- Specialty of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation24.00.01
- Number of pages 153
CHAPTER 1. ETHNOS AND ETHNIC CULTURES AS A SUBJECT OF PHILOSOPHICAL AND CULTUROLOGICAL REFLECTION
1.1. ethnicity in the formation and development of national culture
1.2. Ethnic culture: concept and principles of study
1.3. Intercultural dialogue of different ethnic groups
CHAPTER 2. ACTIVITIES OF NATIONAL CULTURAL INSTRUMENTS
CENTERS IN BURYATIA
2.1. Legal prerequisites for the creation of national cultural centers
2.2. Value guidelines for the activities of national cultural centers and communities
2.3. Prospects for the activities of national cultural centers of Buryatia
Introduction of the dissertation (part of the abstract) on the topic “National-cultural centers as a factor in the stability of intercultural relations in a multi-ethnic society”
Relevance of the research topic. The leading principle of state cultural policy in modern Russia is the recognition of the equal dignity of the cultures of all peoples of Russia, as well as strengthening the integrity Russian culture by creating different conditions for their preservation and development. This made it possible to transfer part of the functions of ethnic and cultural self-determination of peoples into the hands of the nationalities and ethnic groups themselves. However, migration processes last decades, increasing multi-ethnicity of the population, both in megacities and in national subjects Russian Federation, as well as the new nature of international contacts, led to the separation of ethnic cultures.
National cultural centers (NCCs) and communities play an important role in optimizing national relations. The main goal of these national associations was the development of ethnic cultures, the preservation of their native language, customs, traditions, forms of leisure, the historical memory of their people, and the consolidation of ethnic communities.
The relevance of studying the activities of national cultural centers and communities of Buryatia is due, firstly, to the multinational composition of the population of the republic, where, according to statistical data, Buryats, Russians, Evenks, Ukrainians, Tatars, Belarusians, Armenians, Germans, Azerbaijanis, Chuvash, Kazakhs, Jews and representatives of other nationalities.
Secondly, thanks to the activities of the NCC, socialization and ethnic identification of the younger generation occurs. Thirdly, NCCs perform the functions of leisure institutions.
And fourthly, the problems of intercultural dialogue cannot be solved without studying the specifics of ethnic cultures from the perspective of cultural discourse.
Based on this, research into the activities of national cultural centers is undoubtedly an urgent problem at both the theoretical and practical levels. This problem becomes even more urgent if we take into account the fact that NCCs are consolidated by people not only different nationalities, but also of different religions: Catholics and Orthodox, Buddhists and Muslims. It was these circumstances that predetermined the topic of this study.
The degree of development of the problem. Great importance For this study, we have classical and modern works of foreign and domestic scientists devoted to cultural exchange, problems of relations between nations and the state, and ethnic groups. In the global dialogue of cultures, the authors of the structural-functional school, the cultural-historical school and cultural anthropology stand out.
Currently representatives national history, ethnography, sociology and cultural studies, a huge amount of scientific material has been accumulated, reflecting the study of various aspects of national and ethnic cultures [159, 38, 169, 148, 165, 44, 68, 138, 39, 127].
The social and philosophical aspects of the problem under study are one way or another touched upon in the works of philosophers I.G. Balkhanov, V.I. Zateeva, I.I. Osinsky
Yu.A. Serebryakova and others. Factors in the formation of ethnic morality were analyzed by S.D. Nasaraev and R.D. Sanzhaeva.
Issues of Russian state cultural policy found their expression in the works of G.M. Birzhenyuk, G.E. Borsieva, Mamedova E.V. and etc .
The dissertation research of G.M. is devoted to the development of methodology and methods for the formation of the ethnoculture of the population as an integral condition for the consolidation of the nation at the present stage and the problem of interethnic communication and dialogue as a cultural dominant. Mirzoeva, V.N. Motkina, A.B. Krivoshapkina, A.P. Markova, D.N. Latypova et al.
First approaches scientific research activities of national cultural centers on the territory of Buryatia are presented in working together A.M. Gershtein and Yu.A. Serebryakova "National Cultural Center: concept, organization and practice". This work presents full information about the structure, specifics and activities of the NCC.
In 1995, the work of E.P. appeared. Narkhinova and E.A. Golubev “Germans in Buryatia”, which reflected the activities of the German Cultural Center. Three collections published under the editorship of E.A. testify to the life and activities of Poles on the territory of Buryatia in general and the Society of Polish Culture. Golubeva and V.V. Sokolovsky.
Availability of housing scientific literature in certain areas of activity of the NCC allowed the author to carry out this dissertation research, the object of which was national cultural centers and communities as public associations.
The subject of the study is the activities of the NCC of Buryatia, aimed at the formation and maintenance of intracultural and intercultural communication of cultures in a multinational republic.
The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the activities of the NCC as a mechanism of the national-cultural policy of Buryatia.
The set goal involves solving the following tasks: determining the status of the ethnic group in the formation of national culture;
Identify the principles of studying ethnic culture;
Analyze the forms of intercultural dialogue of different cultures; identify the legislative basis for the emergence and functioning of national cultural centers on the territory of Buryatia;
Consider the axiological basis for the activities of national cultural centers; determine the prospects for the development of the activities of national cultural centers.
The territorial and chronological boundaries of the study are determined by the territory of Buryatia as a multinational republic and 1991 (the date of the emergence of the first NCC) to the present.
