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Since the time of Aristotle, who gave the first systematization of literary genres in his “Poetics,” the idea has become stronger that literary genres represent a natural, once and for all fixed system, and the author’s task is only to achieve the most complete compliance of his work with the essential properties of the chosen genre. This understanding of the genre - as a ready-made structure presented to the author - led to the emergence of a whole series of normative poetics containing instructions for authors regarding exactly how an ode or tragedy should be written; The pinnacle of this type of writing is Boileau’s treatise “ Poetic art" (). This does not mean, of course, that the system of genres as a whole and the characteristics of individual genres really remained unchanged for two thousand years - however, changes (and very significant ones) were either not noticed by theorists, or were interpreted by them as damage, a deviation from the necessary models. And only towards the end of the 18th century the decomposition of traditional genre system, associated, in accordance with the general principles of literary evolution, both with intraliterary processes and with the influence of completely new social and cultural circumstances, went so far that normative poetics could no longer describe and curb literary reality.
Under these conditions, some traditional genres began to rapidly die out or become marginalized, while others, on the contrary, moved from the literary periphery to the very center literary process. And if, for example, the rise of the ballad at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, associated in Russia with the name of Zhukovsky, turned out to be quite short-lived (although in Russian poetry it then gave an unexpected new surge in the first half of the 20th century - for example, in Bagritsky and Nikolai Tikhonov, - and then at the beginning of the 21st century with Maria Stepanova, Fyodor Swarovsky and Andrei Rodionov), then the hegemony of the novel - a genre that normative poets for centuries did not want to notice as something low and insignificant - dragged on in European literature for at least a century. Works of a hybrid or undefined genre nature began to develop especially actively: plays about which it is difficult to say whether they are a comedy or a tragedy, poems for which it is impossible to give any definition. genre definition, except that it is a lyric poem. Fall of the Clear genre identifications also manifested itself in deliberate authorial gestures aimed at destroying genre expectations: from Lawrence Sterne’s novel “The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman,” which ends mid-sentence, to N. V. Gogol’s “Dead Souls,” where the poem’s subtitle, paradoxical for a prose text, can hardly fully prepare the reader for the fact that he will be knocked out of the fairly familiar rut of a picaresque novel every now and then with lyrical (and sometimes epic) digressions.
In the 20th century, literary genres were particularly strongly influenced by the separation of mass literature from literature focused on artistic exploration. Mass literature has once again felt an urgent need for clear genre prescriptions that significantly increase the predictability of the text for the reader, making it easy to navigate through it. Of course, the previous genres were not suitable for mass literature, and it quite quickly formed a new system, which was based on the genre of the novel, which was very flexible and had accumulated a lot of varied experience. At the end of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th, the detective and police novels, science fiction and ladies' (“pink”) novels took shape. It is not surprising that contemporary literature, aimed at artistic search, sought to deviate as far as possible from the mass literature and therefore moved away from genre definition quite consciously. But since the extremes converge, the desire to be further from genre predetermination sometimes led to new genre formation: for example, the French anti-novel did not want to be a novel so much that the main works of this literary movement, represented by such original authors as Michel Butor and Nathalie Sarraute, are clearly observed signs of a new genre. Thus, modern literary genres (and we already encounter this assumption in the thoughts of M. M. Bakhtin) are not elements of any predetermined system: on the contrary, they arise as points of concentration of tension in one place or another of literary space in accordance with artistic tasks , here and now put forward by this circle of authors, and can be defined as “a stable thematically, compositionally and stylistically type of statement.” Special study of such new genres remains a matter for tomorrow.
Typology of literary genres
A literary work can be classified as one or another genre according to various criteria. Below are some of these criteria and examples of genres.
Hierarchy of genres in classicismClassicism, for example, also establishes a strict hierarchy of genres, which are divided into high(ode, tragedy, epic) and low(comedy, satire, fable). Each genre has strictly defined characteristics, the mixing of which is not allowed.
see also
Notes
Literature
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- Genre as a reading tool / Kozlov V.I. - Rostov-on-Don: Innovative humanitarian projects, 2012. - 234 p. - ISBN 978-5-4376-0073-3.
