MUNICIPAL BUDGETARY INSTITUTION
ADDITIONAL EDUCATION
« UKRAINIAN SCHOOL»
CITY DISTRICT CITY OF SALAVAT
REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN
Lesson outline
« Traditional dwellings of the Bashkirs »
teacher additional education
MBU DO "USH" Salavat
8-917-450-45-39
Salavat 2018
Museum pedagogy .
Lesson outline.
Subject : “Traditional dwellings of the Bashkirs.”
Target:
introduce students to the traditional construction of Bashkir housing.
Tasks:
1. Introduce you to the life and culture of the Bashkir people.
2.Help to reveal the harmony of the Bashkir yurt with nature.
3. Consider the design of the yurt and the interior.
4. Foster a sense of respect for the culture and traditions of our ancestors.
Equipment:
presentation.
Progress of the lesson. 1. Group organization. 2. Introductory conversation. Leading a nomadic and semi-nomadic lifestyle, the Bashkirs needed permanent and temporary housing. Accordingly, permanent and temporary dwellings were built. Temporary dwellings were built at the summer camps of the Bashkirs. These included yurts; conical bark, bast, birch bark conical huts - ; booths; log cabins - ; blanket tents - satyr, felt tents - . Along the southern spurs of the Ural Mountains in Zilairsky, Zianchurinsky and KugarchiIn the Nsky districts of the Republic of Belarus, prefabricated alasyks were built.
The universal housing was the yurt. Permanent dwellings were built of frame construction. The gaps were filled with wood, earth, clay, straw, and adobe. The foundation was made of logs, stones or stone slabs. The floor is plank, sometimes earthen or adobe. Roofs on slabs or rafters. To protect the coating from rotting, the roofs were made without gables. In the mountain forest regions of Bashkortostan, there were no ridge logs on the roofs. As a utility room for cooking and storing food, an asalyk made of bast, tyn or wattle was built next to the house.
In the 19th century, depending on the places of settlement, the Bashkirs built the following types of houses: stone - rectangular in shape with higher facade walls; log houses - 4-walled hut (dүrt mөyөshlo өy, һynar yort) with a canopy (solan); adobe (saman oy) - made of mud bricks, with a flat or sloping roof; wattle - from stakes braided with willow cloth and coated inside and outside with clay; turf or slab houses (kas oy) - made of turf, laid with grass down. The turf was laid with poles for strengthening.
Permanent dwellings had windows. According to Bashkir beliefs, through them one could be exposed to a severe evil eye, so one should not talk through the window.
3. Phys. just a minute. 4. New material. Yurt. Bashkirs built yurts from wool, wood and leather. At its bottom there was a lattice fastened with straps. At the top there is a wooden circle for the passage of smoke and light. A curtain (sharshau) divided the yurt into two parts. The right, smaller part was female, it had a bedroom with household items, clothing and supplies. The left side was for men - the guest side. The entrance to the yurt was located on the south side.
Home decorations. The color red had a protective function among the Bashkirs. In red - Brown color they painted the frame of the yurt and the door to make them impenetrable to evil spirits. The facade of the house was decorated more than the side facing the courtyard. Starting from the 19th century, the windows of Bashkir huts were decorated with decorative frames with patterns based on motifs symbolic meanings(diamond and circle). Special attention was given to decorating their upper parts. The board above the window was decorated with notched carvings, rhombuses, and squares. Basic distinctive feature in the design of modern platbands - coloring. Contrasting colors are often chosen: dark and light. If the casing is painted in dark colors (dark blue), then the overlay figures are light, and vice versa. The Bashkirs used embroidered carpets, towels, festive clothes, jewelry, hunting accessories, horse harness and weapons to decorate the inside of their homes.
5. Student message.
Interior decoration . The northern part of the Bashkir dwelling, opposite the entrance, was considered the main part and was intended for guests. In the center of the dwelling there was a fireplace, above it there was a smoke hole. If the hearth was in the yard, then a tablecloth was spread in the center of the dwelling, pillows and soft bedding were laid around it, . There were rugs and pillows on the floor. Textiles, carpets, rugs, felts, tablecloths, curtains, napkins and towels had a semantic meaning in the house - they made the house a protected territory. In the men's half of the home there were chests on wooden stands with rugs, felts, blankets, pillows, and mattresses. Festive clothes were hung on the walls. In a prominent place are saddles, inlaid harness, a bow in a leather case and arrows in a quiver, and a saber. On the women's side she showed off kitchenware. The main accessories included wooden bunks on supports. The bunks were covered with felts and rugs, pillows, mattresses, and quilts. They slept and ate on the bunks. The edges of the bunks were decorated with geometric patterns with symbolic rhombuses indicating the four cardinal directions. In permanent dwellings, heat in the house was provided by a stove during the cold season. The most common form of stove was the fireplace stove (suval). According to the ancient beliefs of the Bashkirs, a brownie lives in the stove, and the shaitan can enter the house through the chimney. Therefore, all openings in the stoves were closed after firing. Stoves are also installed in modern Bashkir houses in case of the end of centralized heating. 6. Summary of the lesson.
What were the names of the Bashkir dwellings?
-What were they built from?
- What interior elements do you remember?
7. Homework.
Draw a sketch of the interior of the yurt.
