Statistics show that all major domestic telecom operators today are concerned with modernizing old and building new broadband networks. In most cases, this is laying optical fiber to the building or to the client’s door using GPON technology. What are the pros and cons of such networks, how much money does business invest in them and what benefits?

The active growth of the market for broadband access services (BBA) and mobile data traffic is directly related to the increasing number of user devices with Internet access. Taking this trend into account and rapid growth user demand, operators strive to maximally satisfy growing needs by improving communication quality and connection speed. According to Ericsson, today about 75% of HSPA networks provide peak data transfer rates of up to 7.2 Mbit/s or higher, and about 40% have reached 21 Mbit/s.

Russia does not stand aside either. In 2011, the number of mobile connections in Russia grew to 227.6 million. Today in Russia there are more than 14 million mobile broadband users, of which 49% are owners of USB modems. At the same time, 86% of the total volume of mobile traffic in Russia falls on 3G networks. Mobile penetration in our country as of the end of last year was 99.5%.

The main trends are the creation of backbone fiber optic lines, as well as the construction of wireless Ethernet networks using LTE technology. Work on LTE is pushing wireless data transmission, upgrading old networks and building new fiber-optic lines and developing spectral multiplexing technologies.

Fixed and mobile connections and broadband access in Russia

Source: AC&M and the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications of Russia, 2012

If we talk about the domestic telecom equipment market, then, according to Zelax, the balance of power here is as follows: the share of domestic manufacturers is no more than 10%, and foreign vendors actually do not experience competition. According to analysts, the advantage of Russian manufacturers is the ability to modernize existing networks, knowledge of the local specifics of their construction, as well as possession of statistical data on the most frequently used communication channels and typical customer problems.

The growth rate of the Russian telecommunications equipment market ranges from 40% to 70%, which is approximately 15% higher than the development indicators of the foreign market. In the corporate market, in contrast to the mass market, there is a fairly trusting attitude towards domestic manufacturers. Russian developments, support and Maintenance equipment.

Fixed broadband access

At the end of 2011, in terms of the number of broadband subscribers, Russia for last year rose from 7th to 6th place. According to J'son&Partners Consulting, by the end of 2011, 39% of households in Russia (21.7 million) had broadband Internet access, of which approximately 1.5% were connected via FTTH technology (PON architecture).

There is no broadband access technology in the world that is clearly recognized as the most effective. Traditional operators in many countries still operate copper access networks with asynchronous data transmission technology of the ADSL family.

Forecast of the number of broadband subscribers in Russia by technological breakdown, million households, 2011-2015.

Source: J`son & Partners Consulting, 2012

FTTB technology dominates in many countries, including Russia. All Russian operators using passive optical access networks have chosen GPON (G.984.4 standard).

What is GPON

The abbreviation GPON stands for Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network. This is a fiber optic communication technology that provides wide bandwidth and is used in converged systems, allowing packetization of service traffic.

Development plans for xPON networks of the largest national operators

Source: J'son&PartnersConsulting, 2011

The advantage of the technology is savings on active equipment at intermediate points, since the network uses passive optical splitters. In this case, there is no need to supply power to the branch point, there is no need to install vandal-proof cabinets, and no time is wasted on servicing the devices. Another advantage is the saving of fibres. Reception and transmission are carried out over the same fiber at different carrier wavelengths. The network topology can be any.

Using GPON technology, it has become possible to provide Internet access at speeds of more than 50 Gbit/s. The length of the fiber optic cable from the network node to the consumer can reach 20 km. At the same time, developments are underway that will increase the distance to 60 km. The technology is based on the G.984.4 standard, which is constantly being improved to add new services and interfaces to the PON system.

Despite all the promise and active development of xPON technologies, its share in the Russian fixed broadband market at the end of 2011 was extremely small: 1.5% of all broadband connections. According to J’son&Partners forecasts, it will increase by an average of 4% per year, and by 2015 it will amount to about 65% of all broadband connections in Russia.

FTTx

The abbreviation FTTx means that a fiber optic cable is laid from the communication center to a certain point, after which a copper cable goes to the subscriber. There is also an option where the optical fiber goes to the subscriber device. In the case of FTTB, such point X is apartment house or an office center where a single terminal is installed, from which a cable is already routed to a specific user.

Other types of FTTx technology are FTTN (Fiber to the Node - fiber to the network node), FTTC (Fiber to the Curb - fiber to a microdistrict, block or group of houses) and FTTH (Fiber to the Home - fiber directly to an apartment or individual cottage) . The first two technologies involve laying optical fiber to active equipment, from which residents of a number of houses are connected using copper cable. This is the least expensive solution, but the throughput of such a network will also be the smallest. FTTH, on the other hand, is the solution that provides the most bandwidth. In this option, the optical fiber goes directly to the user’s apartment. This is the most promising option among FTTx technologies, but building such a network is also the most expensive.

FTTB active optical network technology is the main competitor to passive FTTH networks. Together with Fast Ethernet, it provides an optimal balance in terms of quality, throughput and network construction costs, and - unlike xPON - is more profitable for point connections.

