One of the applied types easel painting is theatrical and scenery painting - sketches of costumes of heroes and mise-en-scène.
Monumental painting - painting of buildings
Monumental painting cannot exist separately from the place where it is performed. This type of painting was very popular in the 16th-19th centuries, when majestic temples were built and the best artists painted their vaults. The most common type is fresco, painting with water-based paints on wet plaster.Painting on dry plaster - secco - was also common, but such works have survived less well to this day. The most famous monumental painting is large-scale painting Sistine Chapel, in which Michelangelo took part. According to critics, the chapel's frescoes can be equated to the Eighth Wonder of the World.
The most ancient works of monumental painting are rock paintings of the first people.
Decorative painting - applied art
Decorative painting is closely related to decorative and applied arts. It plays rather a supporting role in decorating various objects. Decorative painting is a variety of patterns and ornaments that decorate household items, furniture, and architecture. The authors of this type of painting may be unknown - simple paintings of peasant houses and furniture also belong to this type.Miniature painting - cute little things
Initially, miniature painting represented book designs. Antique books were made with great care and were very expensive. To decorate them, special craftsmen were hired, who beautifully designed the title cards, covers, and headbands between chapters. Such publications were real works of art. There were several schools that adhered to strict canons of miniature painting.Later they began to call any miniature paintings small scale. They were used as souvenirs and memorable gifts. Despite its small size, this type of painting required great precision and skill. The most popular materials for souvenir miniatures were bone, stone and metal plates.
Tip 2: What types of easels are there: basic and popular
Drawing is one of the most interesting areas in creativity. But in order to paint a picture, you need to choose the right brushes and paints, but also an easel.
For some people, creativity, namely drawing, is an integral part of life in the form of a hobby or professional activities. Artists and hobbyists attach special importance to the materials and devices with which they work. So easels are an integral part creative process, so there is a need to consider these auxiliary items in more detail.
So, in at the moment There are three main types: tripod easels, vertical panel easels (stationary), and sketchbooks. Each type of easel has characteristic features. For example, tripods are very easy to assemble and use. Such an easel can always be disassembled, and when folded, this device takes up very little space.
At the same time, vertical panel easels are very convenient, having the functions of adjusting the height and angle of inclination, but they take up a lot of space due to their stationary nature. The principle of paper fastening or stretched canvas in these types of easels is practically unchanged. At the bottom there is a small panel for storing consumables: pencils, paints, brushes and more.
Sketchbooks can be used outdoors for drawings from nature. At the same time, when assembled, this device turns into a small suitcase, with which you can make long journeys to the place where the canvas is painted.
Most popular easels
Tripod easels are the most popular. This is due to their convenience and compactness. In addition, you can make such an easel yourself if you do not want to spend money on buying it.
For work in the studio or at home, easels-tables, that is, easels with a vertical panel, are often used. This type is convenient when working in one place, since its transportation is hampered by the inability to disassemble the object into smaller parts and then reassemble it. Moreover, each type of easel is intended for a specific intended use, but the tripod can rightfully be considered the most universal, since it can be used both for constant work in the studio and for working from nature in nature, of course, if it is not too large.
Sources:
- Classification of easels
The art of decorating surfaces with paints and a brush is called artistic painting. The very concept of painting is seriously different from painting, since it is part of the space conceived by the artist.
Artistic painting was initially applied to any affordable and easily obtained materials: leather, wood, natural fabrics, clay, etc. Skills were passed on from generation to generation by masters, and specific artistic techniques, which helped products. Over time, the most meaningful and expressive application of the ornament was chosen. In architecture, ceilings, vaults, walls, beams were decorated with painting, and in everyday life, decor was applied to household items.
Systematization various types painting was first started back in 1876 by Professor A.A. Isaev in his two-volume book entitled “Processes of the Moscow Province”. Artistic painting enterprises are currently developing their business to meet the demand in the markets of Russia and abroad.
Khokhloma painting
The fine brushwork that came from the monasteries was used in the rich floral designs. From there the secret was derived of how to paint dishes gold without using gold. Painting has not changed to this day and the process has been the same since ancient times to the present day. The tableware blank is turned from wood on a lathe, then primed with a specially prepared clay solution or artificial primers are used. The dishes are coated with paint based on tin or silver, less often - aluminum. They are painted according to the intended motif and dried in an oven, then varnished and hot dried again.
Since the product undergoes intensive heat treatment several times, the paints were chosen from those whose brightness was not affected by high temperatures. It's black, gold and cinnabar.
Gzhel porcelain
Gzhel is unique, since each artist, using classical and familiar motifs, creates the technique individually. The main role belongs to the experience of the master and the movement of his brush. At the same time, on the whiteness, from one stroke, harmonious transitions from dark blue to soft blue appear. Only one paint is used, cobalt, and the drawing is done very quickly, the first time.
Matryoshka
These figurines of different sizes, nested inside one another, originate from Japan. These dolls gained great popularity in 1900, after an exhibition in Paris. The main production took place in the village of Polkhovsky Maidan, which was famous for both painting and turners - after all, the shape of the nesting doll still had to be carved.
Polkhovskaya has distinctive features by which she can be recognized among others. She has a face painted in small strokes, and on her forehead there is a spruce rose flower. The color of the scarf contrasts with the color of the sundress, and from the back the matryoshka doll is 2/3 scarlet or green. The apron is oval and runs from the neck to the ground.
The most difficult to process, straw-encrusted matryoshka doll from Vyatka.
Almost every girl, if she free time not overloaded with studies or dating, has one or more hobbies. Some of them captivate her with their originality for a short time, others are companions for life.
