In German art, the end of the 19th century was marked by the emergence and development of various movements. The Art Nouveau style, which has become especially widespread here, finds its expression not only in architecture and applied arts, but also in painting and graphics, often joining with the decadent, reactionary trend of symbolism. German artists such as Franz Stuck (1863-1928), Max Klinger (1857-1920) and the Swiss Arnold Böcklin (1827-1901) who lived in Germany developed along the path of symbolism. Conscious isolation from modern public life, withdrawal into the world of abstract, mystical ideas, turning to far-fetched fantastic or literary subjects characteristic, although to varying degrees, of the work of these artists. The nervous expressiveness of the images and the complicated form of expression are often combined in their works with dryness and naturalistic thoroughness of execution. The ornamental decorativeness and deliberate complexity of compositions and designs indicate the closeness of these artists to the Art Nouveau style. Conventional, marked by the features of a painful breakdown, the art of the Symbolists was at the end of the 19th century the most striking expression of the crisis of bourgeois culture in Germany.
Impressionism. Max Lieberman. In the late 1880s - early 1890s, impressionism received significant development in German art. The most important artist who joined this movement was Max Liebermann (1847-1935). At the beginning of his creative career, he developed the traditions of Menzel's realistic art in portraits and genre paintings. In the latter he portrayed mainly folk life, often scenes of labor. They were distinguished by the realism of their interpretation and the democratic nature of the images (“Shoemaker’s Workshop”, 1881, Berlin, National Gallery; “Preparing Canned Food”, 1880, Leipzig, Museum). Later, from the beginning of the 1890s, Lieberman became primarily a writer of everyday life secular society, especially willing to depict various outdoor scenes. In his interpretation, he follows the decisions and techniques of the French impressionists.
Among the most famous German impressionists is also the painter and graphic artist Lovis Corinth (1858-1925).
The 19th century left indelible marks on all forms of art. It's change time social norms and demands, colossal progress in architecture, construction and industry. Reforms and revolutions are being actively carried out in Europe, banking and government organizations are being created, and all these changes directly affected artists. Foreign artists The 19th century brought painting to a new, more modern level, gradually introducing such trends as impressionism and romanticism, which had to go through many tests before becoming recognized by society. Artists of past centuries were in no hurry to endow their characters with violent emotions, but depicted them as more or less restrained. But impressionism had in its features unbridled and bold fantasy world, which was brightly combined with romantic mystery. In the 19th century, artists began to think outside the box, completely rejecting accepted patterns, and this fortitude is conveyed in the mood of their works. During this period, many artists worked, whose names we still consider great and their works inimitable.
France
Spain
The Iberian Peninsula also gave us many famous names, including:
Netherlands
Vincent Van Gogh is one of the most prominent Dutchmen. As everyone knows, Van Gogh suffered from severe mental illness, but this did not affect his inner genius. Executed in unusual technique, his paintings became popular only after the artist's death. The most famous: " Starlight Night", "Irises", "Sunflowers" are included in the list of the most expensive works art all over the world, although Van Gogh had no special art education.
Norway
Edvard Munch is a native of Norway, famous for his painting. The work of Edvard Munch is sharply distinguished by melancholicity and a certain recklessness. Death of mother and sister even in childhood, dysfunctional relationships with ladies greatly influenced the artist’s painting style. For example, everyone famous work“Scream” and the equally popular “Sick Girl” carry pain, suffering and oppression.
USA
Kent Rockwell is one of the famous American landscape painters. His works combine realism and romanticism, which very accurately conveys the mood of the person depicted. You can look at his landscapes for hours and interpret the symbols differently each time. Few artists have been able to depict winter nature in such a way that people looking at it truly feel the cold. Color saturation and contrast are Rockwell’s recognizable style.
The 19th century is rich in brilliant creators who made enormous contributions to art. Foreign artists of the 19th century centuries opened the door to several new movements, such as post-impressionism and romanticism, which, in fact, turned out to be a difficult task. Most of them tirelessly proved to society that their creativity has the right to exist, but many succeeded, unfortunately, only after death. Their unbridled character, courage and readiness to fight are combined with exceptional talent and ease of perception, which gives them every right to occupy a significant and significant cell.
