True and false compassion in the novel “F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment. Mercy and compassion in the novel "Crime and Punishment"

Mercy is the ability to have compassion, to sympathize with someone, to perceive someone else’s grief as one’s own, this forgiving love, which condescends to a person, even if he does not deserve it. According to H. Keller, “true mercy is the desire to benefit other people without thinking about reward.” A merciful person has a kind, pure heart. Such a person will never pass by the unfortunate and disadvantaged. Mercy saves a person not only physically, but also spiritually. It is capable of resurrecting the human soul.

In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" thoughts about the saving power of mercy are associated with Christian motives.

Sonya Marmeladova is a young girl of eighteen years old, the daughter from the first marriage of a drunken official Semyon Marmeladov. She used to work as a seamstress, but after her stepmother Katerina Ivanovna fell ill, money became scarce and the family went hungry.

This forced Sonya to desperate step– go with a “yellow ticket”. However, despite the fact that Sonya is a harlot, her sin did not affect her pure soul. It combines a vicious lifestyle and innocence of thoughts and feelings.

The purity of Sonya’s soul is conveyed in the description of her appearance: “a thin, but rather pretty blonde, with wonderful blue eyes.” When they perked up, “the expression on their face became so kind and simple-minded that they involuntarily attracted one to her.” She is childishly innocent, even in appearance she looks like a child: “she seemed almost like a girl, much younger than her years, almost like a child, and this sometimes even showed up funny in some of her movements.”

The image of Sonya Marmeladova embodies the idea of ​​Christian sacrifice, humility and compassion.

She, like Mary Magdalene, chooses the path of repentance.

It is to Sonya that Rodion Raskolnikov comes for support and understanding, who kills the old pawnbroker and her sister Lizaveta in order to test his theory about two types of people.

Sonya and Raskolnikov are doubles because they are both criminals. They are two complex natures that do not find understanding in the world. However, despite the similarities, they have differences. Sonya becomes a criminal for the sake of her family. She sacrifices herself, honor and dignity, in order to feed her family: “She even received a yellow ticket, because my children were starving, she sold herself for us!” Sonya is selfless and noble.

What keeps her from committing suicide is the thought of the fate of her “pathetic, half-crazy stepmother and her poor little children.

Raskolnikov later admits that he killed the old money-lender for his own sake.

Sonya maintains her faith in God despite what she has experienced. She believes in the possibility of human rebirth. The episode in which Sonya reads Raskolnikov the parable of the resurrection of Lazarus is considered one of the climaxes in the novel. She also reads spiritual revival to Raskolnikov.

Having learned about the crime, she is not afraid and does not condemn it. On the contrary, she yearns for him and calls on him to confess his crime and atone for his sin before God. When Raskolnikov goes to confess to a crime, Sonya puts on a green scarf, which is a symbol of compassion. She experiences Raskolnikov’s difficulties with him, and when he is sent to hard labor, she follows him and does not send him away at a difficult moment in his life.

With the power of her love and mercy, Sonya saves Raskolnikov and helps him to be reborn. Thanks to her, he rethinks his views and abandons his theory. Indeed, truly strong, extraordinary person not the one who was able to step over the lives of others, but the one who stepped over himself for the sake of others.

The power of Sonya's mercy helped Raskolnikov stand on true path and be reborn. She saved him from moral death.

Thus, mercy helps a person find moral guidelines and not perish spiritually. It can revive a person’s soul when it seems that there is no hope. A world without mercy is a cruel, vicious world in which there are no moral values. Based on this, we can say that mercy is the only force that can return a person to the true path.

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Mercy and compassion in the novel by F. M. Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment

I want swans to live
And from white flocks
The world has become kinder...

Songs and epics, fairy tales and stories, stories and novels of Russian writers teach us kindness, mercy and compassion. And how many proverbs and sayings have been created! “Remember good and forget evil,” “A good deed lives for two centuries,” “While you live, you do good, only the path of good is the salvation of the soul,” says folk wisdom. So what are mercy and compassion? And why today does a person sometimes bring more evil to another person than good? Probably because kindness is a state of mind when a person is able to come to the aid of others, give good advice, and sometimes just feel sorry. Not everyone is able to feel someone else's grief as their own, to sacrifice something for people, and without this there is no mercy or compassion. kind man attracts to himself like a magnet, he gives a piece of his heart, his warmth to the people around him. That is why each of us needs a lot of love, justice, sensitivity, so that we have something to give to others. We understand all this thanks to the great Russian writers and their wonderful works.

The heroes of the novel by F.M. are truly merciful and compassionate people. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". The appearance of the novel “Crime and Punishment” was the result of the writer’s generalization of the most important contradictions of the 60s. Dostoevsky pondered his work for 15 years. Even at engineering school, the future writer was interested in the topic of a strong personality and his rights. In 1865, when Dostoevsky was abroad, the plan for the future novel took shape. Based on the original plot - dramatic story Marmeladov family, then the crime story came to the fore, and central theme became the topic of moral responsibility.

“Crime and Punishment” is an ideological novel, social and philosophical in theme, tragic in the nature of the problems posed, and adventurous in its plot. The writer’s focus is on the terrible reality of Russia at the end of the 19th century, with its poverty, lack of rights, corruption and disunity of the individual, suffocating from the consciousness of his own powerlessness.

