Socialist parties: – Socialist Revolutionary Party – RSDLP Liberal parties: – Constitutional Democratic Party – Union of October 17 Conservative-monarchist parties: – Union of the Russian People – Russian People’s Union named after Michael the Archangel Political parties in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.
Socialist Revolutionary Party (Socialist Revolutionaries) Year of foundation – gg. Year of foundation – yr. In the second half of the 1890s, small populist-socialist groups and circles existed in St. Petersburg, Penza, Poltava, Voronezh, Kharkov, and Odessa. Some of them united in 1900 into the Southern Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, others in 1901 into the Union of Socialist Revolutionaries. At the end of 1901, the “Southern Socialist Revolutionary Party” and the “Union of Socialist Revolutionaries” merged, and in January 1902 the newspaper “ Revolutionary Russia"announced the creation of the party. The Geneva Agrarian-Socialist League joined it. In the second half of the 1890s, small populist-socialist groups and circles existed in St. Petersburg, Penza, Poltava, Voronezh, Kharkov, and Odessa. Some of them united in 1900 into the Southern Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, others in 1901 into the “Union of Socialist Revolutionaries”. At the end of 1901, the “Southern Socialist Revolutionary Party” and the “Union of Socialist Revolutionaries” merged, and in January 1902 the newspaper “Revolutionary Russia” announced the creation of the party. The Geneva Agrarian-Socialist League joined it. Later, the party split into right (V.M. Chernov) and left (M.A. Spiridonova) Socialist Revolutionaries. Later, the party split into right (V.M. Chernov) and left (M.A. Spiridonova) Socialist Revolutionaries.
The activities of the party were initially underground. The activities of the party were initially underground. Simultaneously with the establishment of the party itself, its Combat Organization (BO) was created. Its leaders - G.A. Gershuni, E.F. Azef - put forward individual terror against senior government officials as the main goal of their activities. Simultaneously with the establishment of the party itself, its Combat Organization (BO) was created. Its leaders - G.A. Gershuni, E.F. Azef - put forward individual terror against senior government officials as the main goal of their activities. The victims of this terror in 1902–1905. became ministers of internal affairs (D.S. Sipyagin, V.K. Pleve), governors (I.M. Obolensky, N.M. Kachura), as well as leading. book Sergey Alexandrovich. The victims of this terror in 1902–1905. became ministers of internal affairs (D.S. Sipyagin, V.K. Pleve), governors (I.M. Obolensky, N.M. Kachura), as well as leading. book Sergey Alexandrovich. During two and a half years of the first Russian revolution, the Socialist Revolutionaries committed about 200 terrorist acts. During two and a half years of the first Russian revolution, the Socialist Revolutionaries committed about 200 terrorist acts. Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs)
Working issue: – Providing civil liberties to workers – Creating local self-government – Development of cooperation National issue: – Autonomy for communities and regions of the country – Federal structure of Russia and the right to self-determination, excluding secessions from Russia Socialist Revolutionary Program
RSDLP
RSDLP RSDLP - Russian Social Democratic Labor Party RSDLP - Russian Social Democratic Labor Party The first social democratic circles appeared in the Russian Empire in the late 1880s. In 1895, the “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class” arose from the St. Petersburg Social Democratic group, for which V.I. Lenin was a great merit. In 1887, a meeting was held in Kyiv between the Kyiv social democratic group “Rabocheye Delo” and the social democrats of St. Petersburg and Moscow. The first social democratic circles appeared in the Russian Empire in the late 1880s. In 1895, the “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class” arose from the St. Petersburg Social Democratic group, for which V.I. Lenin had a great merit. In 1887, a meeting was held in Kyiv between the Kyiv social democratic group “Rabocheye Delo” and the social democrats of St. Petersburg and Moscow. The social base and priority category for the RSDLP is the proletariat (industrial workers) The social base and priority category for the RSDLP is the proletariat (industrial workers)
