Most unusual people in matters of choosing a name - Indians. They were allowed to have many names and change them throughout their lives. The Indians assigned names based on virtues or distinctive features person. For example, Gvivizensish is a bad boy, Gizhiyash is a fast swimmer.
Armenians name children in honor of kings, gods, generals, planets, precious stones and holidays. Popular names– Narek (offering, gift) and Milena (darling). In Kazakhstan they prefer sonorous names. Akbota: Ak is white, Botha is a small camel. Common names are Damela (hopeful) and Rahat (delight). The French give a child at least two names. The choice is simplified by the fact that children are named after relatives. Thus, the emphasis is on the family tree. On the day of baptism, the name of the saint is added. In Greece, children are named after their grandparents. The Japanese write their surname in capital letters to avoid confusion with their given name. The name of the child often depends on the order of birth of the child in the family.
If the 1st child is a boy, then the suffix - kazu is added to the name, if the 2nd son is ji, the third is dzo. Female names ending in -mi denote beauty. For example, Akemi is dazzlingly beautiful.
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You are probably familiar with the phrase from the movie “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears,” which has long become a catchphrase: “I need Georgy Ivanovich, aka Yuri, aka Gosha, aka Zhora, aka Gora...”
Why do different names have so many variations?
Why are people called by the same names? different countries and even on different continents?
Science provides the answer to these questions anthroponymy, which studies the origin, evolution and functional components of names.
· Scientifically, proper or personal names (for example, Ivan, Maria, Svetlana) are called anthroponyms. By the way, anthroponyms also include patronymics, surnames, nicknames and even nicknames.
But let's focus on names for now. How is it that, living in different countries, having different story, culture and languages, we have, if not the same, then very similar names?
WE ARE UNITED BY HISTORY
In fact, everything lies in the story.
All nationalities, regardless of their territorial location, went through similar evolutionary milestones, a similar cultural path of development, during which the first and subsequent names appeared, as well as traditions of naming people.
IN ancient times people identified themselves with the Universe, believed in their origin and dependence on the nature around them - plants, animals, as well as natural phenomena. The reason for choosing a name was also the expected or desired qualities of the newborn person, as well as his external signs. Another significant “reason” for getting a name is the activity that the newborn’s family is engaged in.
The most obvious and, perhaps, famous example The names of people from these points of view can be called names in Indian tribes. You have probably read and remember fascinating books about the Indians, where the main characters were called Vigilant Falcon, Leather Stocking, St. John's Wort, Faithful Hand, etc.
The same can be said about Old Russian names. Digging through archives and descriptions family trees, you can find names such as Oladin Pie, Rusin, Kozhemyaka, Dobr, Khitr, Molchan, etc. Agree that from the examples given you can easily guess what this or that family did, or what this or that person was like.
Many names that are still used today have come to us since pagan times, when people wanted to give their child a sonorous, promising or “happy” name.
For example, how would you decipher and compare two names like Valdemar and Vladimir? It turns out that they actually have a lot in common:
The Slavic name Vladimir consists of two parts and literally means “ own the world»;
In turn, Valdemar similarly means kingdom and glory (valtan + mar), so in Germany you can safely call Vova Valdemar.
A similar example of “big” names having identical roots, but different sound - widely known and quite popular Henry and already forgotten Slavic Domazhir. Although it’s hard to believe, in fact, people with such names are full namesakes, since in the literal sense their names mean “wealth (“fat” - in the Slavic example) in the house.”
AND RELIGION
The greatest significance in the emergence of names was played by religious beliefs, rituals, beliefs and traditions. This largely explains the fact why we all have “namesakes” in other countries, which, by the way, we may not even be aware of.
Many peoples were united by the Christian faith, which, in turn, collected and sanctified, or, more correctly, canonized many names from different languages. At one time, when baptizing children, newborns should have been given only those names that were permitted or “welcomed” by the church. Now parents can give their child any name that pops into their head.
