Cluster on the topic bitter. Maxim Gorky - biography, information, personal life. Return to homeland and last years of life

Initially, Gorky was skeptical about October Revolution. However, after several years cultural work V Soviet Russia(in Petrograd he headed the publishing house “World Literature”, interceded with the Bolsheviks for those arrested) and life abroad in the 1920s (Marienbad, Sorrento), returned to the USSR, where recent years life was surrounded by official recognition as the “petrel of the revolution” and “the great proletarian writer”, the founder socialist realism.

Biography

Alexey Maksimovich came up with the pseudonym “Gorky” himself. Subsequently, he told Kalyuzhny: “I shouldn’t write Peshkov in literature...”. More information about his biography can be found in his autobiographical stories “Childhood”, “In People”, “My Universities”.

Childhood

Alexey Peshkov was born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a carpenter (according to another version - the manager of the Astrakhan office of the shipping company I. S. Kolchin) - Maxim Savvatyevich Peshkov (1839-1871). Mother - Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina (1842-1879). Gorky’s grandfather Savvaty Peshkov rose to the rank of officer, but was demoted and exiled to Siberia “for cruel treatment of lower ranks,” after which he enrolled as a bourgeois. His son Maxim ran away from his father five times and at the age of 17 left home forever. Orphaned early, Gorky spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Kashirin. From the age of 11 he was forced to go “to the people”: he worked as a “boy” in a store, as a buffet cook on a ship, as a baker, studied in an icon-painting workshop, etc.

Youth

• In 1884 he tried to enter Kazan University. I became acquainted with Marxist literature and propaganda work.
• In 1888, he was arrested for connections with N. E. Fedoseev’s circle. He was under constant police surveillance. In October 1888 he became a watchman at the Dobrinka station in Gryaze-Tsaritsynskaya railway. Impressions from his stay in Dobrinka will serve as the basis for the autobiographical story “Watchman” and the story “Boredom for the Sake.”
• In January 1889, at a personal request (a complaint in verse), he was transferred to the Borisoglebsk station, then as a weighmaster to the Krutaya station.
• In the spring of 1891, he set out to wander around the country and reached the Caucasus.

Literary and social activities

• In 1892 he first appeared in print with the story “Makar Chudra”. Returning to Nizhny Novgorod, he publishes reviews and feuilletons in Volzhsky Vestnik, Samara Gazeta, Nizhny Novgorod Listok, etc.
• 1895 - “Chelkash”, “Old Woman Izergil”.
• 1896 - Gorky writes a response to the first cinematic session in Nizhny Novgorod:

• 1897 - " Former people", "The Orlov Spouses", "Malva", "Konovalov".
• From October 1897 to mid-January 1898, he lived in the village of Kamenka (now the city of Kuvshinovo, Tver Region) in the apartment of his friend Nikolai Zakharovich Vasiliev, who worked at the Kamensk paper factory and led an illegal workers' Marxist circle. Subsequently, the life impressions of this period served the writer as material for the novel “The Life of Klim Samgin.”
• 1898 - The publishing house of Dorovatsky and A.P. Charushnikov published the first volume of Gorky’s works. In those years, the circulation of the young author's first book rarely exceeded 1000 copies. A. I. Bogdanovich advised to release the first two volumes of M. Gorky’s “Essays and Stories”, 1200 copies each. Publishers “took a chance” and released more. The first volume of the 1st edition of “Essays and Stories” was published in a circulation of 3,000 copies.
• 1899 - novel “Foma Gordeev”, prose poem “Song of the Falcon”.
• 1900-1901 - the novel “Three”, personal acquaintance with Chekhov, Tolstoy.

• 1900-1913 - participates in the work of the publishing house "Knowledge"
• March 1901 - “Song of the Petrel” was created by M. Gorky in Nizhny Novgorod. Participation in Marxist workers' circles in Nizhny Novgorod, Sormovo, St. Petersburg, wrote a proclamation calling for the fight against autocracy. Arrested and expelled from Nizhny Novgorod. According to contemporaries, Nikolai Gumilyov highly valued the last stanza of this poem.

