Subsistence farming definition from history. Natural production, its main features. What is subsistence farming

Lesson 7 Subsistence farming and its characteristics. Commodity production and its

Natural economy

Subsistence farming Subsistence farming. – This name is given to an economy that, within its own boundaries, produces all the economic goods that its members need. In this sense, the N. economy is opposed to the barter economy, in particular, the money economy,

Natural economy

Political Science: Dictionary-Reference Book

Natural economy

type of economy in which production is aimed at satisfying the producer’s own needs.

Modern economic dictionary. 1999

NATURAL ECONOMY

The medieval world in terms, names and titles

Natural economy

type of farming common in Western Europe. Europe in the Early Middle Ages; its basis was small peasant production, combining agriculture and crafts due to the low level of development of agricultural technology. Under the dominance of N.H. products of labor are produced mainly to satisfy the needs of the producers themselves, and not for sale. With the emergence and deepening of the second social division of labor (separation of crafts from agriculture), n.h. was replaced by small-scale goods.

Dictionary of economic terms

Natural economy

a farm that meets its needs through its own production.

Scythians. Byzantium. Black Sea region. Dictionary of historical terms and names

Natural economy

a type of economy in which the products of labor are produced primarily to satisfy the needs of the producers themselves, and not for sale on the market. Trade and exchange are carried out as auxiliary activities.

encyclopedic Dictionary

Natural economy

a type of economy in which the products of labor are produced to satisfy the producers themselves, and not for sale. With the emergence and deepening of the social division of labor, it is replaced by commodity production.

Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Natural economy

This name refers to an economy that, within its own boundaries, produces all the economic goods that its members need. In this sense, the cash economy is opposed to the exchange economy, in particular the money economy, which arises with the development of the division of labor; then each farm is limited only to the production of a certain category of products sold on the market, and the proceeds from the sale are used to purchase necessary items consumption. N. farm in his pure form eliminates the need for exchange, because the needs of its members are satisfied within the economy itself; There is also no social division of occupations here, because in each farm all the labor processes necessary to satisfy the various needs of the members of the farm are carried out; As for the technical division of labor, it is also found in the national economy, at least, for example, in the form of distribution of labor between members of a family or clan, in accordance with the strengths of each. The main attention in the national economy is paid to the use value of products and the degree of difficulty in obtaining them; the concept of exchange value has not yet been developed. In such a pure form, farming is found only at the most primitive stages of culture, when people have the simplest needs, satisfied in a meager and crude way (hunting life). With the growth of culture and especially with the increase in labor productivity, the element of barter is introduced into the economy. On the one hand, some surpluses of own production are created, willingly exchanged for items of convenience, luxury and whim that cannot be produced within the economy (for example, in ancient times, Indian aromatic herbs, spices, gems and metals). Nevertheless, we have the right to continue to call these farms N. as long as their production mainly aimed at meeting the needs of members of these farms. The N. economy, with some element of barter, existed throughout classical antiquity (the Odyssey paints a picture of it in a more or less primitive form), when, within the “oikos” (household) economy of the ancient citizen, slaves and women produced all household items ; it dominated during the Middle Ages both in feudal estates that used serf labor and in villages inhabited by dependent peasants. Development of trade and industry since the discoveries of the 15th and 16th centuries. for the first time gave a strong impetus to the spread of the barter money economy; nevertheless, in the landowners' estates and in the peasant households of N., the economy continued to dominate until early XIX V. Only from this time does it begin to give way to a money economy, under the influence of the rapid progress of industry and the reduction in cost of factory products, due to an increase in population and differentiation of occupations. In Russia, Nizhny Novgorod farming dominated the estates of landowners and peasant households until the era of the liberation of the peasants. Typical features We can find similar farms in Aksakov ("The Childhood Years of Bagrov the Grandson" and others), in Goncharov ("Oblomov"), in Saltykov ("Poshekhonskaya Antiquity"), etc. With the liberation of the peasants, we begin to notice the displacement of the N. economy by money; peasants gradually stop weaving their own fabrics, tanning leather, felting felt boots, etc., preferring to buy factory-made products. In N.'s landowners' estates, farming has almost receded into the realm of legend. To this day, there are writers who consider the dominance of the national economy desirable (for example, Count L. Tolstoy); They are attracted by the self-satisfaction that prevails in such farms, independence from outside influences, and versatility of activity. However, since the transition from a national economy to an exchange economy is associated with the development of the division of labor and the progress of productivity, it constitutes a huge step forward, giving a person the opportunity to satisfy his needs in an incomparably more complete and multifaceted way. Dark Sides of the existing money economy are determined by completely different reasons and could be eliminated without returning to the cash economy.

