The theme of feelings is eternal in art, music, and literature. In all eras and times, many different things have been dedicated to this feeling. creative works, which have become inimitable masterpieces. This topic remains very relevant today. Particularly relevant in literary works- theme of love. After all, love is the purest and most beautiful feeling, which has been sung by writers since ancient times.
The lyrical side of the works is the first thing that attracts the attention of most readers. It is the theme of love that inspires, inspires and evokes a number of emotions, which are sometimes very contradictory. All great poets and writers, regardless of writing style, theme, or time of life, dedicated many of their works to the ladies of their hearts. They contributed their emotions and experiences, their observations and past experiences. Lyrical works always full of tenderness and beauty, bright epithets and fantastic metaphors. The heroes of the works perform feats for the sake of their loved ones, take risks, fight, and dream. And sometimes, watching such characters, you become imbued with the same experiences and feelings of literary heroes.
1. The theme of love in the works of foreign writers.
In the Middle Ages foreign literature The chivalric romance was popular. The chivalric novel, as one of the main genres of medieval literature, originates in the feudal environment during the era of the emergence and development of chivalry, for the first time in France in the mid-12th century. Works of this genre are filled with elements of the heroic epic, boundless courage, nobility and bravery of the main characters. Often, knights went to great lengths not for the sake of their family or vassal duty, but in the name of their own glory and the glorification of the lady of their heart. Fantastic adventure motifs, abundance exotic descriptions makes the chivalric romance partly similar to a fairy tale, the literature of the East and the pre-Christian mythology of Northern and Central Europe. The emergence and development of the chivalric romance was greatly influenced by the work of ancient writers, in particular Ovid, as well as the reinterpreted tales of the ancient Celts and Germans.
Let us consider the features of this genre using the example of the work of the French philologist-medievalist, writer Joseph Bedier “The Novel of Tristan and Isolde”. Let us note that in this work there are many elements alien to traditional chivalric romances. For example, the mutual feelings of Tristan and Isolde are devoid of courtliness. In the chivalric novels of that era, the knight went to great lengths for the sake of love for the Beautiful Lady, who for him was the living physical embodiment of the Madonna. Therefore, the knight and that same Lady had to love each other platonically, and her husband (usually the king) was aware of this love. Tristan and Isolde, his beloved, are sinners in the light of Christian morality, not only medieval ones. They only care about one thing: keeping their relationships secret from others and prolonging their criminal passion by any means. This is the role of Tristan’s heroic leap, his constant “pretense,” Isolde’s ambiguous oath at “God’s court,” her cruelty towards Brangien, whom Isolde wants to destroy because she knows too much, etc. Tristan and Isolde are defeated With the strongest desire to be together, they deny both earthly and divine laws, moreover, they condemn not only their own honor, but also the honor of King Mark to desecration. But Tristan's uncle is one of noblest heroes, who humanly forgives what he must punish as a king. He loves his wife and nephew, he knows about their deception, but this does not reveal his weakness at all, but the greatness of his image. One of the most poetic scenes of the novel is the episode in the forest of Morois, where King Mark found Tristan and Isolde sleeping, and, seeing a naked sword between them, readily forgives them (in the Celtic sagas, a naked sword separated the bodies of the heroes before they became lovers , in the novel this is a deception).
To some extent, it is possible to justify the heroes, to prove that they are not at all to blame for their suddenly flared passion, they fell in love not because, say, he was attracted by Isolde’s “blond hair,” but by her Tristan’s “valor,” but because the heroes drank a love potion by mistake, intended for a completely different occasion. Thus, love passion depicted in the novel as the result of an action dark force, which penetrates into the bright world of the social world order and threatens to destroy it to the ground. This clash of two irreconcilable principles already contains the possibility of a tragic conflict, making “The Romance of Tristan and Isolde” a fundamentally pre-courtly work in the sense that courtly love can be as dramatic as you like, but it is always joy. The love of Tristan and Isolde, on the contrary, brings them nothing but suffering.
“They languished apart, but suffered even more” when they were together. “Isolde became a queen and lives in grief,” writes the French scholar Bedier, who in the nineteenth century retold the novel in prose, “Isolde has passionate, tender love and Tristan is with her whenever he wants, day and night.” Even while wandering in the forest of Morois, where the lovers were happier than in the luxurious castle of Tintagel, their happiness was poisoned by heavy thoughts.
Many other writers have been able to capture their thoughts about love in their works. For example, William Shakespeare gave the world a whole series of his works that inspire heroism and risk in the name of love. His “Sonnets” are filled with tenderness, luxurious epithets and metaphors. The common thread artistic methods Shakespeare's poetry is rightly called harmony. The impression of harmony comes from all of Shakespeare's poetic works.
The expressive means of Shakespeare's poetry are incredibly diverse. They inherited a lot from the entire European and English poetic tradition, but introduced a lot of absolutely new things. Shakespeare also shows his originality in the variety of new images he introduced into poetry, and in the novelty of his interpretation of traditional plots. He used poetic symbols common to Renaissance poetry in his works. Already by that time there was a significant number of familiar poetic devices. Shakespeare compares youth with spring or sunrise, beauty with the beauty of flowers, withering of a person with autumn, old age with winter. The description of the beauty of women deserves special attention. “Marble whiteness”, “lily tenderness”, etc. These words contain boundless admiration for female beauty, they are filled with endless love and passion.
Undoubtedly best embodiment love in the work can be called the play “Romeo and Juliet”. Love triumphs in the play. The meeting of Romeo and Juliet transforms them both. They live for each other: “Romeo: My heaven is where Juliet is.” It is not languid sadness, but living passion that inspires Romeo: “All day long some spirit carries me high above the earth in joyful dreams.” Love transformed them inner world, affected their relationships with people. The feelings of Romeo and Juliet are severely tested. Despite the hatred between their families, they choose boundless love, merging in a single impulse, but individuality is preserved in each of them. The tragic death only adds to the special mood of the play. This work is an example of great feeling, despite early age main characters.