Abstract directly educational activities in the preparatory school group “Yurt - the home of the Bashkirs”
Target: formation of children's ideas about the yurt - the home of the Bashkirs.
Objectives: Educational: introduce children to the yurt - a dwelling in which the Bashkirs - Bashkorts - lived in ancient times. What does this word mean when translated into Russian?Educational: develop interest in the life of Bashkirs; tolerance. Develop children's speech: the ability to answer with common sentences, using adjectives and adverbs, the ability to generalize and draw conclusions.Educational: cultivate curiosity, a desire to learn new and interesting things about the lives of other peoples of the Urals.Dictionary: Dictionary enrichment: uk, sagarmak, felt, lasso, yurt, villageactivating the dictionary: Bashkorts,nomads, pastoralists, farmers.Integration educational areas: cognitive development, speech, artistic - aesthetic, social - communicative, physical development.Preliminary work : examination of illustrations about the Bashkirs; teacher's story about the Bashkirs - the indigenous inhabitants of the Urals. Viewing exhibitions about the Bashkirs in the Rodnichok museum in our kindergarten.Material and equipment: presentation “Yurt - the home of the Bashkirs”; interactive whiteboard, 4 chairs, 4 large scarves, landscape sheets of paper, colored pencils;Progress of NOTES : Organizing time : Bashkir music sounds.
What people of the southern Urals did we talk about in the last lesson? What do the Bashkirs call themselves? What does the word bashkort mean in Russian? What interesting things did you learn about Bashkorts in the last lesson? How do you understand the words: pastoralist, nomad, farmer? Today we will talk to you about the home of the Bashkirs. Maybe some of you know what it's called? (children's answers). Listen:Yurt, yurt - round house,
Visit Tom's house,
Father and mother work
What should I do? Rest.
I don't like being idle
I'll light a fire soon,
Let it burn more cheerfully. Have you guessed what the Bashkir dwelling is called? Yes, this is a yurt or in Bashkir - tirme.Listen to the riddle: “There are no corners in this house. This is paradise for the unhearing! And this is the kind of dwelling you always find in the mountains? This is a yurt. Yurt- house (tirmә – in Bashkir) portable framehomewith felt covering among nomads. The yurt fully satisfies the needs of a nomad due to its convenience and practicality. It is quickly assembled and easily disassembled by one family within one hour. It is easily transported on camels, horses, its felt covering does not allow rain, wind and cold to pass through.Yurts were built from poles - uk, thin, flexible rods, the rods were intertwined to form a lattice, a yurt - tirme (latticed yurt) was built from the lattice. The upper part of the yurt was called sagarmak. What does it look like top part yurts? (to the sun, to a flower, etc.). And in the very middle there is a hole. What was it for? (for air, smoke exit from the fireplace,the appearance of the sun in the yurt).The hole at the top of the dome serves for daylighting and allows light and air to easily penetrate intothe yurt had no windows, why do you think? (to keep warm). But there was a door. In winter it was made of wood. Why? (to keep it warm). In summer, spring, autumn she wasfelt, fabric. Why? (so it doesn't get hot). The outside of the yurt was covered with felt. Felt is a very dense material made from pressed sheep wool. Let's play the game “Find the felt” (you need to find felt among many pieces of fabric). In winter, the yurt was covered with 5-7 layers of felt, and in the warm season with 1-2 layers. To prevent the wind from tearing off the felt, it was tied with long ropes - a lasso.Yurts were everyday and festive.We lived constantly in everyday life. The festive one was very beautiful, elegant, it was for guests, holidays, weddings. Today we will go on a trip to the village. Do you know what this is? Yes, this is a settlement of Bashkirs - nomads. What was the main building in the village? (of course, a yurt). There were several yurts in the village. Can you guess why? Yes, the Bashkirs wandered from one pasture to another, not alone, but in small groups. Some were herding cattle, some were guarding the village, some were looking for wild honey. But the main thing in the village was the yurt.
I suggest you play the Bashkir game “Tirme”.The game involves four subgroups of children, each of which forms a circle at the corners of the site. In the center of each circle there is a chair on which a scarf with a national pattern is hung. Holding hands, everyone walks in four circles at alternating steps and sings:
We are funny guys
Let's all gather in a circle.
Let's play and dance
And let's rush to the meadow.
To a melody without words, the guys move in alternating steps into a common circle. At the end of the music, they quickly run to their chairs, take a scarf and pull it over their heads in the form of a tent (roof), it turns out to be a yurt.
Rules of the game . When the music ends, you need to quickly run to your chair and form a yurt. The first group of children to build a yurt wins.
The yurt and the space adjacent to it is the place where the Bashkirs spent everything free time, worked, ate, slept and received guests. According to eyewitnesses, receiving guests and relatives on the occasion of holidays or family events is a favorite pastime of the Bashkirs.
This is how the Chinese poet Wo Ju described the yurt in the 7th century.
The poem "White Yurt", a fragment of which I will read to you:
The storm will not tear the yurt off the ground,
Heavy rains will not seep into it,
There are no corners in a round yurt,
It’s so warm when you fall asleep lying in a yurt.” I suggest you draw a yurt of nomads - Bashkorts, remember everything that I told you about it and try to reflect it in your drawing. And now - the game“Find a home for the Bashkirs”.