The empirical basis of the study was various documentation related to the activities of 11 national cultural centers and communities located on the territory of Buryatia, namely: Jewish Community Center, Center German culture, Society of Polish Culture “Nadzeya”, Armenian Cultural Center, Korean National Cultural Center, Azerbaijani Community “Vatan”, Tatar National Cultural Center, Evenk Culture Center “Arun”, All-Buryat Center for Cultural Development, Russian Community and Russian Ethnocultural Center. Among them are legislative acts of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Buryatia; charters, plans, reports and programs of the NCC. As well as the results of the author's tests and observations.
The methodological basis of the dissertation was made up of philosophical, ethnographic and cultural concepts of domestic and foreign researchers who identified general patterns of the genesis and development of ethnic groups (S.M. Shirokogorov, L.N. Gumilyov, Yu.V. Bromley, etc.); the views of anthropologists, historians and cultural scientists who consider ethnic culture as an expression of universal human values and the historical experience of the people.
The analysis of the activities of national cultural centers is based on the theoretical achievements of representatives of the activity school (M.S. Kagan, E.S. Markaryan, etc.); axiological approach and sociocultural design (A.P. Markova, G.M. Birzhenyuk, etc.) in domestic cultural studies.
The specifics of the research object and the stated goal necessitated the use of the following methods: sociological (interviewing and observation); axiological and forecasting method.
Scientific novelty of this research work is:
1. in determining the status of an ethnic group in the formation of national culture;
2. in identifying the principles of studying ethnic culture;
3. in the analysis of forms of intercultural dialogue of different ethnic cultures;
4. in identifying the legal basis for the activities of national cultural centers on the territory of Buryatia (laws of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus, the concept and regulations of the Republic of Belarus);
5. in determining the main value priorities of the activities of national cultural centers;
6. in substantiating the basic culture-creating elements of the translation of ethnic cultures during the period of globalization.
Practical significance of dissertation research. The materials obtained during the study can be used in the development of special lecture courses for students receiving the specialty of ethnoculturalist, ethnosociologist and ethnopedagogist. The conclusions reached by the author of the dissertation can help in the development of social and cultural programs conducted by national cultural centers and communities.
Approbation of work. The results of the study were reflected in reports at the City scientific and practical conferences " City family: modernity, problems, prospects" (December 2001, Ulan-Ude) and "The future of Buryatia through the eyes of the young" (April 2002, Ulan-Ude); Interregional round table“Research and forecasting of the development of staffing in institutions of the socio-cultural sphere of Eastern Siberia” (November
2001", Mukhorshibir village); International scientific and practical conference "Cultural space of Eastern Siberia and Mongolia" (May 2002, Ulan-Ude); "Leisure. Creativity. Culture" (December 2002, Omsk). The main provisions of the dissertation work are presented in 7 publications. The research materials were used when delivering lectures in the course “Cultural Studies” for students of the Faculty of Business and Administration of Social and Cultural Activities of the East Siberian State Academy of Culture and Arts.
The structure of the dissertation includes an introduction, two chapters of three paragraphs each, a conclusion and bibliography.
Similar dissertations in the specialty "Theory and History of Culture", 24.00.01 code VAK
Buryat ethnocultural processes in the conditions of transformation of Russian society: 1990s - 2000s. 2009, Doctor of Historical Sciences Amogolonova, Darima Dashievna
Social and pedagogical conditions for preserving the ethnic culture of Russian Germans: Using the example of the Altai Territory 2005, candidate of pedagogical sciences Sukhova, Oksana Viktorovna
Social and pedagogical foundations for the formation of ethnoculture of youth: Based on materials from the Republic of Tajikistan 2001, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences Latypov, Dilovar Nazrishoevich
Ethnocultural identity as a socio-philosophical problem 2001, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences Balykova, Aryuuna Anatolyevna
System of professional training of specialists in ethnocultural activities 2007, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences Solodukhin, Vladimir Iosifovich
Conclusion of the dissertation on the topic “Theory and history of culture”, Gapeeva, Antonina Vladimirovna
CONCLUSION
In this dissertation, we analyzed the activities of the NCC as a mechanism of the national-cultural policy of Buryatia. The analysis allowed us to come to the following conclusions.
“Ethnic” is considered as a factor that plays a structure-forming role for the nation. Understanding “ethnic” as the “external form” (“outer shell”) of a nation would be a clear simplification of the problem. Ethnicity represents an integral system and exists in the presence of internal connections in which tradition and language perform integrative and protective functions. And from this point of view, the origins of any national culture are rooted in a pre-existing ethnic group.
The dissertation research proves that ethnic characteristics form the main national characteristics; the ethnic is interpreted as a fundamental structure-forming factor, since it is from the ethnic group that the entire national culture grows. Ethnicity is the core of national culture.
A more precise study of the concept of ethnicity is impossible without clarifying the so-called “local types of cultures.” The local type of culture is characterized to a greater extent by the presence of linguistic and cultural (information) connections that lead to an awareness of the unity of a given community.
Awareness by any people of their national culture begins with the correlation of the subject with a certain ethnic group, which ensures its cultural integration. Social-normative culture is formed on the basis of moral and legal norms, which are developed by peoples throughout their history.
The concept of “national” is used, firstly, in the meaning of “state” (national income, national armed forces, etc.); secondly, as a derivative of the term “nation”; thirdly, in a narrow sense, implying nationally specific properties of both historical communities (nation, people) and individuals (nationality). Such multi-layered nature of this concept means that it may not always be used adequately.