• In 1901, M. Gorky turned to drama. Creates the plays “The Bourgeois” (1901), “At the Lower Depths” (1902). In 1902, he became the godfather and adoptive father of the Jew Zinovy ​​Sverdlov, who took the surname Peshkov and converted to Orthodoxy. This was necessary in order for Zinovy ​​to receive the right to live in Moscow.
• February 21 - election of M. Gorky to honorary academician Imperial Academy sciences in the category of fine literature.

• 1904-1905 - writes the plays “Summer Residents”, “Children of the Sun”, “Varvars”. Meets Lenin. He was arrested for the revolutionary proclamation and in connection with the execution on January 9, but then released under public pressure. Participant in the revolution of 1905-1907. In the fall of 1905 he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.

• 1906 - travels abroad, creates satirical pamphlets about the “bourgeois” culture of France and the USA (“My Interviews”, “In America”). He writes the play “Enemies” and creates the novel “Mother”. Due to tuberculosis, he settled in Italy on the island of Capri, where he lived for 7 years (from 1906 to 1913). Checked into the prestigious Quisisana Hotel. From March 1909 to February 1911 he lived at the Villa Spinola (now Bering), stayed at the villas (they have commemorative plaques about his stay) Blesius (from 1906 to 1909) and Serfina (now Pierina) ). On Capri, Gorky wrote “Confession” (1908), where his philosophical differences with Lenin and rapprochement with Lunacharsky and Bogdanov were clearly outlined.

• 1907 - delegate to the V Congress of the RSDLP.
• 1908 - play “The Last”, story “The Life of an Useless Person”.
• 1909 - the stories “The Town of Okurov”, “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin”.
• 1913 - Gorky edits the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda, the art department of the Bolshevik magazine Prosveshchenie, and publishes the first collection of proletarian writers. Writes "Tales of Italy".
• 1912-1916 - M. Gorky creates a series of stories and essays that made up the collection “Across Rus'”, autobiographical stories “Childhood”, “In People”. The last part of the trilogy, “My Universities,” was written in 1923.
• 1917-1919 - M. Gorky does a lot of social and political work, criticizes the “methods” of the Bolsheviks, condemns their attitude towards the old intelligentsia, saves many of its representatives from Bolshevik repression and famine.

Abroad

• 1921 - M. Gorky’s departure abroad. In Soviet literature, there was a myth that the reason for his departure was the resumption of his illness and the need, at Lenin’s insistence, for treatment abroad. In fact, A. M. Gorky was forced to leave due to worsening ideological differences with the established government. In 1921-1923 lived in Helsingfors, Berlin, Prague.
• Since 1924 he lived in Italy, in Sorrento. Published memoirs about Lenin.
• 1925 - novel “The Artamonov Case”.

• 1928 - at the invitation of the Soviet government and Stalin personally, he tours the country, during which Gorky is shown the achievements of the USSR, which are reflected in the series of essays “Around the Soviet Union.”
• 1931 - Gorky visits the Solovetsky special purpose camp and writes a laudatory review of its regime. A fragment of A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s work “The Gulag Archipelago” is dedicated to this fact.

Return to the USSR

• 1932 - Gorky returns to Soviet Union. The government provided him with the former mansion of Ryabushinsky on Spiridonovka, dachas in Gorki and Teselli (Crimea). Here he receives Stalin’s order - to prepare the ground for the 1st Congress Soviet writers, and to do this, spend among them preparatory work. Gorky created many newspapers and magazines: the book series “History of factories and factories”, “History civil war", "Poet's Library", "The Story of a Young person XIX century", the magazine "Literary Studies", he writes the plays "Yegor Bulychev and others" (1932), "Dostigaev and others" (1933).

• 1934 - Gorky holds the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, giving the main report at it.
• 1934 - co-editor of the book “Stalin Canal”
• In 1925-1936 he wrote the novel “The Life of Klim Samgin”, which remained unfinished.
• On May 11, 1934, Gorky’s son, Maxim Peshkov, unexpectedly dies. M. Gorky died on June 18, 1936 in Gorki, having outlived his son by a little more than two years. After his death, he was cremated and his ashes were placed in an urn in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow. Before cremation, M. Gorky's brain was removed and taken to the Moscow Brain Institute for further study.