FROM VALERY KOYFMAN'S MATERIALS
Hermann (Chaim Aharon) Struck was born in 1876 in Berlin into an ultra-Orthodox family and was a deeply religious Jew all his life. However, he chose an occupation that was not entirely accepted for his circle: he became an artist.
WITH youth German was fond of drawing, visited art studio, and at the age of 19 he became a student at the Berlin Academy of Arts.
Having graduated from the Academy of Arts in Berlin after five years of study in 1900, Struck went to Holland, where he became a student of Joseph Israels.
He joined the Zionists early, was one of the founders of the Zionist religious organization in Germany and prepared religious youth for Zionist activities in Palestine.
Struck was most attracted to graphics - in Holland he studied etching and lithography. There, in Holland, Struck met the famous German impressionist Max Liebermann, who later involved Struck in the creative association he founded, the Berlin Secession.
After completing his studies at the Academy, Struck began teaching himself. Among his students were the future stars of German impressionism: Uri Lesser, Lovis Corinth and Max Slevogt.
In 1909, the Berlin publisher Paul Cassirer published what became reference book artists' guide Herman Struck "The Art of Engraving".
In 1923, the fifth edition of this textbook was published with a circulation of 14 thousand copies, which was prepared especially carefully.
Struck was widely known as a portrait painter. Among his works in this genre are portraits of Herzl, Freud, Einstein, artists Joseph Israels and Leonid Pasternak, Heine, Stefan Zweig, Henrik Ibsen, Friedrich Nietzsche and Oscar Wilde.
Einstein liked his portrait so much that he printed several copies and sent them to his friends as souvenirs. On the back of these portraits he did not forget to indicate “Artist Hermann Struck.”
Hermann Struck was an engraver who taught engraving techniques to Marc Chagall in Berlin.
Marc Chagall stayed in Berlin from May 1922 to August 1923. This period can be called a turning point in the artist’s work. Chagall had long dreamed of mastering various graphic techniques in order to give the opportunity to more people to see their work.
The famous publisher Paul Cassirer assisted M. Chagall in meeting Hermann Struck. Thanks to Hermann Struck, Chagall quickly mastered the technique of etching and in just a week began creating works with rapid and stunning results.
Among Struck's students was Leonid Pasternak, father of the poet Boris Pasternak. The artist Pasternak acknowledged that his friend Hermann Struck not only taught him engraving, but also helped him pay attention to Jewish themes in Rembrandt’s paintings.
During the First World War, Struck served as a staff officer of the German command in the occupied territories of Lithuania and Belarus and was responsible for contacts with the Jewish population.
At the beginning of World War I, before becoming a soldier, Struck, as a member of the “Jewish Relief Committee for Lithuania and Poland,” traveled through the territories of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Belarus occupied by German troops. At the same time, he always had a notebook with him, and he made sketches of all those places that he encountered on his way.
Based on these sketches, a whole series of lithographs was created, published in 1915 in Berlin.
Facilitated the delivery of humanitarian aid from US Jews to Lithuanian Jews; with the special permission of the German command, he traveled to Switzerland with the aim of resuming the supply of food and medicine to Jews that had ceased after the United States entered the war, which he achieved.
At the end of the war, he was part of a group of German specialists who participated in the Paris Peace Conference.
Before and after the war, he traveled a lot around the world, in 1903 and 1921 he visited Palestine, where he finally moved in 1922. He lived in Haifa, participated in cultural activities, was one of the initiators of the creation of the city art museum in Tel Aviv (opened in 1931), was widely involved in charity work.
He painted Israeli landscapes, Jerusalem and its environs. Struck usually engraved from life directly onto the board without preliminary sketches. The technique he developed was distinguished by a variety of engraving techniques, which expanded his capabilities.
During World War II, Struck contributed in every possible way to the rescue of Jews from Nazi-occupied European countries.
