II scientific, methodological and educational activities of museums. Cultural and educational activities of the museum. Interpretation of the concept of “museum pedagogy”

27.09.2019

Methodology for preparing and conducting an excursion.

The concept of an excursion: A collective tour of the museum, conducted on a specific topic and a special route by a specialist guide. This definition includes two mutually related concepts: Excursion - a group of people who came to explore the museum, and excursion is a type of scientific and pedagogical work, which consists in the development and implementation of a system for displaying museum expositions, exhibitions, historical and cultural monuments of the city. A special feature of the excursion is the combination of storytelling and demonstration, with the dominant role of visual perception.

Requirements for the excursion: ideological, scientific, professional.

Ideology - nurturing love and respect for the native land; increasing education and culture, fostering a sense of patriotism.

Scientificity - the correctness and reliability of what is stated scientific facts, use of the latest data in the field of science and local history

Professionalism - familiarization with the group and its needs, logic, consistency in the presentation of the material and the construction of the entire excursion, the correct combination of showing and telling, emotionality, popularity, intelligibility, entertaining presentation, high culture of speech, activation of the group.

The following can be distinguished stages of excursion preparation:

1. Choosing the topic of the excursion, the name of the excursion, defining its purpose.

2. Selection of literature, its study.

3. Selection of display objects and their study.

4. Development of the excursion route.

5. Work on the thesis text.

6. Oral practice of the excursion.

7. Conducting an excursion.

In the process of preparing an excursion, work should proceed simultaneously in two directions: studying literature, various sources on the topic of the excursion and studying the objects of display themselves.

compiling a bibliography on the entire topic and individual sections;

study of documents and literature general on the whole topic;

studying literature on certain issues and sections of the excursion: educational, research, reference, popular science, statistical;

familiarization with the materials available in the museum (in departments, funds, in the library.)

Fixing the material.

The material can be recorded in the form of a short note, a quotation, a thesis, or a summary. The material is recorded on separate cards in accordance with the object of display.

Selection of display objects.

The objects on display, depending on the role performed in the excursion, are divided into:

the main ones - for a convincing and complete disclosure of the topic of the excursion,

additional - to enhance the emotional impact of the excursion.

Working on the excursion text.

When working on the excursion text, the material is distributed along the excursion route in relation to the object of display, and the excursion time is distributed into individual subtopics.

The text must strictly correspond to the topic and purpose of the excursion.

The text includes an introduction, main part, and conclusion.

The introduction reveals the main purpose of the excursion, directs the listeners' attention to the perception of its content (no more than 5-7 minutes).

The main part consists, as a rule, of a number of subtopics.

This part of the excursion should include:

supplying her in short numbers and illustrative material

a brief summary, evaluation and conclusion for each subtopic.

logical transitions from subtopic to subtopic for unification individual parts into a single story.

Conclusion - sums up, summarizes, allows you to evaluate what is presented in the excursion (no more than 5 minutes)

Oral practice of the excursion.

When practicing the excursion, you need to pay attention to the following:

work out an introduction to the excursion, give a brief information about the museum;

practice the required tempo of speech, place semantic accents, ensure that the speech is expressive, clear,

work out the display, description of exhibits and logical relationship with the theme of the excursion;

choose for yourself and the group the location of the exhibits so that during the show they are clearly visible to all listeners.

Methodology for conducting an excursion.

Based on the specifics of the excursion work, when carrying it out it is necessary to use the following methodological techniques. It should be noted that one of the main principles of conducting an excursion is the “show to tell” principle. By using methodological techniques During the demonstration, the guide helps to see the object and guides its perception.

The guide can first focus the group's attention on a detailed examination of the exhibit. The assignment method is appropriate here. These are recommendations for targeted observation of details. After an independent examination, it is recommended to summarize the observations and generalize them using question-and-answer techniques.

The excursion shows are carried out in a certain sequence.

1. Reception of preliminary review. It allows you to see the entire exhibition hall, section of the exhibition or complex. The guide should, when organizing first impressions of an object, focus them on its thematic and artistic design, and then move on to specific sections and complexes of exhibits.

2. Visual analysis - detailed object observation. The guide gives the most complete, comprehensive analysis of the exhibit as possible, but we must not forget that this desire can lead to a departure from the topic and will disrupt the harmony of the excursion “an example with a document, the style, form, character of the font, the quality of the paper, testifies to the era.”

3. Reception visual reconstruction- mental restoration of the original appearance of an object based on preserved and visually perceptible details. (Objects, archeology, everyday life)

4. Method of comparison - certain features of two or three objects that are simultaneously observed by tourists are compared. (Example).

5. Gesture in a tour is one of the elements of display. The gesture accompanies the story and reflects the guide's personal attitude to the reported fact. It can make the presentation more emotional and helps to captivate the group. But the gesture should be addressed as the need for it is felt. Gestures need to be varied and technically worked out. They should be concise.

Note that an integral element of the excursion is a story. In relation to the show, it is secondary and does not exist outside of the show.

Methodological techniques of the story.

1. Narration is the most appropriate way of presenting events, important moments of biography, plots of literary works, and revealing natural phenomena.

2. Description is a more detailed presentation of material about an object, a broad description of it. At the same time, the external signs of the exhibits and the events associated with it are described.