Instructions
The most common type of women's hobby can be called all types of needlework: crocheting, macrame, sewing, embroidery. This hobby does not arise out of nowhere; it traditionally comes from mothers and grandmothers who engage in them in the presence of their daughters and granddaughters. The little girl becomes interested, and she asks adults to show her loops, knots, stitching or chain stitch. At first it doesn’t work out, and she may even give up her new hobby for a while, but after a few years nature will take its course, and now the teenage girl will sew her first jeans or knit a beret.
Not so time-consuming, leaving the evenings free for other activities, is floriculture. All women love flowers, and those grown by themselves are of the greatest interest. Monitoring the appearance of shoots, their increase in size and subsequent flowering is akin to motherhood, which is why it gives pleasure to many representatives of the fair sex. If you don’t have the patience to care for roses and violets, you can start with chlorophytum, or simple cacti.
The earliest hobbies that a young child develops include drawing and moving to music. If you have talent for them, then your undertakings will not be lost, but will develop into the ability to reflect the external and internal worlds through painting and dancing. If there is no talent, but the soul persistently demands the expression of all its impulses, then the girl becomes a good photographer. Her photographs most often feature relatives and friends, significant places and corners of nature that capture the imagination.
Another method to realize your potential is to make crafts from various materials. This includes clay modeling and soap making, carving and design. The latter can turn into a profession and become a good way to earn money. And carving can be called a variety of a common, but far from all-encompassing hobby - cooking. Almost every girl can cook the simplest porridge and soup, bake pizza from everything in the refrigerator, but only a few of them have the art of preparing original dishes.
And finally, the universal hobby of women of all ages and social categories is fortune telling. Most often on cards, but to achieve results they are also used, coffee grounds, palmistry and other methods of divination. Learning about the past and future never gets boring, and specializing in separate form can turn a girl into a real master.
Round and flat, with a wooden handle and a plastic one, marten and pony. A variety of shapes and types of brushes helps the artist create masterpieces on canvas or paper. For example, a squirrel brush is used mainly for working with watercolor paint, and a linear brush is used for applying inscriptions.
Brush shapes
One of the most common and versatile brush shapes is round. The bundle of such a brush is fixed in a round clip, usually metal. Brushes can be different sizes. The small beam is used to create miniatures, and the large beam is used for large landscapes. A round brush produces a uniform line of equal thickness, although a skilled artist can vary this.
Flat brushes are good for working on large areas of a composition; they hold a lot of paint. The strokes with such a brush are smooth and wide.
A brush called a “cat eye” has an oval or dome shape. This brush is very individual in use and can be used in the same way as a round or flat one.
Subspecies flat brushes– contour, they have a similar shape, but the beam is shorter and, accordingly, more elastic. Such brushes are used for oil painting techniques; they are easy to make flat strokes and clear contours.
Type brushes have a long round brush with a thin, sharp tip, which allows you to make inscriptions and apply outlines. These brushes are used with liquid paints.
Retouching brushes are also a type of flat brush; their peculiarity is the tip cut at an angle. These brushes are used to create very thin strokes and a smooth and precise transition from one color to another. This is created thanks to the thin and sharp tip.
Linear brushes, like font brushes, have a long round shape and are used for writing inscriptions and creating long, straight lines. Linear brushes are shorter than type brushes, but longer and thinner than round brushes.
In addition to painting, flute brushes are used for applying makeup, namely powder or blush. These soft brushes are designed for freehand painting with watercolors. They hold a lot of water, so they can draw long, continuous, uniform lines without interruption.
Fan brushes have a thin, fan-shaped tuft. They are used to create subtle color stretches, color transitions and contrasts.
Types of brushes
In addition to the shapes and sizes, there is a significant difference between the types of brushes, namely, what kind of hair the bundle is made of. The most common type of brush is the squirrel. Such brushes are made from processed squirrel tail hairs, since the tail contains the longest hair. Squirrel brushes are very soft and delicate, so they require special care. They are used to work with watercolor paint or other water-based paint.
Kolinsky brushes are made from processed kolinsky tail pile. These brushes are quite soft and at the same time elastic. That's why they are used
Painting is perhaps the most ancient look art. Back in primitive era Our ancestors made images of people and animals on the walls of caves. These are the first examples of painting. Since then this type art has always remained a companion human life. Examples of painting today are numerous and varied. We will try to cover this type of art as much as possible, talk about the main genres, styles, trends and techniques in it.
Painting techniques
Let's first look at the basic painting techniques. One of the most common is oil. This is a technique that uses oil-based paints. These paints are applied in strokes. With their help you can create diversity various shades, as well as convey the necessary images with maximum realism.
Tempera- another popular technique. We talk about it when emulsion paints are used. The binder in these paints is egg or water.
Gouache- a technique widely used in graphics. Gouache paint is made with an adhesive base. It can be used to work on cardboard, paper, bone or silk. The image is durable and the lines are crisp. Pastel- This is a technique of drawing with dry pencils, and the surface should be rough. And, of course, it’s worth mentioning watercolors. This paint is usually diluted with water. A soft and thin layer of paint is obtained using this technique. Particularly popular Of course, we have listed only the main techniques that are used most often in painting. There are others too.
What are paintings usually painted on? The most popular painting is on canvas. It is stretched onto a frame or glued to cardboard. Note that in the past, wooden planks were used quite often. Today, not only painting on canvas is popular; any other flat materials can be used to create images.