Among many different dwellings, find the one that, in your opinion, is most suitable for Bashkirs and explain why? (Bashkir music plays). You found it right Bashkir home nomads - pastoralists Bashkirs.Lesson summary:
What interesting things did you learn during the lesson? What would you tell your parents? What knowledge would you share with the children of other kindergartens in our city? Let's go to our museum. What is it called? In the museum we will see exhibits about the yurt.
6th grade
Subject: Bashkir yurt.
Goal: - repeat and consolidate knowledge about the types of decorative and applied
art;
To familiarize students with the decoration and decoration of the Bashkir yurt;
To instill respect and love for the culture of the Bashkir people,
Develop aesthetic taste students.
Equipment: books, notebooks, pens, Syromyatnikov’s painting “Wagon
on a nomadic camp (Yurt)”, drawing of a Bashkir yurt, drawings “Types of Bashkir ornaments”, “Meeting guests”, “Decoration of a Bashkir yurt”, laptop.
Lesson plan: 1. Organizational moment.
2. Announcement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
3. Repetition of the material covered.
4. Presentation of new material.
5. Consolidation.
6. Summing up.
7. Homework.
8. Assessment.
During the classes:
1. Organizational moment.
Hello, please sit down.. I would like to start our lesson with a poem.Slide1
IN
Bashkir pattern
– the color of honey, wheat,
The beauty of endless meadows and steppes,
The color of the blue sky, fertile land,
The color of red flowers, the purity of springs.
We hear the drawn-out song of the kurai
In the interweaving of the colors of the nature of the canvas.
In the Bashkir pattern - sesena legend
And the generosity of the people, their kindness
What is the name of the pattern that people used to decorate clothes and household items? (Ornament)
2. Announcement of the topic and purpose of the lesson. Slide2
Today we will consolidate knowledge about decorative and applied art, about
types of decorative applied arts, let's get acquainted with the decoration,
decoration of the Bashkir yurt.
3.Repetition of the covered material .
1) What is arts and crafts?Slide3
(Decoration of household items with ornaments)
2) What is an ornament?Slide4
(from the Latin word for “decorated”)
3) What functions did the ornament perform in ancient times and what functions does it perform now?(The ornament played the role of talismans and protected a person from the evil eye, from the influence of evil forces. And now they have become simply objects of decoration.)
4) The combination of what figures forms the Bashkir ornament? (formed by a combination of geometric, zoomorphic and plant figures and elements).Slide5
What are the main figures used in Bashkir ornament? (geometric and plant elements, and zoomorphic ornament was used in embroidery)
5) What colors are used most often in Bashkir ornaments?
(the most common colors in the color scheme were red, yellow, green) Slide6
6)Each color worn certain meaning. What does each color mean?
( red – the color of warmth and fire
yellow – the color of abundance and wealth
black – the color of earth and fertility
green is the color of eternal greenery,
white – the color of purity of thoughts, peacefulness
blue is the color of love of freedom,
brown – the color of old age and withering)Slide7
7) What ornamental complexes can you name?
(Guys draw simple patterns of ornaments on the board)
1st – geometric;
Slide8
2nd – lumpy (curvilinear patterns: spirals, heart-shaped and horn-shaped figures, waves);
Slide9
3rd – vegetable;
Slide10
4th – carpet (a group of complex patterns - multi-stage rhombuses, triangles);
Slide11
5th – decorations in the form of women’s headbands, appliqués on shoes in the form of paired images of animals and birds);
Slide12
6th -
geometric weaving and embroidery patterns:squares and diamonds, simple jagged curls, eight-pointed rosettes, etc.
Slide13
8) How is the pattern located in the Bashkir ornament? (symmetrical)
9) What types of decorative and applied arts do you know?Slide14
(Wood carving, carpet weaving, leather stamping, embroidery, jewelry).
10) Where can you find Bashkir ornaments? Slide 15-21
Conclusion: While decorating their products, people talked about themselves, their family, the life around them, and nature.
4. New topic. Teacher's message.
The household items that we just talked about and that you named are intended for daily use. Therefore, they should not only be beautiful, but, first of all, easy to use.
The organization of housing itself was also subordinated to this goal.
Slide 1
The topic of our lesson today: Slide 22
“Decorative and applied arts in the organization of housing for Bashkirs.”
Record the date and topic of the lesson in your notebook.
One of the original occupations of the Bashkirs is semi-nomadic and nomadic cattle breeding. The life of nomads could not help but leave its mark on the entire way of life: on the methods of building housing, on the peculiarities of preparing and storing food. Together with their belongings (i.e. property) and livestock, the Bashkirs moved from one place to another: in the summer - to the summer pasture -jailau, and in winter - to winter -kyshlau. In winter, the Bashkirs lived in houses. Slide 23
The traditional dwelling of the ancient Bashkirs is calledtirme – yurt.Slide 24
This is a portable home. Very durable, lightweight and easy to transport. Easy to assemble and disassemble (in 1 hour).
Its area is 15-20 square meters. meters. Usually 5-6 people lived in such a yurt.
