sell it to a friend who has also decided to build a “home on the land.”
Exclusive
We can build exclusive yurts for you, for example, with a diameter of 12 meters and an area of 113 m2! Where you can hold family celebrations, anniversaries and weddings and even conferences.
You can install a similar yurt and rent it out for such celebrations, adding options to the rental - for example, catering for celebrations, etc.
The Bashkirs are a nomadic people, so they spend most of their lives not in the houses they built, but in small structures that are temporary. The most common dwelling was the yurt.
History and description of the yurt
The yurt played a huge role in the development of mankind; this invention is often compared to a sail. The fact is that the creation of a yurt made it possible to quickly move over long distances, which is very important for nomadic peoples.
The first nomads made their journeys in wagons and tents, which they placed on wheels. However, these wagons were not as comfortable as yurts, which could be assembled and transported at any time in the form of a pack. This form of assembled yurt made it possible to move where people could not move before. For example, on narrow paths or in dense forests. For those traveling in road carts, obstacles such as a river or forest were almost insurmountable, while at the same time a horse carrying a rolled-up yurt could easily pass along the narrowest path.
If the yurt has a diameter of four meters, it is carried by two horses. The latter can travel with such a load up to several tens of kilometers a day, without overworking and getting enough rest. Since most families had many horses, if necessary, several tens of kilometers turned into almost a hundred. Thus, in just two weeks, nomads could travel up to a thousand kilometers. This played a role in the conquests of the nomads, which they carried out very quickly and over long distances.
The yurt existed for several thousand years, during which time it was improved and unnecessary elements were cut off. Each part of the yurt can be replaced by another, each part is universal.
Bashkir yurt
Despite the fact that the yurt was invented several thousand years ago, its use remains relevant today. This popularity is due to its low weight and good compactness. At the same time, it does not interfere with mobility and can be used in almost any weather.
In addition to the qualities described above, the yurt has another very important quality - low cost. The materials are quite cheap, and the installation and maintenance of such housing does not require special skills. The cost of a yurt is one third of that of other structures that can be erected very quickly.
Bashkir woman in a yurt
Yurts are used in modern world, for example, in Bashkiria. This region has wonderful nature that attracts many tourists. However, if there is a question about the construction of a special tourist base, it all comes down to cash. Tour operators are not ready to offer their clients tents, since the latter do not provide the required degree of comfort. This is where a yurt can be used. It is in the middle category of price and quality and is therefore a necessary compromise.
Thus, tour operators can organize mobile tourist bases. For example, one truck can carry up to several yurts; each portable house can comfortably accommodate several people. The result is an almost complete tourist base, which can be located in different places each time with absolutely no effort.
Bashkir yurt. Design
The yurt itself is a portable house with a collapsible frame. The walls of the house, as a rule, were made of felt. The installation of the yurt took place in stages, with strict adherence to simple technology. If from the latter, there is a danger of freezing or extinguishing the fire at home. First of all, we determined the place where we needed to install the portable house. It was in this place that all the necessary property was located. After this, the door frame and bars were installed, which were fastened together with ropes. This frame was covered with felt. The latter was attached to the frame with small ropes of hair. It is worth noting that the felt covering was installed in accordance with a certain order. First of all, they threw the felt from the southwest, then from the southeast. After this, the remaining felts were thrown on so that their edges were able to press down the edges of the first ones.
Design of a Bashkir yurt
The best pieces of felt were used for walls and roofing. It was important to better insulate the side facing north. This was apparently done to protect against cold winds. In addition, it was necessary to ensure that rainwater did not flood the altar. The size of the yurt spoke about the wealth of its owner.
Design of a Bashkir yurt
Thanks to the semi-nomadic way of life, various household items appeared in the everyday life of the Bashkirs that could not have appeared under any other way of life. For example, carpet products intended for various uses. They were used to insulate homes, as furniture, suitcases or covers. The carpet never played only a decorative role, it was always used for practical purposes.
Design of a Bashkir yurt
For example, large carpets were used to cover the floor. Clothes and other supplies were stored in carpet bags that were hung on the wall. A carpet cape was used to curtain the entrance to the yurt, that is, as a door.
