Arguments for the final essay. Direction "Kindness and Cruelty". Topics: kindness and cruelty towards others, loved ones.
Works: I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons", L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", K.G. Paustovsky "", A.I. Solzhenitsyn" Matrenin Dvor", A. Platonov " ". I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
I. S. Turgenev in the novel “Fathers and Sons” touches on the issue of the cruel attitude of children towards their parents. Using the example of the figure E., the reader sees the pain that indifference causes: he did not see his old people for three years, but came to see them for only three days. The father barely dares to reproach his son, and the mother only secretly sheds tears, caring for her Enyusha, but the son is burdened by this attention, he is busy with his own interests. Bazarov did not even talk to his father when he arrived after a three-year separation, although he did not sleep all night. Unfortunately, only before his death does the hero understand that at the core family relations kindness must lie, and asks Odintsova to take care of the old people: “After all, there are people like them in your big world you can't find it during the day..."
L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”
At first glance, it seems that in the novel “War and Peace” the Bolkonsky and Rostov families are two different poles, two completely different worldviews.
If for the Rostovs the main thing is emotions, then for the Bolkonskys the main thing is order, established by them once and for all. But there is also common features, one of which is love for each other, all their actions are dictated by good
intentions. Countess Rostova is sincerely devoted to her children; she cannot indifferently accept the news of her son’s death, and this pain is also understandable to her youngest daughter, who will never allow herself to leave her mother alone in grief. Natasha is responsive and kind. These qualities were brought up in her by her parents.
Speaking about the Bolkonsky family, you should pay attention to the fact that the old prince, at first glance, seems cruel and indifferent towards children, but all his words and actions are dictated by love for them. Beneath the outward sternness of the old man there is goodness hidden, loving heart father. So, he wants only the best for Marya, and she, in turn, blindly obeys him, fearing to upset the old man.
K.G. Paustovsky ""
The plot of Paustovsky's story tells about the life of Katerina Petrovna, an elderly woman who was lonely waiting for her daughter to arrive. Nastya lives in big city, works as a secretary in the artists' union. She is respected at work, she tries in all her manifestations to be a responsible, responsive, kind person in relation to the people around her. The heroine helps the young sculptor with the organization of the exhibition, understanding how important it is for him. But at the same time, he indifferently puts a telegram in his bag with the news of his mother’s imminent death, without even reading it. This act is nothing more than a manifestation of cruelty towards oneself to a loved one. And only after losing her mother, Nastya realizes that her daughter’s debt should not be reduced only to a money transfer; loved ones need attention, love, support, and indifference “kills” them.
Cruelty does not always manifest itself in specific actions; sometimes it is enough to simply step away. Nastya realized this too late, when there was no one to ask for forgiveness.
The heroine of B. Ekimov’s story “Speak, Mom, Speak...” turns out to be wiser. The young woman realizes in time that she should be sorry not for the money given for telephone calls, but for her elderly mother, whose life could end at any moment. The daughter realizes that by indifferently cutting off her mother’s story, she is causing her a severe offense.
A.I. Solzhenitsyn “Matrenin’s Dvor”
A bright hero who carries the idea of good is Matryona, a simple Russian peasant woman, ready to help everyone who turns to her. This woman never asks for payment for her help, tries to be useful everywhere, lives modestly in her simple house with a goat and a lanky cat. Despite the fact that fate dealt cruelly with
Matryona, she did not withdraw into herself, did not distance herself from people and did not become embittered. Having lost her children, the heroine took in a girl who, as an adult, unfortunately, did not experience tender feelings for her mother. But even in this situation, Matryona does not take offense, does not become bitter, but shows the great kindness of her soul and gives up her upper room adopted daughter. Dragging a heavy load across railway, the heroine gets hit by a train. And only after the death of Cyrus, one of those present at the funeral sincerely cries about the loss of her adoptive mother. The author sadly notes that a village does not stand without a righteous man. Kindness even in one person can change the whole world for the better.
In A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matrenin’s Dvor” there is a hero whose cruelty simply amazes the reader. Thaddeus once loved Matryona very much, but he was drafted into the army, and during the war he was lost without a trace. During this time, the young man's family lost all hope of his return and took Matryona into the house as his wife. youngest son. Although the girl loved Thaddeus, she could not argue, because times were difficult, and people needed a worker in the house. Returning Fadey could not understand what had happened, his cruelty knew no bounds, he blamed everything ex-fiancée and brother. Time passed, but the insult was not forgotten. Matryona was already unlucky: all the children died, and so did her husband. It was then that Fadey gave Matryona to raise Kira, and it was he who insisted that the heroine give up the upper room.
