F.M. Everyone knows Dostoevsky without exception. His novels are read all over the world, but besides this, he wrote many more interesting stories.
The literary portal Buklya has prepared a complete list of works by the great Russian writer and thinker Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky.
Novels
The writer's novels have always been distinguished by the accuracy of their descriptions, revealed the human soul and are always close to to the common people. On the pages you can always find something close to your heart and a reflection of your own thoughts. And the accuracy of the descriptions of nature, cities, and time allows us to get to know the past more closely.
Stories
- "Mistress" appeared in 1847 in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski, and was published in parts, in 10 and 20 issues. In this story, the author moves away from the theme and images of bureaucracy, and creates a new hero - a hero-dreamer. The story is rich and overflowing with dreams, visions, interweaving of the real and the mystical, the hero’s delirium and symbols. The plot of the story is tied to the main character Vasily Ordynov, who is writing a work on the history of the church in a secluded place. On the old Old Believer Murin, whom Vasily considers a sorcerer, and on the girl Katerina, who is in the power of Murin. Vasily, with the power of his love and faith, wants to snatch the beautiful Katerina from the clutches of the dishonest and evil Murin.
- "Weak Heart" published in 1848. At the center of the story is a poor young official Vasya Shumkov, who is about to get married. He is a responsible employee, whom the boss instructs to rewrite documents. Because of the upcoming wedding, Vasya was often distracted from work, and at night he did not spare himself. Nervous tension and the desire to do everything on time played a cruel joke on the young man.
- Tale "Netochka Nezvanova" talks about life main character from 8 to 17 years old. The story is about a child who went through poverty, suffering, betrayal and slander. But at the same time she believes in people, love and knows how to dream.
- "White Nights" one of the most famous stories by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. It first appeared in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski in 1848. The main character of the story is a dreamer, a very timid and lonely person. One day he meets a beautiful girl who tells him her sad story. Although she does not love the dreamer, she decides to return his feelings. But women are treacherous and when Nastena meets her love, she leaves the dreamer, leaving him alone.
- After a long pause in his work, Fyodor Mikhailovich wrote a story in 1859 "Uncle's Dream" The action takes place in a small town, where a respectable lady dreams of giving her daughter a successful marriage. But in a small town there are no worthy candidates except Pavel. The girl rejects his proposal. One day, an old prince comes to their city, suffering from senile dementia. And so the lady hatches a plan to marry her little blood to the prince. The women almost succeed in bringing the plan to life, but Pavel intervenes and convinces the prince that he was dreaming of a future family life. Soon the prince dies, and fate separates the main characters for a long time.
- Tale "The village of Stepanchikovo and its inhabitants" Published in 1859 in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski. There is quite a lot in a short story characters, who play an important role in the fate of the poor girl Nastenka and Colonel Rostanev. Some are trying to break up the wedding, while others are trying to help unite their lives.
- Work "Notes from the House of the Dead" consists of a story in two parts and several short stories. F.M. Dostoevsky wrote this story after imprisonment in the Omsk prison and is of a documentary nature. This story introduces readers to the life and everyday life of imprisoned criminals exiled to Siberia. By using artistic word the author was able to convey all his experiences and experiences during his four-year hard labor.
- "Notes from the Underground" one of the author's most famous stories, published in 1864. The narration comes from the perspective of a former official. He talks about his life, very sparingly at first, but then in more detail. Two episodes stand out especially clearly, which became the main ones in his life.
- In 1870 the story was published "Eternal Husband". This work is based on true story. The affair happened between the writer's friend Wrangel and a married lady Ekaterina. In addition, the writer put his memories and impressions into the story.
- Tale "Meek" is one of latest works author and published in 1876. Fyodor Mikhailovich himself called this story fantastic and sought to show in it a man from the underground. The story is about a man who lost his wife, or rather, she committed suicide. A story about two people who lived difficult lives.
Stories
— collaboration Fyodor Dostoevsky, Nikolai Nekrasov and Dmitry Grigorovich. This is a comic story in verse with elements of prose, which was published on April 1, 1846. The main character is official Blinov, who has a good dream. At this time, a thief breaks into the apartment, and a pleasant dream gives way to a nightmare. Blinov wakes up and realizes that he was robbed. He chases the criminal, practically naked, and meets the boss on the street. And then the action develops rapidly and is not very good for Blinov.- "Mr. Prokharchin" published in Otechestvennye zapiski in 1846. In this story, the author shows the life of petty officials, their everyday life and behind-the-scenes intrigues.
- In 1847 it was published humorous story "A Novel in Nine Letters". The correspondence is between two swindlers Pyotr Ivanovich and Ivan Petrovich. Each tries to outsmart the other, but a third party intervenes.
- "Crawlers"(1848) - a story about an official who outwitted himself and, as a result, was left with nothing.
- "Honest Thief"(1848) - the story of Astafy Ivanovich, who was an honest and noble man. He told a story about how he sheltered a missing person, but good man- Emelya. Emelya drank and spent all his money on booze and nothing helped. And somehow Astafy Ivanovich’s new leggings disappeared. And Emelya stole them. And he admitted to the theft only before his death.
- "Christmas tree and wedding"(1848). The narrator wants to talk about the wedding, but in order to convey his impressions, he first talks about children's party, which happened five years ago. These two stories are connected by the main characters.
- « Little hero» (1857). The narrator recalls his childhood, or rather one summer, and his first love, for the sake of which he could accomplish a feat. For the sake of love, he became a real hero for one single woman.
- Story "Someone else's wife and husband under the bed"(1859). This story comes from two other stories, "Someone else's Wife" and " Jealous husband" The story is written in the form of a dialogue and reveals the theme of infidelity and betrayal.
- "Bad joke"(1862). The State Councilor was imbued with the idea of humanism. He believed that if people believed and loved him, then government reforms would too. One day he accidentally attended the wedding of his subordinate and, having drunk too much, sank to the level of little people. The author very subtly and sarcastically describes the life and customs of the lower ranks.