· For example, let us recall that in the first years of Soviet power such “pearl names” as Oktyabrina, Noyabrina or Elmira appeared, meaning “electrification of the world.” At the same time, names appeared at the same time - analogues of traditional foreign ones, but with a completely different meaning. For example, the Soviet Gertrude is not a German analogy at all, but an abbreviation for “Hero of Labor”. Or the male version - Renat: this name, familiar to Tatars and Muslims, is also an abbreviation of the loud Soviet slogan “Revolution, science, labor.” Here are your namesakes!
· Today, “advanced” mothers and fathers also amaze with their rich imagination, calling their children unimaginable names. For example, in domestic registry offices in Lately registered babies with the names Uslada, Dolphin, Lunalika, and even a name in the form of a set of numbers...
But let’s return to traditional names that have similarities in different nationalities and mean the same thing in different languages.
Christian names became most widespread in the 10th century. The Orthodox world actively borrowed or, more precisely, collected best names Worldwide. As a rule, they are of Greek, Latin and Hebrew origin - which is why names that essentially mean the same thing can differ markedly in pronunciation. Special role Byzantium, located between Europe and Asia, played a role in the spread of Christianity, therefore the names legitimized by the Byzantine Empire are somewhat different.
There are many examples of such “international” names.
One of the most famous and widespread is the name Ivan, to which, by analogy with the phrase from the movie “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears” mentioned at the beginning of the article:
He is also John and Johann, Gianni, Jean and Johan, Giovanni and Joao, Juan and Jens, as well as Janos and Jan. Most of our compatriots Ivanov do not even realize how many namesakes they have around the world!
Among other names that are widespread everywhere, it is necessary to note such as Anna and Maria, Andrey and Alexey, Olga and Ekaterina, Mikhail and Yuri and many others. If you trace the history of their occurrence, you will immediately discover religious origins.
Let us give in the table several examples of what the name means and how it sounds in different language interpretations:
|
Russian variant |
Meaning, origin |
English version |
German version |
French version |
|
Alexander |
From Greek "defender" |
|||
|
From euros "grace" |
||||
|
From Greek "courageous" |
||||
|
From Greek "enemy" |
||||
|
From Greek "royal" |
||||
|
Georgy, Yuri |
From Greek "farmer" |
|||
|
From Greek "noble" |
||||
|
Catherine |
From Greek "clean" |
|||
|
From Greek "torch" |
||||
|
From euros "gracious" |
Johann, Hans |
|||
|
From euros "madam" |
||||
|
From Greek "winner"" |
||||
|
From lat. "small" |
||||
|
From Greek "stone" |
These are not all examples, and the list can be supplemented with analogues of these and other names in other languages (for example, in Italian Georgiy is Giorgio, Alexander is Alessandro, and the famous Shakespearean heroine Juliet is the namesake of the Russian Julia). As you can see from the table, the names are more than similar to each other - the differences are explained by the linguistic characteristics of each language.
EVERYTHING NEW IS WELL FORGOTTEN OLD
There are several other reasons for the international “interpenetration” of names, in particular, globalization and the expansion of ties between different countries. But even in such cases, it often turns out later that a foreign name is a well-forgotten anthroponym that has been around for centuries. For example, modern Angelicas and Angelinas are the namesakes of girls who long ago bore the name Angelina.
MUNICIPAL BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION "BASIC EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL S. UST-UKHTA"
MUNICIPAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “OPENING”
First names, last names and patronymics
/Research/
Completed 8th grade students
MBOU "OOSH" s. Ust-Ukhta
Lobanova Daria and Filippova Tatyana
Supervisor:
teacher of Russian language and literature
Kravchenko Tamara Romanovna
2016
Contents page
1. Introduction. 3
2.Chapter 1.History of the origin of names among different peoples.
1.1. When did the name appear? 4-5
1.2. Origin of Russian names. 6-10
1.3. Features of the formation of names among the Komi people. 10-13
3.Chapter 2. History of the origin of surnames.
2.1. When did the surname appear? 13-14
2.2. The form of the surname as the main sign of nationality
Bibliography:
Alexandra Vasilievna Superanskaya, Doctor of Philology
"What is your name?"