Death

The circumstances of the death of Maxim Gorky and his son are considered “suspicious” by many; there were rumors of poisoning, which, however, were not confirmed. At the funeral, among others, Molotov and Stalin carried Gorky’s coffin. It is interesting that among other accusations against Genrikh Yagoda at the Third Moscow Trial in 1938 was the accusation of poisoning Gorky’s son. According to Yagoda's interrogations, Maxim Gorky was killed on Trotsky's orders, and the murder of Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, was his personal initiative.

Some publications blame Stalin for Gorky's death. An important precedent for the medical side of the accusations in the “Doctors' Case” was the Third Moscow Trial (1938), where among the defendants were three doctors (Kazakov, Levin and Pletnev), accused of the murders of Gorky and others.

Family and personal life

1. Wife - Ekaterina Pavlovna Peshkova (nee Volozhina).
   1. Son - Maxim Alekseevich Peshkov (1897-1934) + Vvedenskaya, Nadezhda Alekseevna (“Timosha”)
      1. Peshkova, Marfa Maksimovna + Beria, Sergo Lavrentievich
         1. daughters Nina and Nadezhda, son Sergei (they bore the surname “Peshkov” because of the fate of Beria)
      2. Peshkova, Daria Maksimovna + Grave, Alexander Konstantinovich
         1. Maxim and Ekaterina (carried the surname Peshkov)
            1. Alexey Peshkov, son of Catherine
   2. Daughter - Ekaterina Alekseevna Peshkova (died as a child)
   3. Peshkov, Zinovy ​​Alekseevich, brother of Yakov Sverdlov, godson of Peshkov, who took his last name, and de facto adopted son + (1) Lydia Burago
2. Concubine 1906-1913 - Maria Fedorovna Andreeva (1872-1953)
   1. Ekaterina Andreevna Zhelyabuzhskaya (Andreeva’s daughter from her first marriage, Gorky’s stepdaughter) + Abram Garmant
   2. Zhelyabuzhsky, Yuri Andreevich (stepson)
   3. Evgeniy G. Kyakist, Andreeva’s nephew
   4. A. L. Zhelyabuzhsky, nephew of Andreeva’s first husband
3. Long-term life partner - Budberg, Maria Ignatievna

Environment

• Shaikevich Varvara Vasilievna - the wife of A.N. Tikhonov-Serebrova, Gorky’s lover, who allegedly had a child from him.
• Tikhonov-Serebrov Alexander Nikolaevich - assistant.
• Rakitsky, Ivan Nikolaevich - artist.
• Khodasevichi: Valentin, his wife Nina Berberova; niece Valentina Mikhailovna, her husband Andrey Diederichs.
• Yakov Izrailevich.
• Kryuchkov, Pyotr Petrovich - secretary, later, together with Yagoda,

Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov was born in 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod. After the death of his father, Maxim Savvateevich Peshkov, a cabinetmaker, his mother, Varvara Vasilievna, with three-year-old Alyosha, returned to the house of her father Vasily Vasilyevich Kashirin, the owner of a dyeing workshop. Since 1876, Alexey Peshkov studied first at the Ilyinsky School, then at the Nizhny Novgorod Sloboda Kunavinsky Primary School, but “due to poverty, he did not complete the course there.”

When his mother died, Alyosha was 11 years old. Left an orphan, he lived in his grandfather’s house in an atmosphere of “mutual enmity of everyone with everyone; it poisoned adults, and even children took it live participation” (“Childhood”), Alyosha was loved only by his grandmother Akulina Ivanovna, who replaced his mother. She managed to develop in him an interest in folk songs and fairy tales.