Even at the funeral of the once beloved woman, Thaddeus does not forgive her for that marriage. The hero cynically divides the meager property of the deceased. His cruelty is amazing and finds no justification, because the heroine helped his family in difficult times, and this the only reason her infidelities.
A. Platonov "" Another hero of Russian literature who has to endure the cruelty of others is the blacksmith’s assistant Efim Dmitrievich, popularly nicknamed Yushka. Children and adults offend Yushka, beat him, throw stones, sand and earth at him, but he endures everything, is not offended or angry with them. Sometimes the guys try to anger Yushka, but nothing works out for them, and sometimes they don’t even believe that he’s alive. The hero himself believes that those around him show “blind love” to him.
He doesn’t spend the money he earns, he only drinks empty water. Every summer he goes somewhere, but no one knows where exactly, and he doesn’t admit it, he names different places.
Every year he becomes weaker from consumption. One summer, instead of leaving, he stays at home. And in the evening, returning
from the forge, for the first time in his life, he responds to the cruel attacks of a passerby making fun of him. Efim Dmitrievich states that if he was born, it means he is needed on this earth for something. The offender, who did not expect a rebuff, pushes Yushka in the sore chest, he falls and dies.
Particular attention in the story is paid to the hero's adopted daughter, to whom he went all these years, taking the money he earned to support her in the boarding house.
Knowing about Yushka’s illness, the girl studied to be a doctor and wanted to cure him. No one told her that he had died - he simply did not come to her, and the girl went to look for him.
The heroine remains to work in the city, selflessly helps people, and everyone calls her “Yushka’s daughter”, that’s how good begets good.
What is spirituality? How does it manifest itself? It is these questions that we decided to consider as part of writing an essay for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language and to select such problems and corresponding ones literary arguments, which could most accurately reveal this concept. All of them are available for download in table format, the link is at the end of the article.
- Fyodor Dostoevsky - “Crime and Punishment.” Throughout the novel, the author shows the spiritual transformation of the main character, Rodion Raskolnikov. From vicious thoughts about the murder of his grandmother, which ultimately comes true, to repentance before all the people. Many events that occur in the character’s life and transform his inner world are closely interconnected with the fates of some heroes. So, for example, significant influence on spiritual development Raskolnikov was supported by Sonya Marmeladova, who became a fire of hope for him in his day and directed him on the path of moral improvement. In the work, one can highlight three significant meetings with Sonechka, which “prepare and fertilize” the soil of the soul for future changes. From meeting to meeting, the hero is immersed in thoughts that amazingly produce spiritual transformation. In the epilogue we see a completely new Raskolnikov, unlike how he was presented to us at the beginning of the novel.
- Daniel Keyes - Flowers for Algernon. From the first pages, the reader does not understand why the author conducts the story in a rather strange way: the words are written incorrectly, there are no commas, and the main character, who suffers from dementia, at the beginning of the novel is characterized by completely primitive categories of thinking. But all this is an integral part of the character’s image, which undergoes global changes throughout the novel. Just one operation radically changes the hero’s life, completely upending his worldview and consciousness. Developing mentally and spiritually, Charlie was able to discover new truths, albeit not always pleasant ones. He realized that many people around him considered him stupid and made fun of him, that there was a lot of injustice and misunderstanding in the world. Life after the operation showed the hero the cruel realities of the world, which he found difficult to come to terms with. The novel ends with the fact that due to an error in calculations mental activity the subject regresses, returning him to dementia. So, like the bright flash of a comet, the incredible life of Charlie Gordon flashed before the reader’s eyes.