Main character In the novel, dropout student Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov commits a terrible crime - taking the life of another person - under the influence of theories popular among young people of the 60s of the 19th century. Rodion is a dreamer, a romantic, a proud and strong, noble personality, completely absorbed in the idea. The thought of murder evokes in him not only moral, but also aesthetic disgust: “The main thing: dirty, dirty, disgusting, disgusting. " the hero asks the questions: is it permissible to commit small evil for the sake of great good, does a noble goal justify a criminal means? Raskolnikov has a kind and compassionate heart, wounded by the spectacle of human suffering. The reader is convinced of this by reading the episode in which Raskolnikov wanders around St. Petersburg. The hero sees terrible pictures big city and the suffering of the people in it. He is convinced that people cannot find a way out of the social impasse. The unbearably hard life of poor workers, doomed to poverty, humiliation, drunkenness, prostitution and death, shocks him. Raskolnikov perceives other people's pain more acutely than his own. Risking his life, he saves children from the fire; shares the latter with the father of a deceased comrade; a beggar himself, he gives money for the funeral of Mameladov, whom he barely knew. But the hero understands that he cannot help everyone, being a simple student. Raskolnikov comes to the realization of his own powerlessness in the face of evil. And in despair, the hero decides to “transgress” the moral law - to kill out of love for humanity, to commit evil for the sake of good. Raskolnikov seeks power not out of vanity, but in order to really help people dying in poverty and lawlessness. Mercy and compassion are the moral laws that prompted Raskolnikov to commit a crime. The hero feels sorry for everyone: his mother, his sister, the Marmeladov family. For their sake, he committed a crime. The hero wanted to make his mother happy. She helped her children all her life, sending her son the last money, trying to make her daughter’s life easier. Raskolnikov wanted to save his sister, who lived as a companion to the landowners, from the voluptuous claims of the head of the landowner family. Rodion meets Mareladov in a tavern, where Semyon Zakharovich talks about himself. Before Raskolnikov appears a drunken official, the destroyer of his own family, who deserves sympathy, but not condescension. His unfortunate wife evokes burning compassion in Raskolnikov, but she is also guilty of the fact that, even though “the children were sick and crying, they didn’t eat,” she sent her stepdaughter to the panel... and the whole family lives in her shame, in her suffering. Raskolnikov's conclusion about the meanness of people seems inevitable. Only one thing stuck as a thorn in the hero’s mind: what is Sonya’s fault for sacrificing herself to save her sisters and brother? What are they themselves to blame for - this boy and two girls? For the sake of these children and all others, Raskolnikov decides to commit a crime. He says that children "cannot remain children." The hero explains to the frightened Sonya: “What should I do? Break what is needed once and for all, and that’s all: and take the suffering upon yourself! What? Don't you understand? Afterwards you will understand... Freedom and power, and most importantly - power! Over the entire trembling creature, over the entire anthill. "What suffering is Raskolnikov talking about? Probably about murder. He is ready to step over himself by killing a person so that subsequent generations can live in harmony with their conscience.

Raskolnikov’s tragedy is that, according to his theory, he wants to act according to the principle “everything is permitted,” but at the same time, the fire of sacrificial love for people lives in him.

In the novel, almost every character is capable of empathy, compassion and be merciful.

Sonechka transgresses through herself for others. To save the family, he goes to the panel. Sonecha finds love and compassion, a willingness to share his fate, Raskolnikov. It is to Sonechka that the hero confesses his crime. She does not judge Raskolnikov for his sin, but painfully sympathizes with him and calls on him to “suffer” and atone for his guilt before God and people. Thanks to his love for the heroine and her love for him, Rodion is resurrected to a new life. “Sonechka, Sonechka Marmelladova, eternal Sonechka, while the world stands!” - a symbol of self-sacrifice in the name of one’s neighbor and endless “insatiable” compassion.

Raskolnikov’s sister, Avdotya Romanovna, who, according to Rodion, “would rather become a Negro to a planter or a Latvian to a Baltic German than to fuel her spirit and her moral sense by a connection with a person she does not respect,” is going to marry Luzhin. Avdotya Romanovna does not love this man, but with this marriage she hopes to improve the situation not so much for herself, but for her brother and mother.

In this work, Dostoevsky showed that it is impossible to do good based on evil. That compassion and mercy cannot coexist in a person along with hatred of individual people. Here either hatred displaces compassion, or vice versa. A struggle between these feelings takes place in Raskolnikov’s soul, and in the end, mercy and compassion win.

The hero understands that he cannot live with this black spot, the murder of the old woman, on his conscience. He understands that he is a “trembling creature” and had no right to kill. Every person has the right to life. Who are we to deprive him of this right?

Mercy and compassion play a significant role in the novel. The relationships of almost all the characters are built on them: Raskolnikov and Sonechka, Raskolnikov and Dunya, Raskolnikov and the Marmeladov family, Pulkhiriya Alexandrovna and Raskolnikov, Sonya and the Marmeladovs, Sonya and Dunya. Moreover, mercy and compassion in these relationships were manifested on both sides in contact.

Yes, life is harsh. Many human qualities heroes were tested. During these trials, some became lost among vices and evil. But the main thing is that, among the vulgarity, dirt and depravity, the heroes were able to preserve, perhaps, the most important human qualities - mercy and compassion.

True and false compassion in the novel “F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”

Many Russian writers, when creating their works, considered the pressing problems of our time, exposing the vices of their time. Each era was marked by a new galaxy of questions to the understanding of which more than one generation of poets and writers devoted their work. With the development of society, literature also developed, topical topics changed, creative people new tasks arose, but one theme remained unchanged, perhaps in all centuries and times - exposing social injustice, protecting dignity " little man" This question was raised in the works of Gogol, Pushkin, Nekrasov. This theme also occupies one of the leading places in the works of Dostoevsky. A striking example of this is the novel “Crime and Punishment,” where the protest against the social and moral humiliation of the individual is coupled with the search for a force that could lead a person out of the spiritual and social crisis, from the calculating world of profit into the opposing world of kindness and truth.