Types of painting
There are 2 main types of it: easel and monumental painting. The latter is related to architecture. This type includes painting the ceilings and walls of buildings, decorating them with images made from mosaics or other materials, stained glass windows, etc. Easel painting is not associated with a specific building. It can be moved from place to place. There are many varieties of easel painting (otherwise called genres). Let's look at them in more detail.
Genres of painting
The word "genre" is French in origin. It is translated as “genus”, “species”. That is, under the name of the genre there is a content of some kind, and by pronouncing its name, we understand what the picture is about, what we will find in it: humans, nature, animals, objects, etc.
Portrait
The most ancient genre of painting is portraiture. This is an image of a person who resembles only himself and no one else. In other words, a portrait is an image in painting of an individual appearance, since individual person each of us has. This genre of painting has its own varieties. The portrait can be full-length, bust-length, or only one face can be painted. Let us note that not every image of a person is a portrait, since the artist can create, for example, “a person in general” without copying him from anyone else. However, when he depicts a specific representative of the human race, he works specifically on a portrait. Needless to say, there are numerous examples of painting in this genre. But the portrait presented below is known to almost every resident of our country. We are talking about the image of A. S. Pushkin, created in 1827 by Kiprensky.
You can also add a self-portrait to this genre. In this case, the artist depicts himself. There is a couple portrait, when the picture shows people in pairs; and a group portrait, when a group of people is depicted. It can also be noted ceremonial portrait, a variety of which is equestrian, one of the most solemn. It was very popular in the past, but such works are rare now. However, the next genre we will talk about is relevant at any time. What are we talking about? This can be guessed by going through the genres that we have not yet named when characterizing painting. Still life is one of them. This is what we will talk about now, continuing to look at painting.
Still life
This word is also of French origin, it means “dead nature”, although the meaning would be more accurate “inanimate nature”. Still life is an image of inanimate objects. They are very diverse. Let us note that still lifes can also depict “living nature”: butterflies quiet on the petals, beautiful flowers, birds, and sometimes you can see a person among the gifts of nature. However, this will still be a still life, since the image of a living thing is not the most important thing for the artist in this case.
Scenery
Landscape is another one French word, meaning "view of the country" in translation. It is similar to the German concept of "landscape". Landscape is an image of nature in its diversity. The following varieties join this genre: architectural landscape and the very popular seascape, which is often called one word “marina”, and the artists working in it are called marine painters. Numerous examples of painting in the seascape genre can be found in the works of I.K. Aivazovsky. One of them is "Rainbow" from 1873.
This painting is done in oil and is difficult to execute. But creating landscapes in watercolor is not at all difficult, so in school drawing lessons this task was given to each of us.
Animalistic genre
The next genre is animalistic. Everything is simple here - this is an image of birds and animals in nature, in their natural environment.
Everyday genre
The everyday genre is a depiction of scenes from life, everyday life, funny “incidents”, home life and stories of ordinary people in ordinary environment. Or you can do without stories - just capture everyday activities and affairs. Such paintings are sometimes called genre painting. As an example, let’s take Van Gogh’s work “The Potato Eaters” (1885) presented above.
Historical genre
The themes of painting are varied, but stands out separately historical genre. This is a depiction of historical heroes and events. The battle genre is adjacent to it; it presents episodes of war and battle.
Religious and mythological genre
IN mythological genre works of painting were written on the themes of ancient and ancient tales about gods and heroes. It should be noted that the image is of a secular nature, and in this way it differs from the images of deities presented on the icon. By the way, religious painting is not only about icons. It brings together various works written on religious subjects.
Clash of genres
The richer the content of a genre, the more its “companions” appear. Genres can merge, so there is painting that cannot be placed within the framework of any of them. In art there is both general (techniques, genres, styles) and individual (a specific work taken separately). A separate picture also contains something in common. Therefore, many artists may have the same genre, but the paintings painted in it are never similar. The culture of painting has such features.
Style
Style is an aspect of the visual perception of paintings. It can combine the works of one artist or the works of artists of a certain period, movement, school, or locality.
Academic painting and realism
Academic painting is a special direction, the formation of which is associated with the activities of European art academies. It appeared in the 16th century at the Bologna Academy, from which people sought to imitate the masters of the Renaissance. Since the 16th century, methods of teaching painting began to be based on strict adherence to rules and regulations, following formal patterns. art in Paris was considered one of the most influential in Europe. She promoted the aesthetics of classicism that dominated France in the 17th century. Paris Academy? Having contributed to the systematization of education, it gradually turned the rules of the classical direction into dogma. Thus, academic painting became a special direction. In the 19th century, some of the most prominent manifestations of academicism were the works of J. L. Jerome, Alexandre Cabannel, and J. Ingres. The classical canons were replaced by realistic ones only at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. It was realism that became the basic method of teaching in academies at the beginning of the 20th century and turned into a dogmatic system.
Baroque
Baroque is a style and era of art characterized by aristocracy, contrast, dynamic images, simple details when depicting abundance, tension, drama, luxury, a fusion of reality and illusion. This style appeared in Italy in 1600 and spread throughout Europe. Caravaggio and Rubens are its most prominent representatives. Baroque is often compared to expressionism, however, unlike the latter, it does not have too repulsive effects. Paintings of this style today are characterized by the complexity of lines and an abundance of ornaments.
Cubism
Cubism is an avant-garde art movement that emerged in the 20th century. Its creator is Pablo Picasso. Cubism made a real revolution in sculpture and painting in Europe, inspiring the creation of similar movements in architecture, literature, and music. Art painting in this style is characterized by recombined, broken objects that have an abstract form. When depicting them, many points of view are used.