- Satirical story "Crocodile"(1865). An official named Ivan Matveich was swallowed by a crocodile, but the official remained alive. And he plans to live 1000 years, broadcasting smart thoughts from the crocodile. Other characters behave as strangely as the main character.
- Fantastic story "Bobok"(1873). The narration is narrated by a drunken writer who began to change, and most importantly, to hear voices. To relieve boredom, he goes to the funeral of a distant relative. After the funeral, he remains in the cemetery and falls asleep. He wakes up to hear the dead arguing. But as soon as he sneezed, the conversations died down. He goes to another cemetery to find out more about the afterlife.
- "Man Marey"(1876). The story is based on the real memories of the writer's life. This story was included in the “Diaries of a Writer”.
- "The Boy at Christ's Christmas Tree"(1876). A poor boy looks out the window of a rich house, where there is a Christmas tree and many, many toys, food, happiness and warmth. And the boy is freezing on the street, abandoned and forgotten by everyone. He dreams of a happy and calm childhood. At some point, he finds himself at a party among other children. And these were the dying dreams of a freezing child.
- "Dream funny man» (1877). One of the most famous and widely read stories by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. young man Since childhood he has been considered an eccentric. He wants to shoot himself, but one memory torments him. He falls asleep in front of the weapon, and in his dream he sees an ideal world without vices. But this world dies and becomes the same as the Earth. A man wakes up and understands that it is necessary to sow goodness and love in the world.
During my creative life F.M. Dostoevsky wrote not only novels, novellas and short stories, but also essays. He was engaged in journalism and criticism of his fellow contemporaries.
In addition, the writer published his diaries. The first came out in 1873, the second three years later. Two diaries in 1877 during the periods January-August and September-December. And two more diaries in 1880 and 1881. These records are of great importance for understanding F.M. as a person. Dostoevsky, and the difficult times in which he lived.
Let us also note the collection of folklore material “My Convict Notebook” or “Siberian Notebook”. The author wrote this collection during his hard labor.
It is important to note that Fyodor Dostoevsky, in addition to prose, also wrote poems. There were very few of them, but each one was beautiful in its own way.
Each of the works of the great writer must be read at least once in order to understand the whole essence of Russia of the past and the genius of the author himself.
Born on October 30 (November 11, new year) in Moscow in the family of the staff doctor of the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor. Father, Mikhail Andreevich, nobleman; mother, Maria Fedorovna, from an old Moscow merchant family.
He received an excellent education at the private boarding school of L. Chermak - one of the best in Moscow. The family loved to read, they subscribed to the magazine “Library for Reading”, which made it possible to get acquainted with the latest foreign literature. Of the Russian authors, they loved Karamzin, Zhukovsky, and Pushkin. The mother, a religious nature, introduced the children to the Gospel from a young age and took them on pilgrimages to the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.
Having had a hard time surviving the death of his mother (1837), Dostoevsky, by decision of his father, entered the St. Petersburg Military Engineering School - one of the best educational institutions of that time. A new life was given to him with great effort, nerves, and ambition. But there was another life - internal, hidden, unknown to others.
In 1839, his father unexpectedly died. This news shocked Dostoevsky and provoked a severe nervous attack - a harbinger of future epilepsy, to which he had a hereditary predisposition.
He graduated from college in 1843 and was enlisted in the drafting department of the engineering department. A year later he retired, convinced that his calling was literature.
Dostoevsky's first novel, Poor People, was written in 1845 and published by Nekrasov in the Petersburg Collection (1846). Belinsky proclaimed "the emergence... of an extraordinary talent...".
Belinsky rated the stories “The Double” (1846) and “The Mistress” (1847) lower, noting the lengthiness of the narrative, but Dostoevsky continued to write in his own way, disagreeing with the critic’s assessment.
Later, “White Nights” (1848) and “Netochka Nezvanova” (1849) were published, which revealed features of Dostoevsky’s realism that distinguished him from among the writers of the “natural school”: in-depth psychologism, exclusivity of characters and situations.
Successfully started literary activity ends tragically. Dostoevsky was one of the members of the Petrashevsky circle, which united adherents of the French utopian socialism(Fourier, Saint-Simon). In 1849, for participation in this circle, the writer was arrested and sentenced to death, which was later replaced by four years of hard labor and settlement in Siberia.
After the death of Nicholas I and the beginning of the liberal reign of Alexander II, the fate of Dostoevsky, like many political criminals, was softened. His noble rights were returned to him, and in 1859 he retired with the rank of second lieutenant (in 1849, standing at the scaffold, he heard a rescript: “... a retired lieutenant... to hard labor in fortresses for... 4 years, and then private").
In 1859 Dostoevsky received permission to live in Tver, then in St. Petersburg. At this time, he published the stories "Uncle's Dream", "The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants" (1859), and the novel "The Humiliated and Insulted" (1861). Almost ten years of physical and moral torment sharpened Dostoevsky's sensitivity to human suffering, intensifying his intense search for social justice. These years became for him years of spiritual turning point, the collapse of socialist illusions, and growing contradictions in his worldview. He actively participated in the public life of Russia, opposed the revolutionary democratic program of Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov, rejecting the theory of “art for art’s sake,” arguing social value art.
After hard labor, "Notes from the House of the Dead" was written. The writer spent the summer months of 1862 and 1863 abroad, visiting Germany, England, France, Italy and other countries. He believed that historical path which Europe passed after french revolution 1789 would have been disastrous for Russia, as well as the introduction of new bourgeois relations, the negative features of which shocked him during his trips to Western Europe. Russia’s special, original path to “earthly paradise” was Dostoevsky’s socio-political program in the early 1860s.