Human suffering and injustice reigning in the world prompted the writer to search for various ways to save humanity, but Dostoevsky unequivocally rejects violent and revolutionary methods of influence, he does not accept the right of one person to interfere in the destinies of other people, to decide them at his own discretion, with a good purpose to justify unauthorized means. Universal happiness, which is based on the sacrifices of individual people, according to the great writer, is the same evil, ennobled by lofty words. The idea of ​​​​the inadmissibility of this “good” is fully revealed by the great writer in the novel about the “poor” student Raskolnikov. After all, the main character of the novel justifies his crime - murder, with compassion for all the “humiliated and insulted”, allowing him to “bleed according to his conscience.” But is this true? What is compassion? Co-suffer means “to suffer together.” And Raskolnikov’s suffering is directed exclusively deep into himself. What he experiences can be called rather sympathy. The thought of murder matured in his head gradually. Six months before the events described in the novel, Raskolnikov writes an article “On Crime,” where he “examined psychological state criminal throughout the entire course of the crime,” and at the same time raised the question of such a crime, which is resolved according to conscience, and therefore is not a crime as such. Subsequently, he creates a theory about two categories of people: “trembling creatures” and “those with the right.” And, naturally, he wonders about his own membership in one category or another. This is the motive for the murder. But no one recognizes himself as a criminal. Everyone is a fighter and sufferer for the truth. Raskolnikov follows the same path. At first, he hides the wrongness of his goals from himself, convincing himself that he kills only in order to “later devote himself to serving all of humanity and the common cause.” But from the very beginning he anticipates his self-deception. “We invent our own casuistry, we will learn from the Jesuits. Let’s convince ourselves that this is necessary, really necessary for a good purpose,” - this is how he speaks about his sister’s decision to marry Luzhin, but these words can also be attributed to his own internal state. The words heard in the tavern that “dozens of families saved from poverty, from decay, from death” are worth killing and robbing “an insignificant, evil old woman” are perceived by him as salvation, as a justification of his terrible plan. “I didn’t even want to lie to myself about this. ”, but still he “lies”. He is trying to replace one goal - “self-affirmation” with another - “universal happiness”. “I myself wanted good for people,” Raskolnikov says to Dunya. “I killed for myself, for myself alone,” he admits to Sonya. And this self-deception only intensifies the hero’s subsequent suffering. “Suffer together,” but Raskolnikov “cut himself off from everything and everyone as if with scissors,” opposing everyone else. And his suffering is greater because he was unable to overcome himself, that “he is a trembling creature.” Although he convinces himself that the suffering of a criminal is an indispensable sign of his rightness and greatness.

The complete opposite of Raskolnikov is Sonya Marmeladova. It is she, according to the author’s plan, who is the embodiment of true mercy and compassion. Trying to save her family from starvation, she goes out onto the street to sell her own body. Raised according to Christian commandments, she realizes that by committing such a sin, she dooms her soul to eternal torment. But compassion for hungry children, a sick stepmother, and an unhappy father turns out to be stronger than the desire to save one’s soul. At the same time, Sonechka remains true to her convictions, maintaining endless love for humanity, faith in herself and in people. “You stepped over too. You committed suicide, you ruined your life. yours (it's all the same!). ", Raskolnikov tells her. But he himself feels that it’s not “all the same.” She is for the sake of others, and he is for the sake of himself. Her “crime” did not touch her soul. In essence, Sonino’s “crime” is a feat, while Raskolnikov wants to pass off his crime as a “feat”. Sonya is having a hard time experiencing her fall, and she is also visited by thoughts of suicide, which could save her from shame. But the images of hungry, helpless children make you forget about your suffering.

Sonechka also selflessly rushes to save Raskolnikov’s soul. There is no condemnation of his atrocity; boundless mercy is manifested in her in relation to his moral suffering. And here it is just appropriate to remember that compassion means “suffering together.” Sonya sincerely suffers along with Raskolnikov, trying to find a way to save his soul. And only thanks to her efforts Raskolnikov comes to the conclusion that his theory is untenable. It is Sonya who awakens him to life and leads him to the salvation of his soul. In the epilogue, Raskolnikov kneels before the girl: “. he was resurrected, and he knew it, he felt it with his entire being renewed, and she - after all, she lived only his life!” Not a single theory in the world is capable of defeating true human mercy and compassion. This is what life is all about.

True and false Mercy and compassion in the work (Dostoevsky F. M.)

In my opinion, compassion is the ability to provide support, to share the sorrows and sorrows of a person in need. It helps you get through difficult moments, and sometimes even saves your life. It is important to be able to use this quality, because it contains humanity and humanism, without which a person’s life would be at risk.

Many writers have addressed this problem in their works. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” was no exception.

Rodion Raskolnikov is a poor student who is dissatisfied with his position in society.

He is depressed by the inequality between rich and poor. Under pressure from constant problems, Rodion suffers. He wishes better life, therefore creates a theory that, in his opinion, gives him the right to take people's lives. He is unable to accept money from his sister, because for this Dunyasha wants to enter into a marriage of convenience. For Raskolnikov, crime becomes the only way out. The main character brutally kills an old pawnbroker and her sister Lizaveta, with an unborn child.

Let's imagine if there was a person capable of understanding and sharing the hardships of Raskolnikov's fate, would a crime be committed? I think not.

Support and compassion can remove the shackles of hopelessness from a person. Rodion needed this, but, alas, no one was able to help him before the murder.

After the crime, Raskolnikov realizes the inconsistency of his theory. Torment and remorse become worse than any punishment. It is almost impossible to live normally with such a burden on the soul. Sonechka Marmeladova, a girl with a “yellow” ticket, but with an incredibly pure, unspoiled soul, helps the hero to be reborn spiritually. She wants to help Rodion with all her heart. In the episode where Raskolnikov confesses to her that he has committed a crime, Sonya does not condemn him for his sin, but sympathizes with him and calls for nationwide repentance.

She forces the student to pray to cleanse himself before God. Recognition from the people gives Raskolnikov a chance to new life. He is relieved and ready to be punished.

Sonya saw in Rodion, first of all, a person, and only then a criminal. She really knew how to sympathize and thus saved the student.

I believe that being compassionate is being human and treating others the way you would like to be treated. And this is so important in our world.