Expressionism
Expressionism is another important movement of modern art that appeared in Germany in the first half of the 20th century. At first it covered only poetry and painting, and then spread to other areas of art.
Expressionists depict the world subjectively, distorting reality to create greater emotional effect. Their goal is to make the viewer think. Expression in expressionism prevails over image. It can be noted that many works are characterized by motifs of torment, pain, suffering, screaming (the work by Edvard Munch, presented above, is called “The Scream”). Expressionist artists are not at all interested in material reality; their paintings are filled with deep meaning and emotional experiences.
Impressionism
Impressionism is a style of painting aimed primarily at working in the plein air (open air), rather than in the studio. It owes its name to the painting “Impression, Sunrise” by Claude Monet, which is shown in the photo below.
The word "impression" English- impression. Impressionistic paintings primarily convey the artist’s sense of light. The main features of painting in this style are the following: barely visible, thin strokes; changes in lighting, accurately conveyed (attention is often focused on the effect of the passage of time); open composition; simple common goal; movement as a key element of human experience and perception. The most prominent representatives of such a movement as impressionism are Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Pierre Renoir.
Modernism
The next direction is modernism, which originated as a set of trends in various fields of art in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Parisian "Salon of the Rejected" was opened in 1863. Artists whose paintings were not allowed into the official salon exhibited here. This date can be considered the date of the emergence of modernism as a separate movement in art. Otherwise, modernism is sometimes called “another art.” His goal is to create unique paintings, unlike others. Main feature works - a special vision of the world by the author.
Artists in their work rebelled against the values of realism. Self-awareness is a striking characteristic of this direction. This often leads to experimentation with form, as well as a penchant for abstraction. Representatives of modernism pay special attention to the materials used and the work process. Some of its most prominent representatives are considered to be Henry Matisse (his work “The Red Room” of 1908 is presented above) and Pablo Picasso.
Neoclassicism
Neoclassicism was the main direction of painting in Northern Europe from the mid-18th century to the end of the 19th. It is characterized by a return to the features of the ancient Renaissance and even the times of classicism. In architectural, artistic and cultural terms, neoclassicism emerged as a response to Rococo, which was perceived as a shallow and pretentious style of art. Neoclassical artists, thanks to their good knowledge of church laws, tried to introduce canons into their works. However, they avoided simply reproducing classical motifs and themes. Neoclassical artists tried to place their paintings within the framework of tradition and thus demonstrate their mastery of the genre. Neoclassicism in this regard is directly opposed to modernism, where improvisation and self-expression are considered virtues. Its most famous representatives include Nicolas Poussin and Raphael.
Pop art
The last direction we will consider is pop art. It appeared in Britain in the mid-50s of the last century, and in the late 50s in America. Pop art is believed to have originated as a reaction to the ideas of abstract expressionism that were dominant at the time. Speaking about this direction, it is impossible not to mention In 2009, “Eight Elvises,” one of his paintings, was sold for $100 million.
Genres of painting appeared, gained popularity, faded away, new ones emerged, and subtypes began to be distinguished within existing ones. This process will not stop as long as a person exists and tries to capture the world around him, be it nature, buildings or other people.
Previously (until the 19th century) there was a division of painting genres into the so-called “high” genres (French grand genre) and “low” genres (French petit genre). This division arose in the 17th century. and was based on what subject and plot were depicted. In this regard, to high genres included: battle, allegorical, religious and mythological, and low - portrait, landscape, still life, animalism.
The division into genres is quite arbitrary, because elements of two or more genres may be present in a painting at the same time.
Animalism, or animalistic genre
Animalism, or animalistic genre (from the Latin animal - animal) is a genre in which the main motif is the image of an animal. We can say that this is one of the most ancient genres, because... drawings and figures of birds and animals were present in the life of primitive people. For example, on a wide famous painting I.I. Shishkin’s “Morning in a Pine Forest”, nature is depicted by the artist himself, and the bears are depicted by a completely different artist, who specializes in depicting animals.
I.I. Shishkin “Morning in a pine forest” How can a subspecies be distinguished? Hippic genre(from the Greek hippos - horse) - a genre in which the center of the picture is the image of a horse.
NOT. Sverchkov “Horse in the stable” Portrait
Portrait (from the French word portrait) is a picture in which the central image is of a person or group of people. A portrait conveys not only external resemblance, but also reflects the inner world and conveys the artist’s feelings towards the person whose portrait he is painting.
I.E. Repin Portrait of Nicholas II The portrait genre is divided into individual(image of one person), group(image of several people), by the nature of the image - to the front door when a person is depicted in full height against a prominent architectural or landscape background and chamber, when a person is depicted chest- or waist-deep against a neutral background. A group of portraits, united by some characteristic, forms an ensemble, or portrait gallery. An example would be portraits of members of the royal family.
Stands out separately self-portrait, in which the artist depicts himself.
K. Bryullov Self-portrait Portrait is one of the oldest genres - the first portraits (sculptural) were already present in ancient Egypt. Such a portrait acted as part of a cult about the afterlife and was a “double” of a person.
Scenery
Landscape (from the French paysage - country, area) is a genre in which the central image is the image of nature - rivers, forests, fields, sea, mountains. In a landscape, the main point is, of course, the plot, but it is no less important to convey the movement and life of the surrounding nature. On the one hand, nature is beautiful and arouses admiration, but on the other hand, it is quite difficult to reflect this in a picture.
C. Monet “Field of poppies at Argenteuil” A subspecies of landscape is seascape or marina(from French marine, Italian marina, from Latin marinus - sea) - an image of a naval battle, the sea or other events unfolding at sea. A prominent representative of marine painters is K.A. Aivazovsky. It is noteworthy that the artist wrote many of the details of this painting from memory.