A plaque in his home recalls that in 1939 Struck rescued 50 children from Germany, the Czech Republic and Austria and brought them to the Middle East to attend an agricultural religious school. They became the third graduating class from this school.
He died in 1944 in Haifa and 63 years after his death he was honored with a retrospective exhibition in Berlin and the Galilee. In connection with the opening of the exhibition in Tefen (Museum of German-Speaking Jewry), German Chancellor Angela Merkel sent a letter to the organizers, where she spoke of Struck as an outstanding German artist.
A 600-page book about Struck was published in Hebrew and German with illustrations.
The name of the outstanding representative of Jewish culture of the 20th century, Hermann Struck, is still revered to this day. It is rightfully included in the encyclopedia.
It is more than beautiful pictures, this is a reflection of reality. In the works of great artists you can see how the world and the consciousness of people changed.
Art is also an attempt to create an alternative reality where you can hide from the horrors of your time, or a desire to change the world. The art of the 20th century rightfully occupies a special place in history. The people who lived and worked in those times experienced social upheavals, wars, and unprecedented developments in science; and all this found its mark on their canvases. 20th century artists took part in creating the modern vision of the world.
Some names are still pronounced with aspiration, while others are unfairly forgotten. Someone was so contradictory creative path, that we still cannot give it an unambiguous assessment. This review is dedicated to the 20 greatest artists of the 20th century. Camille Pizarro- French painter. An outstanding representative of impressionism. The artist’s work was influenced by John Constable, Camille Corot, Jean Francois Millet.
Born July 10, 1830 in St. Thomas, died November 13, 1903 in Paris.
The Hermitage at Pontoise, 1868 
Opera passage in Paris, 1898
Sunset at Varengeville, 1899
Edgar Degas - French artist, one of the greatest impressionists. Degas' work was influenced by Japanese graphics. Born on July 19, 1834 in Paris, he died on September 27, 1917 in Paris. 
Absinthe, 1876
Star, 1877
Woman combing her hair, 1885
Paul Cezanne - French artist, one of the greatest representatives of post-impressionism. In his work he strove to reveal the harmony and balance of nature. His work had a tremendous influence on the worldview of artists of the 20th century. Born January 19, 1839 in Aix-en-Provence, France, died October 22, 1906 in Aix-en-Provence.
Gamblers, 1893
Modern Olympia, 1873
Still life with skulls, 1900
Claude Monet- an outstanding French painter. One of the founders of impressionism. In his works, Monet sought to convey the richness and richness of the surrounding world. For his late period characterized by decorativeism and The late period of Monet’s work was characterized by decorativeism, an increasing dissolution of object forms in sophisticated combinations of color spots.
Born November 14, 1840 in Paris, died December 5, 1926 in Jverny.
Welk Cliff at Pourville, 1882
After Lunch, 1873-1876
Etretat, sunset, 1883
Arkhip Kuindzhi - famous Russian artist, master landscape painting. Lost his parents early. WITH early years A love for painting began to manifest itself. The work of Arkhip Kuindzhi had a huge influence on Nicholas Roerich. Born on January 15, 1841 in Mariupol, died on July 11, 1910 in St. Petersburg.
"Volga", 1890-1895
"North", 1879
"View of the Kremlin from Zamoskvorechye", 1882
Pierre Auguste Renoir - French artist, graphic artist, sculptor, one of the outstanding representatives of impressionism. Also known as the master secular portrait. Auguste Rodin was the first impressionist to become popular among wealthy Parisians. Born on February 25, 1841 in Limoges, France, died on December 2, 1919 in Paris.
Pont des Arts in Paris, 1867
Ball at the Moulin de la Galette, 1876
Jeanne Samary, 1877
Born June 7, 1848 in Paris, died May 8, 1903 on the island of Hiva Oa, French Polynesia.
Breton landscape, 1894
Breton village in snow, 1888
Are you jealous? 1892
Saints' Day, 1894
Wassily Kandinsky - Russian and German artist, poet, art theorist. Considered one of the leaders of the avant-garde of the 1st half of the 20th century. He is one of the founders of abstract art.Born on November 22, 1866 in Moscow, died on December 13, 1944 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.