2. The theme of love in the works of Russian poets and writers.
This topic is reflected in the literature of Russian writers and poets of all times.For more than 100 years, people have been turning to the poetry of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, finding in it a reflection of their feelings, emotions and experiences. The name of this great poet is associated with tirades of poems about love and friendship, with the concept of honor and Motherland, images of Onegin and Tatyana, Masha and Grinev appear. Eventhe most rigorous reader will be able to discover something close to him in his works, because they are very multifaceted. Pushkin was a man who passionately responded to all living things, a great poet, creator of the Russian word, a man of high and noble qualities. In the variety of lyrical themes that permeate Pushkin’s poems, the theme of love is given such a significant place that the poet could be called a glorifier of this great noble feeling. In all world literature you cannot find more a shining example special predilection for this aspect of human relations. Obviously, the origins of this feeling lie in the very nature of the poet, responsive, able to reveal in each person the best properties of his soul. In 1818At one of the dinner parties, the poet met 19-year-old Anna Petrovna Kern. Pushkin admired her radiant beauty and youth. Years later, Pushkin again met with Kern, as charming as before. Pushkin gave her a recently published chapter of Eugene Onegin, and between the pages he inserted poems written specially for her, in honor of her beauty and youth. Poems dedicated to Anna Petrovna “I remember wonderful moment"The famous hymn to high and bright feelings. This is one of the peaks of Pushkin's lyrics. The poems captivate not only with the purity and passion of the feelings embodied in them, but also with their harmony. Love for a poet is the source of life and joy; the poem “I loved you” is a masterpiece of Russian poetry. More than twenty romances have been written based on his poems. And let time pass, the name of Pushkin will always live in our memory and awaken the best feelings in us.
Opens with Lermontov's name new era Russian literature. Lermontov's ideals are limitless; he desires not a simple improvement in life, but the acquisition of complete bliss, a change in the imperfections of human nature, an absolute resolution of all the contradictions of life. Eternal life- the poet does not agree to anything less. However, love in Lermontov's works bears a tragic imprint. This was influenced by his only, unrequited love for his friend from his youth, Varenka Lopukhina. He considers love impossible and surrounds himself with a martyr's aura, placing himself outside the world and life. Lermontov is sad about lost happiness “My soul must live in earthly captivity, Not for long. Maybe I won’t see your gaze again, your sweet gaze, so tender for others.”
Lermontov emphasizes his distance from everything worldly: “No matter what is earthly, but I will not become a slave.” Lermontov understands love as something eternal, the poet does not find solace in routine, fleeting passions, and if he sometimes gets carried away and steps aside, then his lines are not the fruit of a sick fantasy, but just a momentary weakness. “At the feet of others I have not forgotten the gaze of your eyes. Loving others, I only suffered from the Love of former days.”
Human, earthly love seems to be an obstacle for the poet on his path to higher ideals. In the poem “I will not humiliate myself before you,” he writes that inspiration for him is more valuable than unnecessary quick passions that can throw human soul into the abyss. Love in Lermontov's lyrics is fatal. He writes, “Inspiration saved me from petty vanities, but there is no salvation from my soul in happiness itself.” In Lermontov's poems, love is a high, poetic, bright feeling, but always unrequited or lost. In the poem “Valerik” the love part, which later became a romance, conveys the bitter feeling of losing contact with the beloved. “Is it crazy to wait for love in absentia? In our age, all feelings are only temporary, but I remember you,” writes the poet. The theme of betrayal of a beloved who is unworthy of great feelings or has not stood the test of time becomes traditional in Lermontov’s literary works related to his personal experience.
The discord between dream and reality penetrates this wonderful feeling; love does not bring joy to Lermontov, he receives only suffering and sadness: “I’m sad because I love you.” The poet is troubled by thoughts about the meaning of life. He is sad about the transience of life and wants to do as much as possible in the short time allotted to him on earth. In his poetic reflections, life is hateful to him, but death is also terrible.
Considering the theme of love in the works of Russian writers, one cannot help but appreciate Bunin’s contribution to the poetry of this topic. The theme of love occupies perhaps the main place in Bunin’s work. In this topic, the writer has the opportunity to correlate what is happening in a person’s soul with the phenomena of external life, with the requirements of a society that is based on the relationship of purchase and sale and in which wild and dark instincts sometimes reign. Bunin was one of the first in Russian literature to devote his works not only to the spiritual, but also to the physical side of love, touching with extraordinary tact the most intimate, hidden aspects of human relationships. Bunin was the first to dare to say that physical passion does not necessarily follow a spiritual impulse, that in life it happens the other way around (as happened with the heroes of the story " Sunstroke"). And no matter what plot moves the writer chooses, love in his works is always a great joy and a great disappointment, a deep and insoluble mystery, it is both spring and autumn in a person’s life.
IN different periods In his work, Bunin speaks about love with varying degrees of frankness. In his early works the heroes are open, young and natural. In such works as “In August”, “In Autumn”, “Dawn All Night”, all events are extremely simple, brief and significant. The characters' feelings are ambivalent, colored in halftones. And although Bunin talks about people who are alien to us in appearance, way of life, relationships, we immediately recognize and realize in a new way our own feelings of happiness, expectations of deep spiritual changes. The rapprochement of Bunin's heroes rarely achieves harmony; as soon as it appears, it most often disappears. But the thirst for love burns in their souls. The sad parting with my beloved is completed by dreamy dreams (“In August”): “Through tears I looked into the distance, and somewhere I dreamed of sultry southern cities, a blue steppe evening and the image of some woman who merged with the girl I loved... ". The date is memorable because it testifies to a touch of genuine feeling: “Whether she was better than others whom I loved, I don’t know, but that night she was incomparable” (“In Autumn”). And in the story “Dawn All Night,” Bunin talks about the premonition of love, about the tenderness that a young girl is ready to give to her future lover. At the same time, it is common for youth not only to get carried away, but also to quickly become disappointed. Bunin's works show us this painful gap between dreams and reality for many. “After a night in the garden, full of nightingale whistles and spring trepidation, young Tata suddenly, through her sleep, hears her fiancé shooting jackdaws, and realizes that she does not at all love this rude and ordinary-down-to-earth man.”
Most of Bunin's early stories tell of the desire for beauty and purity; this remains the main spiritual impulse of his characters. In the 20s, Bunin wrote about love, as if through the prism of past memories, peering into a bygone Russia and those people who no longer exist. This is exactly how we perceive the story “Mitya’s Love” (1924). In this story, the writer consistently shows the spiritual formation of the hero, leading him from love to collapse. In the story, feelings and life are closely intertwined. Mitya’s love for Katya, his hopes, jealousy, vague forebodings seem to be shrouded in special sadness. Katya, dreaming of an artistic career, got caught up in the false life of the capital and cheated on Mitya. His torment, from which his connection with another woman, the beautiful but down-to-earth Alenka, could not save him, led Mitya to suicide. Mitya’s insecurity, openness, unpreparedness to confront harsh reality, and inability to suffer make us feel more acutely the inevitability and unacceptability of what happened.