In 1864, “Notes from the Underground” was written, an important work for understanding the writer’s changed worldview. In 1865, while abroad, in the resort of Wiesbaden, to improve his health, the writer began work on the novel Crime and Punishment (1866), which reflected the entire complex path of his internal quest.
In 1867, Dostoevsky married Anna Grigorievna Snitkina, his stenographer, who became a close and devoted friend to him.
Soon they went abroad: they lived in Germany, Switzerland, Italy (1867 - 71). During these years, the writer worked on the novels “The Idiot” (1868) and “Demons” (1870 - 71), which he finished in Russia. In May 1872, the Dostoevskys left St. Petersburg for the summer for Staraya Rusa, where they subsequently bought a modest dacha and lived here with their two children even in winter. The novels "The Teenager" (1874 - 75) and "The Brothers Karamazov" (1880) were written almost entirely in Staraya Russa.
Since 1873, the writer became the executive editor of the magazine "Citizen", on the pages of which he began to publish "The Diary of a Writer", which at that time was a life teacher for thousands of Russian people.
At the end of May 1880, Dostoevsky came to Moscow for the opening of the monument to A. Pushkin (June 6, on the birthday of the great poet), where all of Moscow gathered. Turgenev, Maikov, Grigorovich and other Russian writers were here. Dostoevsky's speech was called by Aksakov "a brilliant, historical event."
The writer's health deteriorated, and on January 28 (February 9, n.s.) 1881, Dostoevsky died in St. Petersburg. He was buried in the cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky is a famous Russian writer and thinker. Born on October 30, 1821 in Moscow. At the age of sixteen he moved to St. Petersburg, entered the Main Engineering School, where he became interested in literature and tried himself as a writer. Already at the age of twenty-two he published his first work. After graduating from college, he worked as a field engineer-second lieutenant in the St. Petersburg engineering team. After serving for only a year, the future writer decided to devote himself entirely to literature.
Dostoevsky's first publication was a translation of Balzac's story "Eugene Grande". At the same time, Fyodor Mikhailovich began work on own novel"Poor People", which was published in 1846 and was enthusiastically received by the public. The next year became difficult for the writer - his works encountered misunderstandings from Belinsky, Turgenev and Nekrasov. The acute experience of harsh criticism of the writer’s works, poverty, which forced him to take on any work, affected Dostoevsky’s health - he began to show the first signs of epilepsy.
Having found friends in the literary and philosophical circle of the Beketov brothers, Dostoevsky attends meetings organized by Butashevich-Petrashevsky and takes part in the creation of a secret printing house for printing and distributing revolutionary appeals. In 1849, the writer was arrested for participating in revolutionary activities and was sentenced to death on charges of failure to inform about the distribution of Belinsky’s letter to Gogol. IN last moment By decree of the emperor, the execution was replaced by four years of hard labor in Siberia. Dostoevsky subsequently expressed his feelings during the execution in the words of Prince Myshkin in the novel “The Idiot.”
The period of hard labor and military service became a turning point in the writer’s life, it was then that he turned into a deeply religious person and preached Christian values until the end of his life. Despite the hardships, Dostoevsky wrote a lot - then “Uncle’s Dream”, “The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants”, “Little Hero” and the widely known novel “Crime and Punishment” were created. At this time, the writer publishes articles, edits, writes works of different formats, and is published in the magazines “Time” and “Epoch”. Soon the novel “Humiliated and Insulted” was published, and a little later - “Notes from a Dead House”. At the same time, Dostoevsky became the ideologist of the Slavophil movement “Pochvennichestvo”. His stay abroad formed in the writer a critical perception of bourgeois values and rejection of the West, which were reflected in the “Diary of a Writer” and a number of articles and notes, including political reviews of Russian and foreign events.
Upon returning to Russia, the writer moved to Moscow and soon lost his wife and brother. A year later, Dostoevsky remarried and went abroad again for several years, where his daughter was born. After his final return to his homeland, Fyodor Mikhailovich settled in the city of Staraya Rusa and the next eight years became the heyday of his creativity. He worked as editor of the newspaper “Citizen”, wrote political articles and notes, published the novels “Demons”, “Teenager”, “Meek” and renewed relations with critics, which led to an increase in popularity among readers. However, true fame came to him after his death. The writer’s work had a great influence on Russian and world cultures— Fyodor Mikhailovich became the most prominent representative of the so-called “reflective” literature; he was a convinced patriot and most of all valued and glorified the human soul and love, believed in their endless power and triumph over any violence. This theme can be seen in all his works, where he preaches the ideas of forgiveness and calls for knowledge of God.
In the last years of his life, the writer was active in social and literary activity. In 1877, Dostoevsky was elected a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, and in 1879 he took part in the International Literary Congress in London, where he was elected a member of the honorary committee of the International Literary Association. In 1880, Dostoevsky completed his last novel, The Brothers Karamazov. In February 1881, Fyodor Mikhailovich died of an epileptic seizure and was buried at the Tikhvin cemetery.
The works of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky in our store can not only be read online, but also purchased in electronic form for your home collection.
The life and work of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky
Born in Moscow. Father, Mikhail Andreevich (1789-1839), was a doctor (head doctor) at the Moscow Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor, and in 1828 received the title of hereditary nobleman. In 1831 he acquired the village of Darovoye, Kashira district, Tula province, in 1833 neighboring village Chermoshnya. In raising his children, the father was an independent, educated, caring family man, but had a quick-tempered and suspicious character. After the death of his wife in 1837, he retired and settled in Darovo. According to documents, he died of apoplexy; according to the memories of relatives and oral traditions, was killed by his peasants. Mother, Maria Fedorovna (née Nechaeva; 1800-1837). There were six more children in the Dostoevsky family: Mikhail, Varvara (1822-1893), Andrei, Vera (1829-1896), Nikolai (1831-1883), Alexandra (1835-1889).