The largest Russian Internet access providers build networks using FTTB technology. Among them are Rostelecom, MTS, VimpelCom and ER-Telecom.

However, according to J’son&Partners, ADSL 2+ remains the dominant technology for building broadband access networks for traditional operators. The technology was developed to expand the capabilities of ADSL technology, approved by the ITU in 1999. At the moment, networks built on ADSL 2+ are deployed in many countries around the world, however, the technology is gradually becoming outdated and in the near future will no longer be able to meet the growing needs of subscribers in terms of transmission speed information. Its main advantages are the low cost of network deployment, subscriber devices, as well as the ability to install them as subscriber requests are received.

What do operators do?

The first Russian operator to begin the construction and development of fiber optic networks to the apartments of potential users based on GPON technology is Rostelecom. An example of the company’s success is the fact that at the moment the level of digitalization of the company’s telephone network in Siberia has already exceeded 85%. As a result of the work carried out, the capacity of digital telephone exchanges amounted to more than 4 million numbers.

Since the beginning of 2012, Rostelecom has introduced more than 9.5 thousand broadband Internet access ports in the Siberian Federal District, of which about 8.7 thousand are via GPON. Currently, the installed capacity of the GPON network in Siberia exceeds 590 thousand ports.

Today, Rostelecom does not disclose the amount of investment in technologies for deploying broadband Internet access networks. However, the operator’s press service stated that investment program operator for the future until 2015 is planned in the amount of 20% of the company's revenue. Of these, about 30% will go to modernize the “last mile” - the transition from copper to optical access solutions. As for the current status, according to AS&M Consulting, the company ranks first in the market with a share of 40%. According to the approved strategy, fixed broadband access is priority direction development and growth point for Rostelecom.

Another operator actively modernizing its networks is MGTS, which began developing fiber-optic lines back in 2010. The plans of the company’s management are quite aggressive. So, last year, for example, it was stated that the operator, which currently occupies 25% of the Moscow market, plans to take a leading position in broadband access by 2015. This, however, causes serious skepticism, since the market in the Moscow region is saturated and there are other strong players here. Nevertheless, the growth is indeed serious.

In January 2011, MGTS organized a pilot zone using GPON technology, then 5 thousand subscribers were connected. In the summer, the company also provided GPON connections to 4.5 thousand metropolitan schools. In total, by the end of the year, GPON had reached 400 thousand households, and in 2012, subscriber connections began. In the second quarter of 2012, the number of Internet access service users increased by 26% to 469 thousand (373.5 thousand clients a year earlier). The share of new subscribers connecting to tariffs with data transfer speeds of 6 Mbit/s and higher increased to 75% by the end of June 2012 compared to 45% in the second half of 2011. In addition, about 3 thousand MGTS subscribers monthly switch to higher speed tariff plans.

The transition to GPON will allow MGTS to match the maximum available speed with home networks. They use FTTB technology. Director of Broadband Access at VimpelCom Dmitry Malov notes that most Moscow buildings are multi-story, and it is cheaper to deploy FTTB technology in them. “We consider GPON as one of the ways to connect low-rise buildings and provide broadband access in rural areas,” says Malov.

It works quite actively in the TTK regions, also using GPON technology. “Such an optical infrastructure for broadband access creates almost unlimited potential for a significant increase in the volume of tripleplay multimedia services provided to subscribers and the resulting data traffic generated as a result, both at the access and backbone levels. Consequently, when developing backbone networks, it is necessary to lay down this additional resource, taking into account future traffic growth across the web," states Vitaly Shuba, Advisor to the President of the operating company.

It must be said that one of the subsidiaries of TTK, CenterTransTeleCom, began working with PON back in 2008. A network of this type covers almost the entire Kursk, including the business districts of this locality. The total cost of deploying a PON network in Kursk was approximately 5.3 million rubles. In addition, networks of a similar configuration and type were also laid in Tula, Ryazan and Kaluga.

Network modernization had the most positive impact on the company's income. The operator has finally come out of losses, which amounted to 60 million in 2010. The abandonment of low-margin business lines helped to receive more than 1 billion rubles. net profit for 2011. By the end of 2012, the operator promises to recruit more than 1 million broadband access (broadband) subscribers and can displace Akado in the top five leading providers.

According to the strategy adopted by the company until 2015, the share of retail broadband services should reach 40% of revenue, but so far it accounts for only 8%. TTK also has a goal to increase capitalization to 75 billion rubles by this time. According to the operator's own estimates, his market price now it is about 20 billion rubles.

According to J'son, MTT planned to implement a large project with a government contractor at the end of 2011. Apparently, this meant connecting military camps to the Internet, tenders for which the operator won in 2010 - 2011. Then the company obtained permission to use the infrastructure of military camps to connect residents of nearby areas. In 2011, MTT received 378 million rubles under the contract. During last year's tender, only system integrator Technoserv, which, like MTT, belongs to the Promsvyazcapital group, tried to compete with the operator.

However, in 2012 MTT will not be able to continue this work. The corresponding contract for the current year was concluded with the Eurostroy company, which is so far known only for its active participation in state tenders.