Slide 25
There were two types of yurts:
Turkic type – conical shape, the roof has the shape of a dome (has the shape of a cone)
Mongolian type – sphericalshape, the roof has the shape of a low cone (has the shape of a ball)
Slide 26
Wooden frame yurts consisted of:
shanrak – circular top of the yurt – symbol family well-being, peace, tranquility.
uyk - domed poles, evenly diverging from the center, resemble the rays of the sun - a source of life and warmth
rope – prefabricated sliding grille
Rich Bashkirs had 3-4 yurts:
for housing;
for cooking food;
for guests - it was covered with white felt and decorated with ornaments and it was calledaktirme - white yurt.Slide 27
In such yurts, visiting guests were received and family celebrations were celebrated.
Slide 28 The space of the guest half was filled with the brightest and most colorful items: bedding, patterned tablecloths, towels.
In the summer it was cool in the yurt. When it rained, she did not get wet, and the wind did not blow through her. So what is this miracle coating?
It's calledfelt. ( from Turkic ojlyk - bedspread) - dense material made of felted wool.Slide 29
The felts with which the tent (yurt) is covered are tied to the frame with special ropes sewn to them at the corners and in the middle of the edge, and for greater strength, the entire tent is entangled on the outside with long hair ropes (lasso) and tied to two or three small pegs driven into the ground outside it" (Rudenko S.I.)
Now you and I have an idea of what a yurt is, what it looks like, and how much area it occupies.Slide 30
And what does she have inside? Let's take a look.The interior decoration of the yurt depended on the level of wealth of the family: the richer it was, the more numerous and colorful the household items were.
Description of the yurt decoration:There is almost no furniture in the yurt, but there are a lot of fabrics and various
items made of soft materials: carpets, rugs, pillows, blankets, tablecloths, etc.
The entrance is closed with wooden doors or animal skins.
In the center there was a fireplace for heating the yurt. Food was prepared extremely rarely in the yurt itself. For this purpose, a special yurt was equipped with a small fireplace for cooking.
The most important element of the Bashkir yurt was the curtain (sharshau), which divided the dwelling into
two parts: male and female. On the floor of the yurt they slept, ate, rested, received guests, here
holidays, weddings, funerals took place, births and deaths took place. Therefore, the floor of the yurt
covered with patterned felts, woolen rugs, and carpets.
Slide 31 The male half was more brightly and richly decorated: starting from the door (along the walls of the yurt) horse harness and saddles were hung; then festive clothes; embroidered towels. And in the place of honor, opposite the entrance, there is a weapon. Under the towels, in the most visible place on stands, there were chests on which neatly folded blankets, pillows, rugs, tied with embroidered ribbon, were stacked in a heap. The wealth and well-being of the family was determined by the height of the things stacked on the chests.
Slide 32 On the women's side there were kitchen utensils, tursuks with cereals and food, cabinets for dishes. In the yurts of wealthy Bashkirs one could find low beds with carved wooden headboards.
Why were many things in the yurt hung on the wall?
(Things in the yurt were placed in such a way that as little as possible
occupy floor space and leave it free for people. Therefore, things seem to be “huddled” against the walls).
Slide 33 Here is a painting by V.S. Syromyatnikov "Caravan on a nomadic camp /Yurt/". She
written in 1929. What do you see here? (students' answers)
Where is the tent? (In the steppe. Not far from the yurt there are trees. The tent was fenced with a fence of poles so that the cattle would not approach the tents)
The yurts on the nomadic camps were always lined up in a row and fenced in several pieces or all together with a fence of poles, so that the cattle did not approach the very wagons.
5. Consolidation of the material covered.
Practical work.Slide 34
Guys, today we will also try ourselves in the role of master artists. In front of you is a Bashkir yurt.
What's missing here? (ornaments, i.e. patterns) Now we will decorate the yurt with an ornament.
Children, what colors are usually used in Bashkir ornaments? (red, yellow, green)
Slide 35 In front of you are green strips of colored paper measuring 10X8. Let's make a piece element. And then we will glue your patterns onto the yurt.
Slide 36 Video on how to assemble a Bashkir yurt.
1. Fold a sheet of paper into quarters with the colored side facing inward.
2. Draw a quarter of the ornament.
3. Cut out the work along the contour without closing the scissors.
4. Unfold the work, straighten the fold line.
6. Summing up.
Questions:
Currently, where can we find yurts? (during the holidays)
The Bashkir ornament is very ancient, but even now it has not lost its relevance. If you walk around the city or any village you can see Bashkir ornaments on houses, posters.
The multinational people of Bashkiria highly respect the traditions of the region and love their culture - the culture of our ancestors. We think that the Bashkir ornament will be passed on from generation to generation.
7.Homework : read the text in the textbook on pp. 97-102, answer questions orally, draw a yurt.
8.Assessment.
Slide 37
I want to finish the lesson with a poem that reflects the beauty and richness of our land.
Bashkortostan, your fields
May they be fertile
May your sons be
Brave, noble!
You are famous, Bashkortostan,
With its gray ridge,
May the oil fountain be with her
Comparable in height.
Let your apple trees to the ground
They will bow down from the weight.
And let in any of your family
Happiness will come 5 times!
What else do we want?
So that in our Fatherland
Bashkiria was ours
Happiest and most beautiful!
The lesson is over. Thank you for the lesson!