1898 - I congress of the RSDLP party in Minsk, at which the creation of the party was proclaimed 1898 - I congress of the RSDLP party in Minsk, at which the creation of the party was proclaimed 1903 - II congress of the party in London. At the congress there was a split into the Bolsheviks - RSDLP (b) and the Mensheviks - RSDLP (m) (independent parties since 1912) and the party program was adopted - the Second Party Congress in London. At the congress, a split occurred into the Bolsheviks - RSDLP (b) and the Mensheviks - RSDLP (m) (independent parties since 1912) and the party program was adopted. Bolshevik leader – V.I. Lenin, leader of the Mensheviks - Yu.O. Martov Leader of the Bolsheviks - V.I. Lenin, leader of the Mensheviks - Yu.O. Martov RSDLP
BOLSHEVIKS Gleb Maximilianovich Krzhizhanovsky Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (Lenin's wife) Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (Dzhugashvili) Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Ulyanov), chairman Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov Anatoly Ivanovich Lunacharsky Ivan Vasilyevich Babushkin
The party had 2 programs: The party had 2 programs: -The maximum program - the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat and victory socialist revolution- Minimum program - tasks of the democratic revolution In 1907, the number of the party was 160 thousand people, about 60% were workers. In 1907, the number of the party was 160 thousand people, about 60% were workers. RSDLP
The party originated from the Liberation Union group of liberal intelligentsia, which consisted mainly of zemstvo leaders and was organized in 1902 with the aim of agitating in favor of a constitutional order, against autocracy. The party originated from the Liberation Union group of liberal intelligentsia, which consisted mainly of zemstvo leaders and was organized in 1902 with the aim of agitating in favor of a constitutional order, against autocracy. In published the magazine “Liberation” abroad (edited by P. B. Struve, 79 issues were published). In published the magazine “Liberation” abroad (edited by P. B. Struve, 79 issues were published). In The movement grew at congresses of zemstvo and city leaders, as the party took shape at the founding congress of 12-18 October 1905. In The movement grew at congresses of zemstvo and city leaders, as the party took shape at the founding congress of 12-18 October 1905. Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets)
Chairman – P.N. Miliukov Chairman – P.N. Miliukov Leaders – S.A. Muromtsev, F.A. Golovin, G.E. Lvov, V.D. Nabokov Leaders – S.A. Muromtsev, F.A. Golovin, G.E. Lvov, V.D. Nabokov Party members were: Party members were: -Scientists V.I. Vernadsky; P.B. Struve, A.S. Izgoev, A.A. Kornilov, A.A. Kiesewetter, M.O. Gershenzon, Yu.V. Gauthier – lawyers V.M. Gessen, S.A. Kotlyarevsky, L.I. Petrazhitsky, M.M. Vinaver, A.R. Lednitsky, V.A. Maklakov – prominent zemstvo figures F.I. Rodichev, I.I. Petrunkevich, A.I. Shingarev Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets)
The main part of the party consisted of the intelligentsia and educated sections of the population. The main part of the party consisted of the intelligentsia and educated sections of the population. Legal methods and propaganda were used to fight. Legal methods and propaganda were used to fight. The Cadets expressed their views in the journal "Bulletin of the People's Freedom Party" and the newspaper "Rech". The Cadets expressed their views in the journal "Bulletin of the People's Freedom Party" and the newspaper "Rech". Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets)
Cadet program Power: -Introduction of a constitution -Constitutional monarchy (with a predominance of parliament) -Reform path of development -Freedom of conscience, speech, press, assembly, unions -Responsibility of the government to parliament -Independence of the court -Equality of all in rights and before the law -Universal, direct , secret and equal suffrage – Universal primary education
Peasant question: – Alienation of part of privately owned lands for ransom – free transfer to peasants of state, appanage, cabinet and monastic lands – Creation of a land committee to resolve the land issue – Development of market and rental relations in the village and further destruction of the peasant community Cadet program