V.I.Dal “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language”
S. Ozhegov “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language”
T.F. Efremova “The most complete modern Dictionary Russian language", 2015
School etymological dictionary
6. Internet resources:
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-
-
-
- http://ru.wikipedia.org/wikiBE - cite_note-Unbegaun-0#cite_note-Unbegaun
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APPLICATIONS
Annex 1
Results of a survey of school students. Ust-Ukhta
Questionnaire-survey
Do you know what your name means? If yes, then write
Do you know how your last name was formed? If yes, please explain.
Do you know how Komi names and patronymics are formed? If yes, please explain.
What famous surnames do you know in world history? Name 4-5 names.
Do you know peoples who do not have patronymics and surnames? If yes, then write.
Appendix 2.
Dictionary
meanings of school students' names. Ust-Ukhta
A
Alexander and Alexandra : “courageous, protector”, “help, hope” (Greek origin)
Albina – (Latin origin) – “white”
Alyona - has different versions of origin. According to the first version, the name Alena (Alena) is a folk, non-church version of the name Elena. The name Alena began to be more actively used separately from the name Elena in last decades twentieth century, and recently it has become a completely independent name. Also, a colloquial version of the name Elena was the name Olena. According to the second version, the name Alena has Ancient Greek origin and means “sunny”, “shining”. There are some other translation options - “exciting”, “spiritualizing”, “attracting”, “bewitching”.
Alina -V Slavic countries the name is associated with the word “scarlet” and artistic images Scarlet Sails And Scarlet flower, that is, with the expectation of happiness and hope. In Christian baptism, Alina is given the name Angelina, less often - Alla. Also given the name Elena. There are also other versions of the interpretation of the name Alina. There is a possibility that Alina is a form of the Latin name Albina and in translation “albus” means “white, fair, fair-haired”. In Scotland, the name Alina is interpreted as “honest” and used as pair name to the name Alistair, and in Greece - “ray of sunshine” (as one of the affectionate addresses to Elena). The diminutive term Lina is also an independent name.
Alfia – (Arabic origin) – “sublime”
Anastasia – female form male name Anastasy. Translated from Greek language means “return to life,” “resurrection,” “resurrected,” “reborn,” “immortal.” Russian folk form - Nastasya
Anfisa - translated this name means “flower, blooming or colorful.” Like many other names, this name appeared in Rus' brought from Ancient Greece.
Artyom - translated from Greek means “unharmed, in perfect health.” According to another version - “dedicated to Artemis.” Derived from Greek name Artemy, from the name of the goddess Artemis. In modern times it has become an independent name, but is also used as a diminutive address to Artemy.
Antonina (Latin) means “extensive, acquisition, comparison and opponent”, (Greek) - “acquiring in return”
Ahliddin - scientists believe that the name comes from the ancient Greek name “Akhlidin” (with emphasis on the second syllable), meaning vitality and spiritual peace.
Ahmadali - a combination of the names Ahmad and Ali. The male name Ahmad in Arabic means “the one who thanks God.” The name Ali comes from the ancient Arabic "ali", which means "high, supreme, high-ranking, powerful, superior to all." Given name is one of the epithets of Allah, taking in this context the meaning of “superior to all.” It gained popularity among Muslims thanks to the fourth Arab caliph Ali, who was the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad. He is especially revered by adherents of the Shiite movement in Islam. Today the name is very common in the Muslim world.
B
Bogdan - it's SlavicName,means“given by God”, “given by God”, “God’s gift”.
IN
Vadim - from the Slavic “bully”.
Valeria (Latin) - “rich, strong, strong, healthy”
Basil (Greek) -means “royal”, “royal”, also translated as “king”
Vasilisa - (Greek) – “queen”; colloquial Vasyon; old Vasilisa
Faith - it's original Russian name and literally translated from Greek means “faith”, “service to God”. Faith, hope, love are the three main virtues in Christianity. Among Christians, the martyrs Vera, Nadezhda, Lyubov and their mother Sophia, who lived in the 2nd century, are revered. Despite the existence of corresponding Greek names, in Europe the names of the three sisters were translated literally.