In our understanding, the specificity of the national and the essential feature of the national are expressed by the concept of national culture. In any national culture, ethnic components play a significant role. Unlike ethnic culture, membership of which is determined by common origin and directly carried out joint activities, national culture unites people living over very large areas and deprived of direct and even indirect family ties. The boundaries of national culture are set by the strength, the power of this culture itself as a result of its ability to spread beyond the boundaries of tribal, communal, and directly personal ties and formations.
Today, national culture is studied primarily by that area of humanities that, unlike ethnography, deals with the collection and study of written monuments - philology. Perhaps on this basis we judge the emergence of a national culture primarily by the fact of the birth of national literature.
So, nations arise as a result of the “atomization” of an ethnically homogeneous mass, its “splitting” into many individuals connected not by consanguinity, not by communal-patriarchal, but by social relations. A nation grows out of an ethnos, transforming it through the isolation of individuals, their liberation from those “natural connections” of origin. If in an ethnos the general awareness of “we” prevails, the formation of rigid internal connections, then in a nation the importance of the personal, individual principle is already increasing, but together with the awareness of “we”.
The activity approach to the study of ethnic culture makes it possible to structure ethnic culture and explore the parts of ethnic culture that make up its system. The traditional culture of ethnic groups, due to its most important characteristics, has enduring universal significance. In the conditions of Buryatia, it consolidated the most significant material and spiritual achievements of the peoples, acted as the guardian of their spiritual and moral experience, their historical memory.
In ethnic culture, traditional values contain thoughts, knowledge, and understanding of life in unity with folk experience, attitude, and goal aspirations. Distinctive feature ethnic culture as a mechanism that carries out the process of accumulation and reproduction of universal human values is that it is based not on the force of law, but on public opinion, mass habits, and generally accepted taste. .
The ethnic culture of Buryatia is diverse both in essence and content, and in forms of manifestation. For many centuries, peoples accumulated and passed on to subsequent generations the necessary moral, labor, artistic, political and other values. Traditional culture has absorbed such important norms of universal morality as humanity and dignity, honor and conscience, duty and justice, honor and respect, mercy and compassion, friendship and peacefulness, etc.
Ethnic culture makes it possible to introduce everyone to values and achievements that are of an enduring nature. It contributes to the formation of the spiritual and moral image of the individual, the development of his value orientations and life position. It nourishes a person like a spring.
Ethnic characteristics form the main national characteristics. Ethnicity is an integral system and exists only in the presence of a rigid internal connection, in which ethnic tradition and language perform an integrative function. The origins of any national culture are rooted in the historical conditions of the formation of the ethnic group. Without ethnic self-awareness, the development of national self-awareness is impossible.
The dissertation work emphasizes the connection between the national and the universal, since the national without universal human content has only local significance, which ultimately leads to the isolation of the nation and the fall of its national culture. The role of the personal principle in national culture is determined not only by the inclusion of each person in the total sum national knowledge, but also the value orientation of the individual and the nature of his activities in society. National culture cannot but include elements of universal human culture, since this is what ensures the possibility of the exchange of spiritual and material values between different cultures and their real contribution to the global culture of the entire human race.
Ethnic culture makes it possible to introduce everyone to values and achievements that are of an enduring nature. It contributes to the formation of the spiritual and moral image of the individual, the development of his value orientations and life position.
National cultural centers belong to a type of community based on common interests. It is characterized by a significant degree of unity based on the common interests of its members. NCCs arise after people realize such a community of interests in the course of collective actions to protect and implement them. The community performs such important functions as socialization - transferring knowledge, social values and norms of behavior to people through family and school; social control- a way to influence the behavior of community members; social participation - joint activities of community members in family, youth and other community organizations; mutual assistance - material and psychological support for those in need.
The activities of national cultural centers are based on the task of reviving and maintaining national cultures. The activities of national cultural centers of the period under study can be called traditional, within the framework of which predominantly educational, recreational and communicative tasks are carried out.
Having a large number of NCC, today, the Assembly of Peoples of the Republic of Buryatia does not fulfill any of the assigned practical tasks.
National cultural centers in the 21st century will be able to carry out their activities subject to expansion from simple revival and preservation to the search for adaptive means in a multi-ethnic society. National cultural centers have a great future for the foreseeable period, but this future can only exist under certain conditions. The main condition for achieving the goals outlined by national cultural centers is the will for national consolidation and spiritual revival on the part of all representatives of a given people, all its ethnic and socio-professional groups living in Buryatia.
An analysis of the documents showed that the need to adopt the law “On National-Cultural Associations in the Republic of Buryatia” is determined by the implementation of the Concept of State Ethnic Policy in the Republic of Belarus. The Concept also provides for the development and implementation of special programs in all areas of national relations and in the field of culture. The ethnocultural policy of Buryatia bears the stamp of Russian cultural policy, hence the problems of determining the status, functioning of national cultural centers as a cultural institution, and developing intercultural programs for interaction.
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informal youth subculture
Cultural center (cf. English Cultural Center) is a widely used designation for organizations, as well as buildings or their complexes, designed to concentrate, enhance and promote the life of the surrounding society - certain values, traditions and practices that lie in sphere of culture and art. Cultural centers can exist both within the framework of public artistic associations and as private initiatives; as well as with state (government) patronage, or by activists.