Work question: The right to: The right to: 1. 8-hour working day 2. Strikes 3. Insurance 4. Creation of workers' unions National question: Preservation of a single indivisible Russia Preservation of a single indivisible Russia Cultural autonomy of the peoples of Russia - the autonomy of any separate ethnic group in solving issues of organization of education, language and any forms of cultural life. Cultural autonomy of the peoples of Russia is the autonomy of any isolated ethnic group in resolving issues of organizing education, language and any forms of cultural life. Cadet program
OCTOBRISTS
"Union of October 17" (Octobrists) The party was founded in October 1905. The name of the party goes back to the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, issued by Nicholas II. The party was founded in October 1905. The name of the party goes back to the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, issued by Nicholas II. Chairman – A.I. Guchkov Chairman – A.I. Guchkov Leaders – M.V. Rodzianko, D.N. Shipov, Baron P.L. Korf Leaders – M.V. Rodzianko, D.N. Shipov, Baron P.L. Korf Among the party members were: Among the party members were: prominent zemstvo figures - Count P.A. Gayden, M.A. Stakhovich, Prince N.S. Volkonsky, prominent zemstvo figures - Count P.A. Gayden, M.A. Stakhovich, Prince N.S. Volkonsky, cultural figures - L.N. Benois, V.I. Gerye cultural figures - L.N. Benois, V.I. Guerrier lawyers F.N. Plevako, V.I. Sergeevich lawyers F.N. Plevako, V.I. Sergeevich representatives of business circles - N.S. Avdakov, E.L. Nobel, Brothers V.P. and P.P. Ryabushinsky and jeweler K.G. Faberge. representatives of business circles - N.S. Avdakov, E.L. Nobel, Brothers V.P. and P.P. Ryabushinsky and jeweler K.G. Faberge.
The bulk of the party is officials, landowners, large industrialists and financiers. The bulk of the party is officials, landowners, large industrialists and financiers. The main method of struggle is propaganda. The main method of struggle is propaganda. Views were expressed in more than 50 newspapers in Russian, German and Latvian, including: “Voice of Moscow”, “Slovo”, “Vremya”. Views were expressed in more than 50 newspapers in Russian, German and Latvian, including: “Voice of Moscow”, “Slovo”, “Vremya”. "Union of October 17" (Octobrists)
Octobrist program Power: – Constitutional monarchy (with a predominance of the monarch) – Local self-government – Assistance to the tsarist government – Reform path of development Peasant question: – Inviolability of land ownership – Sale of state lands to peasants – Development of market and rental relations in the countryside – Creation of a layer of “wealthy peasantry” . Support for agrarian reform P.A. Stolypin
Labor issue: - rationing of the working day, but due to technical backwardness from Europe it is not necessary to reduce the working day to 8 hours - Limitation of strikes - Introduction of labor legislation - Rights to create trade unions National issue: - Preservation of a single indivisible Russia - Denial of the possibility of granting autonomy separate parts empires except Finland Octobrist program
Union of the Russian People (Black Hundreds) Created in 1905. Created in 1905. Chairman – A.I. Dubrovin, Chairman – A.I. Dubrovin, Leaders - N.E. Markov, V.M. Purishkevich Leaders - N.E. Markov, V.M. Purishkevich Later, part of the “Union of the Russian People” broke away and the party “Russian People’s Union named after Michael the Archangel” was organized. Later, part of the “Union of the Russian People” broke away and the party “Russian People’s Union named after Michael the Archangel” was organized. The party's printed organ is the newspaper "Russian Banner". Also, the “Union of the Russian People” expressed its views in the magazine “For the Tsar”, the newspapers “Kolokol”, “Moskovskie Vedomosti”. The party's printed organ is the newspaper "Russian Banner". Also, the “Union of the Russian People” expressed its views in the magazine “For the Tsar”, the newspapers “Kolokol”, “Moskovskie Vedomosti”. 32 The composition of the party is landowners, urban lower classes, petty officials, merchants, and the patriarchal part of the peasantry. The composition of the party is landowners, urban lower classes, petty officials, merchants, and the patriarchal part of the peasantry. Such outstanding figures as Sts. took part in the activities of the Union of the Russian People. John of Kronstadt, Archimandrite Anthony (Khrapovitsky), scientists D.I. Mendeleev D.I. Ilovaisky, S.V. Levashov, publicists S.A. Nilus, V.V. Rozanov, L.A. Tikhomirov, artist V.M. Vasnetsov. Such outstanding figures as Sts. took part in the activities of the Union of the Russian People. John of Kronstadt, Archimandrite Anthony (Khrapovitsky), scientists D.I. Mendeleev D.I. Ilovaisky, S.V. Levashov, publicists S.A. Nilus, V.V. Rozanov, L.A. Tikhomirov, artist V.M. Vasnetsov. All future first patriarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church took part in the work of the Union of the Russian People. Soviet era(Tikhon, Sergius, Alexy I). All future first patriarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church in Soviet times (Tikhon, Sergius, Alexy I) participated in the work of the Union of the Russian People. Union of the Russian People (Black Hundreds)