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Dostoevsky Fyodor “Crime and Punishment”, Dostoevsky Fyodor “Idiot” (crossover)
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Having recently re-read some of the work of Fyodor Mikhailovich, my favorite writer, I decided to think a little about the topic of mercy and compassion in his magnificent works.

The article is written using the example of the novels “The Idiot”, “Crime and Punishment”, an excerpt from “The Brothers Karamazov” - Boys and the story “Poor People”

It's enough to think about yourself alone,
live for yourself alone, look around,
won't you see something for your worries?
more noble than your boots.
F. M. Dostoevsky “Poor People”

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky is a humanist writer, psychologist of human souls, and a patriot of his homeland. Yes, yes, a patriot, and his patriotism rested on a deep faith in the spiritual strength of the people. “I don’t want a society where I couldn’t do evil, but one where I could do all sorts of evil, but didn’t want to do it myself...” the writer himself said.
All the great novels of Fyodor Mikhailovich from Crime and Punishment to The Brothers Karamazov are filled with faith, compassion and mercy.

Main goodies his novels, starting with Sonya Marmeladova and Prince Myshkin and ending with Elder Zosima and Alyosha Karamazov, preach these Christian commandments to one's neighbor, be it friend or enemy.

We see human tragedy, moral and physical death of people in the novel “Crime and Punishment”. And only one single force can change the order of things - mercy and compassion. The main character Raskolnikov himself, his family, as well as the Marmeladov family, revealed by the author with amazing depth and psychoanalysis, expect understanding and compassion from society. The poverty of these people threatens to ultimately turn into a thing that can be exchanged, sold, or simply thrown away, like throwing away an old sofa whose springs have already come out over time. Each of them needs moral support, a drop of mercy in a sea filled with tears of loneliness and sadness, a simple, but at the same time, such an important feeling of closeness of a stranger. And in the cruel world of the novel we see that not everything is lost; there are enough examples of not only human indifference, but also active sympathy. Rodion Raskolnikov himself helps the Marmeladov family, leaving his last money on the window, while visitors to the tavern, who heard the confession of the poor official, greet him with ridicule. A policeman helps a girl on the boulevard, but random passers-by didn’t even stop nearby (and they looked with obvious disgust and contempt, where can there be mercy?!). The repentant Svidrigailov could not look at Katerina Ivanovna’s needy children. So what is compassion? To co-suffer means to “suffer together,” and Svidrigailov’s suffering was not directed exclusively into himself. Even Lebezyatnikov can’t stand the sight human humiliation and helps out Sonya, who was falsely accused of theft. And all these are not isolated, random scenes. We see that the feeling of mercy is inherent in a person, the relationships of almost all heroes are built on it, it determines beauty human soul, saves the world from complete collapse and is main faith to the best.

Dostoevsky himself said: “The human heart has become clouded...” - these reflections pushed him to the consciousness of a completely new image of a hero, different from everyone, not similar to those who preceded him. The image of Prince Lev Myshkin is the center of the entire novel and a truly “positively wonderful person,” the embodiment of kindness, naivety and honesty. This hero, having once said, “Now I’m going to people,” was preparing himself for a certain mission and was ready to “do his job honestly and firmly” - he had to suffer, because suffering, in his own words, “is the most important and perhaps to be the only law of existence of all mankind.” He had to walk the earthly path with all people together, accept them all into his soul with all their melancholy and sins, and become everyone’s brother. His activity and participation in human destinies should awaken in people the dormant desire to “do” good. He fulfilled his mission: he loved everyone and suffered for everyone. Let us remember the episode with the slap in the face from the proud Ganya Ivolgin. “Oh, how ashamed you will be of your action!” - the hero says to a person who tramples on his own dignity; such a person exposes himself to humiliation. Isn't this mercy? Lev Myshkin can calmly, on equal terms, talk with a lackey, not paying attention to his unequal origin and position in society; he is filled with “purity of moral feeling,” and therefore his conversation is courteous, reverent and polite. The hero put aside all conventions and principles. Can't this be called mercy? The prince wants to help all people - kind words, compassion, participation, he forgives human selfishness, realizing that its causes are misunderstanding and loneliness.
With his love and suffering, the prince awakens in each of those he meets the highest, purest and noblest. He inspires people, yes, yes! people accustomed to falsehood, selfishness and cruelty, self-interest and greed are being reborn. These are the miracles that mercy can create.

Let's take the passage "Boys". Here, as in other works, the world of the human soul is revealed, in particular the theme of childhood, childhood suffering and views on the world. We hear the author's pain and despair in these lines that he is trying to convey to us, the readers. The main characters - Alyosha, Snegirev, Ilyusha, Kostya Krasotkin - undergo changes in their souls, develop, and follow their own paths in life. They discover joy, bright feelings, empathy, compassion, the ability to forgive and love. Alyosha Karamazov goes through a real path to compassion, mercy, kindness, and the ability to appreciate not only external beauty- the shell, but also true beauty the souls of people through suffering, pain and loss. We can say that he is a ray from heaven, foreshadowing a bright future, even if he himself is a “small-grown-up” child at heart. The hero personifies peace, goodness, mercy, for example, protecting Ilya from flying stones. This man played his role in the lives of each of the boys, uniting them and guiding them on the path of goodness, justice and happiness.

Speaking of mercy, one cannot help but recall the story “Poor People,” the originality of which lies in the fact that the work consists of letters. This allows the author to reveal the theme of the “little man”, sympathize with his grief, and rejoice at his little joys. The hero of the story, Makar Devushkin, is a semi-impoverished official who lives on his own inner life. His letters are the only opportunity to open up to the girl Varenka. In them he writes about his modest way of life, thoughts and inner feelings. His money is barely enough to live on, but this poor but big-hearted man begins to help Varya, who has become a victim of social ill-being. Makar realized how difficult it must be for her to be completely alone in St. Petersburg. It turns out that the poor will help the even poorer, this is the heroism of the hero’s mercy. He cut all his expenses to the minimum in order to buy her geraniums or grapes, not thinking at all about the fact that he had taken his salary in advance and now had nothing to live on. And the hero does not at all expect any reward for good; on the contrary, he believes that the world is not perfect. In the person of this noble man, Dostoevsky shows us how much beauty, pure and good lies even in the most limited human nature. Sometimes a person who has absolutely nothing himself gives this very “nothing” without a trace, knows how to compassion and love.