A ruined grandfather gave his grandson a service in a shoe store. Then Alexey worked as a servant, a “boy” in an icon shop, a student in an icon-painting workshop, a foreman at a construction site, and an extra in a theater at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair. He worked constantly and read a lot at the same time. Alexey read especially a lot while working on the Dobry steamship - books were given to him by the cook Potap Andreev. Later, Gorky would write: “More and more expanding the boundaries of the world before me, the books told me how great and beautiful a person is in striving for the best, how much he has done on earth and what incredible suffering it has cost him.”

In 1884, Alexey Peshkov left for Kazan, dreaming of entering Kazan University. But the dream was not destined to come true - instead of studying I had to work. The future writer lived with a friend’s family, sometimes among tramps in a rooming house, worked as a laborer and loader on the pier, then got a job as a baker’s assistant in A. S. Derenkov’s bakery, which in gendarmerie documents was called “a place of suspicious gatherings of student youth.” During this period, Alexey Maksimovich was especially actively engaged in self-education, became acquainted with Marxist teaching, studied the works of G.V. Plekhanov. In 1888, he wandered around Russia in search of work. A year later, returning to Nizhny Novgorod, he met V.G. Korolenko. He brought famous writer his first composition - “Song of the Old Oak” - and received support. At the same time, Alexey Maksimovich met Olga Yulievna Kamenskaya, who soon became his wife.

In 1891-1892 he made a new journey through Rus'. The experience of wanderings was reflected in his early romantic works and the later cycle of stories “Across Rus'”.

In the cycle “Across Rus'” there are many lyrical “digressions”. They express author's attitude to the world, pictorial and subjective-evaluative plans are combined, the socio-historical and generalized philosophical image of life predominates. “Passing” - this is what Gorky called the autobiographical hero “Across Rus'”. The writer borrowed this word from V.G. Korolenko (“...passing - your word from the story “The River Plays...”,” he wrote to Korolenko). “I deliberately say “passing,” and not “passerby,” it seems to me that a passer-by leaves no traces of himself, while a passer-by is, to some extent, an active person who not only receives impressions of existence, but also consciously creates something specific.”

Gorky tried to truthfully capture life in its most difficult manifestations (“On the Salt”, “Conclusion”, “Twenty Six and One”, “The Orlov Spouses”, etc.), but he also noticed the brightness that is in it.

In 1892, the Tiflis newspaper “Caucasus” published the writer’s first story, “Makar Chudra,” signed under the pseudonym M. Gorky.

On March 28, 2008, on the day of the 140th anniversary of the birth of Maxim Gorky, the Gorky Readings will be held at the Institute named after him, dedicated to the place writer in modern world. Literary scholars not only from Russia, but also from France, Poland, Italy, Ukraine and the USA take part in the “Gorky Readings 2008”.

Maxim Gorky (real name - Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov) was born on March 28, 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a cabinetmaker. His parents died early, and the writer spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Vasily Kashirin. His grandfather taught the boy to read from church books, his grandmother Akulina Ivanovna introduced her grandson to folk songs and fairy tales, but most importantly, she replaced his mother, “filling him,” in Gorky’s own words, with “strong strength for a difficult life” (“Childhood”).

In the summer of 1884, sixteen-year-old Alexey Peshkov went to Kazan in the hope of entering the university. However, due to lack of funds, he limited himself to active communication with students, visiting self-education circles, and gatherings. At this time, he earned his living by day labor: he was a laborer, a loader, and a baker. Unsettled life and personal troubles led Gorky to a mental crisis, which ended with a suicide attempt (December 1887).

From the summer of 1888 to October 1892, Gorky traveled “throughout Rus'.” For four years, he traveled all over Southern Russia - from Astrakhan to Moscow, and visited Southern Bessarabia, Crimea and the Caucasus. He worked as a farm laborer in villages, worked in the fishing and salt fields, was a dishwasher, served as a railway watchman and as a repair shop worker.

During these years, Gorky made many acquaintances among the creative intelligentsia, experienced a passion for populism, Tolstoyism and social democratic teachings, and wrote poetry and prose. In September 1892, his story “Makar Chudra”, signed with the pseudonym “M. Gorky,” was published in the newspaper “Caucasus” (Tiflis).

