Imaginary friendship between fathers and sons. The theme of friendship in I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” (School essays)

After its publication in 1862, Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” caused a literal flurry of critical articles. None of the public camps accepted Turgenev’s new creation. Liberal criticism could not forgive the writer for the fact that representatives of the aristocracy, hereditary nobles, are depicted ironically, that the “plebeian” Bazarov constantly mocks them and turns out to be morally superior to them. Democrats perceived the novel's protagonist as an evil parody.

But all these facts, it seems to me, speak in favor of I.S. Turgenev. Like a true artist, a creator, he was able to guess the dictates of the era, the emergence of a new type, the type of democrat commoner, who replaced the progressive nobility.

The main problem posed by the writer in the novel is already heard in its title: “Fathers and Sons.” This name has a double meaning. On the one hand, this is a generational problem - eternal problem classical literature, on the other hand, the conflict between two socio-political forces operating in Russia in the 60s of the 19th century: liberals and democrats.

The characters in the novel are grouped depending on which socio-political grouping we can attribute them to.

The point is that main character Bazarov turns out to be the only representative of the “children” camp, the camp of commoner democrats, and all the other heroes are in the hostile camp.

The central place in the novel is occupied by the figure of a new man - Evgeny Bazarov. He is presented as one of those young leaders who “want to fight.” Others are people of the older generation who do not share Bazarov’s revolutionary democratic beliefs. They are depicted as petty, weak-willed people, with narrow, limited interests. The novel presents nobles and commoners of two generations - “fathers” and “children”. Turgenev shows how a commoner democrat acts in an environment alien to him.

In Maryino, Bazarov is a guest who differs in his “new” appearance from his landowner owners. They are considered friends with Arkady, although their relationship cannot be called friendship, because friendship is impossible without mutual understanding, friendship cannot be based on the subordination of one to the other. Throughout the entire novel, the subordination of a weak nature to a stronger one is observed: Arkady to Bazarov. Over time, Arkady stops blindly repeating Bazarov’s judgments and opinions of the nihilist. The difference between the heroes is visible in their behavior in Kirsanov’s “empire”. Bazarov is busy with work, studying nature, Arkady is sybaritic and does nothing. The fact that Bazarov is a man of action can be seen immediately from his red bare hand. Yes, indeed, in any environment, in any home, he tries to get busy. His main business is the natural sciences, the study of nature and testing theoretical discoveries in practice.

Passion for science is typical feature cultural life Russia in the 60s, which means that Bazarov keeps up with the times, works, practices medicine, conducts experiments. Arkady is the complete opposite. He doesn’t do anything; none of the serious matters really captivates him. For him, the main thing is comfort and peace.

They approach art completely differently. Bazarov denies Pushkin, and unfoundedly. Arkady is trying to prove to him the greatness of the poet. Arkady is always neat, tidy, well dressed, and has aristocratic manners. Bazarov does not consider it necessary to follow the rules good manners, so important in noble life. This is reflected in all his actions, habits, manners, speeches, and appearance.

A disagreement arose between “friends” in a conversation about the role of nature in human life. Here Arkady’s resistance to Bazarov’s views is already visible; gradually the “student” emerges from the power of the “teacher.” Bazarov hates many, but Arkady has no enemies. "You gentle soul, a weakling,” says Bazarov, realizing that Arkady can no longer be his associate. The “disciple” cannot live without principles. Arkady is a person belonging to the old generation, the generation of “fathers”. But Bazarov appears before us as a person belonging to a new generation that replaced the “fathers” who were unable to solve the main problems of the era.

Pisarev very accurately assesses the reasons for the disagreements between the “student” and the “teacher”, between Arkady and Bazarov: “Bazarov’s attitude towards his comrade casts a bright streak of light on his character; Bazarov has no friend, because he has not yet met a person who would not give in to him. Bazarov’s personality closes in on itself, because outside of it and around it there are almost no elements related to it at all.”

Arkady wants to be the son of his century, trying to use Bazarov's ideas, but this is impossible, since he belongs to the category of people who are always looked after and always do not notice the care over themselves. Bazarov treats him patronizingly and almost always mockingly; he understands that their paths will diverge.

June 14 2011

The novel “Fathers and Sons” by Turgenev was written in 1862. As D.I. Pisarev notes, it is devoid of both beginning and ending. There is no clear, deliberate plan here. But at the same time, the novel describes completely different types and characters, and there are vividly drawn pictures. Here you can clearly feel Turgenev’s attitude towards his characters and the events unfolding on the pages of the novel.