In depicting human suffering and injustice reigning in the world, F.M. Dostoevsky expresses his own pain and suffering. The author is looking for his own ways to save humanity, he longs for happiness for people humiliated and insulted by fate, he reverently and compassionately treats anyone, even the most humiliated person. This is the humanity of all his works. This is the greatness of the task that the writer set for himself: “restoration dead person, crushed unfairly by the pressure of circumstances... justification for the humiliated and rejected parties of society"

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In order not to depart from the source of this prophetic remark, let us turn to one of the wonderful creations of F. M. Dostoevsky, “The Idiot.”
The main character of the novel, Prince Lev Nikolaevich Myshkin, is an example of Christian consciousness in the author’s view. He is infinitely kind, all-forgiving, and has a keen understanding of human souls. However, the world surrounding the hero is far from ideal. Myshkin fails to save Nastasya Filippovna from death, nor to protect Rogozhin from committing a crime, nor to keep Aglaya from taking a rash step. However, Myshkin himself also cannot stand the weight of the world and his hidden guilt before these people. Ironically calling his hero an idiot, while the novel was intended to be “positively wonderful person", the author describes in detail the social environment into which the character finds himself. His heroes are all one and the same - sinners overwhelmed by passions, who, according to Aglaya, are not worth lifting Prince Myshkin’s handkerchief - not being able to understand their own sins and passions, they are drawn to him as to light. He is pure at heart. He consoles everyone who simply tells him that they want to repent. His attitude towards Nastasya Filippovna is determined at the moment when he sees her portrait: “Oh, if only it were good! Everything would have been saved,” but, realizing that she is not kind, but on the contrary, under the feeling of her grave guilt, she herself is ready to mock the right and wrong, he decides for himself that she is insane. She is not crazy, but rather possessed, and in order to heal her, Christ is really needed, and Myshkin, with all his kindness and purity, does not have firmness in the fight against evil, in renouncing the evil one. He does not see evil in the world, for him all people are good, all are unhappy and all suffer. Dostoevsky thinks differently. He places his hero in a world of squabbles, strife and sins. Myshkin manages with his selflessness to return partly to the path of truth, albeit short term, Ganya Ivolgina, but this act as a whole is not justified.
Essentially, compassion is manifested when a person forgets about his immediate, selfish interests and gives all he can to his neighbor in need. If a person is capable of such an act, it means that he is sure that nothing will happen to him, he will not suffer, because the Lord is protecting him, and the one who is in need really needs help, because he has turned away from God and does not believe in his help . For Dostoevsky, compassion is inextricably linked with faith, and what can save the soul if not faith. Thus, the selfish man retreats before the spiritual man. The body suffers, but the soul belongs to God, and therefore the writer sees the source of mental torment in spiritual blindness, in the inability to find divine providence in the events of life. This inability comes from human cowardice, lack of true faith, fear for something vain, while the soul is tormented and suffering without finding true light in the darkness. Compassion, the ability to feel with one’s soul and partly take upon oneself the suffering of another person, his mental anguish, and thereby renounce one’s own egoism, at least for a short moment, show strength human spirit, what if it is not the spiritual organization that determines the meaning of human existence. Thus, Prince Myshkin represents the embodied meaning of the writer’s spiritual quest. Another question is that the environment is pretentiously ugly and what they want from him is not Christian love at all, and this, in the writer’s understanding, is a grave sin. Dostoevsky had the right ideas about the spiritual essence, but the main conflict of the work is in the desire to be clean and the dirt of the surrounding environment, which in turn deprives the heroes of faith in their power to change something. They cannot correct their lives, but they can remain human in this environment - forgive, love, and have compassion. This is what the writer defines as the meaning of human existence. The awakening of the spiritual essence is a major breakthrough for its heroes. When this awakening occurs, a person remembers his purpose, the meaning of his existence, the actions he has previously committed in a darkened consciousness are justified. He justifies both Raskolnikov and Rogozhin. Suffering formally atones for guilt, while compassion and the discovery of the spiritual essence lift a person to a new stage of development. He won't be the same anymore. He who knows compassion renounces evil, his life is filled with love, light and grace. This is exactly what Myshkin wants. So that people remember their conscience, pray for their neighbors, and feel sorry for their enemies. And even though he didn’t achieve much, he didn’t live in vain. Returned from madness to the world of the darkened by reason, he was forced to drink his cup of suffering. The connection between suffering and madness is visible, for only the insane, having turned away from God, begin to suffer, and those who remain with God experience grace and understanding of divine providence, and not suffering. Prince Myshkin's pure intention to help people obviously justifies his existence, since his compassion for them heals souls and bestows strength from God.

  • “Life is boring without a moral goal...” (F. M. Dostoevsky). (Based on the works of A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, F. M. Dostoevsky) - -
  • “This is the sign of real art, that it is always modern, vital, useful...” (F. M. Dostoevsky). The great Russian poet N. A. Zabolotsky (ideals, creativity, fate) - -

"There is compassion highest form human existence." At all times, Russian people have had this spiritual quality like compassion. That is why people over the centuries have developed a special attitude towards people who suffer, especially those offended by nature, with physical defects.

Those around them treated them with a certain amount of pity, sympathy and at the same time condescension. From here and almost loving relationship to holy fools, dwarfs, “God’s” old women. Offending such a person was considered a great sin. Moreover, they used to believe that helping the suffering in itself entailed atonement for even the most serious sins. Perhaps this is why in the 19th century many wealthy families kept so-called hangers-on and hangers-on.