Victor – (Latin origin) “winner”
Victoria - from the Latin word "Victoria", meaning "victory".
Vilen - this is the name of the Soviet period, and it was formed on behalf of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. This name, in essence, is an abbreviation that was formed from the initials and pseudonym of the leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917, V.I. Lenin.
Vladislav - has pagan Slavic origin. It means "possessing glory." There is another version of the origin of the name Vladislav - from Polish the name is translated as “good ruler”.
G
Galina – (translated from Greek) calm, serene
Gennady – (Greek origin) “noble, noble birth”
D
Danila (Daniil) – from Hebrew “divine judgment”
Daria - has several variants of origin. According to the first version, the name Daria is the female version of the male ancient Persian name Darius, which comes from the Greek Dareios. In Greek, this name became a transcription of the Persian male name Darayavausha, meaning “owner of the good,” sometimes translated as “winner.” According to the second version, the name Daria has Slavic roots, is a modern form of the Slavic names Daryon, Darina, a related name for the names Daroluba and Daromila, therefore the meaning is close to the concept of “dar” - “gift given”. Among the descendants of the Slavs, a variant of this name is also used - Daryana.
Dmitriy (Dimitri) - comes from the ancient Greek word "demetris", translated as - "belonging to Demeter"
E
Evgeniy (Evgeniya) - translated from Greek means “noble”, literally this name can be translated as “with good genes”. It was derived from a male name female name- Evgenia. In Russia, the names Evgeniy and Evgeniya began to be widely used in the 19th century. This is how the nobles began to call their children, but they used the name Eugene mainly in the French manner - Eugene (later the modern diminutive Zhenya appeared from it) or in the English version - Eugene.
Egor (Egory, Georgy) - from the Greek “farmer”
Catherine – (Greek origin) “honest, immaculate.”
Elena – (Greek origin) “chosen, bright”
Z
Zoya - translated from ancient Greek means “life”.
AND
Ivan - from the ancient Hebrew John and translated means “merciful of God.” The name Ivan is the most Russian name. During the Great Patriotic War The Germans called all Russians that way. In Latin, the name Ivan is read as Ivan. In the second half of the twentieth century, the fashion for Slavic names spread to Spanish-speaking and Portuguese-speaking countries; in these countries, in addition to their native names Juan and Jean, the names Ivan and Evan appeared.
Igor – (glory) - early borrowing from Old Scandinavian Ingvarr (Ing - god of fertility, warr-prudent, careful); in Old Russian In(b)gvar (to protect the name of God), which is interpreted as “strong, warlike”
Ilya – Russian version of HebrewnameEliyahu, meaning "My God is the Lord", can also be translated as "believer"
Irina - translated from ancient Greek means “peace, tranquility.” The name comes from ancient greek goddess Eirene, goddess of peace and tranquility.
TO
Karina - has several versions of origin. According to one version, the name Karina is of Latin origin and is derived from the Roman cognomen (personal or generic nickname) Carinus, derived from another cognomen - Carus, derived from the Latin carus, which translates as “dear”, “dear”. To confirm this version of origin, one can cite modern meaning from the Italian word "cara", meaning "beautiful, sweet". In Russian culture, the name Karina could appear from various sources. According to the first version, the name Karina is Slavic name. A related name is Karislava. Karina is Slavic goddess the mourner who accompanies funeral rites, hovers over the battlefields, grieves in the places of peace for the dead along with Zhelya, her sister. This goddess is mentioned in the “Tale of Igor’s Campaign”, and is found in the list of various pagan rituals in the 17th century list of the Old Russian “Words of a certain Christ-lover...” From the Old Russian language, “to punish for one’s sister” meant “to mourn.” According to the second version, the name Karina is of Greek origin. Derived from the Greek name Corinna (Korina), meaning "girl". Related names - Cora, Corin. According to the next version, the name Karina was given to a girl born on a ship during wintering in the Kara Sea. Karina – “born on the Kara Sea.” In the USSR, this version of the origin had some revolutionary overtones.