type of farming, in which, as opposed to commodity, products are produced for their own. consumption (in each household unit). “Under a natural economy, society consisted of a mass of homogeneous economic units... and each such unit carried out all types of economic work, starting from the extraction of various types of raw materials and ending with their final preparation for consumption” (V. I. Lenin, Works, vol. 3, pp. 15-16). Sometimes under N. x. in bourgeois literally means an economy in which exchange (if it already exists) occurs without the mediation of money, through simple barter trade (the first stage of the division of the history of economy proposed by the German economist B. Hildebrand into the stages of natural, monetary, credit). N. x. dominated in that history. period when society The division of labor was practically completely absent or was still poorly developed. N. x. was one of the characteristic features of the pre-capitalist economy. formations. It existed in its purest form during the pre-class period. system, although in some cases there was already an exchange of individual products at that time. From the same stage of development at which classes arise, N. x. everywhere already intertwined with more or less means. elements of commodity production and exchange as societies grow. division of labor exerting an ever-increasing modifying influence on it. In emerging cities, and sometimes in villages. In localities, pockets of predominantly commodity production were emerging. However, in the mere fact of the presence of production on the market and trade, even relatively developed ones, one cannot yet see evidence of the loss of N. x. predominant position in the economy. It remained dominant in the class. societies of the ancient world, and in the Middle Ages. Most of the production was produced in the still largely self-sufficient farms: partly within the framework of the cross. x-v, partly within the household. formations that developed on the basis and for the purpose of exploiting the labor of peasants or slaves (royal and temple estates of the countries of the Ancient East, ancient slaveholding estates, in particular latifundia, feudal estates). The exploitation of both slaves and feudal-dependent peasants took place in these farms on a subsistence basis. relations, labor power has not yet become a commodity. Basic the mass of the population continued to live in the village, combining occupation with. x-vom with the production of simple crafts consumed by it. products. Household life was characterized by isolation, local limitations and disunity, the dominance of traditionalism, and an extremely slow pace of development. As societies deepen. division of labor N. x. was increasingly replaced by commodity production. However, this process was not straightforward. Thus, the economy of the early Middle Ages was significantly to a greater extent was of a natural character than the economy of the developed ancient countries that historically preceded it. slave owner societies, during the history. developments were observed separately. periods of “natural-economic reaction”, etc. The most persistent N. x. held in societies where it lasted. time saved villages. the community, especially in its form, which was characteristic of certain countries of the East (see article Community). With the achievement of that history. steps when the logistics are added up. prerequisites for the broad development of societies. division of labor, N. x. loses dominance. position and is replaced by simple commodity, and then capitalist. production However, even later it remains as a relic. Thus, V.I. Lenin is among the social and economic ways of life that existed in Russia in the first years after Oct. revolution, also called “...patriarchal, that is, largely natural, peasant farming” (ibid., vol. 27, p. 303). In the economically backward countries of Asia, America, and Africa, where the feudal and sometimes primitive communal system (or its elements) were maintained in the 19th and even in the 20th centuries, accordingly, the modern economy was preserved longer, being combined in an ugly way in the colonies with various forms of exploitation of the local population monopolistic. capital. For many views bourgeois scientists of the 19th century There was a characteristic tendency to pursue the idea of ​​the dominance of N. x too straightforwardly and without the necessary reservations. in antiquity and the Middle Ages (K. Bücher’s attempt to subsume all the basic economic phenomena of the ancient world under the concept of “closed household farming”, an overly simplified idea of ​​the supporters of the patrimonial theory about the feudal patrimonial estate as a self-sufficient economic organism, etc. ). At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. these views have been criticized. Referring to the fact of the existence in ancient times and in the Middle Ages of already relatively developed trade and money. treatment, some researchers began to generally deny the legitimacy of characterizing the economy of these eras as subsistence economic in its basis. Rejecting the modernization views of those historians who speak of the dominance of barter in ancient times and the Middle Ages (E. Meyer, A. Dopsh, etc.), one cannot, however, go to the opposite extreme of underestimating the real importance of exchange in these historical . era, as Bucher did. Commodity production and exchange of steel important factor society life is still at that stage of development when most of the products were produced within the framework of the basic self-sufficient x-v. See Art. Commodity production. Lit.: Marx K., Capital, K. Marx and F. Engels, Works, 2nd ed., vol. 23-25 ​​(see Subject indexes); Lenin V.I., Development of capitalism in Russia, Works, 4th ed., vol. 3; Porshnev B.F., Feudalism and the masses, M., 1964 (part 1, chapter 3); Bücher K., The Emergence of the National Economy, trans. (from German), M., 1923; Meyer Z., Economic. development of the ancient world, (translated from German), 3rd ed., M., 1910; Dopsch A., Naturalwirtschaft und Geldwirtschaft in der Weltgeschichte, W., 1930; Kula W., Teoria ekonomiczna ustroju feudalnego. Proba modelu, Warsz., 1962. Yu. A. Korkhov. Moscow.