Distribution of living space
According to tradition, the entrance is located to the south. It has practical significance– the north side needs to be insulated and strengthened, the door will only get in the way. The part of the home that is located near the northern wall is considered the most important. As a rule, it is allocated to the host's guests. In the photo of the Bashkir yurt you can see that this dwelling always faces one direction.
There is a hearth in the center. This arrangement of the heat source allows the round house to be heated evenly. In addition, there is a hole in the roof directly above the fire to remove smoke. In another part of the yurt this hole would be inconvenient. When the hearth is taken outside, a tablecloth is placed in the center of the home, which plays the role of a dining table. Family members and guests are placed around an improvised table, sitting on special pillows that have been previously spread around.
I travel regularly. About three trips a year for 10-15 days and many 2 and 3 day hikes.Yurt — This is a portable home. Very durable, lightweight and easy to transport. Easy to assemble and disassemble. Its area is 15-20 square meters. meters. Usually 5-6 people lived in such a yurt. It was cool in the yurt in summer and warm in winter. When it rained, she did not get wet, and the wind did not blow through her. So what kind of miracle is this coating? It's called felt. Felt was specially made to cover the yurt; it was made only from the wool of autumn shearing of special breeds of sheep.
Rich cattle breeders covered their homes with white felt. Wedding yurts were also covered with white felts. On special occasions, the side walls of the yurt were decorated with beautiful decorative fabrics and Chinese silk. The top of the yurt was also covered with light silk over felt covers. Kazakh and Bashkir yurts have double-leaf wooden doors, but often a felt canopy is also used.
And what does she have inside? Let's take a look. From the inside, the yurt is divided into two halves. The north is for women, and the south is for men and is separated by a curtain - shershaw. In the center of the yurt there is a fireplace. The floor was covered with dry grass, then with mats and sackcloth, and then with woolen rugs and carpets, which were most often made of felt.
LET'S DISCUSS TOGETHER
What peoples do we classify as nomadic tribes?
What was the dwelling of nomadic peoples like?
What was it made from?
How did the felting masters decorate it?
What was the center of the yurt?
EXPLAIN, is it possible to imagine the lifestyle of nomadic peoples from the interior of the yurt? What is special about the interior space of a yurt? give me 
characteristics of the organization of the internal space of the yurt.
If in the northwestern agricultural regions most of the villages arose even before joining the Russian state, then in southern and eastern Bashkiria, where first nomadic, then semi-nomadic cattle breeding dominated, settled settlements appeared only 200-300 years ago.
They settled in clan groups of 25-30 households. Since the 20s of the nineteenth century. The administration began redevelopment of Bashkir villages according to the type of Russian villages.
All Bashkirs have houses, live in villages, use certain plots of land on which they engage in arable farming or other trades and crafts, and in this respect they differ from peasants or other settled foreigners only in the degree of their well-being.
One thing that could give rise to the title of a semi-nomadic tribe being assigned to the Bashkirs is the custom, with the onset of spring, of moving to the so-called koshas, that is, to felt tents, which they set up as a camp in their fields or meadows.
In treeless areas, these summer rooms are made of wooden latticework 2 arshins high, covered with felt in a circle, and others are placed on them with a vault, placing them at the top in a wooden circle, which is not covered with a felt, but forms a hole that serves as a pipe for smoke from a dug fireplace. there's a cat in the middle.
However, such a felt tent is only the property of the rich, while people of average wealth live in alasyks (a type of popular hut) or in simple huts made of twigs and covered with felts. In places abounding in forest, summer quarters consist of wooden huts or birch bark tents, always remaining in the same place.
In terms of external architecture, Bashkir villages are no different from Russian or Tatar villages.
The type of hut is the same, as well as the location of the streets, but with all this, an experienced eye will immediately distinguish a Bashkir village from a Russian one, even if you do not take into account the mosque. On turn of XIX-XX centuries
Summary of the excursion to the museum corner "Bashkir Yurt"
among the Bashkirs one could find a wide variety of dwellings, ranging from felt yurts to log huts, which is explained by the complexity ethnic history people, economic characteristics and diversity natural conditions. The houses of the Bashkirs everywhere bear the imprint of some kind of incompleteness or dilapidation; they don’t show the same economic comfort and care as in Russian houses.