At the beginning of the novel we see that Arkady is completely under the influence of his friend Bazarov. Despite the fact that he often gets into arguments with him, he idolizes his older friend. Arriving home, Arkady is even somewhat embarrassed by his family in front of Bazarov. He speaks deliberately casually with his father and uncle, trying to show that he is already quite mature and independent. Unlike Bazarov, Arkady is still just emerging as a... He absorbs everything new and quickly falls under the influence of those around him. So, for example, Odintsova, having a great understanding of people, immediately begins to treat Arkady as a younger brother. Despite the admiration for Bazarov, already at the beginning of the novel one can notice differences in the views of the friends. Arkady is more humane, gentle, he does not reject feelings, he loves art and nature. Bazarov is interesting to the young man as a strong independent personality, but it cannot be said that Arkady unconditionally accepts all his friend’s reasoning. He is dissatisfied when a friend, with his usual cynicism, reflects on his relatives young man, about Anna Sergeevna Odintsova, and in general about the people around her. Bazarov treats Arkady more as an obedient student and comrade-in-arms than as a friend. All arguments with a friend are somewhat instructive in nature. When a young man calls on a friend to take pity on Pavel Petrovich, Bazarov sharply replies that he does not consider a man “who put his whole life at stake.” female love", a real man, a "male". Next comes the idea that “every person must educate himself.” Bazarov does not hesitate to set himself as an example, knowing that Arkady is fascinated by his ideas as a nihilist. The more the young man gets to know his friend, the closer he gets to know him, the more often the thought arises that Bazarov is contradicting himself. So, for example, he notices with surprise that Evgeny feels shy in front of Odintsova and behaves unnaturally cheekily. Although he had previously convinced Arkady that the relationship between a man and a woman can be fully explained from a physiological point of view. The young man subtly senses the change in Bazarov when he falls in love with Anna Sergeevna. At first, he feels jealous and upset about the current state of affairs. However, he quickly resigns himself, recognizing the superiority of his friend, and directs all his attention to Odintsova’s younger sister Ekaterina Sergeevna.

I think Bazarov is attracted to Arcadia by his youth, freshness of perception, liveliness of feelings. He is somewhat flattered by his younger friend's reverent attitude towards himself. He condescends to Arkady, easily refuting all his friend’s arguments about feelings, women, and art. Arcadia has something that Bazarov does not have: a naive, unclouded perception of the world by cynicism, the ability to enjoy life and find the bright sides in it.

A split in the relationship between friends begins to emerge in Maryino, in Arkady’s house. The young man does not agree with Bazarov’s opinion that Nikolai Petrovich is a “retired man” and “his song is over.” Arkady is not able to “throw away” a person, even if his views are outdated. Whether it's a father or just stranger. The culmination of the tension in the relationship between friends can be considered the moment when Bazarov speaks out about Sitnikov’s arrival: “I need such boobies... it’s not for the gods, in fact, to burn pots...” Only now before Arkady “the whole bottomless abyss of Bazarov’s pride opened up for a moment.” The young man begins to understand how his friend treats him, but out of old habit he still tries to maintain friendly relations with Bazarov. Leaving Odintsova, he begs to go to a friend’s tarantass, although “twenty-five miles seemed like as much as fifty.” Arkady was unpleasantly surprised by how Bazarov treated his parents, which also did not help strengthen the friendship between friends. The young man gradually leaves the influence of his friend. He falls in love with Katya and gradually becomes imbued with her views on life. Bazarov understands his friend’s condition very well. He realizes that the friendship has come to an end, that it is time to say goodbye to his old friend forever. In a conversation with Arkady, Evgeniy claims that he has “neither insolence nor anger” and that therefore he is not suitable for the job. He considers his friend to be too soft a gentleman, a romantic, and understands how far he and Arkady are from each other. Bazarov does not consider it necessary to continue friendly relations. By and large, he never perceived Arkady as a friend, since he is a loner by nature. Therefore, having parted with the young man, Bazarov erases him from his memory. When his father suggests that Evgeny, who is dying of infection, send for a friend to say goodbye, he has difficulty remembering the name of Arkady Kirsanov and refuses to meet with him.

Arkady and Bazarov are very different people, and the friendship that arose between them is all the more surprising. Despite the young people belonging to the same era, they are very different. It is necessary to take into account that they initially belong to different circles of society. Arkady is the son of a nobleman, he early childhood absorbed what Bazarov despises and denies in his nihilism. Father and uncle Kirsanov are intelligent people who value aesthetics, beauty and poetry. From Bazarov’s point of view, Arkady is a soft-hearted “barich”, a weakling. Bazarov does not want to admit that the liberality of the Kirsanovs is a consequence of deep education, artistic talent and high spirituality of nature. Bazarov denies such qualities as completely unnecessary. However, in in this case we are talking not only about intelligence, but also about the deep continuity of the experience of previous generations, about preserving traditions and everything cultural heritage.