At the same time, the modern use of the term “cultural center” can in practice indicate that such an object belongs to one of two semantic categories (or both at the same time):
A large multifunctional complex, cultural, entertainment and other public activities on the basis of which cover several types of art or cultural spheres at once (this distinguishes it from more highly specialized objects and institutions that serve only one of the traditional cultural functions, be it museums, exhibitions, libraries, concert and theater, educational, amateur, club, etc.);
A cultural institution that has a national, religious, social or other group orientation or affiliation (sometimes at embassies or other representative offices of countries, religious organizations, public associations), moreover, in most cases, setting itself the task of not only serving the internal interests of this group or diaspora (as opposed to a club), but also introducing the surrounding society to this characteristic culture, creating conditions for its preservation, understanding and further development in this society.
The boundaries of this term are thus quite conditional: in particular, on the one hand, it is close to the traditional institution of “houses (palaces) of culture and folk clubs” for socialist and some other countries; on the other hand, to such types of public centers as art centers, as national public associations; and partly to exhibition, library or concert organizations"broad profile". As a rule, a cultural center of any type is still characterized by the primacy of non-profit, educational and, to some extent, propaganda activities (in the field of culture), as well as its multilateral and complex nature.
The phrase “cultural center” in its arbitrary lexical sense, consisting of the spectrum of meanings of these two words separately (usually: “territory, concentrating or controlling..." - in relation to phenomena or objects of "culture"). For example: “Moscow is a large cultural and industrial center,” etc.
The “urban planning” use of the same phrase can also be considered as a “borderline case”. In the traditions of a number of countries (especially typical, for example, for Australia, and in some cases for the USA, etc.) - a “cultural center” can be called special zone or an urban development area, where, according to the plan of city planners (or historically), buildings and structures for cultural purposes are concentrated (theatres, museums, cinema and concert halls, libraries, sometimes stadiums or even parks, etc.). The combination “cultural center” can in such cases play a role or be integral part a stable name for such an area. When deciding in each individual case whether it can be attributed to the use of the term “cultural center” in the first meaning, one should probably focus on whether all institutions in this urban planning zone also form a certain administrative and organizational integrity, whether they coordinate their activities within the framework of its belonging to a single complex phenomenon in local culture.
In the summer of 2008, the Public Council for Cultural Centers was created in Moscow, which named the protection of the building of the Central House of Artists as its immediate task; The council included fifty people (architects, museum workers, journalists, artists, writers).
Let's look at some examples of cultural centers (in particular, informal ones):
A community center (English Social Center, Italian Centro Sociale, etc.), in some cases also referred to in English interpretations as a “Community Center” or “Community Center” (English Community Center) is an organized space for activities communities. Generally, this is a building or premises used for any of a wide range of public activity purposes that must be classified as charitable or non-profit.
First of all, this is a Western European socio-cultural phenomenon of the last third of the 20th century, which received additional development in Italy and a number of other countries, and by now it is also known in the countries of Eastern Europe.
An art center (art center, or art center) is different from an art gallery or art museum.
In the West, an arts center is a functional community center with a specific area of competence, designed to encourage the practice of the arts and provide various services. The Arts Center provides space for exhibitions and/or work by artists, workshops, educational services, provides technical equipment, etc.
In Russia, art centers often promote private interests, while the role of a public center involves the interests of society as a guideline for activities. Thus, the Moscow Winzavod was created as a “private art center.” The creation of private art centers often fits into the strategy of gentrification of commercially unattractive urban spaces by attracting public attention to them. An example of such a strategy is the Strelka art center.
A self-governing community center (Italian: Centro Sociale Autogestito, English: Selfmanaged Social Center, etc.) is a type of “community” (English: Community Centre), or rather, “public center” (English: Social Center, Italian: Centro Sociale), which received particular development in the youth counter-culture of Italy in the 70s. XX century, and then further spread. Unlike “classical” public centers, established and managed by organizations, communities, parties, local bodies, etc. in the interests of various “users,” a self-governing public center does not at all provide for a division into “organizers” and “clients” acquires a much less formal character, at the same time with a specific ethics for making collective decisions - as a rule, with a preference for “consensus” (the agreement of all) rather than the “will of the majority.”
Squatting, or squatting, is the act of unauthorized occupation of an abandoned or unoccupied place or building by persons (squatters or squatters) who are not its legal owners or tenants, and who do not have other permission to use it. Squat is an illegally occupied premises.
Sometimes the term is not entirely accurately applied to the unauthorized use of abandoned buildings and premises, for example, when organizing free shops and flea markets, without living in them.
A club (from the English clob or club through the German club) is a meeting place for people with common interests (business, educational, developmental, entertainment, collecting, etc.), often officially united in a community, organization or association. Usually it occupies a certain room and serves for regular meetings and communication of its participants. There are also virtual clubs.
Anticafe - (also time cafe, time club) is a new format of socially oriented establishments, rapidly gaining popularity in Russia and the CIS countries.
The word anti-cafe has come into use relatively recently. It is known that the prefix “anti-” is used to denote opposition, denial; the French word cafe is also known to everyone. This results in a kind of establishment that denies the principle of it as a catering outlet. Writer Ivan Mitin came up with and implemented the concept of establishments of this class, opening the Tsiferblat establishment in September 2011. There was a lot of discussion about what to call this format of establishments. Ivan Mitin chose the term “free space”. WITH light hand Journalists in the media began to call this format of establishments “anti-cafes”, and Ivan Mitin is categorically against this term in relation to the “Tsiferblat” project. The very concept of “anti-cafe” includes: a meeting place not in a cafe, but in an establishment where, however, you can also drink hot tea or coffee. Essentially, this is a place where minutes are sold. An anti-cafe is a room for communication, not for food.