The desire to free oneself from sins could even prompt such a stingy soul as the heroine of M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin’s novel “The Golovlevs,” Arina Petrovna, to feed such an unfortunate soul. The attitude of the Russian person towards suffering itself, which is perceived as a test on the path to spiritual purification, is also surprising. Of course, such a character trait of the Russian people could not go unnoticed by writers, since human feelings and spiritual impulses have interested writers at all times. This problem is addressed differently in works of art. Writers had far different understandings and perceptions of the significance of experiences, spiritual torments and torments for the formation of a certain worldview of a person. However, the majority still came to the conclusion that without a certain amount of suffering and the emergence of compassion for living beings, the formation of a normally harmonious personality is generally impossible.

Of course, one of the first researchers of this Russian phenomenon was great writer F. M. Dostoevsky, who in his literary works I tried to draw the attention of readers not to the physical, but to the spiritual suffering of the common man.

In the novel “Crime and Punishment,” the image of Sonechka Marmepadova was wonderfully created. A girl who suffers and at the same time has a pronounced inclination towards compassion is forced to sell her body, live in the dirt, for the sake of a certain well-being of her family. However, despite the physical dirt, she is able to retain the purest thing in herself - her bright soul. Sonya perceives her life as a test that must be passed with humility and with God's word on her lips. Almost all the heroes of Dostoevsky's works are subjected to this great test through suffering. Sometimes one gets the impression that Mikhail Fedorovich simply does not understand and does not notice people who do not know how to suffer and do not themselves feel a craving for compassion, since these two interconnected feelings are a kind of measure of human holiness and meanness. Dostoevsky's heroes, suffering and tormented, each reveal themselves to the reader in their own way. Moreover, not everyone is able to withstand this test. Suffering pushes Raskolnikov to commit a serious crime - the murder of an old money-lender; Marmeladov, unable to bear it, becomes addicted to alcohol. However, more often than not, suffering actually purifies and somehow elevates a person. So, for example, the oppressor and ardent admirer of Dunya Svidrigailovlod, through the action of suffering from unrequited love, on the contrary, begins to perform good deeds that seem to be out of character for him. He deliberately refuses to marry a very young girl, leaving her money and stopping her mother’s desire to “sell” her daughter for a profit. He is actively concerned about the placement of Katerina Ivanovna’s children in decent conditions after the death of their mother. educational institutions and leaves them his money.

As a result, Raskolnikov, through suffering, as well as sympathy and love for Sonya, reconsiders his life attitudes and abandons his destructive theory. Thus, suffering people simply need the compassion of others. Dostoevsky showed in the best possible way that many, falling into difficult situation, are no longer able to correctly assess the situation and protect themselves from the vicissitudes of reality. That's why they're still in to a greater extent must count on the support and understanding of family and friends. Only in this case is their revival and return to normal life. Katerina Ivanovna understands this well when, without hesitation, she rushes to defend Sonya, accused of theft by Luzhin. Her personal tragedy only sharpens her sense of justice and compassion. The stepmother does not believe in Sonya’s guilt, even at the moment when money is found in the girl’s pocket. According to the writer, suffering atones for any guilt and at the same time can touch even the toughest person. This is perfectly demonstrated by the heroes of another Russian writer A.S. Pushkin. Masha's plight, main character novel " Captain's daughter“, even such an embittered and hardened heart as Pugachev’s could not help but touch. He, feeling a sense of compassion for the girl who had lost her parents and was imprisoned by her former admirer, managed to forgive the deception. The chieftain lets her and Grinev go in peace. Compassion and reverent attitude towards the suffering of others can often cool even the most irreconcilable rage and evoke sympathy for the enemy. So this feeling prompted General Mironov to stop the torture of the Bashkir envoy Pugachev. The messenger's plight evokes sympathy among those around him: a pitiful, hunched figure, lack of ears, nose and tongue. On Grineva appearance The Bashkir made a depressing impression. He concludes that whatever crime this man committed, he should not be punished in such a barbaric manner. Often suffering is not only a test for the person in distress, but also for the people around him. At the same time, everyone is able to respond differently to a similar situation of a loved one or acquaintance: someone will try to restore justice, someone will prefer to stay on the sidelines, and someone will not take advantage of the current situation and will derive some benefit for themselves.

Luzhin, for example, knows very well that Dunya does not love him, she is marrying only out of a hopeless situation, and even he is guided in his choice not by feelings, but by a certain calculation. However, this does not stop him at all; until the last moment he makes plans to reunite with the girl. Shvabrin, who took advantage troubled times, and the defenselessness of his beloved, locks Masha in the room, forcing her to marry him.

And Porfiry Golovlev, the main character of M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin’s novel “The Golovlev Gentlemen,” does not feel guilty at all when he takes the money of his brothers and mother. Thus, each of the heroes, taking advantage of someone else’s grief, manifests himself and is far from being the best side. Luzhin is driven by selfishness and the desire for power over the weaker. Shvabrin is trying to take revenge for his wounded pride. Golovlev is overcome by a feeling of greed and money-grubbing. However, no matter how the plot turns, everyone bears a certain responsibility for the one who is nearby and experiences suffering. Lack of sympathy for such people is certainly punished according to deserts. None of the offenders listed above finds either happiness or peace in their lives. The heaviness of what they have done settles like a heavy burden in their souls. Luzhin is rejected. Shvabrin is brought to justice, and his slander against Grinev is successfully refuted. Porfiry Golovlev is forced to spend the rest of his life alone. Feeling guilty, he tries to get to his mother’s grave at night and freezes on the road.

That is, the lack of compassion for other people makes a person spiritually poorer, destroys his personality and brings all sorts of troubles to him.

Raskolnikov Rodion Romanovich - a poor and humiliated student, main character novel "Crime and Punishment". The author of the work is Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich. To provide a psychological counterbalance to the theory of Rodion Romanovich, the writer created the image of Sonya Marmeladova. Both characters are at a young age. Raskolnikov and Sonya Marmeladova, faced with a difficult life situation, don't know what to do next.