Methods of struggle: legal, illegal, Black Hundred terror, pogroms. Methods of struggle: legal, illegal, Black Hundred terror, pogroms. Pogrom is mass violent action directed against religious, national or racial minorities. Pogrom is mass violent action directed against religious, national or racial minorities. The largest pogrom in world history occurred on April 6-7, 1903 in Chisinau (then Russian Empire) against local Jews - the Chisinau pogrom. Then 49 people were killed and 586 wounded. After that Russian word"pogrom" was included in many European languages and has become a household name of our country. The largest pogrom in world history took place on April 6-7, 1903 in Chisinau (then the Russian Empire) against local Jews - the Chisinau pogrom. Then 49 people were killed and 586 wounded. After this, the Russian word “pogrom” entered many European languages and became a common noun for our country. In October 1905, another Jewish pogrom broke out in Yekaterinoslav (modern Dnepropetrovsk), which claimed the lives of 67 people. In October 1905, another Jewish pogrom broke out in Yekaterinoslav (modern Dnepropetrovsk), which claimed the lives of 67 people. Union of the Russian People (Black Hundreds)
Name of political party Date of creation, party leader Social base, number Form of government, political transformations Agrarian question National Policy Labor Issue
Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets)
October 1905
Miliukov Scientists, creative intelligentsia, doctors, lawyers, middle and low-level employees, liberal bourgeoisie, landowners.
50-100 thousand people. Establishment of a constitutional system in the form parliamentary monarchy, abolition of class privileges, equality of all before the law, democratic freedoms Increase in peasant plots, partial alienation of landowners' lands Preservation of state unity, the right of nations to cultural self-determination 8-hour working day, reduction overtime work, right to strike
"Union October 17"
(Octobrists)
October 1905
Guchkov Big bourgeoisie, landowners.
50-60 thousand people. Constitutional-monarchical system Equalize the rights of peasants with other classes, strengthen resettlement policy, sale of state and appanage lands to peasants.
As a last resort - the possibility of alienation of landowners' lands Unity and inseparability Russian state. They denied the possibility of granting autonomy. They did not put forward demands for an 8-hour working day (Russian workers have a lot of days off during the year)
Socialist Revolutionary Party
(Socialist Revolutionaries)
1902
(program - at the First Congress in December 1905-January 1906),
Chernov Teachers, engineers, agronomists, veterinarians, doctors.
50-65 thousand people. Overthrow of the autocracy, establishment of a regime of “democracy”-democratic republic Socialization of the land, i.e. abolition of private ownership of land without redemption and transfer of its public ownership Federal structure
(wide autonomy and self-determination) Socialization of enterprises
Russian Social Democratic Labor Party
(RSDLP).
Radical movement - Bolsheviks
(RSDLP (b). Reform movement - Mensheviks
(RSDLP (m). 1898
(Charter and program - at the II Congress in 1903)
Bolsheviks - Lenin (creation of a new type of party - a secret organization with strict discipline, strict subordination. Main strength revolution - the working class, ally - the peasants.
The bourgeoisie is a counter-revolutionary force.) Mensheviks - Martov (access to the party should be open to all segments of the population.
The main force of the revolution is the liberal bourgeoisie, its ally is the proletariat. The peasants are a reactionary force.) The proletarian-intellectual party,
150 thousand people Minimum program:
revolutionary overthrow of the autocracy,
establishment of a democratic republic, universal suffrage and democratic freedoms.