3. Explanation – is evidentiary in nature and indicates the reasons for a particular phenomenon.

4. Commenting.

5. Specification of content. Most often this is due to the specification of the place and time of events.

6. Citation. The use of quotes, excerpts from works of art, from memoirs, from wartime reports and orders in the text of the excursion. A quotation from historical documents is oral evidence of a point made in a story.

7. The technique of literary montage - the story is based on a certain set of excerpts from literary works, documents, memoirs, articles, and periodicals.

8. Instruction technique. When examining the memorial part of the museum or their individual premises, such that the entire group cannot accommodate, the guide indicates what you should pay attention to, gives instructions on how to behave there, and determines the time of stay.

9. Conversation technique. The conversation method generates a lot of activity in the form of questions and answers. The system of leading questions activates each group member, reveals the content of the topic and allows you to come to the right conclusions.

Method - Mutual friend.

Interactive method - Immersion in an era - when you are asked to imagine yourself as a participant in the event reflected in the exhibition, depict it in their faces, and quickly find certain exhibits.

It should be noted that any methodological technique in practice should be applied naturally, freely and, as such, be invisible to tourists.

None of the methodological techniques can be universal, the main thing is: in practice they can be intertwined. The guide chooses those techniques. Which provide the greatest efficiency.

Using numbers in excursions.

Many excursions require the use of numbers, but the method of using digital material has its own characteristics.

The numbers can be divided into three groups.

1 Necessary figures: historical dates, dates of life of figures, materials about which are included in the museum’s exhibitions.

2. Comparative figures reflecting the dynamics of a particular phenomenon.

3. Absolute numbers. They are given only to specialists, a well-prepared audience.

It should be taken into account: numbers (if they are chosen correctly, skillfully woven into the story plan) are excellent arguments, strong evidence, but listening to numbers is difficult. In order to better assimilate digital data, comparison techniques should be used more - for example.

During the excursion, the guide has an important task - to connect the content of all subtopics into a single whole. Logical transitions play a big role in this. Logical transitions are a verbal bridge from one subtopic to the next.

In some cases, sound recordings and video recordings are used. Video demonstration should not exceed 5 minutes. Sound recordings 2-3 min.

Excursions vary in location, objects of display, nature of the topic, purpose, and composition of excursion groups.

You can highlight sightseeing tours of the museum and the city. They give general idea about the museum, the city.

Thematic excursions are excursions on topics of specialized disciplines. They have a number of options:

Cross-cutting – on topics covering a number of historical periods. For example, “The Glory of Russian Weapons.”

Specialized. For example, art history, in certain branches of material and spiritual culture.

Educational excursions – excursions for students in accordance with the programs of educational institutions.

Documentation of excursions.

The following documents are drawn up for the excursion: excursion route, and methodological development.

The excursion route includes the following sections: object of display; certificate about the object; time.

Methodological development is a refined, detailed plan indicating methodological techniques used in the excursion.

Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture.
About the museum fund of the Russian Federation and museums in the Russian Federation. The federal law.
On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation.
Collection of normative and teaching materials to help the history teacher.
Belyavsky M.T. Work in museums with historical monuments (from ancient times to 1917)
Historical local history (Main sources of study native land): A manual for students of pedagogical universities. \ Edited by N.P. Milonova M.: 1995
Mikhailovskaya A.I. Museum exhibition (Organization and technology) \Edited by F.N. Petrova and K.G. Matveeva.- M.: 1984.
Museum studies. Museums of historical profile. Textbook for universities on special topics. "History" \ Ed. K.G. Levykin and V. Herbst. - M: 1988.
Museum and school. A manual for teachers.\ E.G. Vansalova, A.K. Lamunova. Ed. T.A. Kudrina.-M: 1985.
Museum terms \Sb. works of the Central Museum of the Revolution. Terminological problems of museology. M.: 1986.
Russian Museum Encyclopedia: In 2 volumes. - M: 2001.
Seinensky A.E. The museum educates young people. Book for teachers. - M: 1988.
Shlyakhtina L.M., Fokin S.V. Fundamentals of museum management: A textbook for students of pedagogical and humanitarian universities. - St. Petersburg, 2000.
Schmidt S.O. Local history and documentary monuments. - Tver, 1992.
Shkurko A.I. Accounting and storage of funds. Guidelines. - 1976.
Etiquette and texts in the museum exhibition. Methodological recommendations \ Comp. A.M. Gak.- M. 1990.

A museum is an institution engaged in collecting, studying, storing and exhibiting objects - monuments of natural history, material and spiritual culture, as well as educational and popularization activities. Function M: exhibition-exhibition; excursion; research and educational. Cult-educational activity is one of the main activities of M, the theoretical basis of which is museum pedagogy- regional training history through the means of a museum object will form activities. The forms of cultural and educational activities of M are varied: excursions (sightseeing, thematic, historical, architectural and urban planning); museum lessons; scientific conferences.

Types of museums – scientific and educational, research, educational.

One of the most important categories of classification is the profile of the museum, that is, its specialization. The fundamental feature of the classification here is the connection of the museum with a specific science or art form, technology, production and its branches. This connection can be traced in the composition of the museum’s funds, in the themes of its scientific, exhibition and cultural-educational activities.