A number of Bunin's stories about love describe love triangle: husband wife beloved (“Ida”, “Caucasus”, “The Fairest of the Sun”). There is an atmosphere of inviolability in these stories established order. Marriage turns out to be an insurmountable obstacle to achieving happiness. And often what is given to one is mercilessly taken away from another. In the story “Caucasus,” a woman leaves with her lover, knowing for sure that from the moment the train departs, hours of despair begin for her husband, that he will not be able to stand it and will rush after her. He is really looking for her, and not finding her, he guesses about the betrayal and shoots himself. Already here the motif of love as a “sunstroke” appears, which has become a special, ringing note of the “Dark Alleys” cycle.
Memories of youth and the Motherland bring the cycle of stories “Dark Alleys” closer to the prose of the 20-30s. These stories are narrated in the past tense. The author seems to be trying to penetrate into the depths of the subconscious world of his characters. In most of the stories, the author describes bodily pleasures, beautiful and poetic, born of genuine passion. Even if the first sensual impulse seems frivolous, as in the story “Sunstroke,” it still leads to tenderness and self-forgetfulness, and then to true love. This is exactly what happens to the heroes of stories." Business cards", "Dark Alleys", "Late Hour", "Tanya", "Rus", "In a Familiar Street". The writer writes about ordinary lonely people and their lives. That is why the past, filled with early, strong feelings, seems truly golden at times, merges with the sounds, smells, colors of nature, as if nature itself leads to spiritual and physical rapprochement. loving friend people's friend. And nature itself leads them to inevitable separation, and sometimes to death.
The skill of describing everyday details, as well as a sensual description of love is inherent in all the stories in the cycle, but the story “Clean Monday”, written in 1944, is not just a story about the great mystery of love and the mysterious female soul, but some kind of cryptogram. Too much in the psychological line of the story and in its landscape and everyday details seems like an encrypted revelation. The accuracy and abundance of details are not just signs of the times, not just nostalgia for Moscow lost forever, but the opposition of East and West in the soul and appearance of the heroine, leaving love and life for a monastery.
3. The theme of love in literary works of the 20th century.
The theme of love continues to be relevant in the 20th century, in the era of global catastrophes, political crisis, when humanity is trying to reshape its attitude towards universal human values. Writers of the 20th century often portray love as the last remaining moral category of a then destroyed world. In the novels of the writers of the “lost generation” (including Remarque and Hemingway), these feelings are the necessary incentive for the sake of which the hero tries to survive and live on. " Lost Generation" - the generation of people who survived the first world war and left spiritually devastated.
These people abandon any ideological dogma and search for the meaning of life in simple human relationships. The feeling of a comrade’s shoulder, which almost merged with the instinct of self-preservation, guides the mentally lonely heroes of Remarque’s novel “On western front no change." It also determines the relationships that arise between the heroes of the novel “Three Comrades”.
Hemingway's hero in the novel A Farewell to Arms renounced military service, what is usually called a person’s moral obligation, renounced for the sake of a relationship with his beloved, and his position seems very convincing to the reader. A person of the 20th century is constantly faced with the possibility of the end of the world, with the expectation of his own death or the death of a loved one. Catherine, the heroine of the novel A Farewell to Arms, dies, just like Pat in Remarque's novel Three Comrades. The hero loses his sense of necessity, his sense of the meaning of life. At the end of both works, the hero looks at the dead body, which has already ceased to be the body of the woman he loves. The novel is filled with the author's subconscious thoughts about the mystery of the origin of love, about its spiritual basis. One of the main features of literature of the 20th century is its inextricable connection with the phenomena public life. The author's reflections on the existence of such concepts as love and friendship appear against the background of socio-political problems of that time and, in essence, are inseparable from thoughts about the fate of humanity in the 20th century.
In the works of Françoise Sagan, the theme of friendship and love usually remains within the framework of a person’s private life. The writer often depicts the life of Parisian bohemians; Most of her heroes belong to it. F. Sagan wrote her first novel in 1953, and it was then perceived as a complete moral failure. IN art world Sagan there is no place for strong and truly strong human attraction: this feeling must die as soon as it is born. It is replaced by something else - a feeling of disappointment and sadness.
Conclusion
Love is a high, pure, beautiful feeling that people have sung since ancient times, in all languages of the world. They have written about love before, they are writing now and will continue to write in the future.No matter how different love is, this feeling is still wonderful. That’s why they write so much about love, write poems, and sing about love in songs. Creators beautiful works can be listed endlessly, since each of us, whether he is a writer or an ordinary person, has experienced this feeling at least once in his life. Without love there will be no life on earth. And while reading works, we come across something sublime that helps us consider the world from the spiritual side. After all, with every hero we experience his love together.
Sometimes it seems that everything has been said about love in world literature. But love has thousands of shades, and each of its manifestations has its own holiness, its own sadness, its own fracture and its own fragrance.
List of sources used
- Anikst A. A. Shakespeare's works. M.: Allegory, 2009 350 p.
- Bunin, I. A. Collected works in 4 volumes. T.4/ I. A. Bunin. M.: Pravda, 1988. 558 p.
- Volkov, A.V. Prose of Ivan Bunin / A.V. Volkov. M.: Moskov. worker, 2008. 548 p.
- Civil Z. T. “From Shakespeare to Shaw”; English writers of the 16th-20th centuries. Moscow, Education, 2011
- Nikulin L.V. Kuprin // Nikulin L.V. Chekhov. Bunin. Kuprin: Literary portraits. M.: 1999 P. 265 325.
- Petrovsky M. Dictionary literary terms. In 2 volumes. M.: Allegory, 2010
- Smirnov A. A. “Shakespeare”. Leningrad, Art, 2006
- Teff N. A. Nostalgia: Stories; Memories. L.: Fiction, 2011. P. 267 446.
- Shugaev V.M. Experiences of a reading person / V.M. Shugaev. M.: Sovremennik, 2010. 319 p.