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Coordinates: 40°23′43″ N. w. 49°52′56″ E. d. / 40.395278° n. w. 49.882222° E. d. ... Wikipedia
This article contains an incomplete translation from a foreign language. You can help the project by translating it to completion. If you know what language the fragment is written in, indicate it in this template... Wikipedia
For the term "Bhaktivedanta" see other meanings. Hindu temple Bhaktivedanta Cultural Center Bhaktivedanta Cultural Center Country USA ... Wikipedia
Building Chicago Cultural Center Chicago Cultural Center ... Wikipedia
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It opened in 1990 with the premiere of the second edition of J. Genet’s play “The Maids” (the first was staged in the theater in 1988), but in fact existed long before that: R.G. Viktyuk staged performances on different stages, collaborating with, etc. Production... ... Moscow (encyclopedia)
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- Education. Historical and cultural phenomenon, E. P. Belozertsev. This course of lectures introduces the reader to a historical, general cultural, scientific discussion about education in general, about the Russian school and the ways of its development. The course of lectures is intended for students…
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UDC 800.732 © O.B. Istomina
NATIONAL CULTURAL CENTERS IN A MULTI-ETHNIC ENVIRONMENT
The article is devoted to the study of the activities of national cultural centers and the degree of their effectiveness in Irkutsk region. The activities of national organizations are connected with many aspects of the life of an ethnic group in a multinational environment and are aimed at strengthening the unified cultural space of the region.
Key words: national cultural center, type of national associations, population mosaic index.
NATIONAL-CULTURAL CENTERS IN THE MULTIETHNIC ENVIRONMENT
Article is devoted to studying of activity■ of the national and cultural centers and degree of their efficiency in the Irkutsk region. Activity of the national organizations is connected with many aspects of activity of ethnos in the multinational environment and directed on strengthening of uniform cultural space of the region.
Key words: the national-cultural center, type of national associations, an index of mosaic the population.
The concept of national policy in modern Russia is focused on building and strengthening tendencies for the equal functioning of cultures of peoples within a multinational state. However, the real situation is characterized by complex processes and manifestations of intolerant behavior, xenophobia, ethno-fanaticism, or, conversely, ethnic indifference.
Destructive forms of intercultural communications in a state with historically established multinationality and a high level of mosaic of national composition are caused by increased socio-economic tension and pose a serious threat to statehood. Violation of the mutual respectful attitude towards each other of people of different nationalities in modern conditions manifests itself in the form of crimes committed on the basis of national hostility, in the form of public events that broadcast the interests of a monoethnic group. Manifestations of nationalism, chauvinism, and religious intolerance indicate radical activity and the destruction of the principle of “unity in diversity.”
The most effective ways of improving society under these conditions are seen to be ensuring social stability, establishing and disseminating the principles
You can be calm if you have someone to pass on your cultural heritage to
X. Murakami
tolerance, creating conditions for equal social and national-cultural development of all peoples of Russia. These methods require the activity of the national intelligentsia, focused on the preservation and development of ethnocultures, and are associated with the activities of national cultural organizations.
conditioned by its historical,
economic, political, household, sociocultural specifics. Activities of national and cultural
organizations in a multi-ethnic region implements the provisions of the concept
state national policy, protects the interests of peoples, strengthens the common cultural space of the region.
According to the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Justice for the Irkutsk Region and the Ust-Ordynsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug (UBAO), as of January 1, 2012, 89 national associations were registered in the region, 24 of which operate in Irkutsk. This list includes national-cultural autonomies, several cultural centers, and national communities. The reasons that motivate the creation of national associations are different and are a condition for choosing the type
organizations. NCCs can be created to support fellow countrymen coming to the region. Such functions are performed by the public Kyrgyz national-cultural
organization "Friendship", Irkutsk regional public organization "Union
Tajiks" and other centers focused on supporting cultures, most often the peoples of the Caucasus.
Also represented in the region are NCCs, in whose activities the state, the historical homeland of migrants, is interested. Such organizations include the Lithuanian National Cultural Center “Švyturys” (“Lighthouse”), the Irkutsk regional public organization “Polish Cultural Autonomy “Ognivo”, and associations of other European nations.
The third type of institutions represents the interests of indigenous and small peoples of the region and the state as a whole. According to statistics, in any region that includes national autonomies, organizations of this type are numerically predominant. The goals of such institutions are aimed, first of all, at supporting national republics such as Buryatia, Yakutia, Tatarstan, Chuvashia, etc. This type of national associations can be created for the purpose of cultural unification of people of one nation, carry out integrative tasks, and can also see as their goal the development of national language, customs, crafts and cultural activities.
The most ambitious goal most cultural centers, regardless of type, -
popularization of traditional cultures of the peoples of Russia. This problem is solved through the organization and holding of national holidays and events that introduce the population to the customs and rituals of various ethnic groups. Information about such events, their form and content is covered by ethnic media, publications of the Guild of Interethnic Journalism. These holidays involve not only members of the organization, but also representatives of other nationalities, everyone who is interested in the customs of the peoples of the region.
Among the national cultural centers operating in the Irkutsk region, the majority are represented by associations of the following peoples: Buryats - 25 NCCs, which is 28.1% of the total number of all 89 national organizations in the region; Ukrainians - 2 NCCs or 2.2%; Tatars - 7 NCCs or 7.9%; Belarusians - 11 NCCs or 12.4%; peoples of the Caucasus - 11 NCCs or 12.4%; Evenks -4 NCC or 4.5%; small peoples of the North -] 1 NCC or 12.4% of the number of national cultural institutions operating in the region.