We note, however, that the MTT company, with the exception of some of its regional subsidiaries, had no experience in providing services in the mass market of broadband Internet access until 2010. MTT was created in the 90s, having at that time received a monopoly on servicing long-distance calls from cellular subscribers. In the mid-2000s, the company lost this monopoly and began providing long-distance communication services to fixed-line subscribers. The company tried to enter the broadband market in 2009, planning to negotiate with regional operators on the use of their last mile, but after the departure of MTT CEO Eldar Razroev, the project was suspended.

Transactions

The largest cellular operators are also demonstrating their interest in fixed broadband access. This is clearly visible in the transactions. Thus, MegaFon, MTS and VimpelCom spent 45.24 billion rubles in 2011 and the first half of 2012. on M&A transactions in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Russian regions. As a rule, the objects of transactions were broadband providers.

The largest amount of funds was invested in the acquisition of related assets by MTS, which spent 18.02 billion rubles for these purposes. VimpelCom allocated 14.67 billion rubles for transactions, and MegaFon, which came third in terms of this indicator, allocated 12.55 billion rubles.

Top 10 M&A transactions of the Big Three operators for the acquisition of broadband assets, 2011-2012 *

*Based on research by TelecomDaily, 2012

In general, the Russian market for the construction of communication networks is highly attractive, providing ample opportunities for development. There is a growing need for the development of networks and the development of new territories, as well as for increasing the capacity and length of lines, which is dictated by the virtual absence of excess capacity and the annual doubling of traffic volumes. According to J'son&Partners Consulting, in 2011 the total length of the communication networks built exceeded 79 thousand km. Of these, 15.8 thousand km are backbone communication networks, 17.6 km are intra-zonal communication networks, 27.3 thousand km are intracity, and 18.6 thousand km are transport networks when deploying wireless access networks (mobile back haul ).

Broadband Internet access provides high-speed data transfer that exceeds the maximum possible through a dial-up connection via a modem or regular telephone line. Connection to in this case carried out over fibre-optic, wired or wireless Internet backbones of various types.

Benefits of High Speed ​​Connection

The main disadvantage of dial-up access remains limited bandwidth. In addition, with this type of Internet connection, the telephone line is completely occupied. A broadband Internet channel increases the speed of data exchange several times and does not require a monopoly on the telephone line.

Broadband Internet is a so-called two-way communication, thanks to which data can be simultaneously transmitted and received at high speed. Organization of broadband access makes it possible to use digital television services, means of remote storage of large data and sending voice messages(IP telephony) - free or at very low rates.

Subscribers connected to the high-speed network receive a number of important advantages:

• the ability to connect to a broadband channel at any point where the appropriate technical equipment is available;
• Comfortable working with multimedia applications due to high bandwidth, which makes it easy to play network video content and use other resources;
• reducing the cost of web surfing, processing correspondence received by e-mail, as well as the cost of office applications that require a broadband connection;
• increasing labor productivity when analyzing marketing and other data;
• new opportunities for business communication with clients, partners and suppliers (unlimited access to instant messaging programs, applications that support the VoIP protocol, etc.).

Connection options

Broadband Internet connection is becoming increasingly popular in the Russian Federation, because the needs of modern users are constantly increasing and lead to the need to gain access to a high-speed network.

Two connection types are possible:

• Wireless. Does not require laying a cable network. Radio-Ethernet and other technologies are used.
• Wired (fixed). Traditional wired fiber-optic connection Ethernet and others are used.

Wireless and wired broadband Internet access networks provide much higher data transfer speeds than a conventional dial-up connection. BUSINESS TELECOM subscribers have access to connection options with various technical parameters.

Communication technologies

ADSL is the most popular broadband connection option and is suitable for both home and business use. This is a modern digital connection that allows you to get high-speed access to the Internet without taking up the entire telephone line. ADSL performance reaches 10 Mbit/s or more.

SDSL has a different ratio of the speed of reception and transmission channels: with this standard, sending and downloading data occurs in the same amount of time. Organizations that need increased outgoing channel capacity can connect to a broadband Internet network using SDSL technology.

It is also not uncommon to provide access to the Internet via a cable television line. Now cable TV is available in almost any city, and the payment terms for this service are more than flexible. The average speed of a broadband Internet connection is 5-20 Mbit/s.

Fiber optic connection is a brilliant invention. The main operating principle of this technology is the conversion of electrical signals into light signals with subsequent transmission via fiber optic cable. An important advantage of this technology is the possibility of remote network management and technology modernization in accordance with the increasing requirements of the modern user.

How to connect broadband Internet?

BUSINESS TELECOM specialists provide broadband Internet access services using the most advanced technologies. Depending on the specific location of the facility, we will select the best connection option for you in terms of price and technical characteristics.

To connect to the Internet, you need to leave a request by telephone or online. Then our specialist will arrive at the site you specified to inspect the premises and study connection possibilities. After selecting technological solutions and a tariff plan, we will install all the necessary equipment and build a network.

We guarantee high quality and prompt service to all clients. For getting additional information and ordering services from the BUSINESS TELECOM company, contact our managers by telephone or leave a request on the website.