To the question Examples of love in literature asked by the author Add the best answer is
The Master and Margarita - Bulgakov
If there is no mutual need, write to me.
Reply from Marina Reshke[newbie]
Another example is the heroes of Bulgakov’s work “The Master and Margarita”. Their love is as sacrificial, it would seem, as the love of Romeo and Juliet. True, here Margarita sacrifices herself for the sake of love. The master was frightened by this strong feeling and ended up in a madhouse. There he hopes that Margarita will forget him. Of course, the hero was also influenced by the failure that befell his novel. The master runs from the world and, above all, from himself.
But Margarita saves their love, saves them from the Master’s madness. Her feeling for the hero overcomes all obstacles that stand in the way of happiness.
Many poets have written about love.
I really like, for example, the so-called Panaevsky cycle of poems by Nekrasov, which he dedicated to Avdotya Yakovlevna Panaeva, the woman he passionately loved. It is enough to recall such poems from this cycle as “She suffered a heavy cross...”, “I don’t like your irony...” to say how strong the poet’s feeling for this the most beautiful woman.
And here are the lines from a wonderful poem about love by Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev:
Oh, how murderously we love,
As in the violent blindness of passions
We are most likely to destroy,
What is dear to our hearts!
How long ago, proud of my victory,
You said: she is mine...
A year has not passed - ask and find out,
What was left of her?
And, of course, one cannot fail to mention here love lyrics Pushkin.
I remember a wonderful moment:
You appeared before me,
Like a fleeting vision
Like a genius of pure beauty.
In the languor of hopeless sadness,
In the worries of the noisy bustle,
A gentle voice sounded to me for a long time
And I dreamed of cute features...
Pushkin presented these poems to Anna Petrovna Kern on July 19, 1825, on the day of her departure from Trigorskoye, where she was visiting her aunt P. A. Osipova and constantly met with the poet.
I want to finish my essay again with lines from another poem by the great Pushkin:
I loved you: love is still possible
Reply from Mosol[guru]
Reply from Rasmus92 nosename[guru]
find me where it is not =)
Reply from Neuropathologist[guru]
Reply from Egor remnev[active]
Geralt and Yennefer "The Witcher" Andrzej Sapkowski
Reply from Nikita Zhukov[active]
In the classic? Mutual? Yes please!
Natasha and Pierre, Marya and Nikolai - "War and Peace" by Tolstoy
Sonya and Rodion - "Crime and Punishment" by Dostoevsky
Grushenka and Dmitry, Lisa and Alyosha - "The Brothers Karamazov"
Katya and Arkady - "Fathers and Sons" by Turgenev
Olga and Stolz - "Oblomov" by Goncharova
Shulamith and Solomon - "Shulamith" by Kuprin
The Master and Margarita - Bulgakov
Angelique and Geoffrey De Peyrac - "Angelique" authors - Anna and Serge Golon
Dea and Gwynplaine - "The Man Who Laughs" Hugo
Marius and Cosette - "Les Miserables" by Hugo
If there is no mutual need, write to me.
10 Likes Complain
12 ANSWERS
Lyusyachka Sage (14951) 8 years ago
Evgeny Onegin and Anna Karenina are enough for me...
2 Likes Complain
Kisulya Lenulya Pro (874) 8 years ago
Gi De Mopassan
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Olga G. Sage (14450) 8 years ago
A. Tolstoy Walking through torment... Dasha and Ivan, Roshchin and Katya
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Misa Profi (838) 8 years ago
Romeo and Juliet. The most touching, passionate and unhappy love!
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CYPRESS Pro (816) 8 years ago
Romeo and Juliet
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Oksana Shtyrkova Expert (426) 8 years ago
Count of Monte Cristo and Mercedes, Romeo and Juliet, Orpheus and Eurydice
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Rasmus92 nosename Guru (3052) 8 years ago
find me where it is not =)
4 Likes Complain
Lucy Thinker (7535) 8 years ago
Evgeny Onegin and Tatiana - unrequited love;
Pechorin and Vera, Mary, Bela - love in one direction, love out of boredom;
Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth ("Pride and Prejudice") - mutual love and respect.
1 Like Complain
hrisagy Thinker (7563) 8 years ago
I will name the heroines whom this love did not bypass, so to speak: Tanya from Eugene Onegin, Karenina from Tolstoy, Juliet from Shakespeare, Asya Turgenevskaya, Lisa from Poor Lisa Karamzin...
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Marina Reshke Student (115) 1 month ago
Love is a high, pure, beautiful feeling that people have sung since ancient times. Love, as they say, never gets old.
If we erect a certain literary pedestal of love, then, undoubtedly, the love of Romeo and Juliet will be in first place. This is perhaps the most beautiful, the most romantic, the most tragic story, which Shakespeare told the reader. Two lovers defy fate, despite the enmity between their families, despite everything. Romeo is ready to give up even his name for the sake of love, and Juliet agrees to die in order to remain faithful to Romeo and their high feeling. They die in the name of love, they die together because they cannot live without each other:
There is no sadder story in the world,
What is the story of Romeo and Juliet...
However, love can be different - passionate, tender, calculating, cruel, unrequited...
Let us remember the heroes of Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” - Bazarov and Odintsova. Two equally strong personalities collided. But, oddly enough, Bazarov turned out to be capable of truly loving. Love for him became a strong shock, which he did not expect, and in general, before meeting Odintsova, love did not play any role in the life of this hero. All human suffering and emotional experiences were unacceptable to his world. It is difficult for Bazarov to admit his feelings primarily to himself.
And what about Odintsova?.. As long as her interests were not affected, as long as there was a desire to learn something new, she was interested in Bazarov. But as soon as the topics for general conversation were exhausted, interest disappeared. Odintsova lives in her own world, in which everything goes according to plan, and nothing can disturb the peace in this world, not even love. For her, Bazarov is something like a draft that flew into the window and immediately flew back out. This kind of love is doomed.