Maximum program:
Victory of the proletarian revolution, establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat, transition to socialism Return of land plots to peasants, abolition of redemption and quitrent payments The right of nations to self-determination and their equality 8-hour working day, abolition of fines and overtime work
Right-wing, conservative parties
(Black Hundred)
1905-1907
Russian collection, Union of the Russian People (Dubrovin), Russian People's Union named after Michael the Archangel (Purishkevich).
Nobles, peasants, workers, small traders, etc.
Total number – 410 thousand people. Autocratic monarchy Strengthening peasant farms, preserving the community One and indivisible Russia without the right to self-determination of non-Russian nations, the dominant role is Russian. No changes.
Attached files
The main program guidelines of political parties in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.
NAME OF PARTS
Basic software
installations
National
question
Agrarian
question
Worker
question
SOCIALIST
1903 RSDLP
1907 RSDLP
(Mensheviks)
Yu.O. Cederbaum
(L. Martov)
The party must be open to all segments of the population. Allowed different points views and views. The hegemon of the revolution is the bourgeoisie, the proletariat is the ally, and the peasantry is the reactionary force. For the bourgeois-democratic revolution: the overthrow of the autocracy, the establishment of a democratic republic, universal suffrage and democratic freedoms, broad local self-government. After the revolution, the dictatorship of the proletariat must be established for the socialist reconstruction of society.
1906: municipalization of land, i.e. transfer of confiscated landowners' land into ownership local authorities power while maintaining small peasant ownership of land.
1903 RSDLP
1907 RSDLP
(Bolsheviks)
V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin)
The party must be closed, conspiratorial, with strict discipline and the basic principle of “the minority submits to the majority.” The hegemon is the proletariat, the peasantry is the ally, and the bourgeoisie is the counter-revolutionary force. For the bourgeois-democratic revolution: the overthrow of the autocracy, the establishment of a democratic republic, universal suffrage and democratic freedoms, broad local self-government. After the revolution, the dictatorship of the proletariat must be established for the socialist reconstruction of society.
The right of nations to self-determination and their equality.
Return to peasants of lands cut off from their allotments in 1861, abolition of redemption and quitrent payments for land and return of previously paid amounts.
1906: confiscation of all types of land property and transfer to state ownership (nationalization).
8-hour working day, abolition of fines and overtime.
AKP (Socialist Revolutionaries)
Socialist Revolutionary Party
V.M. Chernov
The main task is to prepare the people for the revolution. Driving force considered the “working class” (everyone who lives by their own labor - the peasantry, workers, intelligentsia). After the overthrow of the autocracy, “democracy” must be established through the work of the Constituent Assembly.
Individual terror was actively used as a method of struggle.
Federative relations between individual nationalities, the unconditional right of nations to self-determination.
Socialization of the land, i.e. its withdrawal from commodity circulation and its transformation into public property. The right to dispose of land was vested peasant communities, who were supposed to divide the land among everyone who cultivates it according to consumer or labor standards (according to eaters or workers in the family)
They didn't pay attention.
LIBERAL
(Octobrists)
A.I. Guchkov
The main goal is to provide “assistance to the government following the path of saving reforms.”
They demanded the preservation of the unity and indivisibility of the Russian state, its unitary character.
Equalization of rights of peasants with other classes, facilitating their exit from the community, resettlement policy, sale of state and landowners' lands to peasants. Alienation of landowner's land only as a last resort on the terms of “fair compensation established by legal authority”
They did not put forward demands for an 8-hour working day. The right of workers to hold strikes in industries of national importance was limited.
Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets)
P.N. Miliukov
Establishment of a constitutional system (form of government - constitutional monarchy or republic). Abolition of class privileges, equality of all before the law, establishment of freedom of personality, speech, assembly and other democratic freedoms.
The main method of struggle is the tactic of putting pressure on the government through legal means and, above all, through the Duma.
The right to cultural self-determination of all nations and nationalities.
Increasing the land area of allotments due to the partial alienation of privately owned lands.