- Lozinskaya E. V. Genre // Western literary criticism of the 20th century. Encyclopedia / Tsurganova E. A. - INION RAS: Intrada, 2004. - P. 145-148. - 560 s. - ISBN 5-87604-064-9.
- Leiderman N. L. Genre theory. Research and analysis / Lipovetsky M. N., Ermolenko S. I. - Ekaterinburg: Ural State Pedagogical University, 2010. - 904 p. - ISBN 978-5-9042-0504-1.
- Smirnov I. P. Literary time. (Hypo) theory of literary genres. - M.: Publishing House of the Russian Christian Humanitarian Academy, 2008. - 264 p. - ISBN 978-5-88812-256-3.
- Tamarchenko N. D. Genre // Literary encyclopedia terms and concepts / Nikolyukin A. N. - INION RAS: Intelvac, 2001. - pp. 263-265. - 1596 p. - ISBN 5-93264-026-X.
- Todorov Ts. Introduction to fantastic literature. - M.: House of Intellectual Books, 1999. - 144 p. - ISBN 5-7333-0435-9.
- Freidenberg O. M. Poetics of plot and genre. - M.: Labyrinth, 1997. - 450 p. - ISBN 5-8760-4108-4.
- Schaeffer J.-M. What is a literary genre? - M.: Editorial URSS, 2010. - ISBN 9785354013241.
- Chernets L.V. Literary genres (problems of typology and poetics). - M.: MSU Publishing House, 1982.
- Chernyak V. D., Chernyak M. A. Genres of mass literature, Formula of mass literature// Mass literature in concepts and terms. - Science, Flint, 2015. - P. 50, 173-174. - 193 p. -
Each literary genre is divided into genres, which are characterized by common features for a group of works. There are epic, lyrical, lyric epic, and drama genres.
Epic genres
Fairy tale(literary) - a work in prose or poetic form, based on folklore traditions folk tale(one storyline, fiction, depiction of the struggle between good and evil, antithesis and repetition as the leading principles of composition). For example, satirical tales M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin.
Parable(from the Greek parabole - “located (placed) behind”) - a minor genre of epic, a small narrative work of an edifying nature, containing moral or religious teaching based on broad generalization and the use of allegories. Russian writers often used the parable as an inserted episode in their works to fill the story with deep meaning. Let's remember Kalmyk fairy tale, told by Pugachev to Pyotr Grinev (A. Pushkin “ Captain's daughter") - in fact, this is the culmination in revealing the image of Emelyan Pugachev: “Rather than eat carrion for three hundred years, it’s better to get drunk with living blood, and then what will God give!” The plot of the parable about the resurrection of Lazarus, which Sonechka Marmeladova read to Rodion Raskolnikov, prompts the reader to think about the possible spiritual rebirth of the main character of the novel F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". In M. Gorky’s play “At the Depth,” the wanderer Luke tells a parable “about the righteous land” to show how dangerous the truth can be for weak and desperate people.
Fable- small epic genre; The fable, complete in plot and having an allegorical meaning, is an illustration of a well-known everyday or moral rule. A fable differs from a parable in the completeness of the plot; a fable is characterized by unity of action, conciseness of presentation, the absence of detailed characteristics and other elements of a non-narrative nature that hinder the development of the plot. Typically, a fable consists of 2 parts: 1) a story about an event that is specific but easily generalizable, 2) a moral lesson that follows or precedes the story.
Feature article- a genre whose distinctive feature is “writing from life.” The role of the plot is weakened in the essay, because... fiction is of little importance here. The author of an essay, as a rule, narrates in the first person, which allows him to include his thoughts in the text, make comparisons and analogies - i.e. use the means of journalism and science. An example of the use of the essay genre in literature is “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev.