Couple riding on horseback, 1918
A colorful life, 1907
Moscow 1, 1916
In grey, 1919
Henri Matisse - one of the greatest French artists and sculptors. One of the founders of the Fauvist movement. In his work, he strived to convey emotions through color. I was influenced in my creativity Islamic culture western Maghreb. Born on December 31, 1869 in the city of Le Cateau, he died on November 3, 1954 in the town of Cimiez.
Square in Saint-Tropez, 1904
Outline of Notre Dame at night, 1902
Woman with a Hat, 1905
Dance, 1909
Italian, 1919
Portrait of Delectorskaya, 1934
Nicholas Roerich- Russian artist, writer, scientist, mystic. During his life he painted more than 7,000 paintings. One of the outstanding cultural figures of the 20th century, founder of the “Peace through Culture” movement. Born on October 27, 1874 in St. Petersburg, died on December 13, 1947 in the city of Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Overseas guests, 1901
The Great Spirit of the Himalayas, 1923
Message from Shambhala, 1933
Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin - Russian artist, graphic artist, theorist, writer, teacher. He was one of the ideologists of the reorganization of art education in the USSR. Born on November 5, 1878 in the city of Khvalynsk, Saratov province, died on February 15, 1939 in Leningrad.
“1918 in Petrograd”, 1920
"Boys at Play", 1911
Bathing the Red Horse, 1912
Portrait of Anna Akhmatova
Kazimir Malevich- Russian artist, founder of Suprematism - a movement in abstract art, teacher, art theorist and philosopher Born on February 23, 1879 in Kyiv, died on May 15, 1935 in Moscow.
Rest (Society in Top Hat), 1908
"Peasant women with buckets", 1912-1913
Black Suprematist Square, 1915
Suprematist painting, 1916
On the boulevard, 1903
Pablo Picasso - spanish artist, sculptor, sculptor, ceramic designer. One of the founders of Cubism. The work of Pablo Picasso had a significant influence on the development of painting in the 20th century. According to a survey of Time magazine readers Born October 25, 1881 in Malaga, Spain, died April 8, 1973 in Mougins, France.
Girl on a ball, 1905
Portrait of Ambroise Vallors, 1910
Three Graces
Portrait of Olga
Dance, 1919
Woman with a flower, 1930
Amadeo Modigliani - Italian artist, sculptor. One of the brightest representatives of expressionism. During his lifetime he had only one exhibition in December 1917 in Paris. Born July 12, 1884 in Livorno, Italy, died January 24, 1920 from tuberculosis. World recognition received posthumously; received worldwide recognition posthumously. 
Cellist, 1909
The couple, 1917
Joan Hebuterne, 1918
Mediterranean landscape, 1918
Diego Rivera- Mexican painter, muralist, politician. He was the husband of Frida Kahlo. I found shelter in their house a short time Leon Trotsky. Born December 8, 1886 in Guanajuato, died December 21, 1957 in Mexico City.
Notre Dame de Paris in the rain, 1909
Woman at the Well, 1913
Union of Peasants and Workers, 1924
Detroit Industry, 1932
Marc Chagall- Russian and French painter, graphic artist, illustrator, theater artist. One of the greatest representatives of the avant-garde. Born on June 24, 1887 in the city of Liozno, Mogilev province, died on March 28, 1985 in Saint-Paul-de-Provence.
Anyuta (Portrait of a Sister), 1910
Bride with a fan, 1911
Me and the Village, 1911
Adam and Eve, 1912
Mark Rothko(present Mark Rotkovich) - American artist, one of the founders of abstract expressionism and the founder of color field painting. The artist's first works were created in a realistic spirit, however, then by the mid-40s, Mark Rothko turned to surrealism. By 1947, a major turning point occurred in the work of Mark Rothko, he created own style- abstract expressionism, which moves away from objective elements.
Born on September 25, 1903 in the city of Dvinsk (now Daugavpils), died on February 25, 1970 in New York.