Spirituality in War
- Vyacheslav Kondratyev - “Sashka.” Surely everyone has heard the phrase “the main thing is not to lose heart” at least once. And if we consider it in the context of the story, we can safely say that the phrase was the motto of the main character. Thus, the scene with the capture of the German shows how much spiritually developed Sashka is. Leading the German to headquarters, the hero declares that there is nothing to be afraid of, because all prisoners are guaranteed life and return to their homeland at the end of the war, but the soldiers did not expect that they would give him the order to “let the foreigner go to waste.” Acceptance of this fact seemed to him something impossible, contrary to his principles. The hero persistently tries to dissuade his commander from decision taken, but he remains unshaken. And now two warriors and at the same time two enemies stand face to face, looking at each other: one is waiting for death, and the other believes that the order will be canceled. Fortunately, the battalion commander unexpectedly comes and withdraws the order, saying that the German must be taken to headquarters. This is what it means to be completely faithful to your promises and principles, to be a strong spiritual person who cannot be broken even by threats. The story once again confirms that thanks to thousands of soldiers who were able to maintain humanity in the face of cruelty, we live with a peaceful sky above our heads.
- Vitaly Zakrutkin - “Mother of Man”. There is nothing worse and worse than war. This insane machine of human depravity crushed and broke everything that was in its path: from material incarnations human hands to millions of people whose lives could never be the same again. In the story, the writer talks about once happy family, to whose house war came. Having taken away her son and husband from Maria, the main character of the story, she increasingly tested her for stamina, compassion and mercy. All further events describe the heroine’s courage, splendor and purity of soul, not hardened in the terrible conditions of war. Maria helped the exhausted girl Sanya, who became like family to her. She saved the wounded young German, despite her hatred of the Nazis who took the lives of her relatives. The heroine also restored the ruined household, realizing that this must be done not only for the benefit of herself, but also for those who keep the hope of returning home. Mary becomes the mother for all the lost and lost, for those who despair of finding a ray of bright soul on the dark path of war.
- Ivan Bunin - "Mr. from San Francisco." Mr. from San Francisco - main character story. The namelessness tells the reader that he is collective image of all selfish, empty and stupid manifestations in human nature. The gentleman saw happiness in material goods, his happiness was measured in the beauty of his suit, the attention of people to his person, no, not even to the person, but to the money that he had. Nothing could stop a decent move social life. Nothing but... death. In one of the monotonous, but such luxurious evenings the hero dies. Nobody could have thought that wonderful evening can overshadow such an event, which many quickly forget about, continuing to dance and have fun. Meanwhile, the gentleman’s body is taken out of the hotel and loaded onto a ship with the symbolic name “Atlantis”. The hero Lorenzo, the old boatman, is not at all like the Master. Although very little is said about the character, we understand that he saw happiness in simple little things everyday life and nature with its amazing rocks, blue and bright sun. The hero was spiritually developed and understood what the real happiness of life was, which for him could not possibly be based on material values.
- Maxim Gorky - “Old Woman Izergil”. In the work, the author shows the reader many different short stories. Among them, I would like to highlight the story of Danko, who, in the name of great love He tore out his heart to people and sanctified their path to lead people doomed to death. Danko did this because he realized that without him, without his action, people would die. At that moment, the hero put other people's interests above his own and even “his heart flared up with the fire of desire to save them.” So, the people were saved, and Danko fell lifeless and died forever in the memory of those to whom he gave life. In contrast to this story, the author tells about Larra, the proud son of an eagle. The hero considered himself unique and even talked down to the elders. People could not tolerate such an attitude towards themselves and decided to punish him with the torment of loneliness. Larra wandered alone for a long time and wanted to find eternal peace, but could not die. Thus, the hero was punished for lack of spirituality, expressed in selfishness and arrogance.
- Alexander Pushkin - " Captain's daughter». Petrusha Grinev is the central character of Pushkin’s story, revealing himself in the panorama of ongoing events as a strong personality with an incredible sense of responsibility for those who are dear to him. The author constantly puts the hero in different life situations, from which he emerges with dignity. The scenes of Grinev’s meetings with Pugachev, his attitude towards Masha Mironova, the quarrel with Shvabrin and the duel that takes place between them paint the reader with the image of a hero who is able to value honor above life, to boldly accept difficult decisions and remain true to himself even in those moments when life may depend on his stubbornness. At the same time, Petrusha Grinev feels responsible for her actions and tries to make sure that she does not harm anyone. At the end of the story, the hero receives as a reward a pardon from the queen, freedom and his beloved girl, for whose sake, for the most part, he committed some of the actions described. It is worth noting that he was not always like this. It was his father’s decision to send Petrusha to the army to “smell gunpowder” that played a crucial role in the development of Grinev as a strong and responsible person with a charged spiritual life.