Kirill - translated from ancient Greek means “lord”, “lord”. In Persian, the name Kirill means "sun".
Konstantin – (Latin origin) “constant, persistent”
Ksenia (Oksana, Aksinya) - has different versions of origin. According to the first version, the name Ksenia translated from Greek “xenos” means “hospitable”, also translated as “wanderer”, “foreigner”, “guest”, “stranger”. The name Ksenia is one of the epithets of Aphrodite.
L
Love – (old Slavic origin) "Love"
Lyudmila – (Slavic origin) “nice to people”
M
Maksim - is of Latin origin and translated means “greatest.” It is often believed that the name Maxim is a form of the name Maximilian
Marcel (Markell) - derived from the Roman cognomen (personal or clan nickname) Marcellus, derived from the personal name Marcus. The name Marcus may be derived from the name of the god Mars, the Roman god of war, and therefore means “warlike,” “sacred to Mars.” IN Ancient Rome The cognomen Marcellus, in particular, was the generic nickname of the plebeian branch of the Claudian family. In late Latin transcription, the name Marcellus began to sound like Marcellus or Marcellus. According to the next version, the name Marseille comes from the name of the French port city of Marseille. The city of Marseille was founded around 600 BC. Phocians - Greeks from Asia Minor - and was then called “Massalia”
Matvey - has Jewish origin, translated means “gifted by God”, interpretation options are “man of God”, “gift of God”. Matvey is the modern sound of the name Matthew (Matthew).
Michael (from ancient Hebrew) translated means “equal, like God,” sometimes the meaning of the name is interpreted as “asked from God.”
N
Hope - in literal translationmeansliterally "hope". Into Russian originallyNamecame from the Greek language, in which it sounded like Elpis (which in translation is alsomeans"hope")
Nazar - has several versions of origin. According to the first version, the name Nazar is derived from the Late Latin name Nazarius, which means “one who comes from Nazareth”, “Nazarene”. According to the second version, the name Nazar is a Jewish name. Translated from Hebrew it means “vow (promised)” or “devoted oneself to the Lord.” According to the third version, the name Nazar with Arabic can be translated as “far-sighted”, as well as “look”; "looking on the bright side of things." And in Turkish this name is interpreted as “gaze.” Among Muslims, you can more often hear an analogue of this name - Nasser.
Natalia - translated from Latin - “native”
Nikita - translated from Greek means “winner”. IN Western Europe you can also hear the female version of this name, it is identical to the male one, but with an emphasis on the last syllable - Nikita′ .
Nikolai - translated from Greek means “conqueror of nations.”
ABOUT
Olga - comes from the Old Norse "Helga" - "saint"
P
Paul - translated from Latin (“Paulus”) means “small”, “insignificant”, “baby”. There is an opinion that this name is interpreted as “junior”, which was relevant when the names of father and son coincided.
Pauline - has several versions of origin. The first of them is the most common - the name Polina comes from the name of the ancient Greek sun god Apollo and means “solar” or “dedicated to Apollo.” There are translation options - “liberated” or “liberating”. In this case, Polina is one of the forms of the name Apollinaria, which has become most widespread among the Russian people, compared to full name, due to a more beautiful and concise sound, as well as due to the ease of pronunciation for Russian people. The second version is the name Polina of French origin, from the male name Paul, which is translated from Latin as “small”, “baby”. In Russian, the analogue of the name Paul is the male name Pavel
R
Rimma – has several versions of origin. According to the first version, the name Rimma was originally a masculine name, which came from the name of the city of Rome, so the name is interpreted as “Roman”. IN Orthodox calendar the martyr Rimma Novodunsky, a Slav, is mentioned. According to legend, the natives of Scythia Minor Inna, Rimma and Pinna were disciples of the Apostle Andrew. But among Catholics the name is not used. According to the second version, the name is of Hebrew origin and means “apple.”Rose - came to us from Byzantium and comes from the name of the flower of the same name, translated from Greek as “rose flower”, “red flower”. According to another opinion, the name has Latin roots and means “flower,” “rose,” or even “queen of flowers.”