Questions of the origin of the yurt as a universal, easily transportable, collapsible dwelling for nomadic pastoralists of the Eurasian steppes have long attracted the attention of ethnographers with their perfection and logical completeness of the design. Over more than 1.5 thousand years of history since the first images of yurts appeared on funerary figurines from Northern China, dating back to the beginning of the 6th century. AD, she is before today has hardly undergone any major changes or innovations. Like hundreds of years ago, the basis of the skeletal structure of the yurt was made up of: a cylindrical base made of 5-6 lattice links interconnected by knotted straps (rope or wing), a dome formed from more than 100 willow poles planed and bent at the bottom (uk , or arrow). One end of the poles rested against the crosshairs of the upper edge of the grating links, and the other, upper end, against special holes in the wooden rim (sagarak), forming the arch of the dome with a diameter of the light-smoke hole of about 1.5 m. On the eastern side between the first and closing gratings – a wooden frame for the door was inserted into the frame of the yurt. The inside of the bars of the yurt frame and the inside of the door were painted with red paint. Since time immemorial, the outside of the yurt has been covered with large pieces of felt, felt mats and tied crosswise for strength with ropes woven from horsehair (lasso).
Questions of the origin and genesis of the yurt occupied a special place in the work of many generations of ethnographers who dealt with the issues of temporary dwellings of pastoralists. Well-known in this area are the works of researchers of the last century A.I. Levshin, M.S. Mukanov, who studied the ethnography of the Kazakh people, A. A. Popov, who devoted his works to the dwellings of the Siberian peoples, B. Kh. Karmysheva, who wrote about the dwellings of the Uzbek-Karluks, E. G. Gafferberg, who studied the yurts of the Hazaras. The most complete ideas about the temporary dwellings of pastoralists are presented in the works of S. I. Vainshtein, devoted to the ethnography of the Tuvan people, and the works of N. N. Kharuzin, which discusses the origin and evolution of the yurt in time and space. Among the researchers - Bashkir scholars, one can highlight the works of such famous ethnologists as S. I. Rudenko, S. N. Shitova, N. V. Bikbulatov and others.
Speaking about the genesis of the yurt, N.N. Kharuzin, for example, wrote that thanks to many transformations, the yurt could have arisen from various wooden structures of huts or conical-type tents. The scheme of the evolution of the yurt, according to the scheme of N.N. Kharuzin, went from simple to complex, without taking into account the history of the dwelling in connection with the way of life of ancient pastoralists. In his opinion, the lattice yurt could have appeared no earlier than the 17th century, which, in the light of new materials on the history of nomadism in the steppes of Eurasia, was the wrong message for an objective reconstruction of the paths of genesis of lattice yurts of the Turkic or Mongolian types. Other authors, on the contrary, derive the design of the yurt in its unchanged form from the Early Iron Age, i.e. Scythian-Sarmatian times, referring to archaeological finds, written sources of Herodotus, Strabo and other ancient authors. According to S.I. Vainstein, yurt structures with lattice walls were not known to the Scythians, Sarmatians, Usuns, Huns and other early nomads of the Eurasian steppes. In his opinion, the Scythians and other nomadic pastoralists of the turn of the century AD. could use either collapsible hut dwellings with a conical or pyramidal frame truncated from poles, covered with felt panels on the outside, or non-dismountable mobile dwellings on wheeled carts, which were called wagons.
Speaking about the antiquity of the origin of yurt-shaped dwellings, it would be interesting to cite excerpts from the famous work of Herodotus “History”, where he gives a biography and life of the ancient tribes of the Scythian world, and it also contains references to the tent-like or hut-like structures of the ancient Scythians and Argippaeans, which were translated by G. A . Stratonovsky as “yurts” (Herodotus, 2004. P. 220, 233-234). “After the funeral, the Scythians cleanse themselves in the following way: first they anoint and then wash their heads, and cleanse the body with a steam bath, doing this: they install three poles, with their upper ends inclined towards each other, and then cover them with woolen felt, then pull the felt together as tightly as possible and they throw red-hot stones into a vat placed in the middle of the yurt” (Herodotus, 2004, pp. 233-234). “Hemp grows in the Scythian land. Having taken this hemp seed, the Scythians crawl under a felt yurt and then throw it onto the hot stones. From this, such strong smoke and steam rises that no Hellenic bathhouse can compare with such a bathhouse. Enjoying it, the Scythians scream loudly with pleasure. This steaming serves them instead of a bath, since they do not wash themselves with water at all” (Herodotus, 2004, p. 234). “Every Argippaeus lives under a tree. For the winter, the tree is always covered with thick white felt, and in the summer it is left without a cover” (Herodotus, 2004. P. 220). Based on this description, it is difficult to talk about the complex design features of the Scythian dwellings. One thing is clear that Herodotus gave a description of one or two variants of the conical shape of hut-like dwellings covered with felt. Perhaps the Scythians had other forms of temporary dwellings. Archaeological data provide insight into some of them.
Images of wagons in the form of clay toys are not uncommon in archaeological finds of the Early Iron Age. Judging by these models, the early nomads of the Eurasian steppes, in particular in Southern Siberia and Central Asia, in the second half of the 1st millennium BC. Along with conical huts-chums of pole construction, hemispherical huts made of poles bent into an arc were also common. A drawing of such a hemispherical dwelling was found by S.I. Weinstein in 1954 during excavations of mounds of the Kazylgan culture of the Scythian time in the Republic of Tyva (Weinstein, 1991. p. 49).