- Andrey Platonov - “Yushka”. Efim, nicknamed Yushka, works as a blacksmith's assistant. The hero is only 40 years old, but due to a long-term illness, he looks much older than his years. His life was limited to going to work and back home, Yushka never spent the money he earned, and he “fed” empty water. Many residents of the city did not accept this man, and children constantly made noise at him, throwing sand or stones at him. Yushka never responded to these actions and believed that this was how they showed their love. Every summer the hero always went somewhere, but one day he stayed at home due to consumption, which took away all his strength. One day, returning from the forge, Efim encounters a passerby who pushes him in the chest, causing him to fall and die. Platonov concludes the whole essence of the story at the end, when after the death of the main character a stranger comes to the city and looks for Efim Dmitrievich. She turns out to be an orphan whom Yushka took care of, fed and supported. Every summer he came to her and gave her all the money he earned. The orphan trained to be a doctor and wanted to help Yefim, but she was too late. In the story, Platonov showed the generosity and spiritual strength of Yushka, which was hidden from those who did not understand human eyes. And the hero’s sacrificial life proved that all work bears fruit.
The problem of lack of spirituality
Spirituality as responsibility
THE PROBLEM OF PERSISTENCE AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS
1. In the novel L.N. Tostogo's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army that wants to defeat the enemy at all costs, and not one that has a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that behind him was the ancient capital, the heart of Russia, Moscow.
2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young girls who opposed the German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and restraint and showed themselves to be true patriots.
THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS
1. an example of sacrificial love is Jane Eyre, the heroine novel of the same name Charlotte Bronte. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person most dear to her when he went blind.
2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures her father's severity. She treats the old prince with love, despite his difficult character. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often too demanding of her. Marya's love is sincere, pure, bright.
THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING HONOR
1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" is the most important for Pyotr Grinev life principle it was an honor. Even in the face of danger death penalty Peter, who swore allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize Pugachev as sovereign. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Alexey Shvabrin, on the contrary, committed treason and lost his own dignity when he joined the camp of the impostor.
2. The problem of maintaining honor is raised in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the main character are completely different. Ostap is honest and brave man. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic person. For the sake of love for a Polish woman, he betrays his homeland. His personal interests come first. Andriy dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, you always need to remain honest, first of all, with yourself.
THE PROBLEM OF DEVOTED LOVE
1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinev from exile when she “asks for mercy” from the Empress. Thus, the basis of the relationship between Masha and Peter is mutual assistance.
2. Selfless love- one of the themes of the novel by M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own and helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites the finished chapters, trying to keep the master calm and happy. A woman sees her destiny in this.
THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE
1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" is shown long haul to the repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of “permitting blood according to conscience,” the main character despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the gravity crime committed. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.
THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD
1. In the story by I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco" American millionaire served the "golden calf". The main character believed that the meaning of life was to accumulate wealth. When the Master died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.
2. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace,” Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of life in family, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov, the main character gives up social life and devotes herself entirely to her family. Natasha Rostova found her purpose in this world and became truly happy.
THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY ILLITERACY AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUTH
1. In “Letters about the good and the beautiful” D.S. Likhachev claims that a book teaches a person better than any work. The famous scientist admires the ability of a book to educate a person and shape his inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach one to think and make a person intelligent.
2. Ray Bradbury in his novel Fahrenheit 451 shows what happened to humanity after all books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there is no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply unspiritual, since there is no literature that can force people to analyze, think, and make decisions.
THE PROBLEM OF EDUCATION OF CHILDREN
1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from parents and educators. As a child, the main character was an inquisitive and active child, but excessive care led to Oblomov’s apathy and weak-willedness in adulthood.
2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" the spirit of mutual understanding, loyalty, and love reigns in the Rostov family. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness and nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to the harmonious development of their children.
THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM
1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying..." Smolensk doctor Janson works tirelessly. The main character rushes to help the sick in any weather. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to gain the love and respect of all residents of the city.
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THE PROBLEM OF A SOLDIER'S FATE IN WAR
1. The fate of the main characters of the story by B.L. was tragic. Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls died. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls became an example of perseverance and courage.
2. V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. Further fate soldier's life turned out differently. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to give up and chose death.
THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A PERSON IN LOVE
1. In the story by N.V. Gogol's "Taras Bulba" Andriy, because of his love for a Pole, went over to the enemy's camp, betrayed his brother, father, and homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to take up arms against his yesterday’s comrades. For Andriy, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his youngest son.