Museums of the same specialization, that is, the same profile, are united into specialized groups: natural science museums, historical museums, art museums, architectural museums, literary museums, theater museums, music museums, science and technology museums, industrial museums, agricultural museums, pedagogical museums. Depending on the structure of the profile discipline or field of knowledge, these main profile groups are divided into narrower ones. History museums are divided into:

General historical museums (wide profile); (State Historical Museum in Moscow);

Archaeological museums; (archaeological museum-reserve "Tanais");

Ethnographic museums; (Russian Ethnographic Museum in St. Petersburg);

Military history museums; (Central Museum of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 in Moscow);

Museums of Political History; (Museum of Political History of Russia in St. Petersburg);

Museums of the history of religion; (Museum of the History of Religion in St. Petersburg);

Historical and everyday museums that recreate or preserve a picture of the life of various segments of the population, while, unlike ethnographic museums, they document not ethnic, but social psychological characteristics everyday life, which are most clearly manifested in the interiors of homes; (Museum of Urban Life “Old Vladimir”);

Monographic museums dedicated to a specific person, event, institution, or group; (Museum of G.K. Zhukov in the village of Zhukovo, Kaluga region, Museum of the Defense of Leningrad);

Other historical museums; (Museum of the History of Moscow, Museum of the History of the Political Police of Russia of the 19th–20th centuries in St. Petersburg).

Artistic museums are divided into:

Museums of fine arts (national and foreign); (Russian Museum in St. Petersburg, A.S. Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow);

Museums of decorative and applied arts; (All-Russian Museum of Decorative and Applied Arts folk art in Moscow);

Folk Art Museums; (Museum of Folk Art of the Scientific Research Institute of the Art Industry in Moscow, Museum of Vyatka Folk Art Crafts in Kirov);

Monographic; (Museum-estate of I.E. Repin “Penates”, Museum of Frescoes of Dionysius in the village of Ferapontovo, Kirillovsky district, Vologda region);

Other art museums.

Natural science museums are divided into paleontological, anthropological, biological (broad profile), botanical, zoological, mineralogical, geological, geographical and others.

There are museums whose collections and activities are related to several scientific disciplines or branches of knowledge. They are called comprehensive museums. The most common among them are local history museums that combine at least historical and natural science specialization, because their collections document not only the history, but also the nature of the region. They often create art and literary departments, which further complicates their profile.

They also have a complex profile ensemble museums, created on the basis of architectural monuments, their interiors, surrounding areas and various structures. Depending on the nature of the ensemble, they can be historical-artistic, historical-architectural, historical-cultural museums. Architectural-ethnographic For example, the Kostroma Museum has a profile folk architecture and folk life, historical, architectural and artistic profile is possessed by one of the largest museums in the Moscow region - “New Jerusalem”.

The development of science, technology, art, and culture leads to the emergence of new specialized groups. For example, the invention of scuba gear in the 1940s. marked the beginning of the emergence of underwater archaeology. The results of underwater excavations, combined with the development of new technologies in the field of restoration and conservation of wet wood, have led to the emergence of historical museums a new specialized group - museums of underwater archeology. Their collections include the skeletons and fragments of ships, cargo and various objects raised from the depths of the sea. The most famous among the museums of this profile group is the Vasa Museum in Stockholm, where a Swedish warship of the 17th century is exhibited.

Along with the profile classification, a typological division of museums that does not coincide with it is also used. There is a typology based on the public purpose of museums, according to which they are divided into research, scientific and educational and educational.

Research museums operate at research institutes and academies of sciences, to which they are usually included as structural divisions. Their funds are used for scientific purposes, and the exhibitions are aimed primarily at specialists. An example of this type of museum is the Scientific Museum of the Brain Institute of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences or, for example, the Museum of Extraterrestrial Matter as part of the Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry Russian Academy Sciences (Moscow).

The most common type is scientific and educational museums. They are also engaged in research work, but since they are aimed at mass visitors, their funds are widely used for cultural and educational purposes. In their activities, much attention is paid to the creation of expositions, exhibitions and various cultural and educational events. These are, for example, the Polytechnic Museum and the Museum of Fine Arts. A.S. Pushkin in Moscow; Hermitage and Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography in St. Petersburg.

Main purpose educational museums – to provide visibility and objectivity to the process of education and training. This type of museum exists mainly at various educational institutions and special departments - the Museum of Forestry named after. G.F. Morozov St. Petersburg Forestry Academy, Museum of Decorative and Applied Arts of the St. Petersburg Higher Art and Industrial School. In addition to the traditional excursion display, educational museums widely use specific forms and methods of working with collections: demonstration of individual museum objects during lectures, scientific description and processing of field research materials during practical classes, copying works of fine art. In some cases, the funds and exhibitions of educational museums may be inaccessible to the general public. These are, for example, some forensic museums of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

The typology based on the public purpose of museums is quite conditional, and there is no hard line between the named types. Scientific and educational museums are used in the educational process, and their collections are used for scientific purposes. Many scientific and educational museums are visited not only by students and specialists, but also by the general public.

There is another typology of museums, according to which museums of the collection type and museums of the ensemble type are distinguished. It is based on a division based on such criteria as the way museums carry out the function of documentation. Collection type museums build their activities on the basis of a traditional collection of material, written, visual materials that correspond to their profile. Thus, they carry out the function of documentation by collecting and preserving the fund of museum objects. At the heart of the activity ensemble type museums there are architectural monuments with their interiors, surrounding areas, and natural environment. They perform the function of documentation by preserving or recreating an ensemble of immovable monuments and their inherent environment. The most common forms of this type of museum are: open-air museum, palace-museum, house-museum, apartment-museum, workshop-museum.