Novella(Italian novella - news) is a type of story, an epic action-packed work with an unexpected outcome, distinguished by its brevity, neutral style of presentation, and lack of psychologism. Chance, the intervention of fate, plays a large role in the development of the action of the novella. A typical example Russian short story is a cycle of stories by I.A. Bunin " Dark alleys": the author does not psychologically draw the characters of his characters; a whim of fate, blind chance brings them together for a while and separates them forever.
Story— epic genre small volume with a small number of characters and the short duration of the events depicted. At the center of the story is an image of some event or life phenomenon. In Russian classical literature recognized masters of storytelling were A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov, I.A. Bunin, M. Gorky, A.I. Kuprin et al.
Tale- a prose genre that does not have a stable volume and occupies an intermediate place between the novel, on the one hand, and the story and short story on the other, gravitating towards a chronicle plot that reproduces the natural course of life. A story differs from a short story and a novel in the volume of text, the number of characters and problems raised, the complexity of the conflict, etc. In a story, it is not so much the movement of the plot that is important, but the descriptions: characters, places of action, psychological state person. For example: “The Enchanted Wanderer” by N.S. Leskova, “Steppe” by A.P. Chekhov, “Village” by I.A. Bunina. In the story, episodes often follow one after another according to the principle of chronicle, there is no internal connection between them, or it is weakened, so the story is often structured as a biography or autobiography: “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth” by L.N. Tolstoy, “The Life of Arsenyev” by I.A. Bunin, etc. (Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia / edited by Prof. A.P. Gorkin. - M.: Rosman, 2006.)
Novel(French roman - a work written in one of the “living” Romance languages, and not in “dead” Latin) - an epic genre, the subject of the image in which is a certain period or the whole life of a person; What is this novel? - the novel is characterized by the duration of the events described, the presence of several storylines and systems characters, which includes groups of equivalent characters (for example: main characters, minor characters, episodic characters); works of this genre cover big circle life phenomena and a wide range of socially significant problems. There are different approaches to classifying novels: 1) according to structural features(parable novel, myth novel, dystopian novel, travel novel, novel in verse, etc.); 2) on issues (family and everyday life, social and everyday life, socio-psychological, psychological, philosophical, historical, adventurous, fantastic, sentimental, satirical, etc.); 3) according to the era in which one or another type of novel dominated (knightly, enlightenment, Victorian, Gothic, modernist, etc.). It should be noted that the exact classification of genre varieties of the novel has not yet been established. There are works whose ideological and artistic originality does not fit into the framework of any one method of classification. For example, the work of M.A. Bulgakov's "The Master and Margarita" contains both acute social and philosophical issues, events develop in parallel biblical history(in the author’s interpretation) and the author’s contemporary Moscow life of the 20-30s of the 20th century, scenes full of drama are interspersed with satirical ones. Based on these features of the work, it can be classified as a socio-philosophical satirical myth novel.
Epic novel- this is a work in which the subject of the image is not the history of private life, but the fate of an entire people or a whole social group; the plot is built on the basis of nodes - key, turning point historical events. At the same time, in the fate of the heroes, like in a drop of water, the fate of the people is reflected and, on the other hand, the picture folk life consists of individual destinies, private life stories. An integral part of the epic are crowd scenes, thanks to which the author creates a generalized picture of the flow of people's life and the movement of history. When creating an epic, the artist is required to have the highest skill in connecting episodes (scenes of private life and public scenes), psychological authenticity in depicting characters, historicism of artistic thinking - all this makes the epic the pinnacle of literary creativity, which not every writer can climb. That is why only two works created in the epic genre are known in Russian literature: “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, " Quiet Don» M.A. Sholokhov.Lyric genres
Song- a small poetic lyrical genre characterized by simplicity of musical and verbal construction.
Elegy(Greek elegeia, elegos - plaintive song) - a poem of meditative or emotional content, dedicated to philosophical thoughts caused by contemplation of nature or deeply personal experiences about life and death, about unrequited (as a rule) love; The prevailing mood of the elegy is sadness, light sadness. Elegy is V.A.’s favorite genre. Zhukovsky (“Sea”, “Evening”, “Singer”, etc.).