This, on the one hand, is explained by poverty, poor housekeeping, and on the other hand, by negligence, lack of homeliness and the love for his home with which the Russian peasant decorates it.
Modern rural dwellings of the Bashkirs are built from logs, using log-timber technology, brick, cinder concrete, and concrete blocks. The interior is preserved traditional features: division into household and guest halves, arrangement of bunks.
Dwelling of the Bashkirs Wikipedia
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"Bashkir morning"
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We do not produce the same yards, each order is unique and made to order individual requirements customer. We take into account all service functions, the desires of our client, and therefore each of our reputations is unique.
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The internal arrangement of the houses also has some peculiarities. Firstly, it is amazing - a stove or Chuvaev, reminiscent of a fireplace with a flat pipe and a large hole for wood.
This very often leads to the death of children.
When winter falls next to a big fire, the dress catches fire, or simply falls into Chuvaev.
Fake human history. Bashkir morning.
In Chuvalevo there is a boiler where food is cooked immediately and clothes are washed, if this word can be called dirty and worn out.
The salon furniture consists of beds arranged around the walls and covered with felt; There are richer feathers and pillows here. If we do this, join one or more fats to give yourself a samovar with tea things so that you get all the furniture for a rich Bashkir house; Most of the poor are not just a samovar, they are not even at home.
When eating food, Bashkirs do not know knives or forks, which are replaced with fingers.
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Internal structure of the house Bashkir Wikipedia
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If in the northwestern agricultural regions most of the villages arose even before joining the Russian state, then in southern and eastern Bashkiria, where first nomadic, then semi-nomadic cattle breeding dominated, settled settlements appeared only 200-300 years ago. They settled in clan groups of 25-30 households. Since the 20s of the nineteenth century. The administration began redevelopment of Bashkir villages according to the type of Russian villages.
All Bashkirs have houses, live in villages, use certain plots of land on which they engage in arable farming or other trades and crafts, and in this respect they differ from peasants or other settled foreigners only in the degree of their well-being. One thing that could give rise to assigning the name of a semi-nomadic tribe to the Bashkirs is the custom, with the onset of spring, of moving to the so-called koshas, i.e., to felt tents, which they set up as a camp in their fields or.
In treeless areas, these summer rooms are made of wooden latticework 2 arshins high, covered with felt in a circle, and others are placed on them with a vault, placing them at the top in a wooden circle, which is not covered with a felt, but forms a hole that serves as a pipe for smoke from a dug fireplace. there's a cat in the middle. However, such a felt tent is only the property of the rich, while people of average wealth live in alasyks (a type of popular hut) or in simple huts made of twigs and covered with felts. In places abounding in forest, summer quarters consist of wooden huts or birch bark tents, always remaining in the same place.
In terms of external architecture, Bashkir villages are no different from Russian or Tatar villages. The type of hut is the same, as well as the location of the streets, but with all this, an experienced eye will immediately distinguish the village from a Russian one, even if you do not take into account the mosque. At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. among the Bashkirs one could find a wide variety of dwellings, ranging from felt yurts to log huts, which is explained by the complexity of the ethnic history of the people, the peculiarities of the economy and the diversity of natural conditions. The houses of the Bashkirs everywhere bear the imprint of some kind of incompleteness or dilapidation; they don’t show the same economic comfort and care as in Russian houses. This, on the one hand, is explained by poverty, poor housekeeping, and on the other hand, by negligence, lack of homeliness and the love for his home with which the Russian peasant decorates it.
Modern rural dwellings of the Bashkirs are built from logs, using log-timber technology, brick, slag concrete, and concrete blocks. The interior retains traditional features: division into household and guest halves, arrangement of bunks.
Nomadic Bashkirs spend only the coldest months of the year in wooden houses. For most of the year they use temporary housing. Tirme - a traditional Bashkir yurt always gives nomadic pastoralists warmth on cold nights and pleasant coolness in the summer heat. It deservedly enjoys a reputation as an ideal temporary housing: easy to transport, easy to assemble (disassemble), and resistant to piercing steppe winds and hurricanes. The cover of the yurt reliably maintains a stable temperature inside.