8-hour working day, right to strike.
MONARCHICAL
"Union of the Russian People"
"Russian Assembly"
"Monarchist Party"
"Russian People's Union named after Michael the Archangel"
Restoration and strengthening of the “original Russian principles”, preservation and strengthening of the autocracy.
Nationalist program. “Russia for Russians! For the faith, the Tsar and the Fatherland! Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationality! Down with the revolution!
Pogroms were used as a method of struggle even among the civilian population as a method of intimidation and restoration of order. They organized fighting squads, which were often called the “Black Hundred”.
Political structure modern Russia is the subject detailed study political scientists. We will not take away their bread by telling how the vertical of power is structured and what technologies those who want to climb to the top use. In our article we will only touch on Russian political parties, describing their functions and differences from Western ones.
What is a party?
Political parties in modern Russia are communities of people united by one ideology, whose goal is to achieve power. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, a multi-party system has been established in the country, i.e. the simultaneous existence of several parties is allowed. As of 2015, their number reached 78. Agree, quite a lot even for such a huge country as Russia.
It is possible to register a party in Russia only by fulfilling a number of conditions stipulated by law:
- it is necessary to have regional offices in at least half of the constituent entities of the Federation, i.e., at least 43 branches. Moreover, in each region you need to register;
- governing bodies and at least 500 people must be within Russian Federation.
The law gives Russian political parties the right to nominate their candidates for elective positions in all local government bodies and the legislative assembly. However, only parties represented in the State Duma, as well as in at least 1/3 of the constituent entities of the Federation, can participate in the presidential elections. The rest will have to collect voter signatures in favor of their candidate.
From the history of the Russian political movement
The history of political parties in Russia is represented by periods of single-party and multi-party systems. At the beginning of the twentieth century, there were 14 political organizations in Russia, 10 of which were part of the State Duma, established in 1905.
After the revolution of 1917, the country maintained a multi-party system for some time, but it ran counter to the dictatorship of the proletariat proclaimed by the Bolsheviks. Therefore, in 1923, a transition to a one-party system was made; the only political formation left in the country was the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party of the Bolsheviks, which was transformed in 1925 into the All-Union Communist Party of the Bolsheviks, since 1952 renamed the Communist Party Soviet Union.
The one-party system was enshrined in the Constitution of the USSR, moreover, in Art. 6 of the Basic Law it was written: the party plays a leading and directing role in a socialist state.
The collapse of the one-party system falls during the years of the leadership of the country by M. S. Gorbachev, who initiated political reform and declared pluralism of political opinions. In 1988, the article of the Constitution on a single party was repealed, and at the same time, along with the CPSU, a second party appeared in the country - the Liberal Democratic Party.
In the 90s of the last century, about 200 political formations and public organizations operated on the territory of the USSR. After the collapse of the Soviet Union on the territory of the Russian Federation, their number decreased.
The 1st convocation of the State Duma included the LDPR, which received 22% of the votes, the Democratic Choice of Russia with 15%, and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, which had 12.4% of voter sympathy in its arsenal.
Modern political parties in Russia
The activities of political parties in Russia today are strictly regulated. However, according to political scientists, the current state of affairs in the country political system was created for pro-government parties. Therefore, it is they who have the most impressive representation in the State Duma.
List of Russian political parties represented in the State Duma
As of November 2015, the list of Russian political parties represented in the State Duma looks like this:
For acceptance federal law It is enough to get more than half the votes, and to vote for changes to the Constitution, 2/3 of the votes of parliamentarians is required.
What does it look like today list of main parties in the country? The first place in it is occupied by the party “ United Russia", which today has a tacitly dominant role. The basis of her political program was the ideology of “Russian conservatism,” traditionalism and economic liberalism. Headed by Dmitry Medvedev, United Russia is a pro-government structure acting in the interests of the head of state.
The main political parties in Russia - table
Features of the party system in Russia
If we compare political parties and movements in Russia with their Western counterparts, we can distinguish 2 main differences:
1. The division between left and right that exists in the West does not coincide with Russian ideas.
Western political scientists classify the parties of reformers and radicals as “left”, and conservatives who defend traditional values and existing economic orders.