Another example is the heroes of Bulgakov’s work “The Master and Margarita”. Their love is as sacrificial, it would seem, as the love of Romeo and Juliet. True, here
This topic is reflected in the literature of Russian writers and poets of all times. For more than 100 years, people have been turning to the poetry of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, finding in it a reflection of their feelings, emotions and experiences. The name of this great poet is associated with tirades of poems about love and friendship, with the concept of honor and Motherland, images of Onegin and Tatyana, Masha and Grinev appear. Even the most strict reader will be able to discover something close to him in his works, because they are very multifaceted. Pushkin was a man who passionately responded to all living things, a great poet, creator of the Russian word, a man of high and noble qualities. In the variety of lyrical themes that permeate Pushkin’s poems, the theme of love is given such a significant place that the poet could be called a glorifier of this great noble feeling. In all of world literature you cannot find a more striking example of a special passion for this particular aspect of human relations. Obviously, the origins of this feeling lie in the very nature of the poet, responsive, able to reveal in each person the best properties of his soul. In 1818, at one of the dinner parties, the poet met 19-year-old Anna Petrovna Kern. Pushkin admired her radiant beauty and youth. Years later, Pushkin again met with Kern, as charming as before. Pushkin gave her a newly printed chapter of Eugene Onegin, and between the pages he inserted poems written especially for her, in honor of her beauty and youth. Poems dedicated to Anna Petrovna “I remember a wonderful moment” is a famous hymn to a high and bright feeling. This is one of the peaks of Pushkin's lyrics. The poems captivate not only with the purity and passion of the feelings embodied in them, but also with their harmony. Love for a poet is a source of life and joy, the poem “I loved you” is a masterpiece of Russian poetry. More than twenty romances have been written based on his poems. And let time pass, the name of Pushkin will always live in our memory and awaken the best feelings in us.
With the name of Lermontov a new era of Russian literature opens. Lermontov's ideals are limitless; he desires not a simple improvement in life, but the acquisition of complete bliss, a change in the imperfections of human nature, an absolute resolution of all the contradictions of life. Eternal life - the poet will not agree to anything less. However, love in Lermontov's works bears a tragic imprint. This was influenced by his only, unrequited love for his friend from his youth, Varenka Lopukhina. He considers love impossible and surrounds himself with a martyr's aura, placing himself outside the world and life. Lermontov is sad about his lost happiness “My soul must live in earthly captivity, Not for long. Maybe I will never see Your gaze, your sweet gaze, so tender for others.”
Lermontov emphasizes his distance from everything worldly: “No matter what is earthly, but I will not become a slave.” Lermontov understands love as something eternal, the poet does not find solace in routine, fleeting passions, and if he sometimes gets carried away and steps aside, then his lines are not the fruit of a sick fantasy, but just a momentary weakness. “At the feet of others I did not forget the gaze of your eyes. Loving others, I only suffered from the Love of former days.”
Human, earthly love seems to be an obstacle for the poet on his path to higher ideals. In the poem “I will not humiliate myself before you,” he writes that inspiration is more valuable to him than unnecessary quick passions that can throw the human soul into the abyss. Love in Lermontov's lyrics is fatal. He writes, “Inspiration saved me from petty vanities, but there is no salvation from my soul in happiness itself.” In Lermontov's poems, love is a high, poetic, bright feeling, but always unrequited or lost. In the poem "Valerik" the love part, which later became a romance, conveys the bitter feeling of losing contact with the beloved. “Is it crazy to wait for love in absentia? In our age, all feelings are only temporary, but I remember you,” the poet writes. The theme of betrayal of a beloved who is unworthy of great feelings or has not stood the test of time becomes traditional in Lermontov’s literary works related to his personal experience.
The discord between dream and reality penetrates this wonderful feeling; love does not bring joy to Lermontov, he receives only suffering and sadness: “I’m sad because I love you.” The poet is troubled by thoughts about the meaning of life. He is sad about the transience of life and wants to do as much as possible in the short time allotted to him on earth. In his poetic reflections, life is hateful to him, but death is also terrible.
Considering the theme of love in the works of Russian writers, one cannot help but appreciate Bunin’s contribution to the poetry of this topic. The theme of love occupies perhaps the main place in Bunin’s work. In this topic, the writer has the opportunity to correlate what is happening in a person’s soul with the phenomena of external life, with the requirements of a society that is based on the relationship of purchase and sale and in which wild and dark instincts sometimes reign. Bunin was one of the first in Russian literature to devote his works not only to the spiritual, but also to the physical side of love, touching with extraordinary tact the most intimate, hidden aspects of human relationships. Bunin was the first to dare to say that physical passion does not necessarily follow a spiritual impulse, that in life it happens the other way around (as happened with the heroes of the story “Sunstroke”). And no matter what plot moves the writer chooses, love in his works is always a great joy and a great disappointment, a deep and insoluble mystery, it is both spring and autumn in a person’s life.
At different periods of his work, Bunin speaks about love with varying degrees of frankness. In his early works the characters are open, young and natural. In such works as “In August”, “In Autumn”, “Dawn All Night”, all events are extremely simple, brief and significant. The characters' feelings are ambivalent, colored in halftones. And although Bunin talks about people who are alien to us in appearance, way of life, relationships, we immediately recognize and realize in a new way our own feelings of happiness, expectations of deep spiritual changes. The rapprochement of Bunin's heroes rarely achieves harmony; as soon as it appears, it most often disappears. But the thirst for love burns in their souls. The sad parting with my beloved is completed by dreamy dreams (“In August”): “Through tears I looked into the distance, and somewhere I dreamed of sultry southern cities, a blue steppe evening and the image of some woman who merged with the girl I loved... ". The date is memorable because it testifies to a touch of genuine feeling: “Whether she was better than others whom I loved, I don’t know, but that night she was incomparable” (“In Autumn”). And in the story “Dawn All Night,” Bunin talks about the premonition of love, about the tenderness that a young girl is ready to give to her future lover. At the same time, it is common for youth not only to get carried away, but also to quickly become disappointed. Bunin's works show us this painful gap between dreams and reality for many. “After a night in the garden, full of nightingale whistles and spring trepidation, young Tata suddenly, through her sleep, hears her fiancé shooting jackdaws, and realizes that she does not at all love this rude and ordinary-down-to-earth man.”
Most of Bunin's early stories tell about the desire for beauty and purity - this remains the main spiritual impulse of his characters. In the 20s, Bunin wrote about love, as if through the prism of past memories, peering into a bygone Russia and those people who no longer exist. This is exactly how we perceive the story “Mitya’s Love” (1924). In this story, the writer consistently shows the spiritual formation of the hero, leading him from love to collapse. In the story, feelings and life are closely intertwined. Mitya’s love for Katya, his hopes, jealousy, vague forebodings seem to be shrouded in special sadness. Katya, dreaming of an artistic career, got caught up in the false life of the capital and cheated on Mitya. His torment, from which his connection with another woman, the beautiful but down-to-earth Alenka, could not save him, led Mitya to suicide. Mitya’s insecurity, openness, unpreparedness to confront harsh reality, and inability to suffer make us feel more acutely the inevitability and unacceptability of what happened.