I.I. Aivazovsky "The Ninth Wave" However, artists often strive to paint the sea from life, for example, W. Turner for his painting “Blizzard. A steamer at the entrance to the harbor gives a distress signal after getting into shallow water,” spent 4 hours tied to the captain’s bridge of a ship sailing in a storm.
W. Turner “Blizzard. A steamer at the entrance to the harbor gives a distress signal after getting into shallow water." The water element is also depicted in a river landscape.
Separately allocate cityscape, in which the main subject of the image is city streets and buildings. A type of urban landscape is Veduta– an image of a city landscape in the form of a panorama, where the scale and proportions are certainly maintained.
A. Canaletto “Piazza San Marco”There are other types of landscape - rural, industrial and architectural. In architectural painting, the main theme is the image of the architectural landscape, i.e. buildings, structures; includes images of interiors (interior decoration of premises). Sometimes Interior(from French intérieur - internal) distinguished as separate genre. Another genre is distinguished in architectural painting — Capriccio(from Italian capriccio, whim, whim) - architectural fantasy landscape.
Still life
Still life (from the French nature morte - dead nature) is a genre dedicated to the depiction of inanimate objects that are placed in a common environment and form a group. Still life appeared in the 15-16th centuries, but as a separate genre it emerged in the 17th century.
Despite the fact that the word “still life” is translated as dead nature, in the paintings there are bouquets of flowers, fruits, fish, game, dishes - everything looks “like living”, i.e. like the real thing. From the moment of its appearance to this day, still life has been important genre in painting.
K. Monet “Vase of Flowers” As a separate subspecies we can distinguish Vanitas(from Latin Vanitas - vanity, vanity) - a genre of painting in which the central place in the picture is occupied by a human skull, the image of which is intended to remind of the vanity and frailty of human life.
The painting by F. de Champagne presents three symbols of the frailty of existence - Life, Death, Time through the images of a tulip, a skull, an hourglass.
Historical genre
Historical genre is a genre in which the paintings depict important events and socially significant phenomena of the past or present. It is noteworthy that the picture can be dedicated not only to real events, but also to events from mythology or, for example, described in the Bible. This genre is very important for history, both for the history of individual peoples and states, and for humanity as a whole. In paintings, the historical genre can be inseparable from other types of genres - portrait, landscape, battle genre.
I.E. Repin “The Cossacks write a letter to the Turkish Sultan” K. Bryullov “The Last Day of Pompeii” Battle genre
The battle genre (from the French bataille - battle) is a genre in which the paintings depict the culmination of a battle, military operations, a moment of victory, scenes from military life. Battle painting is characterized by the image in the picture large quantity people.
A.A. Deineka "Defense of Sevastopol" Religious genre
Religious genre is a genre in which the main storyline– biblical (scenes from the Bible and Gospel). The theme relates to religious and icon painting, the difference between them is that paintings of religious content do not participate in religious services, and for the icon this is the main purpose. Iconography translated from Greek. means "prayer image". This genre was limited by the strict framework and laws of painting, because is intended not to reflect reality, but to convey the idea of God's principle, in which artists are looking for an ideal. In Rus', icon painting reaches its peak in the 12th-16th centuries. Most famous names icon painters – Theophanes the Greek (frescoes), Andrei Rublev, Dionysius.
A. Rublev “Trinity” How the transitional stage from icon painting to portrait stands out Parsuna(distorted from Latin persona - person, person).
Parsun of Ivan the Terrible. Author unknown Everyday genre
The paintings depict scenes of everyday life. Often the artist writes about those moments in life of which he is a contemporary. The distinctive features of this genre are the realism of the paintings and the simplicity of the plot. The picture can reflect the customs, traditions, and structure of everyday life of a particular people.
TO household painting include such famous paintings like “Barge Haulers on the Volga” by I. Repin, “Troika” by V. Perov, “Unequal Marriage” by V. Pukirev.
I. Repin “Barge Haulers on the Volga” Epic-mythological genre
Epic-mythological genre. The word myth comes from the Greek. "mythos", which means tradition. The paintings depict events of legends, epics, traditions, ancient Greek myths, ancient tales, plots of works of folklore.
P. Veronese "Apollo and Marsyas" Allegorical genre
Allegorical genre (from the Greek allegoria - allegory). Pictures are painted in such a way that they have hidden meaning. Insubstantial ideas and concepts, invisible to the eye (power, good, evil, love), are conveyed through the images of animals, people, and other living beings with such inherent characteristics that have symbolism already fixed in the minds of people and help to understand the general meaning of the work.
L. Giordano “Love and vices disarm justice” Pastoral (from the French pastorale - pastoral, rural)
A genre of painting that glorifies and poetizes simple and peaceful rural life.
F. Boucher “Autumn Pastoral” Caricature (from Italian caricare - to exaggerate)
A genre in which, when creating an image, consciously applies comic effect by exaggerating and sharpening features, behavior, clothing, etc. The purpose of a caricature is to offend, in contrast, for example, to a caricature (from the French charge), the purpose of which is simply to make fun. Closely related to the term “caricature” are such concepts as popular print and grotesque.
Nude (from the French nu - naked, undressed)
The genre in which paintings depict the naked human body is most often female.
Titian Vecellio "Venus of Urbino" False, or trompe l'oeil (from French. trompe-l'œil - optical illusion)
A genre whose characteristic features are special techniques that create an optical illusion and make it possible to erase the line between reality and image, i.e. the misleading impression that an object is three-dimensional when it is two-dimensional. Sometimes blende is distinguished as a subtype of still life, but sometimes people are also depicted in this genre.