In Russia, if you remember, Yegor Gaidar and his supporters who carried out economic reform were first classified as left-wing forces, and then, deciding that capitalism is a traditional system and considering Gaidar and his associates to be its defenders, they began to call his party right-wing.
Traditionally considered a leftist Communist Party of Russia, it is difficult to classify it as a reformer, since the steps it proposes do not bear the imprint of progress, rather, on the contrary.
2. The presence in Russia of a “party in power”, i.e. an organization specially created to support the leadership of the state. IN Western countries there is no such phenomenon. For them, creating a party specifically for elections or in support of a presidential candidate is not practiced.
Political parties in Russia in the 20th century were born thanks to the efforts of enthusiasts who believed in democracy and openness. In the 21st century this activity has become profitable business. For example, the famous political strategist Andrei Bogdanov mass media Authorship of about 10 games is attributed. Why are they needed?
Let's look at an example. You are going to the polls with your party, whose program focuses on the interests of the middle class. A poll shows that with such a program you can count on 10% of the vote, while your competitor, who focuses on the problems of the working class, can get 15%.
The program cannot be redrawn: the emphasis should be on one social class, otherwise you risk losing your electorate without gaining a new one in return. And here you are offered a way out: create a party focused on workers, which can potentially “take away” about 5% of the votes from your competitor.
This party puts forward a technical candidate who does not make it to the second round (the party is new, there are few chances), but “transfers” the votes received to you (asks his voters to vote for you). All 5% will not come to you, but you can get about 3%. What if there are two such parties? And what if their rating is higher and there are more votes? Then the chances of winning will become more real.
Political parties in Russia 2015, for the most part, have an already formed and established electorate, which allows them to predict the election results with a high degree of confidence. But political struggle no one has canceled it: every day the situation changes, in the end the winner is the one who is well versed in the methods of political science, has a solid financial support and has the foresight of a politician.
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Monarchist parties.
The largest and most famous are the “Union of the Russian People” (1905, leaders: A. I. Dubrovin, N. E. Markov) and “Union of the Archangel Michael” (1907, leader - V. M. Purishkevich).
The social composition was very varied, mainly dominated by representatives of the petty bourgeoisie - shopkeepers, artisans, handicraftsmen, cab drivers, etc., but among the monarchists there were also nobles, peasants, and workers. The maximum number was 100 thousand people in 1907, but there was no fixed membership. Program goals: preservation of autocracy, fight against revolution. Violence and terror, pogroms were accepted as methods of achieving them. They blamed foreigners, and above all Jews, for all the troubles; they put forward extremely nationalist, anti-Semitic slogans: “Russia for the Russians,” “Beat the Jews - save Russia.” These slogans contain the essence of these parties, which relied on the base instincts of the crowd.
Monarchist parties had great influence in the III and partly in the IV State Duma. By 1917, they actually disintegrated into smaller political entities, and after February 1917 they ceased to exist.
Liberal parties.
They can be divided into two wings - moderate-conservative and liberal-democratic.
The moderate-conservative wing was headed by the party Octobrists(“Union October 17”). It was formed in November 1905, named after the Manifesto of October 17. Leader - A.I. Guchkov. Social composition: large entrepreneurs, intelligentsia. Maximum number - 60 thousand people in 1907. Program goals: further development political freedoms granted by the Manifesto of October 17, the ideal is a limited constitutional monarchy. The methods of struggle are only parliamentary. They advocated freedom of entrepreneurship, rejection of petty tutelage on the part of the state, and against the introduction of an 8-hour working day. Supported Stolypin agrarian reform. The party enjoyed particular influence in the Third Duma. After 1917 it ceased to exist.
Other parties: Commercial and Industrial (Ryabushinsky brothers), Progressive Economic Party.