Every mode of production, every economic system has its own specific features. However, the path traversed by humanity shows that over long periods of history, covering a number of qualitatively different methods of production and economic systems, some common forms of economic life are preserved.

Glossary of Historical Terms - Subsistence Economy

Through them, the structure of social needs is revealed, which distributes the resources available in society. To such general forms The economic organization of production includes natural and commodity production. Some economists oppose natural farming and commodity production to each other and consider them opposites. Others believe that they have a common economic basis - private ownership of the means of production and a common goal - meeting the needs of the owners and their families. At the same time, they point out the differences between subsistence and commercial farming.

Subsistence farming predominates in many developing countries. More than half of the population is employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming in underdeveloped countries. According to experts, subsistence farming will occupy a significant place in their economy for a long time. Many peoples of Africa, Indian tribes of Latin America, and Southeast Asia have preserved diverse forms of subsistence farming, in particular hunting and fishing, sometimes in combination with primitive forms of land cultivation, often in the form of nomadic cattle breeding.

Natural and commercial production. Product and its properties

The history of economics knows two main types of organization of production: natural and commodity. They are directly opposite to each other and differ in the following characteristics:

a) the development or underdevelopment of the social division of labor;

b) closed or open economy;

c) the economic form of the manufactured product;

d) types of economic connections between the production and consumption of goods.

Natural production. Organizational and economic relations between producers and consumers are most easily established in subsistence farming.

Subsistence production is a system of organizational and economic relations in which people create products to satisfy their own needs. This system has the following specific features:

closed farming

· universal labor

· direct economic relations

Main features of subsistence farming.

For natural production, firstly, the nature of manual universal labor, which excludes its division into separate types, each person performs all the basic work. Their material basis is simplest technique(hoe, shovel, rake, etc.) and handicraft tools. Naturally, under such conditions, labor activity is unproductive, and production output cannot increase significantly.

Secondly, subsistence farming is a closed system of organizational and economic relations. The society in which it dominates consists of a mass of economic units (families, communities, estates) separated and economically isolated from each other. Each unit relies on its own production resources and provides itself with everything necessary for life. Performs all types of economic work, starting from the extraction of various types of raw materials and ending with their final preparation for consumption.

This feature of economic organization manifests itself as a tendency in cases where the naturalization of production occurs within the boundaries of modern industrial and agricultural enterprises, business associations and regions (although a developed commodity economy may exist within the state). All such production units are curtailing their economic ties with other parts of the national economy and strive to independently provide themselves with everything they need.

Sometimes a similar trend covers the entire society: individual states pursue an economic policy known as “autarky.” Autarky (Greek autarkeia - self-satisfaction) - the creation of a closed, self-sufficient economy within one country. This is accompanied by a severance of traditional economic ties with other countries. The desire for autarky also manifests itself when high protective customs duties (monetary fees on imported and exported goods) are created, which sharply limits the import of foreign goods into the country. Something similar sometimes happens in closed international organizations pursuing the task of self-sufficiency and refusal to purchase abroad the most important industrial, raw materials and food products.

Thirdly, the subsistence farming system is characterized by direct economic connections between production and consumption. They develop according to the formula: “production - distribution - consumption”. That is, the created products are distributed among all participants in production and, bypassing their exchange, go into personal and productive consumption. This direct connection ensures sustainability of subsistence farming.

Subsistence farming is historically the first type of economic organization of society. It arose during the period of formation of the primitive communal system, when branches of production appeared: agriculture and cattle breeding. In its purest form, natural economy existed only among primitive peoples, when they did not know the social division of labor and the exchange of products between different farms.