Per Borrell del Caso "Running from Criticism" To complete the perception of decoys, it is advisable to consider them in the original, because reproduction is unable to fully convey the effect that the artist depicted.
Jacopo de Barberi "The Partridge and the Iron Gloves" Thematic picture
A mixture of traditional genres of painting (domestic, historical, battle, landscape, etc.). In another way, this genre is called figure composition, its characteristic features are: main role a person plays, the presence of action and a socially significant idea, relationships (conflict of interests/characters) and psychological accents are necessarily shown.
V. Surikov “Boyaryna Morozova” Gothic(from Italian gotico - unusual, barbaric) - a period in the development of medieval art, covering almost all areas of culture and developing in the Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe from XII to XV centuries. Gothic completed the development of European medieval art, arising on the basis of the achievements of Romanesque culture, and during the Renaissance, medieval art was considered “barbaric.” Gothic art was cultic in purpose and religious in theme. It addressed the highest divine powers, eternity, and the Christian worldview. Gothic in its development is divided into Early Gothic, Heyday, Late Gothic.
Famous European cathedrals, which tourists love to photograph in great detail, have become masterpieces of the Gothic style. In interior design Gothic cathedrals An important role was played by color solutions. In outdoor and interior decoration There was an abundance of gilding, the luminosity of the interior, the openwork of the walls, and the crystalline dissection of space. Matter was devoid of heaviness and impenetrability; it was, as it were, spiritualized.
The huge surfaces of the windows were filled with stained glass windows with compositions reproducing historical events, apocryphal tales, literary and religious subjects, images of everyday scenes from the life of simple peasants and artisans, which provided a unique encyclopedia of the way of life during the Middle Ages. The kona were filled from top to bottom with figured compositions, which were enclosed in medallions. The combination of light and color in painting using the stained glass technique imparted increased emotionality artistic compositions. A variety of glasses were used: deep scarlet, fiery, red, garnet-colored, green, yellow, dark blue, blue, ultramarine, cut along the contour of the design... The windows heated like precious gems, permeated with external light - they transformed the entire interior of the temple and set his visitors in an elevated mood.
Thanks to Gothic colored glass, new aesthetic values were born, and colors acquired the highest sonority of radiant color. Pure color created an atmosphere of air, painted in different tones thanks to the play of light on columns, floors, and stained glass windows. Color became a source of light that deepened perspective. Thick glasses, often unequal, were filled with not entirely transparent bubbles, enhancing the artistic effect of the stained glass. The light, passing through the uneven thickness of the glass, fragmented and began to play.
The best examples of authentic Gothic stained glass are on view in the cathedrals of Chartres, Bourges and Paris (for example, “The Virgin and Child”). Filled with no less splendor, as well as “Wheels of Fire” and “Throwing Lightning” in Chartres Cathedral.
From the middle of the 1st century, complex colors obtained by duplicating glass began to be introduced into the colorful range. Such extraordinary stained glass windows in gothic style preserved in Sainte-Chapelle (1250). Contours were applied to the glass using brown enamel paint, and the shapes were planar in nature.
The Gothic era became the heyday of the art of miniature books, as well as artistic miniatures. The strengthening of secular trends in culture only intensified their development. Illustrations with multi-figure compositions on religious themes included various realistic details: images of birds, animals, butterflies, ornaments of plant motifs, and everyday scenes. The works of the French miniaturist Jean Pussel are filled with a special poetic charm.
In the development of French Gothic miniatures of the 13th and 14th centuries leading place was occupied by a Parisian school. The Psalter of Saint Louis is replete with multi-figure compositions framed by a single motif gothic architecture, which is why the narrative acquires extraordinary harmony (Louvre, Paris, 1270). The figures of the ladies and knights are graceful, their forms are distinguished by flowing lines, which creates the illusion of movement. The richness and density of the colors, as well as the decorative architecture of the design, turn these miniatures into unique works of art and precious page decorations.
The style of the Gothic book is distinguished by pointed shapes, angular rhythm, restlessness, filigree openwork patterns and shallow sinuous lines. It is worth noting that in the 14th and 15th centuries secular manuscripts were also illustrated. Books of hours, scientific treatises, collections of love songs and chronicles are filled with magnificent miniatures. The miniature, illustrating works of courtly literature, embodied the ideal of knightly love, as well as scenes from ordinary life around us. A similar creation is the Manes manuscript (1320).
Over time, Gothic has become more narrated. The “Grand French Chronicles” of the 14th century clearly demonstrate the artist’s desire to penetrate into the meaning of the event he depicts. Along with this, books were given decorative elegance through the use of exquisite vignettes and fancy-shaped frames.
Gothic miniatures had a great influence on painting and brought a living current into the art of the Middle Ages. Gothic has become not just a style, but an important link in general cultural development society. The masters of style were able to reproduce with incredible accuracy the image of their contemporary in subject matter and natural environment. Majestic and spiritual Gothic works are surrounded by an aura of unique aesthetic charm. Gothic gave rise to a new understanding of the synthesis of arts, and its realistic conquests prepared the way for the transition to the art of the Renaissance.
Sculpture and symphony, painting and story, film and palace, performance and dance - all these are works of various types of art.
Arts are classified according to different criteria. Fine arts show external reality in artistic images, non-fine arts express the inner world. Non-fine arts: music, dance and literature, as well as architecture. There are also mixed (synthetic) types of arts: cinema, theater, ballet, circus, etc.