At the end of the 1st millennium BC. In the steppes of Central Asia, among the Xiongnu people, a non-removable dome-shaped hut, which could be transported on carts, became widespread. The skeleton of this hemispherical dwelling was woven from flexible willow twigs, which, tapering, turned into a low neck of the smoke-light hole. In bad weather, such a wagon was covered from the outside with large pieces of felt. This is a transportable dwelling, as a prototype of the future yurt, S.I. Weinstein called hut of the Xiongnu type. Images of such dwellings can be found among the petroglyphs of the famous Boyarskaya Pisanitsa in the Minusinsk Basin, dating back to the turn of our era. These small non-demountable dwellings were convenient in that they could be installed on level ground in summer camps, and during migrations they were easily transported on wheeled vehicles. True, these carts were very cumbersome. Currently, yurt-shaped dwellings with a wicker frame are not uncommon in the everyday life of the peoples of Central Asia, Kumyks in the Caucasus and other regions.
The invention of the yurt with a collapsible lattice frame of the walls, straight or curved dome rafters, on which a wooden two-part hoop for the light-smoke hole was attached, was one of greatest discoveries throughout the nomadic world. This can only be compared with the invention of stirrups, which made a real revolution in horse breeding and allowed as soon as possible master the vast expanses of the Eurasian steppes from Altai to the Danube thanks to a stable seat in the saddle.
According to researchers, the invention of the yurt occurred in the ancient Turkic environment no later than the middle of the 5th century. AD The advantages of a collapsible yurt with a lattice frame were obvious. It literally took 30-40 minutes to assemble and disassemble, and most importantly, it was very convenient for transportation in the form of packs on horses and camels. Horses loaded with parts of the yurt could easily and freely explore both steppe and inaccessible mountain pastures. Such dwellings, in contrast to the primitive huts of the Xiongnu type, S.I. Weinstein suggests call them yurts of the ancient Turkic type. As they spread across the steppes of Eurasia, they received the name “Turkic yurt,” which is clearly evident from medieval Turkic and Arab sources. In medieval sources, in particular in Ibn Fadlan’s notes on his journey to the Volga Bulgars, a description is given of “Turkic domed houses”, the name of which A.P. Kovalevsky translated it as “yurt” (Kovalevsky, 1956). It should be noted that the yurt in its classic lattice-dome design is found only throughout the entire Great Belt of Steppes exclusively among the Turkic-Mongolian peoples. S.I. Weinstein notes that south of the Desht-i-Kipchak steppes, the yurt did not become widespread; temporary dwellings of tent and tent construction prevailed here, as, for example, in Iran and Afghanistan. At the same time, the Turkic-speaking Uzbeks, Turkmen, Khazars, and Dzhemshids living here, but Iranianized in a foreign ethnic environment, continue to use traditional “Turkic” yurts with a lattice base for housing everywhere, not tents and tents.
The similarity of the names of yurts in the Turkic languages also speaks about the common origins of the yurt from the ancient Turkic environment. For example, among the Uzbeks, Turks, and Turkmen it is called oy, among the Kazakhs, Kyrgyzs - ui, Sagais - ug, Tuvans - өg. The Mongols called the yurt ger, and the Iranian-speaking Khazars called it khanai khyrga. S.I. Weinstein also gives other names for temporary housing. The Tanguts call a yurt terme ker. Terme means “lattice” in modern Mongolian. Then “terme ker” will mean “lattice house,” which exactly corresponds to the characteristic design feature of the lattice yurt. The concept of a lattice in the ancient form “toreme terebe” was preserved among the Tuvans, Altaians, and Turkmen (terim). At the same time, the Bashkirs understand the word “tirme” as common name yurts, and the lattice is called “kanat”. In our opinion, the concept of “yurt” as a temporary dwelling entered the Russian language from the names of the seasonal camps of Bashkir cattle breeders, on which lattice dome-shaped dwellings were placed: spring camp (yaҙgy yort), summer camp (yәige yort), autumn camp (kөҙгө yort).
As in ancient times, yurts could be easily transported on oxen, camels, mules and horses. On figurines recovered during excavations of monuments of the 6th century. in the north of China, camels are depicted with the bars of the yurt frame folded for transportation, a light-smoke hoop, and felt panels. According to S.I. Vainshtein, all the design features of the ancient Turkic type yurt were finally formed by the 7th century.
In the later Oguz, Kimak-Kipchak times, yurts of the ancient Turkic type continued their development almost unchanged. However, the complexity and high cost of manufacturing the lattice base of the yurt forced the poor population to replace them with circular wattle fence, ring and plank structures, and polygonal low log houses (Weinstein, 1991, p. 57). Considering all these variations of yurt-like dwellings, S.I. Weinstein once again emphasizes that the earliest prototype of modern Turkic yurts could only be a hemispherical hut of the Xiongnu type with a wicker frame made of willow.