A number of Bunin's stories about love describe a love triangle: husband - wife - lover ("Ida", "Caucasus", "The Fairest of the Sun"). An atmosphere of the inviolability of the established order reigns in these stories. Marriage turns out to be an insurmountable obstacle to achieving happiness. And often what is given to one is mercilessly taken away from another. In the story “Caucasus,” a woman leaves with her lover, knowing for sure that from the moment the train departs, hours of despair begin for her husband, that he will not be able to stand it and will rush after her. He is really looking for her, and not finding her, he guesses about the betrayal and shoots himself. Already here the motif of love as a “sunstroke” appears, which has become a special, ringing note of the “Dark Alleys” cycle.
Memories of youth and the Motherland bring the cycle of stories “Dark Alleys” closer to the prose of the 20-30s. These stories are narrated in the past tense. The author seems to be trying to penetrate into the depths of the subconscious world of his characters. In most of the stories, the author describes bodily pleasures, beautiful and poetic, born of genuine passion. Even if the first sensual impulse seems frivolous, as in the story “Sunstroke,” it still leads to tenderness and self-forgetfulness, and then to true love. This is exactly what happens with the heroes of the stories “Business Cards”, “Dark Alleys”, “Late Hour”, “Tanya”, “Rusya”, “In a Familiar Street”. The writer writes about ordinary lonely people and their lives. That is why the past, filled with early, strong feelings, seems to be truly golden times, merges with the sounds, smells, colors of nature. It’s as if nature itself leads to the spiritual and physical rapprochement of people who love each other. And nature itself leads them to inevitable separation, and sometimes to death.
The skill of describing everyday details, as well as a sensual description of love is inherent in all the stories in the cycle, but the story “Clean Monday” written in 1944 appears not just as a story about the great mystery of love and the mysterious female soul, but as a kind of cryptogram. Too much in the psychological line of the story and in its landscape and everyday details seems like an encrypted revelation. The accuracy and abundance of details are not just signs of the times, not just nostalgia for Moscow lost forever, but a contrast between East and West in the soul and appearance of the heroine, leaving love and life for a monastery.
Direction "Love" of the final essay 2015-2016 in literature: examples and samples
The essays below are ready-made examples writing final essays on literature in the direction of "Love". Statistics are provided for each essay; in some, thesis and components are highlighted.
These samples are intended to form students’ understanding of the full or partial disclosure of the topic of the final essay. We recommend using them as an additional source of ideas when forming your own presentation of the topic.
I think I’ll say a platitude: without love there is no life. This is undeniable. However, not every one of us takes care of this feeling, tries to preserve it, show signs of attention to a loved one so that he understands: he is really loved. This is especially true of love for parents, to whom we sometimes forget to say a simple word - “thank you.” Sure, parents deserve our endless love, which must be manifested in care, attention, communication, otherwise their loneliness and resentment will be inherited by us, their children... 1 Fiction convinces me of the correctness of this point of view. (82 words)
Let us turn to the story of Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky “Telegram”. This work is about the complex relationships between close people - Katerina Petrovna and her daughter Nastya, who forgot about her mother. The main character dies from old age, or most likely from loneliness. What is behind this tragedy? The indifference of the daughter, the disunity of loved ones, the inability and unwillingness to take care of the most dear person in the world - her own mother?.. Reading the story, we find answers to these questions, plunging into the atmosphere of pain and melancholy, hopelessness and loneliness, which is created by the author’s description of nature and the memories of Katerina Ivanovna. She lives in the past: she has no present, and, alas, no future. Read the text: “Over the meadows they dragged themselves from across the river (they actually dragged themselves, not swam), clinging to loose willows and loose clouds... Rain poured out of them annoyingly.” Everything around is gray, like Katerina Petrovna’s life itself. A description of the nature and interior of an elderly woman’s room (the bitter smell of unheated stoves, yellowed cups, a samovar that has not been cleaned for a long time) helps us feel loneliness main character. Special attention attracted by Katerina Petrovna's letter to her daughter. “My beloved...” she turns to Nastya. - I won't survive the winter. Come at least for a day. Let me look at you, hold your hands.” In this letter we hear pain, despair, melancholy, a desire for affection and understanding... But what about Nastya? Does she respond to her mother's request? Does she hear in him a desperate plea for last meeting? Unfortunately, no... Her indifference towards her loved one shocks us. It is no coincidence that the author draws the reader’s attention to Nastya’s “big cold eyes”: eyes are the mirror of the soul, and the girl’s soul is empty and as cold as her eyes... And only after the death of her mother, the daughter, having cried all night, understands that no one will ever remove “the irreparable guilt, the unbearable burden” from her, no one will ever love her the way her mother loved her. (284 words)
“Know how to cherish love...” - the Russian poet Stepan Shchipachev calls on us. Treasure! Do we understand that these words are not only about love between a woman and a man? I am sure this is an instruction to us, children: we must remember our parents, we must do good deeds while they are alive, while they can understand and forgive us. In the hustle and bustle of life, you cannot forget about the main thing, you cannot lose the most precious thing - love for your family. Good must be paid for with good! The closest people, unfortunately, will not always be with us, so we need to have time to say “thank you” to them... (83 words)