2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, as in the case of the main character of P. Suskind's "Perfumer. The Story of a Murderer." Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is incapable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, creating a scent that inspires love in people. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who commits the most serious crimes to achieve his goal.
THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL
1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka eavesdropped and reported to the head everything that was said about him. Later, Romashov went so far as to begin collecting information proving Nikolai Antonovich’s guilt in the death of Captain Tatarinov’s expedition. All of Chamomile’s actions are low, destroying not only his life but also the fates of other people.
2. The action of the hero of the story by V.G. entails even deeper consequences. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and expulsion from society, but is also the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya.
THE PROBLEM OF DECEITIVE APPEARANCE
1. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", Helen Kuragina, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, is not rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual decline.
2. In Victor Hugo's novel "The Cathedral" Notre Dame of Paris"Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The appearance of the main character is completely unsightly, but behind it lies a noble and beautiful soul capable of sincere love.
THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL IN WAR
1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went on reconnaissance missions, and never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after some time, Guskov began to think about why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness took over, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and became the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya. The hero was tormented by pangs of conscience, but he was no longer able to change anything.
2. In V. Bykov’s story “Sotnikov,” the partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve “great Germany.” His comrade Sotnikov, on the contrary, is an example of perseverance. Despite the unbearable pain he experienced during torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the police. The fisherman realizes the baseness of his act, wants to run away, but understands that there is no turning back.
THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE MOTHERLAND ON CREATIVITY
1. Yu.Ya. Yakovlev in the story “Woke by Nightingales” writes about a difficult boy Seluzhenka, whom those around him did not like. One night the main character heard the trill of a nightingale. The wonderful sounds amazed the child and awakened his interest in creativity. Seluzhenok signed up for art school, and since then the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens in the human soul best qualities, helps to unleash creative potential.
2. Love for native land- the main motive of the work of the painter A.G. Venetsianova. He painted a number of paintings dedicated to the life of ordinary peasants. “The Reapers”, “Zakharka”, “Sleeping Shepherd” - these are my favorite paintings by the artist. Life ordinary people, the beauty of Russia’s nature prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have attracted the attention of viewers with their freshness and sincerity for more than two centuries.
THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE
1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood to be the most happy times. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from his parents and educators. Excessive care became the reason for Oblomov’s apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to awaken Ilya Ilyich. However, his lifestyle remained unchanged, because the way of life of his native Oblomovka forever left its mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced life path Ilya Ilyich.
2. In the poem “My Way” by S.A. Yesenin admitted that his childhood played an important role in his work. Once upon a time, at the age of nine, a boy inspired by the nature of his native village wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined S.A.’s life path. Yesenina.
THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PATH IN LIFE
1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer especially emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into an idle person. The lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize his potential.
2.
From the book by M. Mirsky “Healing with a scalpel. Academician N.N. Burdenko” I learned that the outstanding doctor first studied at a theological seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Having entered the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” states that “you need to live your life with dignity so that you are not ashamed to remember.” With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a generous, honest and caring person.
THE PROBLEM OF DOG LOYALTY
1. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky "White Bim" Black ear"told tragic fate Scottish Setter. Bim the dog is desperately trying to find his owner, who had a heart attack. On its way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog is killed. Bima can confidently be called a true friend, devoted to his owner until the end of his days.
2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family is forced to give up their collie to other people due to financial difficulties. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when the new owner takes her far from her home. The collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog is reunited with its former owners.
THE PROBLEM OF MASTERY IN ART
1. In the story by V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Pyotr Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, through his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder in soul.
2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that young pianist amazingly talented and hardworking. The boy's talent does not go unnoticed. His playing amazed the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.
THE PROBLEM OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE FOR WRITERS
1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the main character is interested in poetry. Yuri Zhivago - witness of the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. Thus, life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.
2. The theme of a writer's vocation is raised in Jack London's novel Martin Eden. The main character is a sailor who has been doing heavy lifting for many years. physical labor. Martin Eden visited different countries, saw the life of ordinary people. All this has become main theme his creativity. So life experience allowed a simple sailor to become a famous writer.
THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MIND OF A PERSON
1. In the story by A.I. Kuprin" Garnet bracelet"Vera Sheina experiences spiritual cleansing to the sounds of a Beethoven sonata. Listening to classical music, the heroine calms down after the trials she has endured. The magical sounds of the sonata helped Vera find inner balance, find the meaning of future life.