Among open-air museums, there is a special group of museums that are created on the basis of immovable monuments, museumified at their location with the preservation or restoration of the historical, cultural and natural environment. Due to their special value, they have the status museum-reserves, for example, Kirillo-Belozersky Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve, Borodino Military-Historical Museum-Reserve.

A special typological group is formed by memorial museums created to perpetuate the memory of outstanding people and events. Memoriality is sometimes mistakenly confused with the profile of a museum, although it has nothing to do with the characteristics of the profile classification.

The concept of “memorial museum” has undergone significant evolution during its existence. Based on the etymology of the word, to memorial museums in the 1920s - early 1960s. included all museums dedicated to outstanding figures and historical events, even those that were created in places not associated with these people and events, and which did not have memorial items in their exhibitions. Later, through the efforts of researchers

A.M. Acceleration and S.A. Kasparinskaya began to attach a different meaning to the concept of “memorial museum”. The authenticity of a place has come to be considered a necessary component of memorialism: a memorial building where the memorial environment in which a person lived or an event took place is preserved or recreated on a documentary basis. This understanding of a memorial museum, the necessary criteria of which are a memorial building or place, a collection of memorial objects and a memorial and household exhibition, was enshrined in the “Regulations on memorial museums of the Ministry of Culture” (1967). As for the profile of a memorial museum, it is determined by the content of the event or the nature of the activity of the person to whom it is dedicated.

The typology based on the implementation of the documentation function is also somewhat conditional, since collection museums may be located in architectural monuments, preserved in historical integrity (for example, the Hermitage), and ensemble museums do not limit their activities only to the preservation of architectural monuments, but also create specialized collections.

Both the profile classification and the typology are aimed at identifying groups of comparable museums. This allows you to coordinate the work of museums of the same profile or type, identify patterns of their development, and contribute to greater efficiency of museum activities in general.

The classification of museums may be based on administrative-territorial characteristics.

According to their affiliation (legal status), museums are divided into state, public and private.

State museums are owned by the state and financed from the state budget. Most of them are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation. At the same time, there is a significant group of state museums that are subordinate not to cultural management bodies, but to various ministries and departments, solving the tasks set by them. These are the so-called departmental museums; they are financed from the state budget through the Ministry of Finance and relevant departments. An example of them is: Zoological Museum of Moscow University. M.V. Lomonosov, which is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of General and Professional Education; Central Museum of Railway Transport of Russia of the Ministry of Railways (St. Petersburg); Medical Museum of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Military Medical Museum of the Ministry of Defense (St. Petersburg). A significant part of departmental museums is under the jurisdiction of the Russian Academy of Sciences: 51 museums as of 1998. Among them there are museums that are world famous - the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography named after. Peter the Great "Kunstkamera", Mineralogical Museum. A.E. Fersman, Paleontological Museum named after. Yu.A. Orlova, Literary Museum (Pushkin House).

Go to category public museums include museums created on the initiative of the public and operating on a voluntary basis, but under the scientific and methodological guidance of state museums. Public museums are financed by the institutions under which they are created. Until 1978, the term "people's museum" was used for the meaning of "public museum". The tradition of creating public museums began to take shape in Russia at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries; Museum construction took off on a large scale in the 1920s. in connection with the rise of the local history movement and the work to create “chronicles” of factories and factories. However, in 1941, only about 10 public museums retained their status. The modern network of public museums began to take shape in the second half of the 1950s, and as of January 1. In 1990, there were 4,373 museums operating on the territory of 26 republics, territories and regions of Russia.

In n. 1990s changes in the socio-political and economic life of the country led to a significant reduction in the network of public museums. Museums of revolutionary glory, Komsomol and pioneer glory, military and labor glory were closed; museums dedicated to communist party figures. But at the same time, museums began to emerge, the creation of which was previously impossible for ideological reasons - the museums of A.A. Akhmatova, M.I. Tsvetaeva, B.C. Vysotsky. In 1994, cultural authorities oversaw the activities of about 1,000 public museums.

In the last decade of the past century, conditions for a revival began to emerge in Russia. private museums, that is, museums based on collections owned by private individuals, but available for study and inspection. In the early 1990s. museums of this kind were created in Moscow (Museum of Nature), Yaroslavl (Museum of Russian Antiquity), Irkutsk (Mineralogical Museum) and other cities.

In 1993, the first private art museum was registered in Moscow - the Russian National Museum of Art. Its holdings include works of Russian and Western European painting, sculpture, graphics, and decorative and applied arts. In order to acquire outstanding works, the museum is engaged in active exhibition activities and regularly holds auctions at which it exhibits individual objects from its collection. By selling works that are quite worthy, but do not fit into the museum’s concept, it has the opportunity to constantly update and improve the collections. Funds received at auctions make it possible to make valuable acquisitions, some of which are worthy of the largest state museum collections.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN EDUCATIONAL COMPLEX

INFORMATION AND EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF MUSEUMS

Completed by: 2nd year student

full-time education

Bachelor's degree direction:

071800 Socio-cultural

activity

profile: Management of socio-cultural activities

Kozlovskaya Svetlana Vadimovna

Checked:

Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor

Telitsyna S.V.

Murmansk

I. Development of the lecture “Information and educational activities of museums.”

The lecture is designed for a standard amount of time 90 minutes (1.5 hours). You will need a laptop, screen and projector.