Sonnet(Italian sonetto, from Italian sonare - to sound) is a lyric poem of 14 lines in the form of a complex stanza. The lines of a sonnet can be arranged in two ways: two quatrains and two tercets, or three quatrains and a distich. Quatrains can have only two rhymes, while terzettos can have two or three.
The Italian (Petrarccan) sonnet consists of two quatrains with the rhyme abba abba or abab abab and two tercets with the rhyme cdc dcd or cde cde, less often cde edc. French sonnet form: abba abba ccd eed. English (Shakespearean) - with rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg.
The classic sonnet assumes a certain sequence of thought development: thesis - antithesis - synthesis - denouement. As the name of this genre suggests, special meaning is given to the musicality of the sonnet, which is achieved by alternating male and female rhymes.
European poets developed many original types of sonnet, as well as the wreath of sonnets - one of the most difficult literary forms.
Russian poets turned to the sonnet genre: A.S. Pushkin (“Sonnet”, “To the Poet”, “Madonna”, etc.), A.A. Fet (“Sonnet”, “Rendezvous in the Forest”), poets Silver Age(V.Ya. Bryusov, K.D. Balmont, A.A. Blok, I.A. Bunin).
Message(Greek epistole - epistole) - a poetic letter, in the time of Horace - philosophical and didactic content, later - of any nature: narrative, satirical, love, friendly, etc. A mandatory feature of a message is the presence of an appeal to a specific addressee, motives for wishes, requests. For example: “My Penates” by K.N. Batyushkova, “Pushchina”, “Message to the Censor” by A.S. Pushkin, etc.
Epigram(Greek epgramma - inscription) - a short satirical poem that is a teaching, as well as a direct response to topical events, often political. For example: epigrams by A.S. Pushkin on A.A. Arakcheeva, F.V. Bulgarin, Sasha Cherny’s epigram “In the album to Bryusov”, etc.
Oh yeah(from Greek ōdḗ, Latin ode, oda - song) - solemn, pathetic, glorifying lyrical work, dedicated to the depiction of major historical events or persons, talking about significant topics religious and philosophical content. The ode genre was widespread in Russian literature of the 18th - early XIX centuries in the works of M.V. Lomonosov, G.R. Derzhavina, in early work V.A. Zhukovsky, A.S. Pushkina, F.I. Tyutchev, but at the end of the 20s of the XIX century. Ode was replaced by other genres. Some attempts by some authors to create an ode do not correspond to the canons of this genre (“Ode to the Revolution” by V.V. Mayakovsky, etc.).
Lyric poem- small poetic work, in which there is no plot; the author's focus is inner world, intimate experiences, reflections, moods of the lyrical hero (author of the lyric poem and lyrical hero- not the same person).Lyric epic genres
Ballad(Provençal ballada, from ballar - to dance; Italian - ballata) - a plot poem, that is, a story of a historical, mythical or heroic character, presented in poetic form. Usually a ballad is built on the basis of dialogue between characters, while the plot does not have independent meaning- this is a means of creating a certain mood, subtext. Thus, “Song of the Prophetic Oleg” by A.S. Pushkin has philosophical overtones, “Borodino” by M.Yu. Lermontov - socio-psychological.
Poem(Greek poiein - “to create”, “creation”) - a large or medium-sized poetic work with a narrative or lyrical plot (for example, “ Bronze Horseman» A.S. Pushkin, “Mtsyri” by M.Yu. Lermontov, “The Twelve” by A.A. Blok, etc.), the system of images of the poem may include a lyrical hero (for example, “Requiem” by A.A. Akhmatova).
Prose poem- a small lyrical work in prose form, characterized by increased emotionality, expressing subjective experiences and impressions. For example: “Russian language” by I.S. Turgenev.Genres of drama
Tragedy— dramatic work, the main conflict of which is caused by exceptional circumstances and insoluble contradictions that lead the hero to death.
Drama- a play whose content is related to the depiction of everyday life; Despite the depth and seriousness, the conflict, as a rule, concerns private life and can be resolved without a tragic outcome.