In the ratio of the number of national-cultural regional organizations a large share is occupied by centers for the preservation of the culture of the Buryat people. There is a natural correlation in the region:
population size - the number of centers and organizations with a national-cultural bias. The higher the first criterion, the larger and wider the second one, respectively (see table.
Table 1
The ratio of the numerical representation of nationalities and the number of NCCs in the Irkutsk region
Number Number % of number
Name of the nationality that created the NCC in the region, NCC in the NCC in
people region region
Buryats 80565 25 28.1
Belarusians 14185 11 12.4
Small peoples of the North (Mari, Tofalars, 2995 11 12.4
Evens, Komi)
Tatars 31068 7 7.9
Evenks 1431 4 4.5
Poles 2298 3 3.4
Ukrainians 53631 2 2.5
Peoples of the Caucasus (Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Tajiks, Uzbeks) 17454 11 12.4
Lithuanians 1669 2 2.5
Chechens, Ingush 1044 1 1.1
Chuvash 7295 1 1.1
Teams of national centers decide complex tasks in matters of educating the population, developing the cultures of their peoples, they carry out courses for the study of national languages. Organized in Irkutsk Sunday schools, native language training courses. Most cultural institutions carry out this work systematically and in an organized manner. The difficulty of language teaching lies in the narrowing of the scope of application of the formed language competencies. Remains difficult situation with the publication of fiction, newspapers, magazines in national languages. A few periodicals are educational and integratively oriented. The narrowly pragmatic focus on linguistic ecology significantly narrows the readership of these publications. IN youth environment the information need is realized through Internet resources and publications of the central press, however, the importance of publications in national languages is difficult to diminish. Periodicals in the national language are evidence of the preservation of culture and confirmation of the vitality of the language. Many organizations have their own official websites, which contain information about the main activities of the center and a calendar of events. The site allows registration for native language courses and hosts a forum, which means that consolidation along national lines is not the only criterion for establishing a social circle. In modern conditions, all means are important for preserving traditional cultures, including high-tech information systems.
There are quite a lot of directions in the activities of the NCC with a systematic approach, among them such important aspects as: publishing activities, consulting for the purpose of education among youth, preserving folk crafts, strengthening ties with the peoples of the region, forming and strengthening the principles of tolerance, holding national holidays, acquaintance the population of the region with the culture of the ethnic group, and, of course, the preservation of the language as evidence of the culture of its people.
The activities of cultural centers that protect the interests of the peoples of the region are connected with many aspects of the life of an ethnic group in a multinational environment, but the effectiveness of these structures is often reduced as a result of the desire to
integrate participants according to the criterion of nationality. As a result, as a rule, only representatives of this ethnic group know about the culture of a particular ethnic group, about cultural events, and about the traditions of sociocultural activities. Since the tasks of centers focused on the preservation and development of national cultures of small peoples include the popularization of traditions, familiarization with the specific features of their culture, and the establishment of principles
tolerance in a multiethnic environment, the scope of sociocultural influence should be expanded.
In order to study the situation around the national and cultural institutions of the Irkutsk region, a sociological study was conducted in February 2012. The survey was conducted in the form of a questionnaire, the sample size was 630 people. The respondents were urban and rural residents of the region of equal number of groups. The objective of the study is to identify the population’s attitude towards national centers. The questionnaire contains 15 questions in five blocks. The first block is information about the respondent, the second block is about the traditions of the cultures of the peoples inhabiting the region, these are questions about whether the population knows about the activities of the NCC, what is the source of this awareness and whether respondents consider their activities effective. The third block of questions is focused on identifying the priority tasks of the NCC in the understanding of the residents of the multinational region, as well as searching for potential sources of increasing the historical
cultural cognitive base in the consciousness of a multicultural society. The fourth is questions to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the presence of a knowledge base of culture, the history of one’s people and interest in the national cultures of neighboring peoples. And the fifth block of questions is devoted to identifying the degree of need for the work of the NCC and, as a consequence, the preservation of traditional minority cultures as evidence of the spiritual identity of the region.
The focus group consisted of urban and rural residents of the youth age group(from 17-25 years old). The survey participants included applicants and students of the Angarsk State Technical Academy, the National Irkutsk State Research Technical University and graduating students from schools in the Osinsky, Nukutsky and Alarsky districts of the UOBAO. Numerical ratio of respondents
distributed as follows: in the cities of Irkutsk and Angarsk - 225 people, in the districts of UOBAO 405 respondents were interviewed, of which: in the Osinsky district - 110, in Nukutsky - 140, in Alarsky - 155 people.
Urban and rural populations, in our opinion, have different amounts of information about national signs, traditions and specific features of the cultures of small peoples of the region. For this reason, respondents are representatives of both types of settlements. The type and status of a socio-territorial community and the level of population density determine the degree of possibility of interethnic contacts. In terms of the level of mosaic of national composition, rural objects differ from the urban level by a slight advantage. Indices of population mosaic, and, consequently, the level of intensity of interethnic contacts, as mentioned above, are approximately equal throughout the region. But the presence of closer social relations due to the greater compactness of settlement, it provides the opportunity for a deeper acquaintance with the cultures of neighboring peoples. In the countryside
The level of interest
locality, people know everything about each other, how a neighbor lives, what events are happening in his life today, what are the rules of everyday life and social interaction are determining which signs are considered traditional and especially revered, which holiday events occur and how they are celebrated. The activities of the NCC in rural areas are more obvious to residents, so the work of such organizations in rural areas is perceived in the minds of the population as more effective.