Purpose of the lecture: to form in students a full-fledged understanding of the museum as a sociocultural institution, to develop interest in types of museum activities, and to expand existing knowledge about the field of museum practice.

Tasks:

1) demonstrate the development of types of museums;

2) using the example of the largest museums in the world to show the functions of museums;

3) talk about the forms and types of museum activities.

Literature:

1) Kulemzin A.M. About the museum specialist [Text] / A.M. Kulemzin // Directory of the head of a cultural institution. – 2004. - No. 7. –P.77-80.

2) Lysikova O.V. Museums of the world [Text]: Tutorial/ O.V. Lysikova. - M., 2004. – 128 p.

3) Museum Affairs in Russia [Text] / Ed. M.E. Kaulen, I.M. Kosova, A.A. Sundieva. - M.: Publishing house "VK", 2005. - 2nd ed. - 614 p.

4) Museum of the Future [Electronic resource]. - Access mode http://www.future.museum.ru.

5) Russian Museum Encyclopedia [Text]. – M.: Progress, M.: RIPOL classic, 2005.- 848 pp.: ill.

Plan:

1. History of museum affairs.

2. Types of museums.

Industry.

Complex.

Memorial.

3. Largest museums peace.

Versailles.

Orsay - a museum from the station.

Wine Museum.

4. Types of museum activities.

Collecting.

5. Functions of the museum.

Documentation function.

Other functions.

Consultation.

Museum activity.

Museum lesson.

Excursion.

Play.

Concert.

Master Class.

Museum circle.

Museum holiday.

Festival.

Museum event.

1. History of museum affairs.

The concept of a museum as a socio-cultural institution.

Museum is a historically determined multifunctional institution social information, intended for the preservation of cultural, historical and natural scientific values, accumulation and dissemination of information through museum objects. Documenting the processes and phenomena of nature and society, the museum assembles, stores, examines collections of museum objects, and also uses them for scientific, educational and propaganda purposes.

History of the development of the museum in the XV - XVIII centuries.

The emergence of the museum as a sociocultural institution during the Renaissance.

The emergence of art collecting in Italy in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Art collecting outside of Italy.

Formation of scientific collections during the Renaissance.

Museum work in the 17th century. and during the Enlightenment (XVIII century).

Collecting and the first public museums in the 17th - 18th centuries.

Art collections and museums in various parts Europe.

Scientific collections and museums of the 17th - 18th centuries.

2. Types of museums.

The word "museum" translated from Greek means a temple in which the muses live - the temple of the muses. In accordance with the content of the collections, museums are distinguished as sectoral, complex, and memorial.

Industry.

The work of historical museums is related to the study historical events, monuments, archaeological finds. Art museums collect and study works of fine and decorative art. Literary museums store materials related to the life and work of writers. Music museums can be museums of musical instruments, musical culture and memorial. Musical instrument museums collect unique collections of instruments different eras and peoples, as well as those made by great masters. Museums of musical culture store archival and handwritten materials, musical instruments, visual materials, and music libraries. Musical and memorial museums are created, as a rule, in houses and estates where people lived and worked. famous musicians.

Complex.

Complex museums, which include local history museums, combine several areas of collecting, collecting and studying exhibits. Local history museums make up the widest network and include departments of history, nature, decorative and applied arts, and small art galleries.

Memorial.

Memorial museums are usually created on the basis of outstanding monuments of architecture, wildlife or on the basis of local history, literary, music and other museums.

The work of museums of various types is regulated by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation on Culture, and the Federal Law “On the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation, on Museums in the Russian Federation.”

3. The largest museums in the world.

The Louvre art gallery, even taken separately, could become a museum of world significance. Great works are collected here greatest painters- Francisco Goya, Raphael, Delacroix, Rubens, Rembrandt.

Versailles.

Each era made its contribution to the improvement and decoration of Versailles, and almost every monarch left memories of himself. But the image of Versailles is still firmly associated with the name of Louis XIV. Under him, construction work was carried out for almost forty years. There was always a celebration at Versailles that lasted for decades. Its main director was Louis XIV. He took great pleasure in both the Menagerie with rare animals and the Greenhouse with strange plants. And the main pride of the king was Versailles Park, which spread over an area of 101 hectares. It all started with the titanic work of draining the swamps, then earth, sand and stones were brought in to level the soil and create artificial terraces. Thousands of workers dug canals and built water supply for the famous fountains and cascades.

Museum of Impressionism in Paris.

On the ground floor of the Museum, paintings by the “painter of joy” Auguste Renoir are also exhibited - “Road in the Grass”, “Model in the Sun”. Renoir's canvases also move to the second floor of the Museum. In addition to them, paintings by Claude Monet, Pizarro, Cezanne, Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Gauguin and other artists are exhibited here. And one of the masterpieces is C. Monet’s painting “Impression,” which gave the name to the entire movement of impressionism.

National Museum of Art named after Georges Pompidou.

The Pompidou Center houses within its walls not only a library and modular exhibition spaces. There is also a cinema here and concert hall, children's playground, several restaurants and bars. In the basement floors of the Center there is the Institute for Research into the Coordination of Acoustics and Music, which is a complex of ultra-modern acoustic laboratories. Its concept is designed to combine optimal

conditions for acoustic research with the possibility of public access to the demonstration hall.

Orsay - a museum from the station.