2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken in his soul feelings that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel “such vigor, such strength that seemed to rise from the bottom of his soul, ready for a feat.”
THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE
1.
In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Pyotr Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilyevna was depressed when she learned that her son needed to leave for work for a long time. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because nothing could be harder for her than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna’s love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF WORKS OF ART ABOUT WAR ON PEOPLE
1. In Lev Kassil’s story “The Great Confrontation,” Sima Krupitsyna listened to news reports from the front every morning on the radio. One day a girl heard the song " Holy War". Sima was so excited by the words of this anthem for the defense of the Fatherland that she decided to go to the front. Thus, the work of art inspired the main character to perform a feat.
THE PROBLEM OF Pseudoscience
1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "White Clothes" Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological doctrine approved by the party. For the sake of personal gain, the academician is launching a fight against genetic scientists. He vehemently defends pseudoscientific views and goes to the extreme dishonorable acts to achieve fame. The fanaticism of an academician leads to the death of talented scientists and the cessation of important research.
2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story “Candidate of Sciences” speaks out against those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science, and, consequently, of society as a whole. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky focuses on the need to combat false scientists.
THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE
1. In the story by A.S. Pushkin " Stationmaster» Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter ran away with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. The caretaker died from melancholy and hopelessness. Only a few years later Dunya came to her father’s grave. The girl felt guilty for the death of the caretaker, but repentance came too late.
2. In the story by K.G. Paustovsky's "Telegram" Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna had a presentiment imminent death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at Katerina Petrovna’s grave. So K.G. Paustovsky argues that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.
THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY
1. V.G. Rasputin, in his essay “The Eternal Field,” writes about his impressions of a trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time much has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Rus'.
2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five girls fell fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their combat comrade Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina’s son Albert returned to the site of the death of the anti-aircraft gunners to install a gravestone and perpetuate their feat.
THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE COURSE OF A GIFTED PERSON
1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson is an example of selflessness combined with high professionalism. The most talented doctor rushed to help the sick every day, in any weather, without demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor earned the love and respect of all residents of the city.
2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin's "Mozart and Salieri" tells the life story of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart selflessly serves art. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite Mozart's death, his works live on and excite people's hearts.
THE PROBLEM OF THE DEVASTATING CONSEQUENCES OF WAR
1. A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matrenin’s Dvor” depicts the life of a Russian village after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to a loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy and became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.
2. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of a Man” shows the life path of soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family died during the bombing. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable thing they have.
THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTION OF THE HUMAN INNER WORLD
1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov is distinguished by his intelligence, hard work, and determination, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who give in to feelings, but is convinced of the incorrectness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsova. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are characterized by inconsistency.
2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive features character. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and dependent. Oblomov is not interested real life, she makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by his sincerity, sincerity, and ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov’s character.
THE PROBLEM OF TREATING PEOPLE FAIRLY
1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich is investigating the murder of an old pawnbroker. The investigator is a keen expert on human psychology. He understands the motives for Rodion Raskolnikov’s crime and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives young man a chance to confess. This will subsequently serve as a mitigating circumstance in Raskolnikov’s case.
2. A.P. Chekhov, in his story “Chameleon,” introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out over a dog bite. Police warden Ochumelov is trying to decide whether she deserves punishment. Ochumelov’s verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The warden is not looking for justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.
THE PROBLEM OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF HUMAN AND NATURE
1. In the story by V.P. Astafieva “Tsar Fish” Ignatyich was engaged in poaching for many years. One day, a fisherman caught a giant sturgeon on his hook. Ignatyich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself found himself overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatyich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: “The king of the river and the king of all nature are in one trap.” So the author emphasizes the inextricable connection between man and nature.
2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels like an integral part of the world around her and knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin especially emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.
THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE
1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria “Casta Diva” awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov especially emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel “such vigor, such strength, which seemed to all rise from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat.” Thus, music can awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.
2. In the novel M.A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don“Songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing on military campaigns, in the fields, and at weddings. Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, their love for the Don and the steppes.
THE PROBLEM OF REPLACEMENT OF BOOKS BY TELEVISION
1. R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 depicts a society that relies on popular culture. In this world, people who know how to think critically are outlawed, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was replaced by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are unspiritual, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.