Subsistence farming dominated the economy, which was based on a system of personal (non-economic) dependence. It dominated the slave states, and also constituted one of the main features of the feudal economy. The landowner's wealth was formed through various in-kind duties and payments. The economy of the feudal-dependent peasant is also natural.

Due to the dominance of the natural economy and its low technical equipment, the law of its functioning is the repetition of the production process in the same size, on an unchanged basis. Industry proportions (ratios between existing species products) were reproduced without significant changes over the centuries and acted for producers as a mandatory economic norm, consecrated by custom. And the factors of production were in a state of stagnation.

In Western literature, the subsistence farming system is called traditional economics. This partially characterizes the features of this system: a) the dominance of the custom of creating the same thing for consumption;

b) a sharp limitation of technical progress; c) stagnation in socio-economic relations; d) upholding by society the immutability of the existing way of life.

IN modern conditions subsistence farming has largely survived in developing countries where pre-industrial production predominates. Moreover, such an economy coexists with commodity production that supplies products to the world market.

So, subsistence farming predominated during the longest pre-industrial stage of production. At the industrial stage, the second type of economic organization became dominant.

Commodity production- a system of organizational and economic relations in which useful products are created for their sale on the market. Such a system has the following specific signs, which determine: what to create, how to use factors of production for this, and for whom the products are intended.

Main features commercial farming:

1.Open farming.

2.Division of labor.

3. Indirect economic ties.

Firstly, the production of goods, is based on the social division of labor, which develops between individual economic units. Its development presupposes the progress of production:

the growth of qualifications and skills of workers, as well as the invention of machines that facilitate and reduce labor, allow one person to do the work of several. An increase in the output of goods at a specialized enterprise creates the opportunity and necessity to exchange their excess quantity for a large mass of other useful things.

Commodity farming gives wide scope to the universal economic law division of labor. In accordance with this law, the economy progresses due to increasing qualitative differentiation (division) of labor activity. As a result, several forms of division of labor arise: a) international (between countries); b) general (between large sectors of the national economy: agriculture, industry, etc.); c) special (division within large industries into sub-sectors, types of production at individual enterprises) and d) individual (within enterprises - into their different divisions).

Of course, a single differentiation of labor in an enterprise, associated with the unfinished production of some part of the finished product, cannot give rise to commodity exchange. Such an exchange is a consequence of other types of division of labor: international (foreign trade), as well as general and special (domestic trade).

Secondly, commercial farming is an open system of organizational and economic relations. Here workers create healthy products not for their own consumption, but to sell them to other people. The whole stream of new things goes, as a rule, beyond the boundaries of each production unit and rushes to the market to meet customer demand.

Thirdly, the commodity economy is characterized by indirect, mediated connections between production and consumption. They develop according to the formula: production - exchange - consumption. Manufactured products first enter the market for exchange for other products (or money) and only then enter the sphere of consumption. The market confirms or does not confirm the need to produce this product for sale. It is through market exchange that economic relations are established between producers and consumers of goods.

Consequently, the development of the division of labor, the openness and market nature of economic relations removed those obstacles to the progress of the economy to which the subsistence economy doomed it. The potential capabilities of the opposite commodity production are such that it is characterized by the law of expanded reproduction.

Product and its properties. The first property of a product is its quality, which is what a natural product has - usefulness. However, it would be unlawful to completely identify this property in natural and commodity production.

§ 1. NATURAL AND COMMODITY ECONOMY

It’s one thing to create a product for domestic consumption in a closed economy. It is quite another matter to intend it for sale on the market. Naturally, in a commodity economy, as the welfare of the population grows, buyers' demands for the quality of goods naturally increase. Moreover, in the current conditions, an increasing number of products are being updated and qualitatively improved in accordance with marketing requirements (marketing will be discussed later).

There is hardly any need to prove that if a product does not have utility, then no one needs it.

It is obvious that we recognize as a commodity not a free product of nature, but something for which human labor has been expended, requiring appropriate compensation.

Goods cannot be products prepared for one’s own needs (as in subsistence farming). They will be things created for other people, i.e. public utilities.

Sold on the market useful thing assumes equivalent compensation.

This means that a commodity is a social utility created by labor, intended for equivalent exchange on the market for another commodity.

From this definition it is clear: a product, when exchanged for an equivalent product, receives exchange value on the market. Exchange value is the ability of a product to be exchanged for other useful things in certain proportions (ratios) of exchange.