WITH
Svetlana - Slavic origin, from the word “light”
Sergey - has different versions of origin. According to the first, most common version, the name Sergei comes from the Roman generic name Sergius, which is a Roman generic name that comes from Sergius. The Sergii are an ancient Roman patrician family, which, according to legend, traces its ancestry to the Trojans. Translated from Latin it means “high”, “noble”. According to the next version, the name Sergei is modern form the obsolete name Sergius, which comes from the Latin “servidei”, translated meaning “servant of God”. As one of the variants of this version, the name Sergei comes from the Latin “Servus”, which translates as “servant”.
Semyon – (ancient Hebrew origin) “listening, heard by God”
Sophia(Sofia ) - translated from ancient Greek means “wisdom”, “wisdom”, “wise”. There is a translation option for “reasonableness”, “science”.
Stepan translated from ancient Greek "stephanos" means "wreath", "crown", "crown"
T
Tamara – (Hebrew origin) comes from the word “Tamar”, which means “date palm”Tatiana – (from Greek) “organizer”; (according to another version from Latinnamed after the Sabine king Tatius, women of this clan bore the title “Tatyanos”)
F
Fedul – (Greek origin) “God’s servant, servant”
YU
Yuliana (Julia) - is the Latin form of the male name Julian (Julianus). According to historical data, this name spread throughout Europe largely due to the fact that Juliana of Lüttich was especially revered in Germany.
I
Yaroslav (slav.) - means“bright”, “strong”, “glorious for its vitality”.
Appendix 3
Dictionary of the formation of surnames of different nations
Surnames of residents of European countries
English - the following surnames are common: formed from the names of the place of residence (Scott, Wales); denoting profession (Clerk - civil servant, Hoggart - shepherd, Smith - blacksmith); indicating character traits and appearance (Armstrong - strong, Sweet - sweet, Bragg - boastful);Belarusians - typical Belarusian surnames end in -ich, -chik, -ka, -ko, -onak, -yonak (Radkevich, Dubrovka, Parshonok, Kuharchik, Kastsyushka); many names in Soviet years were Russified and Polished (Dubrovsky, Kosciuszko);Bulgarians - almost all Bulgarian surnames are formed from personal names using the suffixes -ov, -ev (Konstantinov, Georgiev);Greeks - Greek surnames cannot be confused with any other surnames, only they have the endings -idis, -kos, -poulos (Angelopoulos, Nikolaidis);Spaniards and Portuguese - have surnames ending in -ez, -es, -az, -iz, -oz (Gomez, Lopez), surnames indicating a person’s character are also common (Alegre - joyful, Bravo - brave, Malo - bad);Italians - surnames are characterized by the suffixes -ini, -ino, -ello, -illo, -etti, -etto, -ito (Benedetto, Moretti, Esposito), and can also end in -o, -a, -i (Conti, Giordano, Costa ); the prefixes di- and da- indicate, respectively, that a person belongs to his family and geographical position(Di Moretti is the son of Moretti, Da Vinci is from Vinci);Latvians - to belong to masculine denotes a surname ending in -s, -is, and for a feminine ending - in -a, -e (Verbitskis - Verbitska, Shurins - Shurin)Lithuanians - male surnames end in -onis, -unas, -utis, -aitis, -enas (Pyatrenas, Norvydaitis), women's surnames are formed from the husband's surname using the suffixes -en, -yuven, -uven and the ending -e (Grinius - Grinyuvene), surnames same unmarried girls contain the basis of the father's surname with the addition of the suffixes -ut, -yut, -ayt and endings -e (Orbakas - Orbakaite)Germans - surnames formed from personal names (Werner, Peters); surnames that characterize a person (Krause - curly, Klein - small); surnames indicating the type of activity (Müller - miller, Lehmann - landowner);Norse - formed from personal names using the suffix -en (Larsen, Hansen), surnames without suffixes and endings can also be