The creation of this museum was a significant event in the cultural life of France. The largest station of the Orleans Company, which had lost its functional significance, was supposed to turn “from a station into a museum” - this was the main idea of its restorers and organizers. One of the main tasks in the implementation of this project was not only to preserve the station in its original form, but also to include it in modern life, to give the museum - the station a dual function - as a carrier of historical memory and a modern genuine phenomenon.

Wine Museum.

In 1981, the Wine Museum was opened on Parisian Rue O, on the site of which a monastery stood in the 15th century. Modest monks, nicknamed “virtues,” engaged in winemaking in their free time from prayer, adapting the galleries of old quarries into wine cellars. The monastery was famous for its wines, and King Louis XIII himself loved to taste the light monastery wine when returning from hunting from the Bois de Boulogne. The monks made wine for church needs, and sold the excess on the market. But after the French Revolution, the monastery was closed and looted, and its surviving buildings served as a weaving factory until 1906.

In one of the surviving underground galleries, the Wine Museum was established. Its exhibits not only introduce tourists to the history and technology of winemaking, here you can try the most famous varieties of French wines: after visiting the Museum, a special tasting program is provided for its visitors. Hospitable guides will tell you in which years, for example, it is better to produce Bordeaux, and in which to produce Burgundy. You will be shown the color, taste, strength, and bouquet... And those who want to consolidate their acquired knowledge will be invited to a restaurant, which is located in one of the Museum’s dungeons.

Demonstration of the presentation "Museums of the World. France. Treasures of the Louvre."

4. Types of museum activities.

Collecting.

Formation and storage of collections. The museum carries out its functional program using specific means. A physical monument is the basis of various types of museums. Identification, registration and acquisition of funds are carried out according to the profile of the museum. Depending on the significance of the exhibits, the museum’s funds are divided into basic and scientific-auxiliary.

Research activities.

Research activities consist of several successive phases. The first stage is the definition and classification of material, its possible use for further scientific processing and for cultural and educational purposes, placement of proceeds in funds and exhibitions. The scientific classification of the museum's collections is reflected in the compilation of catalogs and other scientific and supporting documentation. The final phase of scientific processing of museum material is the organization of exhibitions and the preparation of scientific publications. For scientific work Museum employees and fund specialists must ensure accessibility of all materials in the fund collections.

Exhibition activities.

The basis of the museum's activities is the permanent exhibition. It is formed mainly from authentic exhibits that have undergone preliminary scientific processing. The main requirements for the exhibition: unity of architectural and planning structure and scientific concept; good conditions for visitors: organization of thoughtful movements, opportunities for individual inspection and as part of excursion groups, taking into account the interests of different categories of spectators; an expressive form of presentation of demonstration material in accordance with the structure and thematic and exhibition plan of the museum as a whole; ensuring the safety of exhibits: compliance with the required lighting, temperature and humidity conditions, measures to protect the collection.

5. Functions of the museum.

The main functions of museum activity, which determine its place and role in society and culture, are the function of documentation, the function of education and upbringing and the function of organizing free time.

Documentation function.

The essence of museum documentation is that the museum identifies and selects natural objects and man-made museum objects that can act as authentic evidence objective reality, completes museum collections, deals with their storage and study.

Function of education and upbringing.

The function of education and upbringing is based on the informative and expressive properties of a museum object. It is determined by the cognitive and cultural needs of society and is carried out in various forms exhibition and cultural-educational work of museums.

Function of organizing free time.

The function of organizing free time is derived from the function of education and upbringing, since visiting a museum in free time is associated mainly with motives of a cognitive and cultural nature.

Other functions.

As independent social functions The museum also includes its research, security, and communication functions.

A lecture is a consistent oral presentation of a topic or section related to the profile of the museum or using materials from the museum collection. Having formed as a form of transfer of reproductive knowledge in the field of science and education, the museum lecture retained not only its name, but also such features as the predominant verbal method of transmitting information and the “static” nature of the communication situation (as opposed to the “motor” nature of the excursion). Significant features of a museum lecture are also the non-exhibition form of delivery and, as a result, greater variability in the thematic range compared to an excursion. A museum lecture is divided into two types: 1) academic (educational) lecture and 2) popular science lecture.

Consultation.

In addition to the classic version of museum consultation, modern museum educational practice presents various modifications of this form, which allows it to be differentiated into two types: 1) standard (traditional) consultation and 2) non-standard (innovative) consultation, based on the methods of theatricalization and role-playing.

Museum activity.

A museum activity is a specific form of museum communication, carried out directly in the exhibition space or in the interactive zone of the museum and allowing for a different logic and dynamics of the exhibition viewing route from an excursion in accordance with the thematic dominant of the activity. The function of a museum lesson, correlated with such areas of educational activities of the museum as training and development creative beginnings, consists of an appeal to the objects of the exhibition display to activate the process of cognition, which means a high quality level of use of the museum’s museum and pedagogical potential. Depending on the task, a museum lesson can be: 1) educational and 2) developmental, and in accordance with the leading method: 1) game, 2) studio, 3) practical and 4) seminar type.

Museum lesson.