2. In the book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” D.S. Likhachev thinks about the question: why is television replacing literature. The academician believes that this happens because TV distracts people from worries and forces them to watch some program without rushing. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to people, because TV “dictates how to watch and what to watch” and makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.
THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE
1. A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor” depicts the life of a Russian village after the war. People not only became poorer, but also became callous and soulless. Only Matryona retained a feeling of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. Tragic death the main character is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian village.
2. In the story by V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which is about to be flooded. It’s hard for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they spent their whole lives, where their ancestors are buried. The ending of the story is tragic. Along with the village, its customs and traditions are disappearing, which over the centuries have been passed down from generation to generation and formed the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.
THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY
1. A.S. Pushkin in the poem “The Poet and the Crowd” calls that part “stupid rabble” Russian society, who did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity. According to the crowd, the poems are in the interests of society. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that a poet will cease to be a creator if he submits to the will of the crowd. Thus, the poet’s main goal is not national recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.
2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “At the top of his voice” sees the poet’s purpose in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon that can inspire people and motivate them to great achievements. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that personal creative freedom should be given up for the sake of a common great goal.
THE PROBLEM OF TEACHER'S INFLUENCE ON STUDENTS
1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" class teacher Lidia Mikhailovna is a symbol of human responsiveness. The teacher helped a village boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lydia Mikhailovna had to go against generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. While additionally studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and empathy.
2. In the fairy tale-parable of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry “ The Little Prince“The old Fox became a teacher for the main character, talking about love, friendship, responsibility, and loyalty. He opened it to the prince main secret of the universe: “You can’t see the main thing with your eyes - only your heart is vigilant.” So the Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.
THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TOWARDS ORPHANS
1. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all his remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite life’s difficulties, one must not lose the ability to sympathize with orphans.
2. The story “The Republic of ShKID” by G. Belykh and L. Panteleev depicts the life of students at a social and labor education school for street children and juvenile delinquents. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and took the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should pay attention to orphans and create special institutions for them in order to eradicate crime.
THE PROBLEM OF WOMEN'S ROLE IN WWII
1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young female anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for their Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to speak out against the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully depicts the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, on an equal basis with men, are capable of military feats and heroic deeds.
2. In the story by V.A. Zakrutkin’s “Mother of Man” shows the fate of a woman during the war. Main character Maria lost her entire family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left completely alone, her heart did not harden. Maria took care of seven Leningrad orphans and replaced their mother. Tale by V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and troubles during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.
THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
1. A. Knyshev in the article “O great and mighty new Russian language!” writes with irony about lovers of borrowing. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes ridiculous when it is overloaded in foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings is polluting the Russian language.
2. V. Astafiev in the story “Lyudochka” connects changes in language with the decline in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyomka-soap, Strekach and their friends is clogged with criminal jargon, which reflects the dysfunction of society, its degradation.
THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION
1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. Lyrical hero thinking about how to find the right path in life and type of activity. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and equally necessary for people.
2. In the story “Darwin” by E. Grishkovets, the main character, after graduating from school, chooses a business that he wants to do for the rest of his life. He realizes the “uselessness of what is happening” and refuses to study at the cultural institute when he watches a play performed by students. The young man has a firm belief that a profession should be useful and bring pleasure.
The main character of the story “Yushka” is the blacksmith’s poor assistant, Efim. People simply call him Yushka. This young man, due to consumption, early turned into an old man. He was very thin, weak in arms, almost blind, but he worked with all his might. Early in the morning, Yushka was already in the forge, fanning the furnace with fur, carrying water and sand. And so on all day, until the evening. For his work, he was fed cabbage soup, porridge and bread, and instead of tea, Yushka drank water. He was always dressed in old
pants and blouse, burned through with sparks. Parents often told careless students about him: “You will be just like Yushka. You will grow up and walk barefoot in the summer and in thin felt boots in the winter.” Children often offended Yushka on the street, throwing branches and stones at him. The old man was not offended, he calmly walked past. The children didn’t understand why they couldn’t get Yushka mad. They pushed the old man, laughed at him, and were glad that he could not do anything about the offenders. Yushka was also happy. He thought that the children pestered him because they loved him. They cannot express their love in any other way, and that is why they torment the unfortunate old man.