In 1833 Dostoevsky was sent to half board by N.I. Drashusov; he and his brother Mikhail went there “daily in the morning and returned by lunchtime.” From the autumn of 1834 to the spring of 1837, Dostoevsky attended the private boarding school of L. I. Chermak, where astronomer D. M. Perevoshchikov and paleologist A. M. Kubarev taught. Russian language teacher N.I. Bilevich played a certain role in Dostoevsky’s spiritual development. Memories of the boarding school served as material for many of the writer’s works.
Having had a hard time surviving the death of her mother, which coincided with the news of the death of A.S. Pushkin (which he perceived as a personal loss), Dostoevsky in May 1837 traveled with his brother Mikhail to St. Petersburg and entered the preparatory boarding school of K. F. Kostomarov. At the same time, he met I. N. Shidlovsky, whose religious and romantic mood captivated Dostoevsky. From January 1838, Dostoevsky studied at the Main Engineering School, where he described a typical day as follows: “... from early morning until evening, we in the classrooms barely have time to follow the lectures. ... We are sent to military training, we are given fencing and dancing lessons , singing...they are put on guard, and all the time passes in this way...". The difficult impression of the “hard labor years” of the training was partially brightened by friendly relations with V. Grigorovich, doctor A. E. Riesenkampf, duty officer A. I. Savelyev, and artist K. A. Trutovsky.
Even on the way to St. Petersburg, Dostoevsky mentally “composed a novel from Venetian life,” and in 1838 Riesenkampf told “about his own literary experiments". Around Dostoevsky in the school a literary circle. On February 16, 1841, at an evening given by his brother Mikhail on the occasion of his departure to Revel, Dostoevsky read excerpts from two of his dramatic works- “Mary Stuart” and “Boris Godunov”.
Dostoevsky informed his brother about his work on the drama “The Jew Yankel” in January 1844. The manuscripts of the dramas have not survived, but the literary hobbies of the aspiring writer emerge from their titles: Schiller, Pushkin, Gogol. After the death of his father, the relatives of the writer's mother took care of Dostoevsky's younger brothers and sisters, and Fyodor and Mikhail received a small inheritance. After graduating from college (end of 1843), he was enrolled as a field engineer-second lieutenant in the St. Petersburg engineering team, but already in the early summer of 1844, having decided to devote himself entirely to literature, he resigned and retired with the rank of lieutenant.
In January 1844, Dostoevsky completed the translation of Balzac's story "Eugene Grande", which he was especially keen on at that time. The translation became Dostoevsky's first published literary work. In 1844 he began and in May 1845, after numerous alterations, he completed the novel “Poor People.”
The novel "Poor People", whose connection with " Stationmaster“Pushkin and Gogol’s “Overcoat” were emphasized by Dostoevsky himself, which was an exceptional success. Based on the traditions of the physiological essay, Dostoevsky creates a realistic picture of the life of the “downtrodden” inhabitants of “St. Petersburg corners”, a gallery of social types from the street beggar to “his excellency”.
Dostoevsky spent the summer of 1845 (as well as the next) in Reval with his brother Mikhail. In the fall of 1845, upon returning to St. Petersburg, he often met with Belinsky. In October, the writer, together with Nekrasov and Grigorovich, compiled an anonymous program announcement for the almanac “Zuboskal” (03, 1845, No. 11), and in early December, at an evening with Belinsky, he read the chapters of “The Double” (03, 1846, No. 2), in which gives for the first time psychological analysis split consciousness, "dualism".
The story "Mr. Prokharchin" (1846) and the story "The Mistress" (1847), in which many of the motives, ideas and characters of Dostoevsky's works of the 1860-1870s were outlined, were not understood modern criticism. Belinsky also radically changed his attitude towards Dostoevsky, condemning the “fantastic” element, “pretentiousness”, “manneredness” of these works. In other works of the young Dostoevsky - in the stories “Weak Heart”, “White Nights”, the cycle of sharp socio-psychological feuilletons “The Petersburg Chronicle” and the unfinished novel “Netochka Nezvanova” - the problems of the writer’s creativity are expanded, psychologism is intensified with a characteristic emphasis on the analysis of the most complex, elusive internal phenomena.
At the end of 1846, there was a cooling in the relations between Dostoevsky and Belinsky. Later, he had a conflict with the editors of Sovremennik: Dostoevsky’s suspicious, proud character played a big role here. The ridicule of the writer by recent friends (especially Turgenev, Nekrasov), the harsh tone of Belinsky’s critical reviews of his works were acutely felt by the writer. Around this time, according to the testimony of Dr. S.D. Yanovsky, Dostoevsky showed the first symptoms of epilepsy. The writer is burdened by exhausting work for "Notes of the Fatherland". Poverty forced him to take on any job literary work(in particular, he edited articles for the “Reference Encyclopedic Dictionary” by A. V. Starchevsky).
In 1846, Dostoevsky became close to the Maykov family, regularly visited the literary and philosophical circle of the Beketov brothers, in which V. Maykov was the leader, and A.N. was the regular participants. Maikov and A.N. Pleshcheev are friends of Dostoevsky. From March-April 1847 Dostoevsky became a visitor to the “Fridays” of M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky. He also participates in the organization of a secret printing house for printing appeals to peasants and soldiers. Dostoevsky's arrest occurred on April 23, 1849; his archive was taken away during his arrest and probably destroyed in the III department. Dostoevsky spent 8 months in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress under investigation, during which he showed courage, hiding many facts and trying, if possible, to mitigate the guilt of his comrades. He was recognized by the investigation as “one of the most important” among the Petrashevites, guilty of “intent to overthrow existing domestic laws and public order". The initial verdict of the military judicial commission read: "... retired engineer-lieutenant Dostoevsky, for failure to report the dissemination of a criminal letter about religion and government by the writer Belinsky and the malicious writing of lieutenant Grigoriev, to be deprived of his ranks, all rights of state and subjected to the death penalty by shooting." On December 22, 1849, Dostoevsky, along with others, was awaiting the execution of his death sentence on the Semyonovsky parade ground. According to the resolution of Nicholas I, his execution was replaced by 4 years of hard labor with the deprivation of “all rights of state” and subsequent surrender as a soldier.