Comedy- a dramatic work in which action and characters are presented in funny forms; The comedy is distinguished by the rapid development of action, the presence of complex, intricate plot lines, a happy ending and simplicity of style. There are sitcoms based on cunning intrigue, a special set of circumstances, and comedies of manners (characters), based on ridicule of human vices and shortcomings, high comedy, everyday comedy, satirical comedy, etc. For example, “Woe from Wit” by A.S. Griboyedov - high comedy, “The Minor” by D.I. Fonvizina is satirical.Instructions
Explore epic kind literature. It includes the following: - story: relatively small in volume prose work(from 1 to 20 pages), describing an incident, a small incident or an acute dramatic situation in which the hero finds himself. The action of the story usually takes no more than one or two days in duration. The location of the action may not change throughout the story;
- story: a sufficient work (on average 100 pages), where from 1 to 10 characters are considered. The location may change. The validity period can cover a significant period, from one month to a year or more. The story in the story unfolds vividly in time and space. Significant changes may occur in the lives of the characters - moves, and meetings;
- novel: large epic form from 200 pages. A novel can trace the lives of characters from birth to death. Includes an extensive system of storylines. Time can touch past eras and carry far into the future;
- an epic novel can examine the life of several generations.Familiarize yourself with the lyrical genre of literature. It includes the following genres:
- ode: a poetic form whose theme is the glorification of a person or event;
- satire: a poetic form that aims to ridicule any vice, situation or person worthy of ridicule
- sonnet: a poetic form that has a strict compositional structure. For example, the English model of a sonnet, which at its end has two obligatory stanzas containing some kind of aphorism;
- the following are also known poetic genres- elegy, epigram, free verse, haiku, etc.TO dramatic kind Literature includes the following genres: - tragedy: a dramatic work in the finale of which there is the death of the hero. Such a ending for a tragedy is the only possible resolution of a dramatic situation;
- Comedy: a dramatic work in which the main meaning and essence is laughter. It may be satirical or kinder in nature, but every incident in a comedy makes the viewer/reader laugh;
- drama: a dramatic work in the center of which is the inner world of a person, the problem of choice, the search for truth. Drama is the most common genre nowadays.4. As you know, all literary works, depending on the nature of what is depicted, belong to one of three GENERS: epic, lyric or drama. A literary genre is a generalized name for a group of works depending on the nature of the reflection of reality.
EPOS (from the Greek “narration”;-) is a generalized name for works depicting events external to the author.
LYRICS (from the Greek “performed to the lyre”;-) is a generalized name for works in which there is no plot, but the feelings, thoughts, experiences of the author or his lyrical hero are depicted.
DRAMA (from the Greek “action”;-) is a generalized name for works intended for production on stage; The drama is dominated by character dialogues, and the author's input is kept to a minimum.
Varieties of epic, lyrical and dramatic works are called types literary works.
Type and genre are very close concepts in literary criticism.
Genres are variations of a type of literary work. For example, the genre variety of a story can be fantastic or historical story, and the genre variety of comedy is vaudeville, etc. Strictly speaking, a literary genre is a historically established type of artistic work that contains certain structural features and aesthetic quality characteristic of a given group of works.
TYPES (GENRES) OF EPIC WORKS:
Epic, novel, story, story, fairy tale, fable, legend.
EPIC – large piece of art, telling about significant historical events. In ancient times - a narrative poem of heroic content. In the literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, the genre of the epic novel appeared - this is a work in which the formation of the characters of the main characters occurs during their participation in historical events.
A NOVEL is a large narrative work of fiction with complex plot, in the center of which is the fate of the individual.
A STORY is a work of art that occupies a middle position between a novel and a short story in terms of volume and complexity of the plot. In ancient times, any narrative work was called a story.
STORY is a small work of fiction based on an episode, an incident from the life of the hero.
TALE - a work about fictional events and characters, usually involving magical, fantastic forces.