The largest party of the liberal democratic wing was ka-kids(Constitutional Democratic Party, or People's Freedom Party). Leader - P. N. Milyukov. The party was formed in October 1905 based on the unification of the Liberation Union and the left wing of the Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists. Social composition: intelligentsia. Maximum number - 100 thousand in 1907. Program goals: establishment of a constitutional system, introduction of democratic freedoms - speech, conscience, assembly, equality before the law, etc., allotment of land to peasants through alienation for payment of private property. lands, abolition of redemption payments, introduction of an 8-hour working day, freedom of strikes, unions, meetings, cultural autonomy of all peoples of Russia. The methods of struggle were parliamentary and allowed civil disobedience. The Cadets enjoyed particular influence in the First and Second State Dumas, then their influence fell somewhat, and the size of the party decreased. The initiators of the creation of the “Progressive Bloc” became active again in the IV Duma. In March - April 1917 - the party in power. The Kadet Party ceased to exist in the early 1920s.
Other parties: Progressive Party, Democratic Reform Party.
Socialist parties. They were united by a negative attitude towards the capitalist system. The ideal is a society without exploitation of man by man, i.e. socialism. They advocated radical transformations of the social and political system - the overthrow of the autocracy and the establishment of a democratic republic. They differed in ways and methods of achieving goals. The largest and most influential are the Socialist Revolutionary Party (Socialist Revolutionaries) and the RSDLP (Social Democrats).
Socialist parties can also be divided into two wings - moderate and radical.
The moderate wing was represented by the Mensheviks and the Popular Socialists.
The creation of the RSDLP was proclaimed at the First Party Congress in 1898. In 1903, at the Second Congress there was a split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Leaders Mensheviks: G. V. Plekhanov, F. I. Dan, L. Martov. Social composition: intellectuals, workers. They almost always outnumbered the Bolsheviks (for example, in 1907 there were about 100 thousand Mensheviks and 50-60 thousand Bolsheviks). Program goals: disagreed with the Bolsheviks regarding the prospects for building socialism in Russia - they believed that in Russia there were no economic prerequisites for this and a long path of capitalist development was necessary, therefore during the revolution of 1905-1907. advocated an alliance with the bourgeois parties and against the independent role of the Social Democrats. Methods of struggle: a combination of legal and illegal with a predominance of the former. The party ceased to exist by the mid-1920s.
The Socialist Revolutionary Party was formed in 1901 on the basis of populist circles. People's Socialists (enesy) separated from it in 1905. The leader is A.V. Peshekhonov. Unlike the Socialist Revolutionaries, they did not recognize terror; they emphasized legal methods of struggle. They enjoyed the greatest influence in the First and Second State Dumas, where their program was adopted by peasant deputies - Trudoviks.
The radical wing of the socialists was represented by the Socialist Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks.
Party leaders Social Revolutionaries were V.M. Chernov and M.A. Spiridonova. Social composition: intelligentsia, peasants, workers. Maximum number - 60 thousand in 1905 and before 500 thousand in 1917 d. Program goals: they considered themselves to be representatives of the interests of the peasants, therefore the main emphasis was placed on the agrarian program (the so-called socialization of the land). The methods of struggle are violent, primarily individual terror, like the populists.
Bolsheviksreceived the name due to the fact that supporters of V.I. Lenin received a majority of votes in the elections to the governing bodies of the party at the Second Congress. Leader - V.I. Lenin. Social composition: intelligentsia, workers. Program goals: minimum program —
bourgeois-democratic revolution and the overthrow of tsarism, the establishment of a democratic republic, maximum program - socialist revolution and establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat. They believed that, although in Russia there were no economic prerequisites for the transition to socialism, they could be artificially created. To do this, Social Democrats must act as an independent force, seize power and, having established the dictatorship of the proletariat, carry out the necessary transformations “from above.” This explains their boycott of the elections to the First Duma and refusal to support bourgeois parties. They spoke out for an 8-hour working day, workers' control, etc. Methods of struggle - violent, armed uprising. Since October 1917 - the party in power.
Conclusion: in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. There was a wide range of political parties. The peculiarity is that their activities were hampered in every possible way by the autocratic political regime. This predetermined the oppositional nature of most parties, the weakness of the political center, and the tendency towards increasing polarization and radicalization of socio-political forces.