The museum lesson is conducted with the aim of deepening students’ knowledge on the topic of the school’s curriculum (main or elective) directly at the museum’s exhibition. This form of organizing the museum-pedagogical process has a clearly targeted nature and is designed for collective work with a group of students ( school class), characterized by relative homogeneity of socio-demographic and psychological characteristics, as well as a single motivation for coming to the museum. The peculiarity of a museum lesson is the implementation of tasks school education in the educational environment of the museum, which implies not only serious preparation of all communication agents (student, teacher and tour guide/museum educator) prior to the class’s arrival at the museum, but also the development of the final phase of testing the level of students’ assimilation of new knowledge through the creation of a “feedback” mechanism. The final result of a museum lesson from the point of view of communication theory is “communication delayed in time,” when the influence of the museum continues to be felt at the final stage of the museum lesson, carried out by a school teacher in the classroom.

Excursion.

A museum excursion is a form of cultural and educational activity of a museum, based on a collective inspection of museum objects under the guidance of a specialist on a pre-planned topic and a special route. An excursion is a form of educational activity, the content of which is a complex (visual, verbal, emotional) perception of the visual objects offered by the excursion route in order to acquire knowledge and impressions. The main criterion for distinguishing an excursion, distinguishing it from other possible forms of cultural and educational activities of the museum, is the function of presentation of the exposition (exhibition). According to this criterion museum tour is divided into two types: 1) sightseeing tour (full presentation) and 2) thematic tour (partial presentation, presentation of one of the thematic sections of the exposition or exhibition). The next level is the division of each type of excursion into subtypes, depending on the methodological principle of their construction: 1) traditional excursions, 2) theatrical (interactive) excursions and 3) specialized excursions (with a dominant theme). Adjustment for the socio-demographic and psychological characteristics of the contingent of excursionists (sixth level of classification) allows us to further differentiate excursions into three categories: 1) excursions for children, 2) excursions for teenagers and 3) excursions for adults.

Play.

When identifying a museum performance as an independent basic element of the classification, we mean a stage production using the museum interior, performed by professionals. All other options for museum stagings refer to the form of a studio lesson based on the method of theatricalization.

Concert.

The concert as a form of cultural and educational activity of the museum is closely related to the problem of using music in museum communication. According to the classification based on the functional approach (N.G. Kolokoltseva), the use of music in the museum is differentiated into three types: 1) “sounding” of the exhibition, 2) music as a sounding exhibit, 3) concert in the museum. The proposed classification takes into account only the form of a concert in a museum.

Along with its attractiveness, the undoubted advantage of this form is its versatility, the possibility of application in almost all museums, regardless of the profile. If in historical, art or literary museums the fashion show takes the form of demonstrating the fashions of the corresponding eras and classes, then in an ethnographic museum the signs of nationality and ethnic specificity of a traditional costume come to the fore. The demonstration of clothing models is closely linked to the form of the ball. A ball at the museum is a dance evening with immersion in the historical and cultural environment to gain emotional impressions.

Master Class.

A master class in an ethnographic museum usually takes the form of a demonstration of the art of making a product (or a fragment of it) in a traditional style. A master class on teaching the elements fits organically into the profile of an ethnographic museum folk dance, basics pictographic writing, a game based on the simplest musical instruments etc.

Museum circle.

The activities of the museum circle have all the advantages of serial forms (“feedback”, the effect of “museum-pedagogical aftereffect” caused by the factor of “communication delayed in time”, the progressive complication of the program, which makes it possible to track the mechanism of the transition of quantitative accumulation of information into quality - the acquisition of knowledge by students and skills, etc.); in addition, knowledge of individual abilities and creative potential each member of the circle, achieved only through long-term contact with the group, opens up new opportunities in the use of means, methods and methodological techniques of museum pedagogy. From the point of view of organizing the educational process, circle work provides the museum teacher with unlimited opportunities for creative experimentation, giving each lesson an original appearance based on various combinations elementary museum forms and innovations from other spheres of culture and education. In this sense, the circle is akin to a creative laboratory of museum experimentation.

The studio, in contrast to the circle, involves introducing a component of artistic creativity into the learning process.

Courses as a special form of communicative activity of the museum are not an innovation in the practice of museum affairs. According to the level of complexity, this form of cultural and educational activities of the museum is divided into: 1) courses addressed to the general public, 2) advanced training courses for specialists - museum professionals and teachers.

The classification of a museum club as a form derived from the recreational function of a museum is determined by: 1) the optionality of the course, 2) an appeal to the recipient, for whom visiting the club is motivated by the desire for educational leisure, 3) the correlation of this motivation with such areas of the museum’s pedagogical activities as recreation and communication.

Closely related to the museum club is another form of cultural and educational activity of the museum, called “evenings” (“literary evenings”, “musical evenings”), in to a greater extent characteristic of artistic and literary museums. Without going beyond our competence, ethnographical museum introduces new ideas into the development of this form, suggested by folk tradition(for example, “Yuletide evenings”).

Museum holiday.

Holiday at the museum – complex form work with the museum audience, including elements of an excursion, theme evening, theatrical performance, etc., united by a single theme, carried out on the basis of a script using expositions and museum collections. This specific form of implementation of the cultural and educational activities of the museum is characterized by the syncretism of its basic elements, combined in various options, with a clear focus on meeting the visitor’s recreational needs. Depending on the content, the holiday is divided into two main types: 1) holidays of the folk calendar and 2) event holidays.

Festival.

Despite the borrowed nature of the form, at present we can say with confidence that the museum festival not only successfully combines with the tasks of the cultural and educational activities of the museum, but also generally enriches this form, introducing new content into it.

Museum event.