The family theme played a big role in Russian literature, so the demonstration of intra-family conflict turned out to be revolutionary. The integrity and harmony of society was measured by the unity of the family. Consequently, such problems turned out to be not just family problems, but also problems of the entire society.

Bazarov attracted Arkady with his sharpness, originality and courage. For the young “baric” such personalities were a novelty. Arkady has become a kind of embodiment of youth, which is drawn to everything new and unusual, is easily carried away by new ideas, and has a keen interest in life in all its manifestations. Arkady is looking for his own life path by trial and error. His attitude towards traditions, authorities and other things important to his father is quite frivolous. He lacks the wisdom of age, tolerance and consideration for other people that his father has. The conflict between Arkady and Nikolai Petrovich does not carry any political origin, it is cleared of social motives. Its essence is the eternal misunderstanding between youth and old age. However, this situation does not at all contradict the nature of things. On the contrary, old age is a guarantor of the preservation of moral values, cultural heritage and traditions in society. Youth, in turn, ensures the movement of progress with its craving for everything new and unknown.

Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov is a completely different matter. He came from a simple family, he is even somewhat ashamed of his parents. He is harsh, at times rude, decisive, categorical in his judgments and categorical in his conclusions. He quite sincerely believes that a good chemist is worth twenty poets. He does not understand the role of culture in society. He proposes to destroy everything so that clean slate start writing history again. This sometimes drives Pavel Petrovich, with whom he argues, into despair. We see maximalism on both sides taken to the extreme. Neither one nor the other wants to give in to each other and admit that their opponent is right. This is their main mistake. All sides are right up to a point. Pavel Petrovich is also right when he speaks of the need to preserve the heritage of his ancestors, and Bazarov is also right when he speaks of the need for change. Both of these sides are sides of the same coin. Both are sincerely concerned about fate home country, but their methods are different.

The friendship of Bazarov and Arkady Kirsanov begins to crack when Bazarov falls in love with Odintsova, and Arkady with Katya. Here their differences are fully revealed. If feeling is difficult for Bazarov, he cannot surrender to love, then Arkady and Katya learn to be themselves. Bazarov moves away from his friend, as if feeling his rightness, and not his own.

The image of Arkady was created in order to highlight the image of Bazarov and show the versatility human nature and the same one social problem. This makes the image of Bazarov even more lonely and tragic. Bazarov is considered, like Rudin, Pechorin, Onegin and Oblomov, “ extra person" He has no place in this life, although such rebels always arise in troubled times.