Within each art form there are divisions called genres in accordance with the themes and objects of the image. This is what we will talk to you about today.
Types of art
Fine arts
Painting
Perhaps this is one of the most widespread forms of art. The very first works of painting date back to ancient times; they were discovered on the walls of caves of ancient people.
Monumental painting, which developed in the form of mosaics And frescoes(painting on wet plaster).
Saint Nicholas. Fresco of Dionysius. Ferapontov Monastery
Easel painting– these are paintings of different genres, painted on canvas (cardboard, paper) most often with oil paints.
Genres of painting
In modern painting there are the following genres: portrait, historical, mythological, battle, everyday, landscape, still life, animalistic genre.
Portrait genre reflects the external and internal appearance of a person or group of people. This genre is widespread not only in painting, but also in sculpture, graphics, etc. The main task of the portrait genre is to convey external resemblance and the revelation of the inner world, the essence of a person’s character.
I. Kramskoy “Portrait of Sofia Ivanovna Kramskoy”
Historical genre(depiction of historical events and characters). Of course, genres in painting are often intertwined, because... when depicting, for example, some historical event the artist has to turn to the portrait genre, etc.
Mythological genre– illustration of myths and legends of different peoples.
S. Botticelli “Birth of Venus”
Battle genre- an image of battles, military exploits, military operations, glorifying battles, the triumph of victory. The battle genre can also include elements of other genres - domestic, portrait, landscape, animal, still life.
V. Vasnetsov “After the massacre of Igor Svyatoslavich with the Polovtsians”
Everyday genre– depiction of scenes from a person’s everyday, personal life.
A. Venetsianov “On the arable land”
Scenery– image of nature, environment, views of countryside, cities, historical monuments, etc.
And Savrasov “The rooks have arrived”
Marina- seascape.
Still life(translated from French - “dead nature”) - an image of household items, labor, creativity, flowers, fruits, dead game, caught fish, placed in a real everyday environment.
Animalistic genre– image of animals.
Graphics
The name of this type of fine art comes from the Greek word grapho - I write, I draw.
Graphics primarily include drawing and engraving, in which the design is created mainly using a line on a sheet of paper or a cutter on a solid material, from which the image is imprinted onto a sheet of paper.
Types of graphics
Engraving- a design is applied to the flat surface of the material, which is then covered with paint and stamped on paper. The number of impressions varies depending on the engraving technique and material. The main materials for engraving are metal (copper, zinc, steel), wood (boxwood, palm, pear, cherry, etc.), linoleum, cardboard, plastic, plexiglass. The engraving board is processed by mechanical means, steel tools or acid etching.
Printmaking– an impression from an engraving board (engraving, lithography, silk-screen printing, monotype), which is easel work artistic graphics. The print is printed from a board that the artist himself engraved; often he also makes the impressions. Such works are usually signed, author's copies and are considered originals. Prints are available in black and white and color.
Book graphics- design of the book, its decorative design, illustrations.
Industrial graphics – creation of product labels, brand names, publishing marks, packaging, advertising publications, forms and envelopes. It comes into contact with advertising and is included in the design system.
Bookplate- a sign indicating the owner of the book. The bookplate is attached to inner side book binding or cover. Book signs are engraved on wood, copper, linoleum, zincographic or lithographic methods.
Bookplate of Greta Garbo
Poster- an image designed for general attention, created for propaganda or educational purposes.
Linocut- engraving on linoleum.
Lithography– type of engraving: drawing a picture on a stone and making an impression from it.
Woodcut– wood engraving.
Katsushika Hokusai "The Great Wave off Kanagawa", woodcut
Etching– type of engraving on metal, engraving method and impression obtained by this method.
Computer graphics– images are compiled on a computer and shown dynamically or statically. When creating this type of graphics, it is possible to see how the image is formed at all stages and make unlimited adjustments.
Sculpture
This type of art also originated in ancient times. Many images of animals sculpted from clay or carved from stone have been found, quite accurately depicting them appearance. Many female figurines have been preserved that embody the powerful feminine principle. Perhaps these are primitive images of goddesses. Ancient sculptors exaggerated their fertile powers, depicting them with powerful hips, and archaeologists call them “Venuses.”
Venus of Willendorf, about 23 thousand years BC. e., Central Europe
Sculpture is divided into round, freely placed in space, and relief, in which three-dimensional images are located on a plane.
As in painting, in sculpture there are easel and monumental forms. Monumental sculpture designed for streets and squares, such a monument is created for a long time, so it is usually made of bronze, marble, granite. Easel sculpture– these are portraits or small genre groups made of wood, plaster and other materials.
Monument to the postman. Nizhny Novgorod
Arts and crafts
The creators of works of decorative and applied art set themselves two goals: to create a thing that is necessary for everyday life, but this thing at the same time must have certain artistic qualities. Everyday objects should not only serve a person practically, but also decorate life, delight the eye with the perfection of shapes and colors.
Of course, now many works of decorative and applied art have mainly aesthetic value, but this was not always the case.
Main types of decorative and applied arts
Batik– hand painting on fabric
Work using the hot batik technique (using wax)
Beading
Embroidery
Knitting
Lace making
Carpet weaving
Tapestry
Quilling- the art of making flat or three-dimensional compositions from long and narrow strips of paper twisted into spirals.
Quilling technique
Ceramics
Mosaic
Jewelry art
Lacquer miniature
Palekh lacquer miniature
Artistic painting on wood
Artistic painting on metal
Zhostovo tray
Artistic carving
Artistic processing of leather
Artistic painting on ceramics
Artistic metal processing
Pyrography(burning on wood, leather, fabric, etc.)