A museum event is a set of museum events, most often associated with the opening and operation of a new exposition or exhibition. IN Lately When carrying out museum events, along with traditional forms, various innovative forms: happenings, performances, as well as other options for organizing museum events based on interactivity technology.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Educational activities

One of the priority areas of the museum’s activities is scientific and educational work aimed at creating and putting into practice working with various target audiences, sightseeing and thematic excursions to the permanent and exhibition exhibitions of the museum, lectures and classes, events and promotions aimed at popularizing the museum collection, demonstration scientific, educational and leisure potential of the museum.
For 11 years, IOCM has been conducting museum and art history internships for higher and secondary students. educational institutions city of Ivanovo (Ivanovsky State University, Ivanovo State University of Chemical Technology, Ivanovo Art School named after M.I. Malyutina, College of Services). Lecture and practical courses combine several topics on the history of museum affairs in the Ivanovo region, the history of the IOCM and the formation of its collection, the main activities of the Art Museum and its branches, as well as work in the collections, information center and library of the museum.
Since 2004, the IOCM has been collaborating with the University of the Third Age and the Sovremennik Club, railway transport veterans and the regional and city Veterans Councils. From October to April, classes are held as part of the lecture “Collections of the IOCM” and excursions to all exhibitions of the Art Museum, as well as creative meetings with artists and designers are organized. For the Day of the Elderly for people with disabilities Events are planned, including a thematic exhibition in the New Gallery, a concert program and refreshments.
The “Music in Context” project is known to art connoisseurs and friends of the museum - exhibitions are held as part of its work concert programs, literary and musical evenings with the participation of famous creative groups, musicians and vocalists.
Museum Night is an event dedicated to International Day museums. The Ivanovo Art Museum has been holding it for four years. Initially, the programs included conceptual exhibitions and concerts of the famous jazz group Saros. In 2012, the museum confirmed its interest in contemporary youth culture. The location of the event was not only the area in front of the main façade of the building for a concert and art bazaar, but also the courtyard of the museum for video installations and a fire show. For the first time, visitors were given the opportunity to be creative - sculpt, draw, leave your own graffiti mark. “Night of Museums 2013” surpassed all previous ones in the number and variety of artistic, musical, educational and entertainment events. For the first time, it was possible to witness the creation of a work of art by the famous Ivanovo artist Valery Bakharev, and receive lessons in craftsmanship from Ivanovsky teachers art school and the Children’s Art Studio “Nachalo” of the IOCM, as well as take part in the “Photo-drying” and “Instant Photo” projects and visit several exhibitions at once. All events were successfully held in front of a large number of spectators.

Accounting and storage activities

The holdings of the Ivanovo Regional Art Museum represent an organized collection of objects accepted by the museum for permanent storage. Museum objects are not only on display or in permanent display - the main part of them is concentrated in the depository. In addition, items can be transferred for examination or restoration, as well as for temporary use to another institution or museum.
Currently, the IOCM collections contain more than 45 thousand works of painting, graphics, sculpture, decorative and applied art, which are included in 19 museum collections.

Main areas of accounting and storage activities:

The issues of acquisition of museum collections (strategy for the formation of the collection as a whole, the formation of individual collections, the entry of new exhibits into the IOCM collection) are carried out by the Museum's Expert Stock and Purchasing Commission.

Ensuring optimal storage conditions (favorable conditions) and security systems. IOCM uses a comprehensive storage system: inside the storage facilities, items are arranged according to types of materials (canvas, paper, wood, bone, ceramics, metal, stone, etc.)

Solving problems of restoration and conservation of museum valuables. There is a restoration workshop at IOCM oil painting. Qualified restoration of exhibits from various collections is also carried out at the All-Russian Artistic and Scientific restoration center named after Academician I.E. Grabar (Moscow, Kostroma) and the State Research Institute of Restoration (Moscow).

The accounting department documents museum processes and museum collections. All museum objects are recorded in the museum documents as state property. Thus, their legal protection is carried out - accounting of funds. The IOCM uses the computer automated program KAMIS for entering museum collections into the electronic catalogue.

Research work

The research work of the museum is integral in nature, i.e. unites various directions activities: stock, exhibition, cultural and educational.
The strategic concept is systematization, classification, attribution of collections stored in the IOCM, obtaining and generalizing new knowledge, its optimal introduction into scientific and general cultural circulation.
Priority areas – monuments of culture and art Ancient world, oriental collection, Russian art XVIII– beginning of the 20th century, Russian avant-garde, collecting activity of D.G. Burylina and other directions reflecting the structure of the museum’s collection.

Stages of scientific research:

Examination of a museum object / establishing the authenticity and artistic significance of a work: establishing or confirming authorship, time of creation, artistic direction, schools.

Attribution of a museum object: material and method of production, size, state of preservation, presence of inscriptions, brands, brand marks, heraldic symbols, etc.

Origin, history of the existence of a museum item (provenance): who owned the item, how it was acquired or under what circumstances it was created, the time and method of its entry into the museum collection.

Implementation of research results: museum editions, publications; participation in scientific conferences, seminars, symposiums; creation of an exposition, exhibition.

Great value in research work The museum has a scientific archive and a scientific library. The archive contains about one and a half thousand documents, photographs, audio and video materials. The scientific library (founded in 1960) contains more than 18 thousand publications. Along with industry departments, there are special ones dedicated to the activities of the art museum and fine arts Ivanovo region. In 2006, on the basis of the library’s collection, the “Rare Edition” collection was formed, which is of not only scientific, but also artistic interest.