A FABLE (from “bayat” - to tell) is a narrative work in poetic form, small in size, of a moralizing or satirical nature.TYPES (GENRES) OF LYRIC WORKS:
Ode, hymn, song, elegy, sonnet, epigram, message.
ODA (from Greek “song”) is a choral, solemn song.
HYMN (from Greek “praise”) is a solemn song based on programmatic verses.
EPIGRAM (from Greek “inscription”) is a short satirical poem of a mocking nature that arose in the 3rd century BC. e.
ELEGY is a genre of lyrics dedicated to sad thoughts or a lyric poem imbued with sadness. Belinsky called elegy “a song of sad content.” The word "elegy" is translated as "reed flute" or "plaintive song." Elegy originated in Ancient Greece in the 7th century BC. e.
MESSAGE - a poetic letter, an appeal to a specific person, a request, a wish, a confession.
SONNET (from the Provencal sonette - “song”) is a poem of 14 lines, which has a certain rhyme system and strict stylistic laws. The sonnet originated in Italy in the 13th century (the creator was the poet Jacopo da Lentini), in England it appeared in the first half of the 16th century (G. Sarri), and in Russia in the 18th century. The main types of sonnet are Italian (of 2 quatrains and 2 tercets) and English (of 3 quatrains and a final couplet).LYROEPIC TYPES (GENRES):
Poem, ballad.
POEM (from Greek poieio - “I do, I create”) is a large poetic work with a narrative or lyrical plot, usually on a historical or legendary theme.
BALLAD - a plot song with dramatic content, a story in verse.TYPES (GENRES) OF DRAMATIC WORKS:
Tragedy, comedy, drama (in the narrow sense).
TRAGEDY (from Greek tragos ode - “goat song”) - a dramatic work depicting an intense struggle strong characters and passions, which usually ends in the death of the hero.
COMEDY (from Greek komos ode - “funny song”) is a dramatic work with a cheerful, funny plot, usually ridiculing social or everyday vices.
DRAMA (“action”) is a literary work in the form of a dialogue with a serious plot, depicting a person in his dramatic relationships with society. Varieties of drama can be tragicomedy or melodrama.
VAUDEVILLE is a genre type of comedy; it is a light comedy with singing verses and dancing.
Farce is a genre type of comedy; it is a theatrical play of a light, playful nature with external comic effects, designed for coarse taste.Genre is a type of meaningful form that determines the integrity of a literary work, which is determined by the unity of theme, composition and style; a historically established group of literary works, united by a set of characteristics of content and form.
Genre in literature
IN artistic structure genre category is a modification literary type; a species, in turn, is a variety literary kind. There is another approach to the generic connection: – genre – genre variety, modification or form; in some cases it is proposed to distinguish only gender and genre.
Genres belonging to traditional literary families(epic, lyric, drama, lyric-epic) determines their content and thematic focus.Genre in ancient literature
IN ancient literature the genre was the ideal artistic norm. Ancient ideas about genre norms were focused primarily on poetic forms; prose was not taken into account, as it was considered trivial reading. Poets often followed the artistic models of their predecessors, trying to surpass the pioneers of the genre. Ancient Roman literature relied on the poetic experience of ancient Greek authors. Virgil (1st century BC) continued the epic tradition of Homer (8th century BC), since the Aeneid is focused on the Odyssey and the Iliad. Horace (1st century BC) owns odes written in the manner of the ancient Greek poets Arion (VII–VI centuries BC) and Pindar (VI–V centuries BC). Seneca (1st century BC) developed dramatic art, reviving the work of Aeschylus (6th–5th centuries BC) and Euripides (5th century BC).
The origins of the systematization of genres go back to the treatises of Aristotle “Poetics” and Horace “The Science of Poetry”, in which a genre denoted a set of artistic norms, their natural and fixed system, and the author’s goal was considered to correspond to the properties of the chosen genre. The understanding of genre as a constructed model of a work led to the subsequent emergence of a number of normative poetics, including dogmas and laws of poetry.