Total: 449 words
1 Thesis is highlighted.
Once upon a time in a television program, Yuri Nikulin, famous artist, when asked what happiness is, he answered: “Happiness is when you go to work with joy and return home with joy.” Isn’t it a surprisingly accurate formula for happiness? (33 words)
In my opinion, a person is truly happy when he loves his profession, in which he has succeeded, and when his loved ones are waiting for him at home 2. I can prove the correctness of this point of view by turning to fiction. (35 words)
I would like to talk about an amazing book and an even more amazing author - Anton Semyonovich Makarenko, teacher and writer. Nowadays, few people read his “Pedagogical Poem”; few people know that A. Makarenko created a school where juvenile criminals studied. In the forest. In the clearing. In the building of an old colony for juvenile delinquents. His book is named simply and at the same time pathetically - pe-da-go-gi-che-ska-ya po-uh-ma. Pedagogical! Poem! I think those who have read this book will agree with me: it very figuratively and expressively describes the work of a teacher who selflessly does his job. Anton Semenovich writes about himself, about difficult teenagers - street children, juvenile delinquents who were already formed “personalities”, about the teaching staff in which random people didn’t linger... While reading the work, we, together with Makarenko, meet the first students, solve cases of theft with him, fight students’ drunkenness, robberies, and their games of gambling. We are horrified by outbreaks of anti-Semitism and discover a dead child in a girls' bedroom. At the same time, together with him, we believe in those who just recently were street children, thiefs, rapists, gamblers... And step by step, disparate groups of children unite, become strong and friendly team. “Pedagogical Poem” is one of the pearls of Russian literature. These are the observations of a person with many years of teaching experience, who is in love with his profession. These are the observations of a teacher who considered himself happy. (198 words)
I will remember another work in which the issue of love is also raised. Only it is not about love for the profession, but about love for one’s own children and husband. Of course, this is Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”, in which, according to the writer himself, one of the main thoughts, along with the folk one, is the family thought. The image of Natasha Rostova, the author’s favorite heroine, embodies the ideal of a woman-mother. The essence of her nature is love. This feeling is inseparable from the heroine. She finds her happiness in her family. It is no coincidence that in the epilogue we see her not as a naive girl, but as a loving and beloved wife, mother of four children. Love for Pierre and children makes Natasha truly happy, only in the family does she gain peace of mind. (111 words)
The above arguments, it seems to me, are sufficient to assert: a person is happy when he is comfortable both at home and at work, when he can do what he loves, when he is surrounded by the care and affection of his family and friends. This means that love for the profession and family is certainly a source of happiness. (48 words)
Total: 425 words
2 Thesis highlighted
What is love? This is one of the most mysterious feelings inherent in humans. It inspires someone, makes them happy, and brings pain and disappointment to others. Despite this, every person dreams of experiencing this feeling, hoping that it will give him happiness. Perhaps there is not a single poet or writer who would ignore this wonderful topic.
One of the greats said that it is in love that one is revealed true character person. How brave Tatyana Larina, the heroine of the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" turns out to be! She decides to confess to Onegin because she is unable to hide the strong feeling that overwhelms her. Risking her own reputation, the girl writes with excitement frank letter to the unsuspecting Evgeniy. Having learned that Onegin does not love her, disappointed Tatyana experiences pain, but remains true to herself, her habits and affections, spending a lot of time with a book in her hands and communicating with nature. The deep moral principle that A.S. Pushkin admires remains in the heroine even after marriage. Yes, she continues to love Onegin, but remains faithful to her husband. The image of Tatyana is an example of the fact that a person can and should control his feelings, without succumbing to emotional impulses, and maintain moral purity.
A.I. Kuprin reflects on the eternal secret of love in the story “The Garnet Bracelet.” His hero - a modest telephone operator Zheltkov - is capable of a strong, deep feeling that becomes the meaning of his life. Love for the married princess Vera Nikolaevna Sheina is admiration for a woman without any hope of reciprocity. It's bright and at the same time tragic feeling, which became the basis of Zheltkov’s life. The hero is happy at the thought that his beloved lives somewhere nearby. It is important for him that she knows about his feelings and at the same time is not burdened by him. Only after the death of the hero does the princess realize that the amazing love that every woman dreams of has passed her by.
The heroine of I.A. Bunin's story "Dark Alleys" Nadezhda experienced bitter disappointment. The feeling that flared up in her youth turned her whole life upside down. The young master quickly lost interest in the serf girl, and Nadezhda could not forget and forgive the pain he caused. The mental wound turned out to be so deep that the heroine, who had lost faith in happiness, never got married. She retained love in her soul and even years later did not regret the strong feeling she experienced in her youth.
What is love? This is an amazing gift, a feeling that transforms a person, elevates and enriches him. Does this mean that love has miraculous powers? Yes, it changes, “regenerates ourselves.” Someone this magical power makes you happy, inspires, and hurts someone, bringing disappointment. And yet, every person dreams of experiencing this wonderful feeling, hoping to find happiness.
407 words
What is more important: to love or to be loved? Of course, each person will answer this question differently. In my opinion, there is no clear answer.
Is it important for a person to feel loved? Of course, yes, because everyone needs to feel needed by someone, to feel care and attention from loved ones. It makes us happy. Let us turn to O. Henry’s short story “The Gifts of the Magi.” The main characters are young spouses Jim and Della. Christmas is approaching, and they have absolutely no money to buy each other gifts. To please her beloved husband, Della parts with her only treasure - her luxurious hair. She sells them and buys Jim a gift - a watch chain. At the same time, Jim sells the watch he inherited from his father and grandfather and uses the proceeds to buy a gift for his wife - hair combs. And it doesn’t matter that the gifts turned out to be useless in the end, because there are no more watches or beautiful hair. Another thing is important - each of the heroes knows that he is truly loved.
Undoubtedly, being loved means a lot to every person, but is it really unimportant to love yourself? Each of us has a need not only to receive, but also to give. We will not feel truly happy if we cannot give love to other people and express our feelings through actions. By loving, we become better, we learn to be sensitive, we understand what empathy is. Let us recall the story of B. Ekimov “Night of Healing”. Grandson Grisha came to his grandmother. He knows that she often screams at night: the difficult war years she experienced have an effect. His mother warned him: if his grandmother disturbs his sleep, he needs to shout at her: “Be silent!” At first the grandson wants to do just that, but then compassion for his grandmother is born in his heart. Love for to a loved one made him see the light. He realized that all it took for healing to come was caring. And at night, instead of shouting at his grandmother, he begins to calm and console her. And the reader understands: to be human, it is enough to simply love.
So what is more important: loving or being loved? Reflecting on this question, one cannot help but come to the answer: the human heart is designed both to receive and to give love. These are two sides of the same whole, and it is impossible to deny the importance of either of them.