The image of Raskolnikov

At the beginning of the story, the reader notices Raskolnikov’s inappropriate behavior. The hero is nervous all the time, he is constantly anxious, and his behavior seems suspicious. In the course of events, one can understand that Rodion is a man who is obsessed with his idea. All his thoughts are about the fact that people are divided into two types. The first type is the “higher” society, and this is where he also includes his personality. And the second type is “trembling creatures”. He first published this theory in a newspaper article called “On Crime.” From the article it becomes clear that the “higher ones” have the right to ignore moral laws and destroy “trembling creatures” to achieve their personal goals. According to Raskolnikov's description, these poor people need biblical commandments and morals. The new legislators who will govern the gray masses can be considered “higher”; Bonaparte is an example for such legislators. But Raskolnikov himself, on the way to the “highest”, commits actions on a completely different level, without even noticing it.

The life story of Sonya Marmeladova

The reader learns about the heroine from the story of her father, which was addressed to Rodion Romanovich. Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov is an alcoholic, lives with his wife (Katerina Ivanovna), and has three small children. His wife and children are starving, Sonya is Marmeladov’s daughter from his first wife, she rents an apartment “after Semyon Zakharovich tells Raskolnikov that her daughter went to such a life because of her stepmother, who reproached her for “drinking, eating and using warmth ", that is, a parasite. This is how the Marmeladov family lives. The truth is that she herself is an unrequited girl, does not hold a grudge, “bends every effort” to help her sick stepmother and hungry stepbrothers and sisters, not to mention my own father who is sick with alcoholism. Semyon Zakharovich shares his memories of how he found and lost his job, how he drank away the uniform that his daughter bought with her earned money, and how he has the conscience to ask his daughter for money “for a hangover.” Sonya gave him the last, never reproaching him for it.

The tragedy of the heroine

The fate of Sonya Marmeladova is in many ways similar to the situation of Rodion. They play the same role in society. Rodion Romanovich lives in the attic in a squalid little room. How the author sees this room: the cell is small, about 6 steps, and has a poor appearance. Tall man feels uncomfortable in such a room. Raskolnikov is so poor that it is no longer possible, but to the surprise of the reader he feels well, his spirit has not fallen. The same poverty forced Sonya to go out into the streets in order to earn money. The girl is unhappy. Her fate is cruel to her. But the heroine’s moral spirit is not broken. On the contrary, in seemingly inhuman conditions, Sonya Marmeladova finds the only way out worthy of a person. She chooses the path of religion and self-sacrifice. The author shows us the heroine as a person who is capable of empathizing with the pain and suffering of others, while being unhappy. A girl can not only understand another, but also direct him towards the right way, forgive, accept someone else's suffering. So, we see how the heroine shows pity for Katerina Ivanovna, calls her “fair, child,” and unhappy. Sonya saves her children, then takes pity on her dying father. This, like other scenes, inspires both sympathy and respect for the girl. And it is not at all surprising that Rodion would then share his mental anguish with Sophia.

Raskolnikov and Sonya Marmeladova

Rodion decided to tell his secret to Sophia, but not to Porfiry Petrovich. She, in his opinion, was, like no one else, capable of judging him according to her conscience. Moreover, her opinion will differ significantly from Porfiry’s court. Raskolnikov, despite his crime, longed for human understanding, love, and sensitivity. He wanted to see that one" high society", who is able to bring him out of darkness and support him. Raskolnikov's hopes for understanding from Sophia were justified. Rodion Romanovich cannot make contact with people. It begins to seem to him that everyone is mocking him and knows that it was he who did it. The exact opposite His vision is true to Sonya Marmeladova. The girl stands for humanity, philanthropy, and forgiveness. Having learned about his crime, she does not reject him, but, on the contrary, hugs, kisses and says in unconsciousness that “there is no one more merciless in the world now.”

Real life

Despite all this, periodically Rodion Romanovich returns to earth and notices everything that is happening in real world. On one of these days, he witnesses a drunken official Semyon Marmeladov being run over by a horse. During his last words, the author describes Sofya Semyonovna for the first time. Sonya was short, she was about eighteen. The girl was thin, but pretty, blonde, with attractive blue eyes. Sonya comes to the scene of the accident. on her lap. She sends her younger sister to find out where Raskolnikov lives in order to return him the money he gave for his father's funeral. After a while, Sophia goes to Rodion Romanovich to invite him to the wake. This is how she shows her gratitude to him.

Father's wake

At the event, a scandal arises due to the fact that Sonya is accused of theft. Everything was resolved peacefully, but Katerina Ivanovna and her children were evicted from the apartment. Now everyone is doomed to death. Raskolnikov is trying to find out from Sophia, if it were her will, if she could kill Luzhin, the man who unfairly slandered her, saying that she was a thief. Sophia gave a philosophical answer to this question. Rodion Romanovich finds something familiar in Sonya, probably the fact that they were both rejected.

He tries to see understanding in her, because his theory is wrong. Now Rodion is ready for self-destruction, and Sonya is “a daughter who was evil and consumptive to her stepmother, who betrayed herself to strangers and minors.” Sofya Semyonovna relies on her moral guideline, which is important and clear for her - this is wisdom, which is described in the Bible as cleansing suffering. Raskolnikov, of course, shared with Marmeladova a story about his action, listening to him, she did not turn away from him. Here the truth of Sonya Marmeladova is in the manifestation of feelings of pity and sympathy for Rodion. The heroine convinced him to go and repent of what he had done, based on the parable that she studied in the Bible about the resurrection of Lazarus. Sonya agrees to share the hard everyday life of hard labor with Rodion Romanovich. This is not only how Sonya Marmeladova’s mercy is manifested. She does this in order to cleanse herself, because she believes that she is violating the biblical commandments.