On the night of December 24, Dostoevsky was sent from St. Petersburg in chains. On January 10, 1850 he arrived in Tobolsk, where in the caretaker’s apartment the writer met with the wives of the Decembrists - P.E. Annenkova, A.G. Muravyova and N.D. Fonvizina; they gave him the Gospel, which he kept all his life. From January 1850 to 1854, Dostoevsky, together with Durov, served hard labor as a “laborer” in the Omsk fortress. In January 1854, he was enlisted as a private in the 7th Line Battalion (Semipalatinsk) and was able to resume correspondence with his brother Mikhail and A. Maikov. In November 1855, Dostoevsky was promoted to non-commissioned officer, and after much trouble from prosecutor Wrangel and other Siberian and St. Petersburg acquaintances (including E.I. Totleben) to warrant officer; in the spring of 1857, the writer was returned to hereditary nobility and the right to publish, but police surveillance over him remained until 1875.
In 1857 Dostoevsky married the widowed M.D. Isaeva, who, in his words, was “a woman of the most sublime and enthusiastic soul... An idealist in the full sense of the word... she was pure and naive, and she was just like a child.” The marriage was not happy: Isaeva agreed after much hesitation that tormented Dostoevsky. In Siberia, the writer began work on his memoirs about hard labor (the “Siberian” notebook, containing folklore, ethnographic and diary entries, served as a source for “Notes from the House of the Dead” and many other books by Dostoevsky). In 1857, his brother published the story "The Little Hero", written by Dostoevsky in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Having created two “provincial” comic stories - “Uncle’s Dream” and “The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants”, Dostoevsky entered into negotiations with M.N. through his brother Mikhail. Katkov, Nekrasov, A.A. Kraevsky. However, modern criticism did not appreciate and passed over these first works of the “new” Dostoevsky in almost complete silence.
On March 18, 1859, Dostoevsky, at the request, was dismissed “due to illness” with the rank of second lieutenant and received permission to live in Tver (with a ban on entry into the St. Petersburg and Moscow provinces). On July 2, 1859, he left Semipalatinsk with his wife and stepson. From 1859 - in Tver, where he renewed his previous literary acquaintances and made new ones. Later, the chief of gendarmes notified the Tver governor about permission for Dostoevsky to live in St. Petersburg, where he arrived in December 1859.
Dostoevsky’s intensive activity combined editorial work on “other people’s” manuscripts with the publication of his own articles, polemical notes, notes, and most importantly works of art. The novel “The Humiliated and Insulted” is a transitional work, a kind of return at a new stage of development to the motives of creativity of the 1840s, enriched by the experience of what was experienced and felt in the 1850s; it has very strong autobiographical motives. At the same time, the novel contained the features of the plots, style and characters of the works of the late Dostoevsky. "Notes from the House of the Dead" was a huge success.
In Siberia, according to Dostoevsky, his “convictions” changed “gradually and after a very, very long time.” The essence of these changes, Dostoevsky in the very general form formulated as “a return to the folk root, to the recognition of the Russian soul, to the recognition of the folk spirit.” In the magazines "Time" and "Epoch" the Dostoevsky brothers acted as ideologists of "pochvennichestvo" - a specific modification of the ideas of Slavophilism. “Pochvennichestvo” was rather an attempt to outline the contours of a “general idea”, to find a platform that would reconcile Westerners and Slavophiles, “civilization” and the people’s principles. Skeptical about the revolutionary ways of transforming Russia and Europe, Dostoevsky expressed these doubts in works of art, articles and announcements of Vremya, in sharp polemics with the publications of Sovremennik. The essence of Dostoevsky's objections is the possibility, after the reform, of a rapprochement between the government and the intelligentsia and the people, their peaceful cooperation. Dostoevsky continues this polemic in the story “Notes from the Underground” (“Epoch”, 1864) - a philosophical and artistic prelude to the writer’s “ideological” novels.
Dostoevsky wrote: “I am proud that for the first time I brought out the real man of the Russian majority and for the first time exposed his ugly and tragic side. Tragedy consists in the consciousness of ugliness. Only I brought out the tragedy of the underground, which consists in suffering, in self-punishment, in the consciousness of the best and in the inability to achieve him and, most importantly, in the vivid conviction of these unfortunates that everyone is like that, and therefore, there is no need to improve!”
In June 1862, Dostoevsky traveled abroad for the first time; visited Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, England. In August 1863 the writer went abroad for the second time. In Paris he met with A.P. Suslova, whose dramatic relationship (1861-1866) was reflected in the novel “The Player”, “The Idiot” and other works. In Baden-Baden, carried away by the gambling nature of his nature, playing roulette, he loses “all, completely to the ground”; this long-term hobby of Dostoevsky is one of his qualities passionate nature. In October 1863 he returned to Russia. Until mid-November he lived with his sick wife in Vladimir, and at the end of 1863-April 1864 in Moscow, traveling to St. Petersburg on business.
1864 brought heavy losses to Dostoevsky. On April 15, his wife died of consumption. The personality of Maria Dmitrievna, as well as the circumstances of their “unhappy” love, were reflected in many of Dostoevsky’s works (in particular, in the images of Katerina Ivanovna - “Crime and Punishment” and Nastasya Filippovna - “The Idiot”). On June 10, M.M. died. Dostoevsky. On September 26, Dostoevsky attends Grigoriev’s funeral. After the death of his brother, Dostoevsky took over the publication of the magazine “Epoch”, which was burdened with a large debt and lagged behind by 3 months; The magazine began to appear more regularly, but a sharp drop in subscriptions in 1865 forced the writer to stop publishing. He owed creditors about 15 thousand rubles, which he was able to pay only towards the end of his life. In an effort to provide working conditions, Dostoevsky entered into a contract with F.T. Stellovsky for the publication of collected works and undertook to write for him new novel by November 1, 1866.