351 words
Love is a high, pure and beautiful feeling that ennobles and elevates a person. Love cannot be counted or calculated. Love - eternal theme world fiction. Today we can turn to many works to understand what love is. ( Introduction, 37 words)
I would like to recall Kuprin’s wonderful work “Garnet Bracelet”. The story is based on a plot that happened to Kuprin’s mother, who was in the same situation as the heroine of “The Pomegranate Bracelet.” Vera Nikolaevna Sheina receives gifts from loved ones for her birthday. On the same day secret yo The admirer Zheltkov sends her a letter and a garnet bracelet. This is a young man, thirty to thirty-five, a minor official. His feeling for Vera Nikolaevna lasts eight years. The author shows unrequited love. The hero collects things that belonged to his beloved, they are very dear to him. Zheltkov's love is impetuous, passionate, very strong. He just can’t help himself, he can’t get Vera Nikolaevna out of his head. The only way out of the situation is death. After Zheltkov’s death, Vera Nikolaevna’s soul awakened, she realized that this was the very person she needed. Beethoven's sonata symbolizes the love of the hero. Love, like music, is unpredictable and exciting. What is Kuprin’s concept of love? What kind of love does he show in " Garnet bracelet"? The author is interested in the kind of love for which one can accomplish a feat, even give one’s life for it. Vera Nikolaevna’s husband, seeing his rival, says: “Is he to blame for love and is it possible to control such a feeling as love?” The strength of love and maximum spiritual openness made Zheltkov vulnerable and defenseless. A.I. Kuprin reverently and chastely touches on the theme of love. The author himself cried over the manuscript of his story. ( First literary argument, 218 words)
I. A. Bunin wrote many works about love. Among them is the story “Clean Monday” from the collection “Dark Alleys”, which contains thirty-eight works. A.P. Chekhov wrote: “What a great happiness it is to love and be loved.” Love gave Bunin’s hero moments of jubilant joy, made it possible to understand what it means to be happy. He forever remembered how “he closed his eyes with happiness, kissed the wet fur of her collar and in what delight he flew to the Red Gate. And tomorrow and the day after tomorrow there will be...all the same torment and all the same happiness...” The hero and heroine are young, healthy, rich. so good-looking that everyone in restaurants and at concerts watches them go.
Main psychological state hero - blinding love. But he doesn’t try and doesn’t want to understand his beloved, doesn’t want to see what internal struggle occurs in the “female soul.” He tried not to think or overthink things.” The hero does not understand the character and nature of his beloved. She does not believe in the possibility of happiness and marriage. IN clean monday the heroine makes a decision that is very important for herself - to move away from worldly life and become a nun. What is Bunin's concept of love in this story? In love there must be complete mutual understanding, lovers must subtly feel each other and completely trust each other. ( Second literary argument, 194 words)
Love jumped out
before us like a killer
jumps out from around the corner,
and instantly amazed us
both at once..."
M. Bulgakov.
The theme of love in literature is always relevant. After all, love is the purest and most beautiful feeling that has been sung since ancient times. Love is always the same, whether it is youthful love or more mature love. Love never gets old.
If we build a pedestal of love, then undoubtedly the love of Romeo and Juliet will come first. This is the most beautiful love story, which was immortalized by its author, Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet's love at first sight, from the first words. Two lovers defy fate, despite the enmity between their families, they choose love. Romeo is ready to give up even his name for the sake of love, and Juliet is ready to die just to be faithful to Romeo and their love. They die in the name of love, they die together, because they cannot live without each other. The life of one becomes meaningless without the other. Although this love story is tragic, the love of Romeo and Juliet will always and everywhere, at any time, be looked up to by lovers.
But centuries change, years fly by, and the world is transformed. Although love is eternal, it also changes. It is also becoming more modern, in some places more calculating and in others even cruel. And if love is one-sided, then it completely dies. This is how the love of Bazarov and Odintsova died in I. Turgenev’s work “Fathers and Sons.” Two equally strong personalities collided. Their common interests and conversations eventually grew into love. But only Bazarov turned out to be loving. Love becomes a strong shock for him, which he did not expect. For Bazarov, before meeting Odentsova, love did not play any role. All human suffering and emotional experiences were unacceptable to his world. He is a loner hero, an upstart from society; Only he exists, everything else is not interesting to him. But we are all human and do not know in advance what fate has prepared for us. Therefore, Bazarov perceives his love very painfully. It is difficult for him to admit, first of all, to himself, his feelings, not to mention Odintsova. And he squeezes his confession out of himself. And Odintsova is a calculating person. As long as her interests and desire to learn new things were affected, she was also interested in Bazarov. But as soon as the topics were exhausted, then interest disappeared. She lives in her own world, in which everything is according to plan, and nothing can upset this order, not even love. And she will get married because it is convenient only for her. And Bazarov? Bazarov is a temporary, unexpected change that flew in like a draft and immediately flew out. Such love cannot survive, so Bazarov and Odentseva go in different directions.
If we consider love in M. Bulgakov’s work “The Master and Margarita,” we will certainly come across love for which the heroes also make sacrifices, as in “Romeo and Juliet.” The love of the master and Margarita will be eternal, only because one of them will fight for the feelings of both. And Margarita will sacrifice herself for love. The master will get tired and afraid of such a powerful feeling that it will eventually lead him to a madhouse. There he hopes that Margarita will forget him. Of course, the failure of the novel he wrote also influenced him, but to give up love? Is there anything that can make you give up love? Alas, yes, and this is cowardice. The master runs from the whole world and from himself.
But Margarita saves their love. Nothing stops her. For the sake of love, she is ready to go through many trials. Need to become a witch? Why not, if it helps you find your lover.
Her strong love In the end, she wins, Margarita saves the Master from madness, their love, which finds peace, will be eternal.
No matter how different love is, this feeling is still wonderful. That’s why they write so much about love, write poems, and sing about love in songs. The creators of wonderful works can be listed endlessly, since each of us, be it a writer or an ordinary person, has experienced this feeling at least once in our lives. In my opinion, without love there will be no life on earth. And while reading works we come across something sublime that helps us consider the world from the spiritual side. After all, with every hero we experience his love together.
In preparing this work, materials from the site http://www.studentu.ru were used
That Russian literature of the 19th – 20th centuries constantly turned to the theme of love, trying to understand its philosophical and moral meaning. Using the example of works literature of the 19th century– XX centuries discussed in the essay, I tried to reveal the theme of love in literature and philosophy, using a look at it different writers and the famous philosopher. Thus, in the novel “The Master and Margarita”, Bulgakov sees strength in love...
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