What unites Sophia and Rodion

How can you characterize Marmeladova and Raskolnikov at the same time? For example, the convicts who serve time in the same cell with Rodion Romanovich adore Sonya, who regularly visits him, but treat him with contempt. They want to kill Raskolnikov and constantly make fun of him that it is not the king’s business to “carry an ax in his bosom.” Sofya Semyonovna has had her own ideas about people since childhood and adheres to them throughout her life. She never looks down on people and has respect and regret for them.

Conclusion

I would like to draw a conclusion based on the mutual relationships of the main characters in the novel. What was the significance of Sonya Marmeladova’s truth? If Sofya Semyonovna had not appeared on the path of Rodion Romanovich with her life values ​​and ideals, then he would have ended very soon in the painful agony of self-destruction. This is the truth of Sonya Marmeladova. Due to such a plot in the middle of the novel, the author has the opportunity to logically complete the images of the main characters. Two different views and two analyzes of the same situation give the novel credibility. The truth of Sonya Marmeladova is contrasted with the theory of Rodion and his worldview. The famous Russian writer was able to breathe life into the main characters and safely resolve all the worst things that happened in their lives. Such completeness of the novel puts “Crime and Punishment” next to the greatest works that are on the list of world literature. Every schoolchild, every student should read this novel.

Kindness and cruelty are one of the eternal themes that are found both in literature and in life. In F. M. Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment, these two contrasting concepts go side by side and form a dramatic intensity of passions. What will the heroes choose? Good or evil? Virtue or cruelty?

  1. Raskolnikov shows by his example how both kindness and cruelty can be combined in one person. The main character is by nature very kind and merciful - he loves his sister and mother very much, is kind to the Marmeladov family, does not spare money for Marmeladov’s funeral, and sincerely sympathizes with Sonya. In addition, the author focuses on Rodion’s dream, where he returns to childhood. In a dream, a boy feels sorry for a horse that is being beaten by men to the point of tears. At the same time, a cruel theory about the division of people into “trembling creatures” and “those with the right” is maturing in his head. The same man kills the old pawnbroker and her sister. In Raskolnikov’s soul throughout the entire work there is internal struggle between kindness and cruelty. In the finale, the reader sees the hero’s sincere repentance, the victory of good over evil. But still, both of these qualities coexisted in him, as in many other people.
  2. Sonya Marmeladova is also an example of how evil can fight good within the confines of one heart. The heroine herself is very gentle, sensitive, meek. This heroine is an example of Christian humility and love for others. Under the pressure of life circumstances, Sonya is forced to commit an act cruel to herself and her conscience - to sell herself, her body. But she does this for the sake of love for her neighbors. Without the money she earned, her stepmother and children could simply die of hunger. And now it turns out that the basis of the heroine’s cruel act is the purest and truest goodness. Unfortunately, sacrifice in the name of bright ideals is rarely without cruelty, but, nevertheless, Sonya’s example proves that a person can win dark side your soul and maintain virtue no matter what.
  3. Cruelty and goodness also fight in Svidrigailov’s soul. If you believe Luzhin’s gossip, it turns out that Svidrigailov is a real criminal who has committed not just one thing, but a whole series cruel acts. He is responsible for rape, murder and molestation of young children. Although the author does not provide reliable confirmation of these acts, the reader still sees Svidrigailov as a criminal. On the other hand, the writer talks about how the hero helps Sonya Marmeladova and Katerina Ivanovna. Dostoevsky assigns such contrasting actions to one hero in order to show his versatility along with the versatility of the world around him. Good coexists with evil, both in an individual hero and in the entire novel.
  4. Evil for the sake of good - this is how Raskolnikov tried to justify an act that was cruel in nature. He killed the old woman-pawnbroker for the sake of money that he planned to spend on good purposes. Together with her, the hero also killed her sister, who, by fateful chance, ended up at the crime scene. The author shows that cruelty and anger cannot become the basis of something bright and kind. Rodion could not change anything for the better; the situation in the city only worsened due to his actions. There was more violence, more aggression, but no less social injustice, which the hero wanted to eradicate. Raskolnikov, through mental tossing and suffering, comes to the point that he repents of his actions. However, Alena Ivanovna and Lizaveta cannot be brought back by this repentance. Therefore, cruelty cannot be a weapon to achieve a good goal. Its consequences are always tragic and, unfortunately, irreversible.
  5. Sometimes we believe that we have the right to treat other people without kindness because we consider them unworthy good attitude. For example, these are the people who surrounded Raskolnikov and aroused in him feelings of hatred, anger and cruelty. Luzhin and Svidrigailov are the embodiment of extreme egoism, which forced the protagonist to despise these gentlemen. Rodion at first sight feels antipathy towards them, but during their communication the author makes it clear that the unpleasant interlocutors are just Raskolnikov’s doubles. A rapist and a calculating liar really do not deserve respect, but they need forgiveness and compassion, because they are people like everyone else, just entangled in the intricacies of vice. Rodion was also confused, and Sonya’s mercy gave him a chance to reform. However, without him, he would have ended his sinful life the way Svidrigailov did. Did he have the moral right to cruelly condemn the groom and former employer sisters? No, because he himself could not boast of holiness. None of us has the right to condemn our neighbor, for none of us can call ourselves an impeccable moral authority. This means that we all must treat each other kindly, only in this way can we make each other better.
  6. Each of us needs a good friend in moments when life path becomes especially thorny. Therefore, society will always highly value kindness in a person. For example, Rodion was saved by Sonya Marmeladova, the embodiment of light, goodness and love. The girl accepted the hero’s bitter confession and did not condemn him. She supported the criminal, not rejected him. Therefore, Raskolnikov reached out to Sonya - she taught him to love, forgive, be meek and humble. Then Rodion realized his guilt, his mistakes. The hero’s conscious repentance is a very difficult and courageous step towards realizing the truth and the beginning of a new, pure path, from which, I want to believe, he will never leave.

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