In the spring of 1865 Dostoevsky - frequent guest family of General V.V. Korvin-Krukovsky, eldest daughter which A.V. Korvin-Krukovskaya he was very passionate about. In July he went to Wiesbaden, from where in the fall of 1865 he offered Katkov a story for the Russian Messenger, which later developed into a novel. In the summer of 1866, Dostoevsky was in Moscow and at a dacha in the village of Lyublino, near the family of his sister Vera Mikhailovna, where he spent his nights writing the novel Crime and Punishment.
“The psychological report of one crime” became the plot outline of the novel, the main idea of which Dostoevsky outlined as follows: “Unsolvable questions arise before the murderer, unsuspected and unexpected feelings torment his heart. God’s truth, earthly law takes its toll, and he ends up forced I am forced to denounce myself, so that, although I may die in hard labor, I will join the people again..." The novel accurately and multifacetedly depicts Petersburg and “current reality,” a wealth of social characters, “a whole world of class and professional types,” but this reality is transformed and discovered by the artist, whose gaze penetrates to the very essence of things. Intense philosophical debates, prophetic dreams, confessions and nightmares, grotesque caricature scenes that naturally turn into tragic, symbolic meetings of heroes, an apocalyptic image of a ghostly city are organically linked in Dostoevsky’s novel. The novel, according to the author himself, was “extremely successful” and raised his “reputation as a writer.”
In 1866, an expiring contract with a publisher forced Dostoevsky to simultaneously work on two novels - Crime and Punishment and The Gambler. Dostoevsky resorts to an unusual way of working: on October 4, 1866, stenographer A.G. comes to him. Snitkina; he began dictating to her the novel “The Player,” which reflected the writer’s impressions of meeting Western Europe. At the center of the novel is the clash of a “multi-developed, but unfinished in everything, distrustful and not daring not to believe, rebelling against authority and fearing them” “foreign Russian” with “complete” European types. The main character is “a poet in his own way, but the fact is that he himself is ashamed of this poetry, for he deeply feels its baseness, although the need for risk ennobles him in his own eyes.”
In the winter of 1867, Snitkina became Dostoevsky's wife. New marriage was more successful. From April 1867 to July 1871, Dostoevsky and his wife lived abroad (Berlin, Dresden, Baden-Baden, Geneva, Milan, Florence). There, on February 22, 1868, a daughter, Sophia, was born, whose sudden death (May of the same year) Dostoevsky took seriously. On September 14, 1869, daughter Lyubov was born; later in Russia July 16, 1871 - son Fedor; Aug 12 1875 - son Alexey, who died at the age of three from an epileptic fit.
In 1867-1868 Dostoevsky worked on the novel "The Idiot". “The idea of the novel,” the author pointed out, “is my old and favorite one, but it is so difficult that I did not dare take on it for a long time. The main idea of the novel is to portray positively wonderful person. There is nothing more difficult in the world than this, and especially now..."
Dostoevsky began the novel "Demons" by interrupting work on the widely conceived epics "Atheism" and "The Life of a Great Sinner" and hastily composing the "story" "The Eternal Husband." The immediate impetus for the creation of the novel was the “Nechaev case.” The activities of the secret society "People's Retribution", the murder by five members of the organization of a student of the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy I.I. Ivanov - these are the events that formed the basis of “Demons” and received a philosophical and psychological interpretation in the novel. The writer's attention was drawn to the circumstances of the murder, the ideological and organizational principles of the terrorists ("Catechism of a Revolutionary"), the figures of the accomplices in the crime, the personality of the head of the society S.G. Nechaeva. In the process of working on the novel, the concept was modified many times. Initially, it is a direct response to events. The scope of the pamphlet subsequently expanded significantly, not only Nechaevites, but also figures of the 1860s, liberals of the 1840s, T.N. Granovsky, Petrashevites, Belinsky, V.S. Pecherin, A.I. Herzen, even the Decembrists and P.Ya. The Chaadaevs find themselves in the grotesque-tragic space of the novel.
Gradually, the novel develops into a critical depiction of the common “disease” experienced by Russia and Europe, a clear symptom of which is the “demonism” of Nechaev and the Nechaevites. At the center of the novel, its philosophical and ideological focus is not the sinister “swindler” Pyotr Verkhovensky (Nechaev), but the mysterious and demonic figure of Nikolai Stavrogin, who “allowed everything” to himself.
In July 1871, Dostoevsky with his wife and daughter returned to St. Petersburg. The writer and his family spent the summer of 1872 in Staraya Russa; this city became the family's permanent summer destination. In 1876 Dostoevsky purchased a house here.
In 1872, the writer visited the “Wednesdays” of Prince V.P. Meshchersky, a supporter of counter-reforms and publisher of the newspaper-magazine “Citizen”. At the request of the publisher, supported by A. Maikov and Tyutchev, Dostoevsky in December 1872 agreed to take over the editorship of "Citizen", stipulating in advance that he would assume these responsibilities temporarily. In “The Citizen” (1873), Dostoevsky carried out the long-conceived idea of “A Writer’s Diary” (a cycle of essays of a political, literary and memoir nature, united by the idea of direct, personal communication with the reader), published a number of articles and notes (including political reviews “Foreign Events” "). Soon Dostoevsky began to feel burdened by the editor. work, the clashes with Meshchersky also became increasingly harsh, and the impossibility of turning the weekly into “an organ of people with independent convictions” became more obvious. In the spring of 1874, the writer refused to be an editor, although he occasionally collaborated with The Citizen and later. Due to deteriorating health (increased emphysema), in June 1847 he left for treatment in Ems and repeated trips there in 1875, 1876 and 1879.