Working with glass
Upper half of a window at Canterbury Cathedral, UK
Origami
Photographic art
The art of artistic photography. The genres are basically the same as in painting.
Graffiti
Images on walls or other surfaces. Graffiti refers to any type of street painting on walls, on which you can find everything from simple written words to elaborate drawings.
Graffiti
Comic
Drawn stories, stories in pictures. Comics combine the features of such art forms as literature and fine art.
Artist Winsor McCay "Little Sammy Sneezes"
Non-fine arts
Architecture
Architecture– the art of designing and constructing buildings. Architectural structures can exist in the form of individual buildings or as ensembles. But sometimes ensembles are formed historically: from buildings built in different times, a single whole is formed. An example is Moscow's Red Square.
Architecture allows us to judge technical achievements and artistic styles different eras. Have survived to this day Egyptian pyramids, built about 5 thousand years ago, temples Ancient Greece and Rome. Any city in any country is famous for its architectural structures.
Palace Square in St. Petersburg
Literature
IN in a broad sense words: a set of any written texts.
Types of literature: fiction, documentary prose, memoirs, scientific and popular science, reference, educational, technical.
Genres of literature
A literary work can be classified as a particular genre according to various criteria: by form (short story, ode, opus, essay, story, play, short story, novel, sketch, epic, epos, essay), by content (comedy, farce, vaudeville , sideshow, sketch, parody, sitcom, comedy of characters, tragedy, drama), by gender.
Epic kind: fable, epic, ballad, myth, short story, story, short story, novel, epic novel, fairy tale, epic.
Lyrical gender: ode, message, stanzas, elegy, epigram.
Lyric-epic genus: ballad, poem.
Dramatic gender: drama, comedy, tragedy.
Music
Music is art, a means of embodiment artistic images for which there are sound and silence, organized in a special way in time. But in general, it is impossible to give one exhaustively precise definition of the concept “music”. This special kind creative activity, including craft and profession.
The type and stylistic variety of music is great.
Classic (or serious)– professional musical compositions born in the culture of Europe mainly from the New Age (the turn of the 16th-17th centuries) and in the Middle Ages;
Popular– predominantly song and dance musical genres.
Extra-European (non-European)– music of those peoples (East) whose culture differs from the culture of Western European civilization.
Ethnic (folk)– folklore musical works of different peoples, emphasizing the identity of an ethnic group, nation, tribe.
Variety (easy)– music of an entertaining nature, intended for relaxation.
Jazz– performing traditions reinterpreted by Europeans American blacks, based on a synthesis of African and European musical elements.
Rock– music of small vocal and instrumental groups of young people, characterized by the obligatory presence of percussion and electric musical instruments, primarily guitars.
Avant-garde (experimental)- direction in professional composing in the 20th century.
Alternative– new musical compositions or performances (sound presentations, “performances”), fundamentally different from all types of music known today.
Types of music can also be determined by the function it performs: military, church, religious, theater, dance, film music, etc.
Or by the nature of the performance: vocal, instrumental, chamber, vocal-instrumental, choral, solo, electronic, piano, etc.
Each type of music has its own genres. Let's take an example genres of instrumental music.
Instrumental music- This is music performed on instruments, without the participation of the human voice. Instrumental music can be symphonic or chamber music.
Chamber music– compositions intended for performance in small spaces, for home, “room” music playing. Chamber music has great potential for conveying lyrical emotions and subtle mental states of a person. The genres of chamber music include: sonatas, quartets, plays, quintets, etc.
Sonata– one of the main genres of instrumental chamber music. Usually consists of 3 (4) parts.
Etude– a musical piece designed to improve technical skills in playing an instrument.
Nocturne(French “night”) is a genre of a small one-part melodious lyrical piece for piano.
Prelude(Latin for “introduction”) – a short instrumental piece. Improvisational introduction to the main piece. But it can also be an independent work.
Quartet– a piece of music for 4 performers.
Within each type of music, their own styles and trends can arise and develop, distinguished by stable and characteristic structural and aesthetic features: classicism, romanticism, impressionism, expressionism, neoclassicism, serialism, avant-garde, etc.
Choreography
Choreography is the art of dance.
Spectacular (mixed or synthetic) arts
Theater
A spectacular art form that represents a synthesis various arts: literature, music, choreography, vocals, visual arts and others.
Puppet theater
Types of theaters: drama, opera, ballet, puppet theater, pantomime theater, etc. The art of theater has been known for a long time: theater was born from the most ancient ritual festivals, which in allegorical form reproduced natural phenomena or labor processes.
Opera
An art form in which poetry and dramatic art, vocal and instrumental music, facial expressions, dancing, painting, scenery and costumes are fused into a single whole.
Teatro alla Scala (Milan)
Stage
This type of art of small forms is predominantly popular and entertaining. Variety includes the following directions: singing, dancing, circus on stage, illusionism, conversational genre, clowning.
Circus
A type of entertainment art, according to the laws of which an entertaining performance is built. The content of modern circus performances is the demonstration of magic tricks, pantomime, clowning, reprise, demonstration of exceptional abilities, often associated with risk (physical strength, acrobatics, balancing act), trained animals.
Film art
A type of entertainment art, which is also a synthesis of the arts: literature, theater, dance, fine arts (scenery), etc.
Ballet
Type of performing arts; a performance whose content is embodied in musical and choreographic images. The basis of a classical ballet performance is a certain plot, a dramatic concept. In the 20th century a plotless ballet appeared, the dramaturgy of which was based on the development inherent in the music.