Until 1909, Gorky was closest in his views to the Bolsheviks. In 1909, thanks to his sympathy for the Vperyodists and God-builders, he broke up with Lenin. After February revolution founded, together with a number of left-wing Social Democratic publicists and writers, an internationalist newspaper " New life", which became the unifying center of a peculiar movement in the Social Democratic Party, called the "Novozhiznsky" movement.

New Life and Gorky himself greeted the October Revolution with pessimism, predicting its imminent failure. In the first weeks and months after the revolution, the writer published a series of articles under the general title " Untimely thoughts", in which he sharply criticized the course taken by Lenin, emphasized the prematureness of the revolution and its devastating consequences. Gorky spoke out in defense of the bourgeois press, finding that it was precisely the peculiarities of the transition period that required free competition between various political parties. However, already in 1919 he became an ardent supporter of Soviet power.

However, the Bolsheviks themselves did not consider him close in spirit, and from 1921 to 1928 Gorky lived in exile, where he went after Lenin’s extremely persistent advice. Gorky settled in Sorrento (Italy), but did not break ties with young Soviet literature (L.M. Leonov, V.V. Ivanov, A.A. Fadeev, I.E. Babel). He wrote the series “Stories of 1922-1924”, “Notes from the Diary”, and the novel “The Artamonov Case”.

Since 1925, Gorky began work on the historical epic “The Life of Klim Samgin” (the original title of the novel was “Forty Years”), which, according to the writer’s plan, was to become a chronicle of a turning point in the history of Russia and the Russian intelligentsia. He continued to work on the novel until his death, but never managed to finish it.

In May 1928, Gorky returned to the USSR and traveled around the country all summer (Kursk, Kharkov, Dneprostroy, Zaporozhye, Crimea, Rostov-on-Don, Baku, Tiflis, Kojori, Yerevan, Vladikavkaz, Stalingrad, Samara, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod) . His impressions of these trips were collected in the book “Around the Union of Soviets” (1929).

In 1933, Gorky moved to Moscow. On his initiative, the magazines “Our Achievements” (1929-1936) and “ Literary studies"(1930-1941), publication "History of factories and factories", which published about 250 books in 1931-1933 of various nature, the publication "History of the Civil War", a literary and artistic almanac was published, and the "Poet's Library" series was established.

Gorky played a key role in the formation of the Union of Soviet Writers, being the organizer and chairman of the I All-Union Congress Soviet writers (1934). On Gorky's initiative, the Literary Institute was founded, later named after him.

Maxim Gorky died on June 18, 1936. His death was shrouded in rumors. Even during the Stalinist repressions, the official version became official that the great proletarian writer was allegedly “healed to death” by killer doctors. Subsequently, back in Soviet years, this version was consigned to oblivion. Now the circumstances and causes of the death of Gorky (and his son Maxim in May 1934) remain the subject of debate.

The material was prepared based on information from open sources

Russian writer, prose writer, playwright Maxim Gorky(Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov) was born in 1868. Despite the fame of the writer, Gorky’s biography, especially in childhood, is full of uncertainties. His father, Maxim Savvatievich Peshkov (1840-1871), came from the bourgeoisie of the Perm province. Gorky’s grandfather, Savvaty Peshkov, was a man of tough character: he rose to the rank of officer, but for cruel treatment of his subordinates he was demoted and exiled to Siberia. His attitude towards his son Maxim was no better, which is why he ran away from home several times. At the age of 17, he left home forever - after that, the son and father did not see each other again. Maxim Peshkov was talented, creative person. He learned the craft of cabinet-making, settled in Nizhny Novgorod and began working as a carpenter at the shipping company of I. S. Kolchin. Here he married Varvara Vasilyevna Kashirina (1842-1879), who came from a family of Nizhny Novgorod merchants. Only the mother of the bride, Akulina Ivanovna, gave consent to the marriage, but the father, Vasily Vasilyevich Kashirin, did not give consent, but then reconciled. In the spring of 1871, Maxim Peshkov left with his family for Astrakhan, where he began working as manager of the Astrakhan office of the Kolchin Shipping Company. In the summer of 1871, Maxim Savvatievich, while nursing Alyosha, who was sick with cholera, became infected himself and died. Varvara Vasilievna with her son and mother returned to Nizhny Novgorod to her father’s house.