On the territory of Bashkiria at the end of the 19th century. domed yurts of the Turkic type became widespread in the southeastern, southern steppe and forest-steppe regions, as well as in the steppe regions of the Orenburg region (Shitova, 1984, p. 133). According to S.N. Shitova, at the beginning of the 20th century. in the villages of the southeastern regions of Bashkiria (modern Baymaksky, Khaibullinsky, southern Abzelilovsky districts) there were specialist craftsmen in the manufacture of yurts and its individual parts. For example, dome poles (уҡ) were made in dd. Abdulkarimovo, Kuvatovo, Yangazino, Baymaksky district, gratings (ҡanat) - in the village of Abdulnasyrovo, Khaibullinsky district, blanks for the light-smoke rim - in the village of Ishberdino, Baymaksky district, and the village of Rafikovo, Khaybullinsky district. The products of local specialists and craftsmen were quickly bought up both by the Bashkirs of the South Ural and Orenburg steppes, and by the Kazakhs. Craftsmen sold blanks for yurts at fairs in Orsk, Orenburg, Turgai (Ibid. p. 132).
In the northeastern, trans-Ural, some southeastern, and southwestern regions, the Bashkirs used Mongolian-type yurts not with curved, but with straight dome poles, which gave it a cone-shaped shape. The doors were not wooden, but felt. Mongolian-type yurts were considered low-prestige and were used by poor Bashkir families. Since the lattice frame of the yurt was very expensive and difficult to manufacture on the farm without special tools, the population modified and simplified the design of the frame and made less complex yurt-shaped buildings. In the Zianchurinsky region, for example, the frame of a yurt was fastened with three wooden rims tied to pillars dug vertically in a circle. Between the two lower rim bars, grating strips were inserted into special holes, positioned crosswise. In this case, the lattice was not solid, but was assembled from separate slats. The dome poles rested against the edge of the upper rim, on the upper ends of which a small wooden rim was mounted to allow smoke to escape. The entire structure was covered with felt (Shitova, 1984. P.133).
The southwestern Bashkirs sometimes made quilted yurts without domed poles, replacing them with thick lassos. A pillar was dug in the center of the future yurt and ropes were pulled from the top to the bars. Having tied a rope to the upper edge of the lattice, they pulled it out, tying it to pegs driven into the ground in a circle. The conical-shaped rope “roof” was covered with felt, the edges of which protruded beyond the edges of the lattice, forming a kind of cornice, thereby protecting the felt walls of the yurt frame from rain. The gratings in such yurts were sometimes placed not circular, but quadrangular, which further simplified its design. The roof in such yurts was also hipped (Shitova, ibid.).
In the river basin Dema had even more simplified dwellings of a pillar structure, only vaguely reminiscent of yurts in silhouette. In the Alsheevsky district of Bashkiria, low-income families often made pillar dwellings. Their frame did not consist of gratings, but of 30-40 two-meter poles dug in a circle. A three-meter pillar was dug in the center, to the top of which ropes from poles dug in a circle were stretched and attached. The result was a conical rope roof, which was covered with felt. The side walls and doors were also covered with felts.
There were many other options for yurt-shaped dwellings, which, like yurts, were easily disassembled and transported. All of them were smaller in size than the yurt, less stable, made from scrap materials, and therefore were used in everyday life by the poor.
During the period of archaeological research, traces of temporary dwellings were discovered on the territory of Bashkiria. During excavations at the site of the former Bashkir village of Aznaevo under the leadership of V.A. Ivanov, circular grooves were discovered, lined with stones along the perimeter at intervals of 0.5-0.6 m. The excavation dated back to the 17th-18th centuries. A circular ditch may have been dug around the perimeter of the yurt to drain rainwater, and stones secured the lower edges of the felt coverings of the yurt's lattice. Similar circular grooves with a diameter of about 5 m were discovered by G.N. Garustovich during excavations in 1994 of the Gornovsky settlement of the 13th–14th centuries. in the Chishminsky district, on the left bank of the river. Dems. Places where yurts were installed at summer camps were also discovered by A.F. Yaminov during excavations of the Petropavlovskoye settlement in the Khaibullinsky district.