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Currently, the main networks for Internet access are broadband or . They replaced dial-up telephone lines, when the connection was made using a modem, which provided a maximum data transfer speed of only 56 kbits per second, and even then under the condition High Quality wired connections to the PBX.
Today, providers providing broadband Internet access services most often use the following technologies: ADSL, Ethernet and FTTx.

The very first high-speed Internet access technology that became quite widespread was ADSL, or in English translation - asymmetric digital subscriber line. It arose on the basis of DSL technology, which was intended for transmitting video over telephone networks, but was not properly developed. The difference between ADSL was the presence of asymmetry of the communication channel - the speed of receiving information on the client side was significantly higher.
Ordinary wired telephone lines were used as a communication line; a modem was connected on the user’s side, which worked with the equipment installed on the PBX. The functioning of ADSL equipment in the frequency range significantly higher than the speech frequency range ensured the normal operation of classical telephone communications. The absence of costs for laying and installing connecting highways determined the relative cheapness of this method of high-speed Internet access at that time.

ADSL technology provided a maximum speed of incoming traffic of up to 24 Mbit/s; the upload speed of information was significantly lower - up to 1.5 Mbit/s. The actual numbers were often significantly lower, as they were determined by the parameters of the connecting line.

Currently, the priority direction for organizing broadband access to the Internet is the use of twisted pair cables (Ethernet technology) and fiber optic communication lines (FTTx technology).
Twisted pair is a cable with wires twisted in pairs in an insulating, usually plastic, sheath. Depending on the operating frequency, the cable is divided into several categories.
For networks of 100...1000 Mbit/s, twisted pair cable of the CAT5e category is most often used.

The advantages of twisted pair networks are their low cost and ease of installation.
Flaws:

1. Due to losses in copper conductors, the cable has a limited installation length.
2. Exposure to weathering.
3. The need for lightning protection.
4. If it is necessary to increase the network speed, it is necessary to replace the entire backbone with a cable of a higher category

Broadband access networks built on fiber-optic communication lines do not have all these disadvantages. Currently, this type of wired network construction is the most promising. There are two types of networking on fiber-optic communication lines.

The first one is called Fiber To The Home or FTTH. In this option, the fiber optic line reaches the apartment or house, where the switching equipment is directly installed. This type connection is capable of providing the highest speed of access to an external network (1 Gbit/s and higher), but is also more expensive.
FTTH is reasonable to use in villages or small towns with low-rise buildings located at a considerable distance from each other.

The second type of organization of fiber-optic communication lines is called Fiber To The Building or abbreviated FTTB. The meaning of this fiber optic communication technology is that the backbone fiber optic line reaches only a building, usually with a large number of apartments or offices, the network wiring of which is carried out using twisted pair cables. The load on one fiber optic line, as a rule, is 150...250 subscribers, for each of which the data exchange rate is 100 Mbit/s.
This technology of broadband Internet access, in terms of monetary costs for installation and subsequent operation, is today the most optimal option for providing high-speed communication services.

Recently, wireless technologies have begun to actively develop, which can easily compete with wired Internet access speeds. We are talking about 4G networks. Currently, high-speed networks WiMAX (802.16 standard) and LTE are actively used.

For example, the so-called “fixed” WiMAX, based on the 802.16d standard, provides network throughput of up to 75 Mbit/s and a signal coverage range of up to 100 km.
These technologies will be in demand primarily in areas where installation of wired networks is impossible for one reason or another, as well as for providing mobile broadband access to the Internet.

Broadband Internet Access(abbreviated broadband) is also called high-speed access, which reflects the essence of this term - access to the Network at high speed - from 128 kbit/s and above. Today, when 100 Mbit/s is available to home subscribers, the concept of “high speed” has become subjective, depending on the needs of the user. But the term broadband access was introduced at a time of widespread dial-up access, when a connection is established using a modem connected to the public telephone network. This technology supports speeds of about a maximum of 56 kbit/s. Broadband involves the use of other technologies that provide significantly higher speeds. However, a connection, for example, using ADSL technology with a data transfer rate of 128 kbit/s also applies to broadband access.

From the history of broadband technology development

Around the beginning of the 2000s. dial-up technology has actively begun to be replaced by xDSL technologies (ADSL, HDSL, etc.), providing significantly higher access speeds. For example, ADSL2+ technology allows you to download data at a maximum speed of 24 Mbit/s, and upload at a speed of 3.5 Mbit/s. To obtain access using xDSL technology, a modem and a telephone line are also used, however, unlike dial-up access, the line is not completely occupied, that is, it remains possible to use both the telephone and the Internet at the same time.

Broadband today

Today, broadband Internet access is provided using various technologies - both wired and wireless. The first include the xDSL family of technologies, DOCSIS technology (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications - data transmission over a television cable), (data transmission in computer networks using twisted pair, optical cable or coaxial cable), the FTTx (fiber to the x) family of technologies - optical fiber to point X) and PLC (Power line communication - data transmission using power lines). As for FTTx, there are two basic varieties, although essentially they differ little from each other - (fiber to the building) and FTTH (fiber to the home).