Adults were not much different from children. They called Yushka “blessed”, “animal”. Because of Yushka’s meekness, they became even more bitter and often beat him. One day, after another beating, the blacksmith’s daughter Dasha angrily asked why Yushka even lived in the world. To which he replied that the people love him, the people need him. Dasha objected that people beat Yushka until she bleeds, what kind of love is this. And the old man replied that the people loved him “without a clue”, that “people’s hearts can be blind.” And then one evening a passerby clung to Yushka on the street and pushed the old man so that he fell backward. Yushka never got up again: blood started running down his throat and he died.
And after a while a young girl appeared, she was looking for the old man. It turned out that Yushka placed her, an orphan, in Moscow with a family, then taught her at school. He collected his meager salary, denying himself even tea, just to raise the orphan to his feet. And so the girl trained to be a doctor and came to cure Yushka of his illness. But I didn’t have time. A lot of time has passed. The girl stayed in the city where Yushka lived, worked as a doctor in a hospital, always helped everyone and never took money for treatment. And everyone called her the daughter of the good Yushka.
So at one time people could not appreciate the beauty of this man’s soul; their hearts were blind. They considered Yushka a useless person who had no place on earth. They were able to understand that the old man had not lived his life in vain only after learning about his pupil. Yushka helped a stranger, an orphan. How many are capable of such a noble, selfless act? And Yushka saved his pennies so that the girl could grow up, learn, and take advantage of her chance in life. The scales fell from people's eyes only after his death. And now they are already talking about him as “kind” Yushka.
The author urges us not to become callous, not to harden our hearts. Let our heart “see” the need of every person on earth. After all, all people have the right to life, and Yushka also proved that he did not live it in vain.
A.S. Pushkin “Pushchina”
Friendship A.S. Pushkin and Ivan Pushchin.
When the poet was in exile in Mikhailovskoye, his lyceum friend Pushchin, without fear of punishment for violating the ban, visited Pushkin. Alexander Sergeevich was grateful to his friend for this last meeting, which is reflected in his poem “Pushchinu”
My friends, our union is wonderful!
He, like the soul, is indivisible and eternal...
A striking example to follow is the attitude of Wilhelm Kuchelbecker towards his lyceum friend A.S. Pushkin. Kükhlya, as his comrades called him, understood the genius of the young poet like no one else and did not hide his sincere admiration for him. And A.S. Pushkin valued his comrade very highly.
"The Snow Queen" by Andersen.Gerda overcame many obstacles to save Kai.
In the story by V. Zheleznikov“Scarecrow” Lenka turns out to be betrayed by her friend. AND similar cases not uncommon in people's lives. But not all people are able to survive this, although those who still cope with the situation will forever remember the bitterness and resentment. The “wind of the past” will “whip” them “in the face.” Lenka turned out to be strong man, able to rise after such insult and humiliation, capable of remaining a merciful and devoted friend.
Let's remember another literary hero- Pechorina,to find a true friend who was also prevented by selfishness and indifference. This man was passionate only about himself, his own interests and experiments, so for him people were just means to achieve his goals.
The hero of the fairy tale by A. de Saint-Exupéry also needed a real friend.The little prince lived on his little planet and took care of the only close creature - the beautiful Rose. But Rosa was very capricious, her words often offended the baby, and this made him unhappy. But one day the Little Prince left his planet and went on a journey across the Universe in search of true friends.
Let us also remember one of A.S. Pushkin’s friends - V.A. Zhukovsky, who always came to the aid of the poet, even in the most difficult moments. For example, during the Mikhailovsky exile, Vasily Andreevich petitioned the court for the release of A.S. Pushkin, and in the 30s he tried to achieve reconciliation between his friend and the tsar, believing that this would benefit the poet. A.S. Pushkin saw this, appreciated and loved his elder friend, recognized him as his only adviser.
Here's another sad story about a lost friendship.One of A. Aleksin’s works tells about two friends - Lyusya and Olya, whose friendly relations were doomed, because one of them - Lyusya - always showed concern for her friend, and the other did not. Even when Olenka had the opportunity to do something nice for Lucy, she did not consider it necessary to take advantage of it, which greatly offended her friend. Olya acted selfishly, she did not think about Lucy’s interests and desires, so their friendship came to an end.
Relationships between the main characters of the novelA. Dumas « The Three Musketeers " - a classic example of true friendship. D'Artagnan, Athos, Porthos and Aramis live by the motto: “One for all, all for one.” The heroes of the novel overcome all difficulties thanks to true friendship.