Renewal of the European genre system in the 11th–17th centuries
The European genre system began its renewal in the Middle Ages. In the 11th century New lyrical genres of troubadour poets arose (serenades, albums), and later the genre of the medieval novel arose (knightly novels about King Arthur, Lancelot, Tristan and Isolde). In the XIV century. Italian poets had a significant influence on the development of new genres: Dante Alighieri wrote the poem “ The Divine Comedy"(1307–1321), connecting narrative and the genre of vision, Francesco Petrarch approved the sonnet genre (“Book of Songs,” 1327–1374), Giovanni Boccaccio canonized the short story genre (“Decameron”, 1350–1353). At the turn of the 16th–17th centuries. genre varieties of drama were expanded by the English poet and playwright W. Shakespeare, whose famous plays - “Hamlet” (1600–1601), “King Lear” (1608), “Macbeth” (1603–1606) - contain themselves have the characteristics of tragedy and comedy and are classified as tragicomedies.
Code and hierarchy of genres in classicism
The most complete, systematic and significant set of genre norms was formed in the 17th century. with the advent of the treatise poem French poet Nicolas Boileau-Dépreaux's The Poetic Art (1674). The essay defines the genre system of classicism, regulated by reason, a generally understandable style, with the division of literary genres into epic, dramatic, and lyrical genres. The structure of the canonical genres of classicism goes back to ancient forms and images.
The literature of classicism was characterized by a strict hierarchy of genres, dividing them into high (ode, epic, tragedy) and low (fable, satire, comedy). Mixing genre characteristics was not allowed.
Genres of literary aesthetics of romanticism
Literature of the Romantic era in the 18th century. did not obey the canons of classicism, as a result of which the traditional genre system lost its advantage. In the context of a change in literary trends, deviations from the rules of normative poetics, a rethinking of classical genres occurs, as a result of which some of them ceased to exist, while others, on the contrary, became entrenched.
At the turn of the 18th–19th centuries. at the center of the literary aesthetics of romanticism were lyrical genres - ode (“Ode to the Capture of Khotin” by M. Lomonosov, 1742; “Felitsa” by G. R. Derzhavin, 1782, “Ode to Joy” by F. Schiller, 1785 .), romantic poem(“Gypsies” by A. S. Pushkin, 1824), ballad (“Lyudmila” (1808), “Svetlana” (1813) by V. A. Zhukovsky), elegy (“ Rural cemetery"V. A. Zhukovsky, 1808); Comedy prevailed in the drama (“Woe from Wit” by A. S. Griboyedov, 1825).
Prose genres flourished: the epic novel, the story, the short story. The most common type of epic literature of the 19th century V. was considered a novel, which was called the “eternal genre.” Significant influence The European epic was influenced by the novels of Russian writers L. N. Tolstoy (“War and Peace,” 1865–1869; “Anna Karenina,” 1875–1877; “Resurrection,” 1899) and F. M. Dostoevsky (“Crime and Punishment,” 1866; “The Idiot,” 1868; “Demons,” 1871–1872; “The Brothers Karamazov,” 1879–1880).
Formation of genres in literature of the twentieth century
The formation of mass literature in the twentieth century, its need for stable thematic, compositional and stylistic prescriptions led to the formation new system genres, based primarily on the “absolute center of the genre system of literature” according to the Russian scientist M. M. Bakhtin - the novel.
New genres have emerged within popular literature: love story, sentimental novel, crime novel (action, thriller), dystopian novel, anti-novel, Science fiction, fantasy, etc.Modern literary genres are not part of a predetermined structure; they arise as a result of the embodiment of author's ideas in verbal and artistic works.
The origins of the appearance of genre varieties
The emergence of genre varieties can be associated with both literary direction, movement, school - a romantic poem, a classicist ode, a symbolist drama, etc., and with the names of individual authors who introduced genre-stylistic forms of the artistic whole into literary circulation (Pindaric ode, Byron's poem, Balzac's novel, etc. .), forming traditions, and this means the possibility of different types of assimilation (imitation, stylization, etc.).
The word genre comes from French genre, which means genus, species.