Today, wireless Internet access technologies, especially mobile ones, are being actively introduced and developed. Fixed wireless access is provided through satellite Internet, technologies and fixed. However, many cellular operators and wireless providers already offer MTS and "" (""), which have market shares of 9.5% and 8.3%, respectively. These operators provide Internet access via both wired and wireless “third generation” technologies. For example, MTS, having acquired the company "", became a large operator of Internet access services using ADSL and ADSL2+ technologies, etc. Beeline, in addition to wireless access and mobile communications services, provides the Home Internet service using FTTB (fiber to the building) technology.

In fourth place with a broadband market share of 7.7% is the operator "", which provides Internet access services under the Dom.ru brand using FTTB technology. The Akado company closes the top five leaders in the Russian broadband market with a share of 3.8%. The operator provides Internet access using DOCSIS and Fast Ethernet technologies.

The remaining Russian broadband providers occupy less than half of the market - their share is 34.6%.

Penetration of broadband services

According to iKS-Consulting, in the first quarter of 2011, the penetration of broadband Internet access services in Russia reached 36%, the number of subscribers in the private segment amounted to 19 million users. But it should be taken into account that in local markets local players - for example, providers in St. Petersburg or providers in Moscow - can occupy significant shares, surpassing the indicated large players in the total subscriber base. In St. Petersburg, among such players: “” (InterZet), “” (the “” brand, which, however, is now part of Rostelecom), (“SkyNet”), etc. In Moscow, such companies can be mentioned.

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Broadband Internet Connection

Setting up a PPPoE connection in Windows 7

Point-to-point Ethernet protocol is used to create temporary, dynamic broadband connections. If your Internet connection has a dynamic IP address, it means that your ISP assigns you a new IP address each time you connect. The PPPoE protocol makes this connection easy by sending your username and password. Again, only do this if you don't have a router that can do this.

Never use software provided by your ISP to connect via PPPoE. Instead, use the procedure described here.

To set up a PPPoE connection, open the Network and Sharing Center window and click on the Setup a connection or network link located below the existing connections. Select Connect to the Internet and click Next. Select Broadband PPPoE, enter your username and password provided by your ISP, and enable Remember this password. Enter a name for the connection (any name you like) and click the Connect button.

You can connect later using the Connect to a network pop-up window or modify this connection in the Network Connections window.

Nowadays, broadband Internet is a general term used to refer to various high-speed connection types.

The term broadband refers to the bandwidth of an Internet connection. Wideband literally means a wide range of frequencies used to transmit and receive data. Previously, Internet access was very slow due to the use of a dial-up connection. In addition to being slow, a dial-up connection also takes up the entire voice phone line. All these factors led to the fact that Dial-up was almost completely replaced by various broadband types connections.

The term bandwidth, in the case of computer networks and Internet connections, is typically used to refer to the speed at which data is transmitted. Data transfer speed is usually measured in bits per second (bits). In a broadband connection, compared to a dial-up connection, the data transfer speed is very high. Exist different kinds broadband connections that vary in cost, speed and availability.

ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)

ADSL is the most commonly used broadband connection. Widely used for home users and commercial purposes. ADSL is a digital line that can be used to access the Internet without having to take up an entire telephone line. ADSL operates at speeds of 512 kbps or higher. In the case of ADSL, the incoming channel has higher speed, than outgoing, which is why the term “asymmetrical” arose.

SDSL (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line)

SDSL is similar to ADSL and differs from it only in one aspect, in the ratio of incoming and outgoing line speeds. SDSL is characterized by the same speed when downloading and sending data. Home users generally do not need this. But some organizations require a high-bandwidth outgoing channel. This type of connection is more expensive than regular ADSL, but in case of commercial use, these costs are worth it.

Broadband Wireless

Wireless Internet connection is a common phenomenon today. Laptops, PDAs and mobile phones all require a wireless connection. The download speeds provided by various types of wireless broadband Internet access typically range from 128 Kbps to 2 Mbps.

Cable broadband internet

The Internet can be accessed through a cable television line. Cable television is currently very popular and is available in almost all major cities. Cable broadband Internet typically provides speeds from 2 Mbps to 8 Mbps. In terms of popularity, cable Internet successfully competes with ADSL.

Satellite Internet

All forms of broadband connections described above are locally limited, meaning they can only be used in a very limited area. Satellite communication is the solution to this problem. Satellite Internet can be either one-way or two-way. On satellite Internet, depending on the tariff and type of connection, speeds from 256 Kbit/sec. to 2 Mbit/sec are offered. This type of broadband Internet provides lower speeds than other types of broadband connections. In addition, the weather has significant influence on the quality of the received signal.

Fiber Optic Internet

Fiber optic technology is comparatively new technology, which converts electrical signals into light. The signal is then transmitted via fiber optic cable.

To build optical access networks, special devices are used, for example, stm 4 multiplexers, which can operate over 2 single-mode optical fibers. Support remote network management and upgrades.

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Mobile broadband access currently uses mobile communication technologies WCDMA/HSPA (3.5G generation), HSPA+ (3.75G generation). 4G technologies are also used: WiMax and LTE.