In the mid-1870s. Dostoevsky's relationship with Saltykov-Shchedrin, interrupted at the height of the controversy between "Epoch" and "Sovremennik", and with Nekrasov, was renewed, at whose suggestion (1874) the writer published his new novel "Teenager" - "a novel of education" in "Otechestvennye zapiski" a kind of "Fathers and Sons" by Dostoevsky.
The hero’s personality and worldview are formed in an environment of “general decay” and the collapse of the foundations of society, in the fight against the temptations of the age. The confession of a teenager analyzes the complex, contradictory, chaotic process of personality formation in an “ugly” world that has lost its “moral center,” the slow maturation of a new “idea” under the powerful influence of the “great thought” of the wanderer Versilov and the philosophy of life of the “good-looking” wanderer Makar Dolgoruky.
In con. 1875 Dostoevsky again returns to his journalistic work - the “mono-journal” “A Writer’s Diary” (1876 and 1877), which had great success and allowed the writer to enter into a direct dialogue with corresponding readers. The author defined the nature of the publication in this way: “A Writer’s Diary will be similar to a feuilleton, but with the difference that a month’s feuilleton naturally cannot be similar to a week’s feuilleton. I am not a chronicler: this, on the contrary, is a perfect diary in the full sense of the word, that is, a report on what interested me most personally." "Diary" 1876-1877 - a fusion of journalistic articles, essays, feuilletons, "anti-criticism", memoirs and fiction works. The "Diary" reflected Dostoevsky's immediate impressions and opinions about the most important phenomena European and Russian socio-political and cultural life, which worried Dostoevsky legal, social, ethical-pedagogical, aesthetic and political problems. Great place in the "Diary" the writer's attempts to see in the modern chaos the contours of a "new creation", the foundations of an "emerging" life, to predict the appearance of the "coming" are occupied future Russia honest people who want only one truth."
Criticism of bourgeois Europe and a deep analysis of the state of post-reform Russia are paradoxically combined in the Diary with polemics against various currents of social thought of the 1870s, from conservative utopias to populist and socialist ideas.
In the last years of his life, Dostoevsky's popularity increased. In 1877 he was elected a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In May 1879, the writer was invited to the International Literary Congress in London, at the session of which he was elected a member of the honorary committee of the international literary association. Dostoevsky actively participates in the activities of the St. Petersburg Frebel Society. He often performs at literary and musical evenings and matinees, reading excerpts from his works and poems by Pushkin. In January 1877 Dostoevsky was impressed by " Latest songs"Nekrasova visits the dying poet, often sees him in November; on December 30, she makes a speech at Nekrasov's funeral.
Dostoevsky's activities required direct acquaintance with "living life." He visits (with the assistance of A.F. Koni) colonies for juvenile delinquents (1875) and the Orphanage (1876). In 1878, after the death of his beloved son Alyosha, he made a trip to Optina Pustyn, where he talked with Elder Ambrose. The writer is especially concerned about events in Russia. In March 1878, Dostoevsky was at the trial of Vera Zasulich in the St. Petersburg District Court, and in April he responded to a letter from students asking to speak out about the beating of student demonstration participants by shopkeepers; In February 1880, he was present at the execution of I. O. Mlodetsky, who shot M. T. Loris-Melikov. Intensive, varied contacts with surrounding reality, active journalistic and social activities served as multifaceted preparation for a new stage in the writer’s work. In the "Diary of a Writer" ideas and the plot of it matured and were tested. last novel. At the end of 1877, Dostoevsky announced the termination of the Diary in connection with his intention to engage in “one artistic work that took shape... during these two years of publication of the Diary, inconspicuously and involuntarily.”
"The Brothers Karamazov" is the final work of the writer, in which artistic embodiment received many ideas from his work. The history of the Karamazovs, as the author wrote, is not just a family chronicle, but a typified and generalized “image of our modern reality, our modern intelligentsia Russia.” The philosophy and psychology of “crime and punishment”, the dilemma of “socialism and Christianity”, the eternal struggle between “God” and “the devil” in the souls of people, the traditional theme of “fathers and sons” in classical Russian literature - these are the problems of the novel.
In "The Brothers Karamazov" the criminal offense is connected with the great world "questions" and eternal artistic and philosophical themes.
In January 1881, Dostoevsky speaks at a meeting of the council of the Slavic Charitable Society, works on the first issue of the renewed “Diary of a Writer,” learns the role of a schema-monk in “The Death of Ivan the Terrible” by A. K. Tolstoy for a home performance in S. A. Tolstoy’s salon, and makes a decision “ definitely take part in the Pushkin evening" on January 29. He was going to “publish “A Writer’s Diary” ... for two years, and then dreamed of writing the second part of “The Brothers Karamazov”, in which almost all the previous heroes would appear...” On the night of January 25-26, Dostoevsky’s throat began to bleed. On the afternoon of January 28, Dostoevsky said goodbye to the children at 8:38 a.m. evening he died.
On January 31, 1881, the writer’s funeral took place in front of a huge crowd of people. He is buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.
On October 30 (November 11, new style), 1821, the most famous Russian writer, F. M. Dostoevsky, was born. The childhood of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky passed in big family, who belonged to the noble class. He was the second of seven children. The father of the family, Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky, worked in a hospital for the poor. Mother - Maria Fedorovna Dostoevskaya (maiden name - Nechaeva) came from a merchant family. When Fedor was 16 years old, his mother suddenly dies. The father is forced to send his older sons to K.F. Kostomarov's boarding school. From this moment on, the brothers Mikhail and Fyodor Dostoevsky settled in St. Petersburg.
Life and work of the writer by dates
1837
This date in Dostoevsky’s biography was very difficult. The mother dies, Pushkin, whose work plays a very important role in the fate of both brothers at that time, dies in a duel. In the same year, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky moved to St. Petersburg and entered the military engineering school. Two years later, the writer's father is killed by serfs. In 1843, the author took on the translation and publication of Balzac’s work, “Eugenie Grande.”