Gorky's grandfather, Vasily Vasilyevich Kashirin, was a barge hauler in his youth, then became rich and became the owner of a dyeing workshop. At one time, he was the foreman of the dyeing shop, and was elected as a member of the Nizhny Novgorod Duma. In addition to Gorky’s grandfather, his two sons lived in the house with their families. Better times passed for the Kashirin family - due to factory production, the business was in decline. In addition, the Kashirin family was not friendly. They lived as if in war, and Alyosha Peshkov was only a burden there. Gorky believed that his mother did not love him, considering him the culprit of misfortunes, and therefore moved away from him. She began to arrange her personal life and remarried. Only the grandmother, Akulina Ivanovna, treated Alyosha with kindness. She replaced his mother and supported her grandson as best she could. It was his grandmother who gave him a love for folk songs and fairy tales. The grandfather, despite his complex character, taught the boy to read and write at the age of six using church books. In 1877-1879, Alyosha Peshkov successfully studied at the Nizhny Novgorod Slobodsk Kanavinsky Primary School. In August 1879, his mother died of consumption. By that time, the grandfather was completely broke and sent his 11-year-old grandson “to the people.”

“In People” Alexey Peshkov changed many occupations: he worked as a “boy” in a shoe store, as a boatman on a steamship, was in service, caught birds, was a salesman in an icon shop, a student in an icon-painting workshop, an extra in the theater at the Nizhny Novgorod fair, a foreman in repairs fair buildings, etc. While working on the Dobry steamship, Alexei Peshkov’s boss was a cook - retired guards non-commissioned officer Mikhail Smury, who noticed the boy’s curiosity and awakened in him a love of reading. Books in many ways saved Alexei Peshkov from an evil, unjust world and helped him understand a lot. Despite early hardships and suffering, he managed to maintain his love of life. Subsequently, M. Gorky wrote: “I did not expect outside help and did not hope for a happy occasion... I realized very early that a person is created by his resistance to the environment.”

In 1884, Alexey Peshkov went to enter Kazan University. He returned to Nizhny Novgorod in 1889 and lived here intermittently until 1904. In 1913-1914 M. Gorky wrote autobiographical story"Childhood".

In Nizhny Novgorod there is A. M. Gorky’s Museum of Childhood “Kashirin’s House”. Alyosha Peshkov began living in this house at the end of August 1871, after arriving with his mother from Astrakhan. In the spring of 1872, Gorky's grandfather divided the property between his sons, and the house remained with his son Yakov. Vasily Vasilyevich himself, with his wife Akulina Ivanovna and grandson Alyosha, moved to live in another house. The Museum of Childhood of A. M. Gorky reproduces the original furnishings of the Kashirin family home.

Gorky Maxim, (real name Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov) (1868-1936) Russian writer, publicist, public figure

Born in Nizhny Novgorod, in the family of a cabinetmaker. He lost his father early and spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather, the owner of a dyeing workshop.

He lived in poverty and changed many professions. I tried to enter Kazan University. He joined the revolutionary movement and began to engage in educational activities.

V.G. helped him enter literature. Korolenko. In 1892, Gorky first appeared in print with the story “Makar Chudra”. From that moment I began to systematically study literary work. The collection “Essays and Stories” had a great resonance. In the novel "Mother" he sympathetically showed the growth revolutionary movement in Russia. In the play “At the Bottom” he raised the question of freedom and the purpose of man.

Many of the writer’s works became a literary sensation: the autobiographical triptych “Childhood”, “In People”, “My Universities”; the play “Yegor Bulychov and Others”, the unfinished epic novel “The Life of Klim Samgin”.

Abroad (1921-1931) and after returning to Russia, Gorky had a great influence on the formation of ideological and aesthetic principles Soviet literature, in that
including the theory of socialist realism.

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