Broadband Internet access via VSAT

Internet via VSAT is a method of accessing the Internet in which the user’s end equipment connects to a small earth satellite communication station (MZSSS, essentially a VSAT subscriber terminal), which, in turn, exchanges data with a satellite located in geostationary orbit . The satellite transmits data to the central earth satellite communication station (TsZSSS, essentially an operator station), which is already connected to terrestrial high-speed Internet channels.

Currently, broadband Internet access based on VSAT technology has found application both in distant geological exploration expeditions and in individual households. Generally speaking, for hard-to-reach and sparsely populated areas, satellite Internet is almost the only real opportunity to provide high-quality communications with the outside world - fast Internet and IP telephony.

Broadband Internet access using 3G/4G technologies

In addition, high-speed Internet access can be provided using 3G/4G technologies. If you need to choose between the Internet using 4G technology, for example, LTE Advanced or WiMax, and the Internet using VSAT technology, you can be guided by the following logic. 4G Internet will most likely be cheaper than VSAT Internet in the near future, so if where the intended Internet user is located there is coverage with fourth generation communications (that is, 4G), then 4G Internet is worth choosing. If not, then, naturally, you should use satellite Internet based on VSAT technology.

So, it turns out that when fourth-generation communications cover the entire territory that is not covered by fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL), VSAT Internet will no longer be needed? Most likely, this will not happen. The fact is that from economic calculations it follows that it is simply not cost-effective to build 3G/4G networks at a distance of more than 20 - 30 kilometers from densely populated areas. Therefore, vast areas with low population density will apparently remain in the near foreseeable future the “patrimony” of Internet access via VSAT.

Broadband access via fiber optic link

Also, high-speed Internet access can be provided via fiber-optic communication lines. Let's look at this technology in more detail. A fiber-optic communication line (FOCL) is a data transmission channel that uses electromagnetic radiation optical (near-infrared) range, and as guiding systems - optically transparent fiber (made of glass, quartz, etc.) The laser beam propagates in such a fiber, repeatedly reflecting from the fiber cladding due to the phenomenon of total internal reflection of electromagnetic waves at the interface dielectrics with different refractive indices.
Low attenuation of light in optical fiber allows the use of fiber-optic communications over significant distances without the use of amplifiers. Fiber-optic communication lines are free from electromagnetic interference and are difficult to access for unauthorized use: it is technically extremely difficult to surreptitiously intercept a signal transmitted over an optical cable. In addition, thanks to the high carrier frequency and wide multiplexing capabilities, the throughput of fiber-optic lines is many times higher than the throughput of all other communication systems and can be measured in terabits per second.

If fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL) have already been installed in a certain area, then they should be preferred for Internet access in most cases. The exception is those few cases when completing the construction of terrestrial communication lines - wired or wireless (for example, radio relay communication lines) - for some technical and/or organizational reasons turns out to be inappropriate. If there is no fiber-optic communication line and 4G Internet, then, naturally, you should use VSAT.

With the development of the Internet, it is becoming increasingly clear to governments in many countries that positive influence high-speed networks for commercial companies, public organizations and ordinary citizens. Broadband networks have long become an integral part of the infrastructure of the global information community. They provide users with constant, high-speed access to a variety of web services, content and software.

Over the past ten years, numerous success stories and research studies have been published on the benefits of broadband access, which include new business opportunities and innovative technologies, increased sales and productivity, cost reduction, job creation and foreign investment. Recent studies have proven that the presence of reliable broadband networks boosts GDP growth in industrialized countries and can provide similar benefits to emerging economies.

Although the economic benefits of high-speed networks are obvious to both developed and developing countries, the latter sometimes have different infrastructure, regulatory frameworks and a much more pronounced rural-urban divide. There are other factors influencing the adoption of broadband access. The specifics of countries with economies in transition do not force us to abandon the deployment of broadband networks in them, but force us to use the most effective practical methods for quickly and cost-effectively organizing the implementation of high-speed access channels, as well as for the development of other information and communication technologies and services.

Modem connections have lost their meaning

Compared to a dial-up telephone line, broadband networks have higher throughput. Subscribers of high-speed networks receive the following benefits:

• the ability to connect anywhere and at any time - broadband networks are available wherever the appropriate infrastructure is available;
• expanded capabilities for working in multimedia applications: high bandwidth of broadband access networks allows you to comfortably play network video content and use other multimedia resources;
• cost reduction - web surfing, processing email correspondence and working in other office applications using an Internet connection via a broadband channel have become even faster, which increases productivity and reduces the cost of analyzing marketing information;
• New communication opportunities - Broadband networks enable real-time communication via email, instant messaging, and VoIP-enabled applications, making it easier for businesses to connect with suppliers, customers and partners around the world.

Economic Impact of Broadband Networks

The developed countries

Studies conducted in industrialized countries have confirmed that broadband networks contribute to economic development and social spheres, like healthcare and education.

Accenture calculated in 2003 that deploying broadband throughout the US could add an additional $500 billion to US GDP, and GDP European countries- by $400 billion

Broadband networks primarily contribute to the development public organizations and private companies, for which a positive impact was noted in the form of increased productivity and the creation of new jobs. Another study has proven that with an increase in the number of broadband network users by 1%, the number of jobs will grow by 0.2-0.3% per year. Another study found that between 1998 and 2002, the United States, which was actively adopting new communications technologies, saw the emergence of many new job openings and an increase in the number of companies employed in the IT sector.