In exchange, heterogeneous goods are presented (cloth, table, meat - as in the example given here). After all, no one sells any good certain type for the same utility. Useful things are not comparable in quantitative terms: tissues are measured in square meters, tables - in pieces, meat - in kilograms, etc. What, then, is equal in exchange proportion?

Another outstanding thinker Ancient Greece Aristotle noted; exchange is impossible without equality, and equality without commensurability. However, what lies at the basis of commensurability, no one could say for more than two thousand years. Only in the XVIII-XIX centuries. Economic theory gave the long-awaited answer: general content exchange equality is the same value embodied in all goods.

Thus, a product has two properties: utility and value. This characteristic properties of the product were quite sufficient for a simple and developed commodity economy until the second half of the 20th century. But recently, in the conditions of a multi-structured Western economy, a new classification of products has been required.

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A form of social economy. This is a certain way of organizing economic activity of people.

Each method of production, each economic system has its own specific characteristics. However, the path traversed by humanity shows that over long periods of history, covering a number of qualitatively different methods of production and economic systems, some common forms of economic life are preserved. Through them, the structure of social needs is revealed, which distributes the resources available in society. Such general forms of economic organization of production include natural and commodity production. Some economists oppose natural farming and commodity production to each other and consider them opposites. Others believe that they have a common economic basis - private ownership of the means of production and a common goal - meeting the needs of the owners and their families. At the same time, they point out the differences between subsistence and commercial farming.

Subsistence farming is historically the first type of economic activity of people. It arose in ancient times, during the formation of the primitive communal system, when human production activity began and the first branches of the economy appeared - agriculture and cattle breeding. It dominated in the states of the Ancient East and prevailed in the ancient slave states, although quite developed commodity production took place here.

Subsistence farming existed among primitive peoples who did not know the social division of labor, exchange and private property.

Subsistence farming is one of the main features of the feudal economy. The surplus product here took a natural form in the form of various natural duties and payments, appropriated by the feudal lord. The economy of the feudal-dependent peasant was subsistence in nature. The peasant family was engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding and processing of their products into finished consumer goods. The peasant economy served as a source of means of production, labor and means of consumption for the current needs of the feudal estate and ensured the replenishment of its reserves. The dominance of the feudal lords was based on the economy of small, self-sufficient peasant communities, which themselves produced almost everything necessary to satisfy their needs and knew almost no exchange.

With the development of commodity-money relations and the growth of commodity production in the depths of feudalism, the transformation of natural rent into monetary rent took place. The dominance of the natural economy in pre-capitalist economic systems did not exclude the presence of certain elements of the commodity-money economy. As the productive forces developed, natural economy was replaced by commodity production, based on the division of labor and rapid technical progress, breaking isolation and traditions, and as commodity production transformed into capitalist production, it was destroyed, but its vestiges survived under capitalism.

Subsistence farming predominates in many developing countries. More than half of the population is employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming in underdeveloped countries. According to experts, subsistence farming will occupy a significant place in their economy for a long time.

Subsistence farming and its main features

Many peoples of Africa, Indian tribes of Latin America, and Southeast Asia have preserved diverse forms of subsistence farming, in particular hunting and fishing, sometimes in combination with primitive forms of land cultivation, often in the form of nomadic cattle breeding.

In developing countries, such socio-economic structures coexist as communal farming, patriarchal-natural, feudal, small-scale, private capitalist, state-capitalist production and the public sector. Of these, typical subsistence economies are communal farming, patriarchal subsistence production and feudal farming.

Community farming is based on communal ownership of land and means of labor, simple cooperation, equal distribution and extremely low consumption and is mainly a subsistence economy. Patriarchal-natural forms of economy predominate in many developing countries, especially in Africa, and are based on private ownership of the means of production (except land) and the personal labor of the peasant. The land, as a rule, belongs to tribal leaders, feudal lords, and the church. The majority of peasants are allocated land or rent it under enslaving conditions and conduct subsistence farming on it. The subsistence form of farming is characterized by primitive agriculture, producing products mainly to satisfy one's own needs. The economy of these types of countries is at a very low level: there are almost no capitalist enterprises or a local export sector. Commodity relations have not yet penetrated very well into these countries; subsistence farming has a limiting effect on the domestic market.

In some countries, the proportion of the feudal structure, based on feudal ownership of land and various forms of pre-capitalist rent, is significant. Production is carried out on the basis of primitive tools of labor of peasants exploited by feudal lords.