Design of a Bashkir yurt
The basic principle of building housing for nomadic peoples is simplicity. A yurt consists of several irreplaceable structures:
- skeleton It includes four to six folding grids (ropes) made of wood. Building a prosperous family may consist of eight or nine of these components
- roof. Traditionally made in the shape of a cone. The bottom edge is attached to the frame. It consists of a set of hooks (thin poles) of a certain length. At one end they rest on the wooden gratings of the base, and at the top they are adjacent to the sagarak (wooden circle). The last element forms an opening that serves both as a window and as an exhaust for smoke from the fire.
- nightmares. As a rule, they are made from natural sheep wool (natural felt). The coatings serve as insulation on the walls and floors of the structure.
Felts are tied to the frame of the yurt using specially provided ropes, which are sewn to the corners of the felt covering and in the middle of each edge. To give strength from the outside, the felts are entangled with hair ropes along the entire length. The ends of the strings (lassos) are attached to pegs driven into the ground. Only three attachment points are installed: this ensures the highest resistance to wind loads.
Sagarak is not covered during the day. Only at night or in bad weather is it covered with a rectangular felt. When ventilation is necessary, the felt is raised slightly with a long pole. If it was dawn or the weather changed to sunny, the felt is rolled up, but remains on top of the yurt.
The single-leaf door was most often made of wood and painted red or dark red. The base of the dwelling was also painted the same color. Less commonly, the Bashkir yurt is found with a folding felt door.
Distribution of living space
Traditionally, the entrance is located on the south side of the yurt. The part of the home on the opposite side is considered the main part and is intended for guests. The constant place of the hearth is in the center of the yurt opposite the hole for the smoke to escape. In cases where the hearth is taken outside, a beautiful tablecloth is laid out in this place, which plays the role of a table. Saddle cloths, soft pillows or fabric bedding were scattered around her. 
Sharshau has always been considered a very important element of a nomadic dwelling. This is a curtain made of thick fabric that divides the Bashkir yurt into two unequal parts:
- female. According to the customs of the people, it is always smaller and is invariably located along right side from the entrance. Items necessary for conducting household: kitchen utensils, food supplies, children's and women's clothing and so on
- male. The left side is larger and is always used as a living room. Colorful rugs, tablecloths, towels and bedding are hung throughout the room. The lattice walls are covered not only with patterned works, but also with the warrior’s equipment, decorated with national ornaments. Here you can see quivers for arrows, cases for gunpowder, a pouch for shot and horse harness.
The place of honor for guests – the uryn – is located opposite the entrance. There is also a carved wooden chest on a beautiful stand. The most valuable things are stored on it: carpets, rugs, blankets and pillows. They are carefully tied with a patterned ribbon with colored ornaments on a red or black background.
The meaning of the yurt for nomads
Since ancient times, for nomadic peoples, the yurt has been the center of the universe on earth. This is reality, not big words. It is here that the path of the steppe dweller begins, and here it ends. For a long time she embodied the model of the world. At first it was flat (single-tier), then three-dimensional: below was the earth, above was the sky and stars. 
Like vertical space, the yurt has three levels: the floor symbolizes the earth, the internal space is like air, and the dome represents the firmament. For nomadic tribes, gender has always been special meaning compared to farmers. The most valuable guests were received on the floor, ate and slept. Holidays and sad events were celebrated here, people were born and died here.
That is why its design was given special attention, and leaving was reverent. The floor was always covered with bright felts, patterned carpets and droshky. Compared to the walls, it looked more elegant and brighter. It was the floor that formed the artistic interior of the ancient dwelling.
The walls were covered with homespun rugs and fabrics with patterns traditional for the people. Against the backdrop of large canvases in Bashkir yurt there were embroidered towels of smaller sizes. They were stored right there holiday costumes, dear harness, family heirlooms. Together with the patterns on the floor, a unique ensemble was created. The dome symbolized the sky, and the hole for the smoke to escape represented the sun. Sagarak wore sacred meaning and was passed down from generation to generation on the paternal side.
The yurt as a traditional dwelling of the nomadic peoples of Bashkiria has practically not survived these days. Designed in folk traditions housing can only be seen on spring holiday"Sabantuy" or in museums of the country. However, it did not disappear without a trace, and its significance for the nomads of Bashkortostan remained unchanged.