Thanks to the widespread adoption of Internet-connected business applications, American companies were able to save $155 billion. In turn, the profits of entrepreneurs in France, Germany and the UK increased by $79 billion.

Countries with economies in transition

More than 30% of the population of industrialized countries has access to broadband communication channels, while in most developing countries high-speed Internet access services are virtually not provided or are so expensive that they are practically inaccessible to corporate and private users. About 1% of all broadband subscribers are concentrated in developing countries. In 2007, there were no more than 5% of the total population of the planet, of which 1% were on the African continent, up to 10% in Northern and South America, up to 16% - in Europe.

Due to the low penetration of broadband networks in developing countries, their socio-economic benefits have remained largely unexplored. However, according to preliminary estimates, the introduction of high-speed communication channels will provide such states with a wide range of opportunities, including GDP growth, increased competitiveness and attraction of foreign investment. And although similar positive dynamics While difficult to quantify, a recent publication noted that developing countries with better telecommunications infrastructure are attracting more offshore services, outsourcing companies and foreign investment.

Economic conditions in most developing countries are similar and widespread broadband networks will be extremely beneficial. For example, the bulk of the population in such countries, and therefore small and medium-sized businesses, are located outside major cities. The development of broadband networks in suburban areas will create new jobs, increase profitability and productivity, and generate additional profits from the non-agricultural sector of the economy, while simultaneously increasing the profitability of agricultural enterprises. Having access to new technologies, rural residents will be able to better prepare for a possible move to the city or, conversely, change their mind about changing their place of residence.

The development of high-speed networks will help attract citizens and entrepreneurs from agricultural or hard-to-reach areas to the process of developing the national economy and will provide the state with new opportunities for developing infrastructure (transport networks, educational and medical institutions) in rural areas. The deployment of broadband networks in non-urban areas contributes to the development of an interactive form of communication between government and society - e-government. And students even from remote villages will have access to educational resources from which they will learn about the technologies necessary for successful life in the 21st century.

Broadband networks accessible to everyone

The benefits of high-speed networks were once unavailable to citizens of most emerging economies. This was especially true for people living in rural areas and hard-to-reach areas where installing digital subscriber lines (DSL) and dedicated cable channels is too expensive or difficult. Fortunately, as technology has advanced, broadband networks have become more accessible, reliable, cheaper and easier to implement. Modern high-speed networks can be established in remote regions by combining backbone lines with last-mile solutions. Among the affordable backbone channels are wired and satellite communication lines, as well as point-to-point wireless connections with support for the IP protocol.

WiMAX and Wi-Fi technologies are suitable for the “last mile” segments in rural areas (in areas where signal strength restrictions do not reduce the coverage area). These wireless systems are suitable for remote areas and are faster and cheaper to deploy than wired lines. In addition, wireless users are more mobile, and the network infrastructure can be expanded gradually, taking into account existing demand and without major expensive upgrades.

A profitable solution for the “last mile” will be WiMAX technology, which provides high-speed and inexpensive wireless Internet access. WiMAX access points have a large coverage area and are therefore suitable for hard-to-reach and rural areas. Deploying WiMAX networks supporting the IEEE 802.16e protocol will cost less than laying modern cable lines. WiMAX technology provides access to both fixed and mobile services, making it suitable for use in both urban and rural areas. It supports voice and data, providing additional savings and making communications services more affordable.

Urbanization and broadband networks

The outflow of population from rural areas to cities, caused by the search for work and more convenient living conditions, is typical for all developing countries.

The consequences of urbanization can be considered using the example of China, 55% of whose population lives outside large cities (for comparison, in the United States, no more than 20% of the population lives in rural areas). Mass migration of the population to cities will lead to the fact that by 2025 their electricity consumption will more than double, and water consumption will increase by 70-100%. By that time, clinics and hospitals will not be able to cope with the flow of patients, and schools and universities will not be able to cope with everyone who wants to study. In addition, the decrease in arable land area and the growing need for natural resources will have a detrimental effect on the environment.

The development of broadband networks will help mitigate the negative consequences of urbanization, namely:

• reduce the desire of the rural part of the population to move to the city - affordable broadband services contribute to the economic development of rural areas, increase incomes, improve living standards and reduce the need and desire to move to the city;
• increase the level of education of the population - residents of agricultural and hard-to-reach areas will receive new educational opportunities and an understanding of modern information and communication technologies, which in the future will allow them to find more profitable work in the city and reduce the burden on city social services;
• improve the standard of living in the city - the joint use of broadband networks and other technologies makes it possible to organize work processes, the participants of which do not necessarily have to be concentrated in one city. This increases labor productivity, reduces the load on electrical networks, reduces noise levels in the city and helps reduce other factors of harmful impact on the environment.

Key principles for successful broadband deployment

The key to successful implementation of broadband networks is a favorable environment, for the creation of which five main principles can be identified.