During his studies, Dostoevsky often read the works of both foreign poets - Homer, Corneille, Balzac, Hugo, Goethe, Hoffmann, Schiller, Shakespeare, Byron, and Russians - Derzhavin, Lermontov, Gogol and, of course, Pushkin.
1844
This year can be considered the beginning of numerous stages in Dostoevsky’s work. It was in this year that Fyodor Mikhailovich wrote his first work, “Poor People” (1844-1845), which, upon release, immediately brought fame to the author. Dostoevsky's novel "Poor People" was highly appreciated by V. Belinsky and Nikolai Nekrasov. However, if the content of the novel “Poor People” was well received by the public, then the very next work encounters misunderstanding. The story “The Double” (1845-1846) does not evoke absolutely any emotions, and is even criticized.
In January-February 1846, Dostoevsky met Ivan Goncharov in the literary salon of the critic N. A. Maikov.
1849
December 22, 1849 – a turning point in life 
Dostoevsky, because he is sentenced to execution this year. The author is brought to trial in the “Petrashevsky case”, and on December 22 the court pronounces the death penalty. Much appears in a new light for the writer, but at the last moment, before the execution itself, the sentence is changed to a more lenient one - hard labor. Dostoevsky tries to put almost all his feelings into the monologue of Prince Myshkin from the novel “The Idiot”.
By the way, Grigoriev, also sentenced to death, cannot stand it psychological stress, and goes crazy.
1850 – 1854
During this period, Dostoevsky's work subsided due to the fact that the writer was serving his sentence in exile in Omsk. Immediately after serving his term, in 1854, Dostoevsky was sent to the seventh linear Siberian battalion as an ordinary soldier. Here he meets Chokan Valikhanov (a famous Kazakh traveler and ethnographer) and Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva (the wife of a former official on special assignments), with whom he begins an affair.
1857
After the death of Maria Dmitrievna's husband, Dostoevsky marries her. 
During his stay in hard labor and during military service, the writer greatly changes his worldview. Early creativity Dostoevsky was not subject to any dogmas or rigid ideals; after the events that occurred, the author becomes extremely pious and acquires his life ideal - Christ. In 1859, Dostoevsky, along with his wife and adopted son Pavel, left his place of service - the city of Semipalatinsk, and moved to St. Petersburg. He remains under unofficial surveillance.
1860 – 1866
Together with his brother Mikhail, he works in the magazine “Time”, then in the magazine “Epoch”. During the same period, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky wrote “Notes from the House of the Dead”, “Notes from the Underground”, “Humiliated and Insulted”, “Winter Notes on Summer Impressions”. In 1864, Dostoevsky's brother Mikhail and Dostoevsky's wife died. He often loses at roulette and gets into debt. 
The money runs out very quickly and the writer is going through a difficult period. At this time, Dostoevsky was composing the novel “Crime and Punishment,” which he wrote one chapter at a time and immediately sent to the magazine set. In order not to lose the rights to his own works (in favor of the publisher F. T. Stellovsky), Fyodor Mikhailovich is forced to write the novel “The Player”. However, he does not have enough strength for this, and he is forced to hire stenographer Anna Grigorievna Snitkina. By the way, the novel “The Gambler” was written in exactly 21 days in 1866. In 1867, Snitkina-Dostoevskaya accompanies the writer abroad, where he goes so as not to lose all the money received for the novel Crime and Punishment. His wife keeps a diary about their journey together and helps arrange his financial well-being, taking all economic issues onto her shoulders.
Last years of life. Death and legacy
This last period in Dostoevsky's life there is a lot of 
fruitful for his work. From this year, Dostoevsky and his wife settled in the city of Staraya Russa, located in the Novgorod province. In the same year, Dostoevsky wrote the novel “Demons.” A year later, “A Writer’s Diary” appeared, in 1875 – the novel “Teenager”, 1876 – the story “The Meek One”. In 1878, a significant event took place in Dostoevsky’s life; Emperor Alexander II invited him to his place and introduced him to his family. In two last year During his life (1879-1880), the writer created one of his best and most important works - the novel The Brothers Karamazov.
On January 28 (new style - February 9), 1881, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky dies due to a sharp exacerbation of emphysema. This happened after a scandal with the writer’s sister, Vera Mikhailovna, who asked her brother to give up his inheritance - an estate inherited from his aunt A.F. Kumanina.
The eventful biography of Fyodor Dostoevsky shows that the author received recognition during his lifetime. 
However, his works achieved their greatest success after his death. Even the great Friedrich Nietzsche admitted that Dostoevsky was the only psychological author who became partly his teacher. The Dostoevsky Museum was opened in St. Petersburg in the building in which the writer’s apartment was located. Analysis of Dostoevsky's works has been carried out by many critical writers. As a result, Fyodor Mikhailovich was recognized as one of the greatest Russian philosophical writers who touched upon the most pressing issues of life.
Chronological table
Other biography options
- Vladimir Ilyich Lenin called Dostoevsky “very nasty” because of his attitude towards the “lawless” revolutionaries. It was them that Fyodor Mikhailovich depicted in his famous novel“Demons,” calling them demons and swindlers.
- During a short stay in Tobolsk, on the way to hard labor in Omsk, Dostoevsky was given the Gospel. All the time in exile he read this book and did not part with it until the end of his life.
- The writer's life was overshadowed by a constant lack of money, illness, caring for a large family and growing debts. Fyodor Dostoevsky wrote almost all his life on credit, that is, on an advance taken from the publisher. In such conditions, the writer did not always have enough time to develop and hone his works.
- Dostoevsky was very fond of St. Petersburg, which he showed in many of his works. Sometimes there are even accurate descriptions of places in this city. For example, in his novel Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov hid the murder weapon in one of the courtyards, which actually exists in St. Petersburg.