Questions about the need to preserve traditional cultures in both urban and rural settlements are perceived equally highly: 82.2% of city residents and 100% of rural residents are convinced of the obligation to preserve all examples of ethnocultures of the Cis-Baikal region. The majority of respondents associate the immutability of national-cultural
“relief” with the activities of the NCC, national autonomies, diasporas and other organizations. According to the survey data (see Table 2), 71.1% of urban respondents and 93.3% of rural youth understand the need for the work of national institutions.
table 2
Helena in the activities of NCC, %
Question City Rural
“yes” “no” “don’t know” “yes” “no” “don’t know”
Do you consider it necessary to preserve the traditional cultures of the peoples of your region 82.2 4.4 13.3 99.6 0 0.4
Do you consider the work of national cultural centers necessary 71.1 6.7 22.2 93.3 0.9 5.8
Would you like to take part in the national holiday of any people in the region 57.8 22.2 20 88 1.8 10.2
Are you interested in the culture of other peoples 66.7 24.4 8.9 90.2 0.9 8.9
Are you interested in the history of your people 77.8 8.9 13.3 99.6 0.4 0
Can you say that you know the history of your people 37.8 35.5 26.7 67.1 12.9 20
People of different nationalities and religions have long lived in Eastern Siberia, so public organizations of citizens united by interests based on nationality remain in demand. The activities of the NCC do not lose relevance in modern conditions. The goals and objectives of national-cultural autonomies are related to the revival of national identity, they
focused on preserving the identity, traditions and historical and cultural heritage of their people, promoting the development
national language, crafts, applied arts. In general, NCCs are designed to satisfy the cultural, educational, socially significant, moral needs of a multicultural region.
Most of the respondents, regardless of the type of settlement, show interest in the culture of their own and other peoples living in close territorial proximity: 77.8% of urban youth show interest in the history of their own and 66.7% in the history of other peoples, the answers of villagers are distributed - 99.6% and 90.2% respectively. It seems that
the results confirm the presence of a correlative dependence in the cognitive base of the individual: an individual’s interest in culture cannot be limited by the framework of his own ethnicity. In other words, interest in one’s culture implies an increase in knowledge through a comparative approach, which requires recognition of the cultural characteristics of other peoples. Understanding the difference in the general and, to a greater extent, specific features of foreign and national-cultural formations, one can understand the foundations of one’s own culture.
It is important to say that the manifestation of interest in the history and culture of their people in both types of socio-territorial communities is higher than the indicators of subjective assessment of existing, already formed knowledge in this area: twice as much among urban youth and one and a half times among rural youth. In rural areas, getting to know the traditional way of life is not just an educational task, it is a daily experience of mastering the norms of social interaction. For this reason, the desire to attend national cultural events of any ethnic groups in the region is also more expressed among rural respondents: 88% compared to 57.8% among urban residents. Based on sociological research data, the compactness of residence and the low population of rural areas determine the degree of interest in preserving traditions and historical and cultural heritage, in
revitalization of the national language as a sign of the identity of a particular people.
Also, by analogy, the research questionnaire included the question: “Do you think the level of knowledge about the culture, customs, and traditions of the peoples living in your region...?” The following answers were received: “high” - 2.2% of city residents and 9.3% of rural residents; “satisfactory” - 31.1% and 44%; “unsatisfactory” - 66.7% and 46.7% of respondents, respectively. Thus, a total of only 33.3% of respondents from urban settlements and 53.3% from rural ones can recognize and evaluate their awareness and competence in this issue. All sociocultural
The characteristics of a rural territorial community in this regard also naturally turned out to be more effective.
It should be noted that the assessment of competence in the field of ethnography and local history given by respondents during the survey is still subjective in nature,
because given on the basis of self-determination. It is quite difficult to check how well this assessment meets the requirements of objectivity in the context of the survey method, but an attempt was made to verify the data obtained. The questionnaire includes the question: “What national holidays of the peoples living in your region (except Russian) do you know?” The answers correspond to the option obtained on the basis of self-assessment and are due to the low degree of mosaic
Pre-Baikal region (many nationalities live, but their share in the total population is too small to increase the level of mosaic of the national composition and, at the same time, the degree of intensity of interethnic contacts). The consequence of these features of the region is awareness of the national and cultural traditions of the two peoples, who numerically dominate after the majority group of Russians. These are the Buryat and Tatar peoples originally living in Siberia, who are represented in the region by 3.1% and 1.2%, respectively (according to the 2010 census). Recognizable holidays in the urban environment: Buryat Sagaalgan - 35.5% and Surkharban
24.4%, Tatar-Bashkir Ramadan - 13.3%; in rural areas: Sagaalgan - 95.6% and Surkharban
86.7%, Ramadan - 46.6%.
The source of obtaining information about the fundamental characteristics of the traditional cultures of the ethnic groups of their region are various forms and methods of broadcasting, such as television, the media, the activities of the NCC, etc. (see Table 3).
The family is of great importance in matters of national and cultural education. In the primary sphere of socialization, not only traditions and the order of their implementation are recognized, but also the semantic, substantive side
ritual actions performed. The family has the opportunity not only to familiarize itself with the rules, but also to take part and fulfill them independently.