Development of regulations to stimulate investment in new markets

For the rapid adoption of broadband networks in most developing countries, new regulations must be adopted to meet market demands. One of the reports presented at the world summit on the problems of the information society noted: “To achieve maximum benefits in the social, economic and environmental spheres, it is extremely important to create a reliable, transparent and equal regulatory environment for all...”

Management system reforms will help create favorable conditions for the introduction of new technologies. Hundreds of countries have government regulatory authorities. Privatization and liberalization of markets will attract private sector investment and create healthy competition. A transparent legal environment will provide confidence to investors and encourage infrastructure sharing.

Without economic incentives, telecom operators will refuse to deploy broadband networks in rural areas, where the bulk of the population of developing countries lives. Therefore, various incentive measures, such as tax incentives, are recommended to attract telecommunications service providers.

Reforming government policy will have a major impact on the development of information and telecommunications technologies, in particular broadband networks. More and more countries are changing the rules for using the Universal Service Fund, directing these funds to the development of not only telephone lines, but also high-speed networks. As a result, even in countries as diverse as Pakistan, Chile, India and Malaysia, voice and data services over the Internet are being widely deployed, including in hard-to-reach areas.

Investments in key infrastructure components and innovative technologies

One article published in The Economist noted that “broadband services will not be in demand in regions where there are problems with electricity supply and computers are a luxury for the population.” Therefore, in countries with economies in transition, the first step is to invest in basic IT infrastructure, including software and computers. Such investments will contribute to the successful introduction of new telecommunications services.

World Bank analysts believe that if industrial developed country high-tech technologies occupy 5% of the market, then the probability of expanding their niche to 50% is very high. However, in countries with economies in transition, only six of the 67 technologies occupying 5% of the market are capable of reaching the 50% level. This is mainly due to the insufficient development of intermediate technologies that are necessary to implement advanced ideas.

Governments in developing countries planning to introduce broadband services must focus on building critical infrastructure, such as reliable power lines and transport networks. Over time, all infrastructure investments and IT initiatives will create favorable conditions for the deployment of high-speed communications links.

Allocation of radio frequency spectrum for broadband access networks

Allocation of a band of radio frequency spectrum for wireless networks is undoubtedly beneficial: the state, for a fee, provides a range of frequencies for private companies that operate in it, attracting new industries and technologies. Answering the question of when to allocate spectrum - now or later, we argue that the time has already come.

Delays in the allocation of radio frequency spectrum on a competitive basis may be due to concerns regarding the risk of loss of revenue, as well as pressure from some officials lobbying for a monopolization of this segment of the industry. Of course, this creates obstacles to innovation and the organization of affordable broadband communication services, and the state does not receive profit from leasing the frequency range.

Once you start selling licenses to use the frequency spectrum, people will appear willing to invest in wireless technologies and new communication services will appear on the market. Consequently, the allocation of radio frequencies on a competitive basis makes it possible to extract additional benefits on a national scale. However, it is necessary to understand that it is not so much the rental income that is important, but the implementation of the conditions that ensure long-term lease of the spectrum. And the benefit to subscribers from using mobile broadband services is 18 times higher than the actual costs.

The allocation of radio frequency spectrum will stimulate competition and, consequently, contribute to economic development. Broadband wireless networks are convenient for subscribers, spur innovation, and ultimately increase GDP.

Encouraging competition

After reforming the legal sphere, it is necessary to focus on developing competition, since it is this that ensures the development of markets in 80% of the world's countries. Transparent government policies and relevant legislation stimulate competition, which attracts investors and ensures acceptable prices on goods and services and makes the deployment of networks throughout the country more cost-effective.

Developing a competitive environment is not easy. Innovation driven by broadband and the digital economy can disrupt a country's existing patterns, leading some policymakers to marginalize certain economic segments. Even well-intentioned government officials sometimes maintain or enact regulations that restrict competition and thereby hinder broadband adoption. Such measures will be more harmful to society than useful to the person whose interests they are introduced to defend.

So, an economic development strategy must ensure the protection of consumer rights without creating harsh conditions in the market and without defending the interests of individual officials whose aspirations may be too disadvantageous for the entire society.

Development of mutually beneficial cooperation between the public and private sectors of the economy

Successful development of broadband access in any country requires state support, which will ensure interaction between government agencies, industrial sectors and private entrepreneurs.

The standard approach involves government leadership and initial investment from the budget. In turn, telecom operators must develop special tariff plans that will ensure profit and at the same time will not be burdensome for subscribers. Such tariff plans are sold complete with a personal computer at an affordable price. Telecom operators can be financed not only from government funds, but also from private funds that stimulate demand for new services.

Only joint work at all levels will help telecommunications companies successfully deploy broadband networks and fulfill the task of a national scale. At the same time, business will receive additional profit, and ordinary citizens will have access to technologies that cannot be avoided in the modern information society.

conclusions

Broadband networks are an integral part of the global information community, stimulating the state economy, creating new jobs, developing innovation and increasing the competitiveness of goods and services. These and many other benefits of new communication technologies will be available to countries with economies in transition, which need to provide suitable conditions for the long-term and cost-effective use of broadband networks.