In line with the research into the genesis of the yurt of nomadic pastoralists, it must be said that the collapsible lattice yurt by the beginning of the 13th century. was already known to the Mongols, and, most likely, was borrowed by them from the Turks. In the 13th century. The Mongols and their khans continued to use yurts of the ancient Turkic type with a characteristic point at the top of the dome, called chorgan ker (pointed yurt) in the “Secret Legend”. Travelers of the 13th century left their descriptions and impressions of the dwellings of the Turkic-Mongol nomads. Marco Polo, in particular, wrote: “The Tatars do not live anywhere permanently... their huts or tents consist of poles, which they cover with felt. They are completely round, and made so skillfully that they are folded into a bundle and can easily be transported with you, namely, on a special cart with four wheels. When they are opportunity When they set up their tents again, they always turn the entrance side to the south” (Quoted from Weinstein, 1991, p. 61). The Turks, as is known, like the Huns, turned the entrance of the yurt to the east. Until the 13th century. The Mongols did not know how to make lattice yurts. The Chinese traveler Xu Ting wrote about the Mongols: “In those (tents) that are made in the steppe, the round walls are woven from willow rods and secured with hair ropes. (They) do not fold or unfold, but are transported on carts” (Quoted in Weinstein, 1991, p. 61). In the 13th century. and later, during the campaigns of the Chingizids, lattice yurts of both Mongolian (conical) and Turkic (domed) types were widely used by the Mongols during stops, rest and hunting. In addition to ordinary and lattice yurts of the Mongolian type, covered with dark felt, the steppe aristocracy had design features of yurts at the khan's headquarters. For the khans, special three-tiered yurts with a lattice frame and a domed top were built according to the “Turkic” type. Above this dome, another high spherical dome of smaller diameter was erected. The light-smoke hole in this upper dome was made not in the middle, but in its side part. The inside of the yurt bars was covered with mats, on top with decorative multi-colored fabric, and in winter - with felt. A high ceremonial palanquin with supporting pillars and rope braces at the corners was built above the entrance. This “aristocratic” type of yurt by S.I. Weinstein called Late Mongolian, which became widespread among the nomadic aristocracy during the era of the Golden Horde, which had special “khan” yurts. These were the “Golden Yurt” of Genghis Khan, the luxurious yurts of Timur and other representatives of the Turkic-Mongol elite. After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the bulk of the population of the Desht-i-Kipchak steppes returned to their time-tested and migration-tested lattice yurts of the Turkic (domed) and Mongolian (conical top) types. The main parts of the yurt and its design have remained virtually unchanged to this day, except for the fact that the light-smoke wooden hoop was no longer solid, but was divided into two parts. A two-part round hoop with a diameter of 1.5 m made its production much easier.
Thus, the evolutionary development of the lattice yurt went in the direction from collapsible dome-shaped huts to non-dismountable huts of the Xiongnu type with a wicker frame made of willow twigs and covered with felt on the outside. Further in the V-VI centuries. AD collapsible yurts with a lattice frame of the ancient Turkic type appeared. Since that time, for more than 1.5 thousand years, domed and conical lattice yurts have warmed and given comfort to hundreds of generations of cattle breeders throughout the vast space from Altai to the Volga-Ural region. Yurts gradually disappeared from the life of the Bashkir people at the beginning of the 20th century, but still from year to year they decorate with their grace and perfection and add solemnity to Sabantui and other spring-summer holidays of the Bashkirs.
Elena Pavlova
Abstract on the topic: “Bashkir national housing - yurt”
Program content:
Continue to introduce children to customs and traditions Bashkir family,
Give children a basic understanding of Bashkir dwelling - yurt,
Show characteristics yurt decorations,
Reinforce previously learned words
Introduce in Bashkir words.
Vocabulary work: yurt-tirme, aul ( Bashkir village, grandma-olosey, grandpa-olotai, dad-atay, mom-esey, children-balalar, hello-haumahagaz.
Equipment: illustrations depicting a yurt, dolls in Bashkir national costumes , Pictures Bashkir ornament; audio recordings, scarves, napkins, colored paper, glue, brush.
Progress of the lesson:
Educator in national Bashkir costume. The melody of kurai is heard (recording). Children's poems.
1 child Bashkortostan!
My earth and sky!
My love! My nightingale land!
I feel sorry for the one who has never been here,
I feel sorry for the one for whom the kurai did not sing.
2 reb. And he sang to me...
There was a night steppe,
The fire was burning
Lightning loomed
When we ask a friend to sing
And strange sounds poured out.
3 children In the vastness Bashkir land
A lot of different nations lives,
All nations are equal like brothers
Love and honor to all peoples!
Correct on Bashkir There are many different peoples living in the lands, but the main population is Bashkirs, and today we will get to know them national home.
Acto knows where Bashkirs lived? (in the steppe). Bashkirs They were breeding animals and they needed housing that could be easily assembled and disassembled
Maybe someone knows Bashkir home? Right - yurt, and by in Bashkir it will be tirme. Let's repeat yurt – tirme.
Slide show
- Yurt made from the living materials: wool, wood and leather. The lower part is a lattice, lightly fastened at the intersections with straps so that it is convenient to fold when you need to drive the yurt; and move apart when the yurt is erected. The wooden circle serves as an opening in the yurt for the passage of smoke and light and was covered with a separate upper sash. The most important element the Bashkir yurt was rebuilt(sharshau, which divided dwelling into 2 unequal parts. The smaller one to the right of the door was the women's room (bedroom, where household necessities, clothing, and supplies were stored). The larger one on the left was intended for men and was a guest room. Bashkir people used to decorate their home embroidered carpets, embroidered towels, festive clothes, decorations, hunting accessories, horse harness and weapons.
A game " Yurt".
Guys, today we will also try ourselves in the role of master artists, we will work in the workshop, take your jobs. Now you and I will decorate yurts for Bashkir people.
Children, what colors are usually used in Bashkir ornaments? (black, red, yellow, green)
Where do we start working?
What elements do you see? (rhombus, square, stripes)
Please note that the stripes may connect to each other, or may be at a distance. Now let's get to work.
Bottom line: - Guys, what was it called? home of the Bashkirs(yurt, and by Bashkir(tirme).
How did you decorate the inside of the yurt? (Carpets, carpets, clothes, etc.)
Whom we placed in the yurt today (Grandma - olosey, grandfather - olotai, mom - esey, dad - atay, children - balalar). Well done guys for listening attentively and making a yurt for Aigul and Airat, they brought treats for you.