found (Per, Morten); Norwegian surnames can denote the names of animals and trees and natural phenomena (Blizzard - blizzard, Svane - swan, Furu - pine);Poles - most surnames have the suffix -sk, -tsk, and the ending -й (-я), indicating masculine and feminine(Sushitsky, Kovalskaya, Khodetsky, Volnitskaya); There are also double surnames, in case a woman, when getting married, wants to keep her surname too (Mazur-Komorowska); In addition to these surnames, surnames with a constant form are also common among Poles (Nowak, Sienkiewicz, Wujcik, Wozniak)Russians - use surnames with the suffixes -in, -yn -ov, -ev, -skoy, -tskoy, -ikh, -yh (Snegirev, Ivanov, Voronin, Sinitsyn, Donskoy, Moskovskikh, Sedykh);Turks - most often surnames have the endings -oglu, -ji, -zade (Mustafaoglu, Ekindzhi, Kuindzhi, Mamedzade), also when forming surnames they often used Turkish names or everyday words (Ali, Abaza - fool, Kolpakchi - hat);Ukrainians - the first group of surnames of a given nationality is formed using the suffixes -enko, -ko, -uk, -yuk (Kreshchenko, Grishko, Vasilyuk, Kovalchuk); the second group denotes the type of craft or occupation (Potter, Koval, Kulish); the third group of surnames consists of individual Ukrainian words(Gorobets, Ukrainian, Parubok), as well as a merger of words (Vernigora, Nepiyvoda, Bilous, Kozedub);French people - many surnames are preceded by the prefix Le or De (D′ ) (Le Pen, De Pompadour, D′ Esten); Basically, various nicknames and personal names were used to form surnames (Robert, Jolie, Cauchon - pig);Czechs - the main difference from other surnames is the mandatory ending -ova in women's surnames, even where it would seem inappropriate (Valdrova, Ivanovova, Andersonova).Swedes - most surnames end in -sson, -berg, -sted, -strom (Andersson, Olsson, Forsberg, Bostrom);Estonians - masculine and feminine genders are not distinguished using surnames. All foreign names(mainly German) were at one time Estonianized (Rosenberg - Roosimäe), this process continues until today, for example, in order to be able to play for the Estonia national team, football players Sergei Khokhlov and Konstantin Kolbasenko had to change their last names to Simson and Nahk;
Surnames of residents of Asian countries
Azerbaijanis - formed their surnames, taking Azerbaijani names as a basis and attaching Russian suffixes -ov, -ev (Mamedov, Aliyev, Gasanov, Abdullaev) to them.Armenians - most surnames of residents of Armenia have the suffix -yan (Hakopyan, Galustyan)Georgians - common surnames ending in -shvili, -dze, -uri, -ava, -a, -ua, -ia, -ni, -li, -si (Baratashvili, Mikadze, Adamia, Karchava, Gvishiani, Tsereteli);Jews - the main group consists of surnames with roots Levi and Cohen (Levin, Levitan, Kagan, Koganovich, Katz); the second group came from male and female Hebrew names with the addition of various suffixes (Yakobson, Yakubovich, Davidson, Godelson, Tsivyan, Beilis, Abramovich, Rubinchik, Vigdorchik, Mandelstam); the third group of surnames reflects the character of a person, his appearance or profession (Kaplan - chaplain, Rabinovich - rabbi, Melamed - teacher, Schwartzbard - black-bearded, Stiller - quiet, Shtarkman - strong).Chinese and Koreans - usually these are surnames consisting of one, less often two syllables (Tan, Liu, Duan, Qiao, Tsoi, Kogai)Japanese - modern Japanese surnames are formed by merging two full-valued words (Wada - harmony and rice field, Igarashi - 50 storms, Katayama - piece and mountain, Kitamura - north and village); The most common Japanese surnames are: Takahashi, Kobayashi, Kato, Suzuki,
Appendix No. 4
Determination of nationality
according to the form of the surname
(based on the example of the names of students, teachers and school employees of the MBOU "OOSH" in the village of Ust-Ukhta)
Of them:
Russian
Komi
Ukraine
skies
Paul
skies
Belarusian
Tajik
Dagest.
Moldavsk
105 people
100%
55%
25%