Activities of national and cultural
organizations in the Irkutsk region are very diverse, but their effectiveness in the urban environment is not high, only 2.2% of respondents received knowledge about ethnocultural characteristics from NCC events in their city, and 26.7% were able to take part in such events. Peculiarity
functioning of the NCC in the city is a focus on representatives of one’s ethnic group,
which, of course, reduces the effectiveness of the transmission of traditional cultural forms, prevents the spread of a positive image of culture in a multi-ethnic environment, and prevents its implementation in life strategies
principles of tolerance. Expanding the circle of sociocultural influence could solve many problems associated with growing social tension in the region.
Table 3
Methods and sources of informing the population about the traditions of national cultures, %
From what sources did you learn about national holidays?
On television 64.4 32.9
At school, technical school, university 20 95.6
From fiction and journalistic literature 17.8 48.4
From newspapers and magazines 46.7 24.9
From events of national cultural centers 2.2 93.8
From my own observations 22.2 49.8
In the family (took part in the holiday) 26.7 83.1
From Internet resources, official websites of national institutions 8.9 5.7
The main types of areas of work include not only cultural and educational, but also socially oriented, educational, research, publishing,
human rights, etc. In the opinion of the respondents, the most important function of the NCC is the preservation of traditions and customs
Popular performances!
peoples of the region - this is the opinion of 48.9% of urban and 94.2% of rural respondents. The preservation of traditions and their retransmission to a new generation are understood equally highly in the minds of the respondents, regardless of their place of residence. Other goals and objectives of national cultural organizations noted by the population during the survey are indicated in Table 4:
Table 4
region about the tasks of the NCC, %
What, in your opinion, is the main task of national-cultural centers urban-rural
Introducing residents to the national cultures of the region 44.4 44.9
Teaching children the traditions of their people 33.3 78.2
Preservation of national culture 42.2 83.1
Preservation of traditions and customs of the peoples of the region 48.9 94.2
Preservation of the native language as the basis of national culture 20 52
Preservation of the people 4.4 66.2
Popularization of national cultures and their customs 15.6 22.7
Other 2.2 3.1
Your answer options, classified in the “other” column, are associated with the formation of a synthetic function that would combine everything listed in the table. Respondents recognized the need for an integrated, comprehensive approach, which seems to be the most effective in a multicultural environment. In addition to sources of obtaining information on the issue under discussion, respondents were asked to find the most productive method, a way to increase their own level of national-cultural competencies. The majority of urban respondents, namely 48.9%, consider attendance at speeches and public events of the NCC to be effective, another 24.4% wanted to take part in such actions.
Unfortunately, the results indicate a low degree of readiness of the youth group to independently search for information. Urban and rural respondents prefer to feel support from national and cultural institutions, local governments,
public and religious organizations.
The activities of these structures are especially important for maintaining the status national groups, for their development and, of course, for linguoecology, i.e. to preserve the native languages of the peoples of the region. The languages of small peoples in modern multicultural regions with a predominance of the majority Russian language need care from the NCC and require special support measures. Exist certain conditions
functioning of the language in the community, which can be considered as factors contributing to the preservation of national languages: significant size of the language group; compact settlement; living in original habitats; Availability
literary tradition; the presence of public organizations operating in
national language; functioning of language in the family; the attitude of members of a language group to national languages as a value.
Table 5
Potential sources of information about national cultures region, %
How, in your opinion, could you increase the level of knowledge about the culture of your own and other peoples of the region urban village
Independently 24.4 29.7
Studying according to the program at school, technical school, university 31.1 39,
From the media and TV 40 27.1
Attending events of national cultural centers 48.9 84.4
Taking an active part in the holidays of national cultural centers 24.4 80.9
The listed factors in modern conditions have different degrees of mobility. The size of a language group, for example, is not a constant value, the compact settlement of indigenous people and their settlement in their original habitats is common mainly in rural areas, and the presence of a literary tradition, unfortunately, may not be in demand, especially among young people. It is obvious that national cultural centers, societies, organizations are acquiring a socially significant role, whose representatives, through actions to preserve the languages of the indigenous peoples of Cisbaikalia and other regions, instill in the younger generation a respectful attitude towards their native language, expanding the levels of its
functioning.
The functions of modern national-cultural centers are fully consistent with the provisions of the concept of state national policy and are designed to “reflect the diversity of interests of the peoples of the Russian Federation.” The tasks of the NCC are related to the preservation
ethnocultural relief of the region, with the development of the historically established form
polycultures. A particularly significant function of the NCC in conditions of growing social tension is the establishment of cooperation. Preservation unique features material and spiritual cultures helps to strengthen ties with the peoples of the region, the formation and development of the principles of tolerance.
Literature
2. National policy of Russia, history and modernity. - M, 1997. - P. 647 - 663.
Istomina Olga Borisovna, Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Social Sciences, Angarsk State Technical Academy, Angarsk, e-mail: [email protected].
Istomina Olga Borisovna, candidate of sociological science, associate professor, department of social sciences, Angarsk State Technical Academy, Angarsk, email: [email protected].
UDC 316.34/35 © I.Ts. Dorzhieva
ETHNIC IDENTITY OF BURYAT SCHOOLCHILDREN AND STUDENTS
IN MODERN CONDITIONS
The article examines the features of the ethnic self-awareness of Buryat schoolchildren and students. Based on the sociological research carried out, the factors of ethnic self-awareness and ethnic self-identification of Buryat children in urban and rural areas are determined.
Key words: ethnicity, ethnic self-awareness, ethnic self-identification, traditions, customs.