Friendship that ended
never, in fact, never
began

Pubilius Syrus

The one who is deprived
sincere
friends, truly lonely
Bacon

What is true friendship? I believe that this is the spiritual closeness of people, mutual understanding, willingness to understand another person, to help him in difficult situation. If there is no mutual understanding between friends, then there can be no true friendship. I.S. writes about this. Turgenev in the novel “Fathers and Sons”.
Its main character is Evgeny Bazarov. He is a man of new times, a “nihilist.” Bazarov is interested in studying natural sciences, as he is preparing to become a doctor, dreams of transformations in Russia, of improving the lives of the peasantry. Arkady Kirsanov is drawn to Bazarov precisely because he is not like others, he is passionate about new ideas, so Kirsanov tries to be like his friend. But for Bazarov, Arkady is a young boy, a romantic. He lives only in dreams, but cannot act.
At the beginning of the story there is an episode when friends drive through the Kirsanovs’ estate: “The places they passed through could not seem picturesque... There were rivers with dug-out banks, and tiny ponds with thin dams, and villages with low huts under dark, often up to half with their roofs scattered.” Arkady understands that transformations and changes are necessary. But where do we start? However, having warmed up in the spring sun, Kirsanov is simply glad to meet his father. He no longer thinks about change. And this suggests that his convictions were not so deep.
Arkady and Evgeny were raised in different conditions. Kirsanov grew up in his father's rich landowner's house, and from childhood he was surrounded by parental care and affection. Life in the village flowed sleepily and leisurely. Nikolai Petrovich, his father, lived like other landowners, “occasionally went hunting and took care of the farm.” For him, family is the highest ideal. Nikolai Petrovich loves his wife, music, poetry. However, his estate is neglected, inactivity and laziness - national trait Russian people. After the death of his wife, his son remained his only consolation. The father is proud that Arkady is studying in St. Petersburg, and very warmly welcomes him and Bazarov to his estate.
Evgeniy's parents live more modestly, in a small village house covered with a thatched roof. His family is closer to to the common people: father is a former military man, mother is “a real Russian noblewoman of the past.” They live the old fashioned way, accustomed to work. And Evgeniy, in a dispute with Pavel Petrovich, proudly declares: “My grandfather plowed the land.” Evgeny was used to working since childhood, and even on vacation at the Kirsanov estate, “Arkady was sybaritizing, Bazarov was working.” He conducts experiments on frogs, treats ordinary people. Arkady strives to help his friend, but I think that natural sciences are not his passion. He is closer to nature, music, poetry. And yet Kirsanov is drawn to Bazarov as a person; it is not for nothing that he pronounces the word “nihilist” with such pathos. In the Kirsanovs' house, Bazarov is a stranger, the old people do not share his beliefs, they have their own “principles.”
It is strange to them that Bazarov denies art, poetry, religion, love. And it’s hard for Arkady to understand his friend’s beliefs, although he supports him.
Kirsanov Jr. finds his happiness in his love for Katya Odintsova, because these heroes have a lot in common. Arkady admires Katya's piano playing, he reads poetry with her and admires nature. For Arkady, family happiness is important: living in home together with his father, have a kind and loving wife, raise children. He is not created for struggle; the life of a provincial landowner is closer to him.
Bazarov, despite his nihilism, also falls in love with Katya’s sister, Anna Odintsova. They also have a lot in common, but Anna rejects his feelings. She was interested in Bazarov only as a friend, she was accustomed to luxury and prosperity, and he is the son of poor nobles, so he can hardly provide her with a decent life.
And we see how Bazarov and Arkady gradually move further and further away from each other, because they do not have common interests. Moreover, Evgeny himself pushes his friend away: “You are a gentle soul, a weakling, where can you hate!...You are timid, you have little hope for yourself... you are not created for our bitter, tart, bobbly life. You have neither insolence nor anger, but there is youthful courage and youthful enthusiasm... You are a nice fellow, but she is still a soft, liberal gentleman...” But is the quiet, calm life of a provincial landowner bad? We see what the endless revolutions in Russia have led to. And Bazarov is to blame for his loneliness. None of the people around him understand or accept “nihilism.” He himself pushes away both his sweet, kind parents and Arkady. Kirsanov is sorry to say goodbye to his friend, because his soul cannot hate someone or push someone away. If you want to have real friends, you must accept them, perhaps come to terms with some shortcomings, and not impose your opinion. The strong, of course, can subjugate the weak, but this is not friendship, but only admiration. True friendship is built on mutual understanding, common interests and the ability to give in.

Evgeny Bazarov and Arkady Kirsanov studied together at the university and became friends; they participated in the same nihilist youth movement. Kirsanov was not really a nihilist to the core like Bazarov, so very soon he got bored with it. Arkady Kirsanov grew up in an intelligent nobleman's family, which valued poetry and art. Bazarov, on the contrary, was skeptical about this direction and believed that Arkady was a soft-hearted person and a weakling.

Evgeny Bazarov did not want to admit that in Arkady’s family they tried to preserve all the traditions of the family and cultivate spiritual qualities that Bazarov so denied. Arkady likes Bazarov's originality; together they try to find the truth of life through trial and error. Kirsanov is a young man who still lacks the wisdom of his father and uncle to understand what is important to him in this life.

Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov comes from an ordinary, simple family, he denies absolutely all feelings and family traditions. Evgeny Bazarov is a very harsh and rude person, he is even embarrassed by his parents and is not ashamed to show it. Bazarov is a unique personality; he tries to break all the old foundations and create his own new ones.

Bazarov does not agree with the elder Kirsanov and always tries to argue with him, but this is not a specific dispute, but simply because Bazarov does not understand the older generation and is trying to create new story. Each of the opponents of the dispute is right in his own way, but none of them can yield to the other. Kirsanov Sr. is right that it is impossible to erase the heritage of our ancestors from life, and Evgeniy Bazarov is right that it is still worth changing something. Both of them want the best for their country, they just go about it in different ways.

The friendship between Arkady and Bazarov cracks at the moment when the young people fall in love with the girls Ekaterina and Anna. Bazarov has a very hard time with a feeling that he so stubbornly denies and does not want to accept. Arkady, on the contrary, realizes what is important for him in this life and what path he will now take in life. Bazarov, having never mastered his feelings, still remains alone and dies a lonely, unhappy man.

Turgenev wanted to say in his novel that people like Bazarov will always exist, but they always turn out to be superfluous in this life and of no use to anyone. Bazarov could not choose what was more important for him and did not draw any conclusions.

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