The main disadvantage of subsistence farming is that it does not allow for high labor productivity and provides only minimal conditions for survival. Therefore, natural economy, as the very first form of organization of economic life, was destroyed by such a powerful economic mechanism of human civilization as commodity production.

type of economy in which production is aimed at satisfying the producer’s own needs. “Under a natural economy, society consisted of a mass of homogeneous economic units... and each such unit carried out all types of economic work, starting from the extraction of various types of raw materials and ending with their final preparation for consumption” (Lenin V.

Subsistence and commercial farming

I., Complete collection of works, 5th ed., vol. 3, p. 21≈22). N. x. arose in ancient times and dominated at a stage when there was no social division of labor, exchange and private property. In a slave-owning society and under feudalism, N. x. remained dominant, despite the development of exchange and commodity-money relations. K. Marx pointed out that N. x. prevails on the basis of any system of personal dependence, both slave and serf (see K. Marx and F. Engels, Works, 2nd ed., vol. 24, p. 544). For N. x. characterized by isolation, limited, traditional and fragmented production, routine technology and slow pace of development. With the deepening of the social division of labor N. x. gradually being replaced by commodity production. Under capitalism, peasant farms retain the features and remnants of modern agriculture. During the transition period from capitalism to socialism in some countries, N. x. is preserved as one of the economic structures. Among the socio-economic structures that existed in Russia immediately after the October Revolution of 1917, V.I. Lenin called “... patriarchal, that is, to a large extent natural, peasant economy” (Complete collection of works, 5th ed., vol. 36, p. .296).

N. x. persisted for a long time in economically backward areas of the globe (Asia, Africa, Latin America), where, before colonization by Europeans, tribal or feudal relations prevailed. In countries that freed themselves from colonial dependence (especially in countries with a “capitalist orientation”), in the mid-20th century. 50≈60% of the population is employed in subsistence or semi-subsistence farming.

Lit.: Marx K., Capital, Marx K. and Engels F., Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 23≈25; Lenin V.I., Development of capitalism in Russia, Complete. collection cit., 5th ed., vol. 3; Problems of industrialization of developing countries, M., 1971.

T.K. Pajitnova.

Theories of value.

Product and its properties.

Commodity farming.

Subsistence farming and its characteristics.

Topic 6. Commodity production.

1, 2,5,6,9,10,11, 14

TASK SHEET

What are the material and intangible spheres of economic activity?

Questions for the lecture

1.Describe natural and social environments people's lives.

2. How are labor and natural resources interconnected?

Natural economy

How do forms of ownership influence entrepreneurial activity?

1. All points of the lecture plan are presented as separate questions for the seminar lesson.

2.Using an economic dictionary, write down and learn the following terms:

Economic theory normative -

3. Prepare abstracts on the following topics:

7.Types of economic activities

LITERATURE:

INDEPENDENT WORK _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

There are two basic types of economic organization: natural and commodity farming.

Natural economy - this type of organization of social production in which the products of labor were used to satisfy the personal needs of direct producers and members of their families, ᴛ.ᴇ. for use within an economic unit - clan, tribe, patriarchal family, community, latifundia, feud.

It is worth saying that the following features are characteristic of subsistence farming:

Closedness;

— limited and fragmented production;

- traditionality;

- slow pace of development.

It was based on manual universal labor and existed in its purest form among primitive peoples who did not know the social division of labor and did not exchange their products with each other. The state of the productive forces and their organization were characterized by extreme primitiveness; the set of products created did not change for centuries and were produced in almost the same sizes from year to year (simple reproduction).

Three main questions WHAT?, HOW?, FOR WHOM? - the owners of the farm (they are also workers) decided, focusing on the needs of their farm (the patriarchal family). Established customs and the will of the leader played a major role in subsistence farming.

As the dominant form, natural farming has long passed the path measured out for it by history. At the same time, the connection according to the principle of “produced - consumed” (without exchange and social distribution) turned out to be very stable, its elements can be seen in modern society both at micro and macro levels. An example of subsistence farming at the micro level is gardening, which is highly encouraged by the state during periods of economic turmoil. An example of naturalization at the macro level is politics autarchy, which involves the creation of a self-sufficient economy within one country, aimed at self-sufficiency. Such a policy leads to self-isolation of the country from the world market, to a lag in economic development, does not ensure economic independence and is therefore reactionary.