Untitled
Number 7 or 11
Orange and yellow
Salvador Dali- painter, graphic artist, sculptor, writer, designer, director. Perhaps the most famous representative surrealism and one of the greatest artists of the 20th century. Designed by Chupa Chups.
Born May 11, 1904 in Figueres, Spain, died January 23, 1989 in Spain.
Temptation of Saint Anthony, 1946
last supper, 1955
Woman with a Head of Roses, 1935
My wife Gala, naked, looking at her body, 1945
Frida Kahlo - Mexican artist and graphic artist, one of the brightest representatives of surrealism. Frida Kahlo began painting after a car accident, which left her bedridden for a year.
She was married to the famous Mexican communist artist Diego Rivera. Leon Trotsky found refuge in their house for a short time.
Born July 6, 1907 in Coyoacan, Mexico, died July 13, 1954 in Coyoacan.
Embrace of Universal Love, Earth, Me, Diego and Coatl, 1949
Moses (Core of Creation), 1945
Two Fridas, 1939
Andy Warhole(present Andrei Varhola) - American artist, designer, director, producer, publisher, writer, collector. The founder of pop art, is one of the most controversial personalities in the history of culture. Several films have been made based on the artist's life. Born on August 6, 1928 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, died in 1963 in New York.
German painting began its development in the early Middle Ages under the influence of classical art Ancient Rome and Byzantium.
During the period of Gothic dominance, painting turned to window glass painting, and for a long time was closely associated with architecture.
Painting took a new direction in the 15th century under the influence of the Flemish school, which brilliantly developed thanks to the van Eyck brothers.
Michael Wolgemuth is recognized as the first significant master of Germany. He probably learned his craft from the works of Flemish painters. Albrecht Dürer studied in his workshop in 1486-89, who later became the greatest artist Germany. In his paintings The true greatness of the Renaissance is revealed
The greatest artist, Mathis Niethardt, nicknamed Grunewald, worked simultaneously with Dürer. The coloristic richness of his painting also belongs to the highest achievements of national artistic culture.
On further development painting was influenced by the work of an outstanding portrait painter, a master of mythological and religious scenes Lucas Cranach the Elder, who has a virtuoso art of decorative solutions and a subtle sense of landscape.
His influence affected the work of a whole galaxy of artists in whose painting and graphics landscape played an important role and who are known as the “Danube School”.
The most outstanding representative of the Danube school of painting is Albrecht Altdorfer.
In the 17th century German artists, having borrowed the ideals of classicism from other national schools and trying to maintain them, they opened their own Academy of Arts. Before its opening in 1694, German artists, in order to receive professional training, had to go abroad - to Flanders, Italy, and Holland. That is why the influence of these national schools is so noticeable in the works of German painters.
The most gifted artists tried to defend their originality, although they could not completely abandon other people's models. German artists XVII centuries became a kind of prophets in a foreign fatherland. In Germany itself, national talents were not valued or supported; the artist was in a humiliating, dependent position. Characteristic feature German art The 17th century as a whole constitutes inconsistency, primarily noted in the work of Joachim von Sandrart.
In the 18th century, national painting styles in Germany began to develop in parallel in various German states. Bavaria became one of the main centers of art. On early period development national painting went within the framework of the Baroque, later it approached the styles of Rococo and Classicism. Greater influence on painting XVIII century and subsequent painting was provided by Anton Raphael Mengs, the largest German painter era of classicism.
The first original and national German artist of modern times was Danzig native Daniel Chodowiecki, one of the main representatives of Enlightenment realism.
In the second half of the 19th century, artists who experienced disappointment both in realism and in imitation of old masters searched for new themes and ways to implement them.
Karl Blechen became known as one of the first German "industrial" artists to celebrate the emerging industrial power.
The greatest master mid-19th century there was a Berlin painter and graphic artist Adolf von Menzel.
Prized for his accurate and at the same time picturesque city views from the 19th century, Johann Philipp Eduard Gaertner.
At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, the brilliant talent of the famous German impressionist Lesser Ury emerged.
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner went down in the history of painting as the founder of one of the most notable phenomena artistic life the beginning of the twentieth century - expressionism.
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