Subsistence farming is an obstacle to socio-economic progress. In parallel with it, commodity production operates, and in the late Middle Ages it becomes dominant.

Lexical meaning: definition

The general stock of vocabulary (from the Greek Lexikos) is a complex of all the basic semantic units of one language. The lexical meaning of a word reveals the generally accepted idea of ​​an object, property, action, feeling, abstract phenomenon, impact, event, and the like. In other words, it defines what it means this concept in the mass consciousness. As soon as an unknown phenomenon gains clarity, specific signs, or awareness of the object arises, people assign it a name (sound-letter shell), or rather, a lexical meaning.

Unified State Exam. Story. Task No. 24. Points of view. Economy of Ancient Rus' - subsistence farming

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Corporate Economics

With all the diversity of economic entities, corporations play a key role in a modern market economy. They form the corporate sector of the economy.

Most often, corporations are organized in the form joint stock company(AO). Large joint-stock companies form the corporate sector of the economy and use modern and diverse technologies for doing business in market conditions.

General economic motives for combining industrial enterprises with trade, credit and financial, scientific organizations is, in particular, the possibility of:

Reducing production and transaction costs;

Increasing the investment attractiveness of business and its sustainability in conditions of fluctuating economic conditions;

Concentration of investment resources on priority areas production.

Corporation processes that take advantage of the corporation as a form of business organization are decisive at the present stage of development of integrated structures. On this basis, the most common are concerns, holdings, and business alliances.

The study and generalization of the reasons for the creation and activity of financial-industrial groups (FIGs) made it possible to identify the main factors of their formation, which should be classified as the dominant factors in the development of integration economic processes in general. These include factors of organizational design and development of financial capital, technological (achieving effects of scale, averaging, synergy), market (saving on transaction costs) and managerial.

Natural economy- This is a type of economy in which production is aimed directly at satisfying the producer’s own needs. Natural production is characterized by the following features, expressing the essence of its inherent economic relations.

Main features subsistence economy are the underdevelopment of the social division of labor, isolation from the outside world; self-sufficiency in means of production and labor, the ability to satisfy all or almost all needs using one’s own resources.

Natural economy - closed system organizational and economic relations. The society in which it dominates consists of a mass of economic units (families, communities, estates). Each unit relies on its own production resources and provides itself with everything necessary for life. She carries out all types of economic work, starting from the extraction of various types of raw materials and ending with their final preparation for consumption. Natural production is characterized by manual universal labor, which excludes its division into types: each person performs all the basic work. It uses the simplest equipment (hoe, shovels, rakes, etc.) and handicraft tools. Naturally, under such conditions, labor activity is unproductive, and production output cannot increase to any significant extent. Subsistence farming is characterized by direct economic links between production and consumption. It develops according to the abbreviated formula “production - distribution - consumption”. That is, the created products are distributed among all participants in production and - bypassing their exchange - go into personal and industrial consumption. This direct connection ensures sustainability of subsistence farming.

Natural economy - historically first type of economic activity of people. It arose in ancient times, during the period of formation of the primitive communal system, when human production activity began and the first branches of the economy appeared - agriculture, cattle breeding. Subsistence farming existed among primitive peoples who did not know exchange and private property. It was a system of closed, economically independent communities. Subsistence farming also prevailed in ancient slave states, although quite developed commodity production already took place here. It was one of the main features of the feudal economy. Here the landowner economy and the surplus product appropriated by the feudal lord had a natural form. The latter acted in the form of various natural duties and payments. The economy of the feudally dependent peasant was subsistence in nature. The peasant family was engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding and processing of their products into finished consumer goods.

Certain elements of natural economy take place and in modern developed countries where commodity-money relations dominate. Subsistence farming predominates in many developing countries. More than half of the population is employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming in underdeveloped countries. According to experts, subsistence farming will continue to dominate for a long time. significant place in the economies of these countries. Many peoples of Africa and Indian tribes living in the interior regions of Latin America and Southeast Asia maintain a wide variety of specific forms of subsistence farming (hunting, fishing, cultivation, nomadic cattle breeding).

In the Republic of Belarus, subsistence farming is maintained in personal subsidiary plots agriculture peasants and in the garden plots of urban residents.

Main disadvantage subsistence economy is that it cannot ensure an increase in labor productivity, and therefore maintains only minimal living conditions. Therefore, having started with natural economy - the very first form of organization of economic life, humanity did not stop there and moved on to commodity production.