Only in the orthoepic aspect.
Structure of a dictionary entry
Spelling dictionaries of the Russian language
The most important orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language are the dictionary-reference book “Russian Literary Pronunciation and Stress,” which was first published in 1955, edited by R. I. Avanesov and S. I. Ozhegov, which included about 50,000 words, and was published in 1983 on the basis of the second publication of the reference book “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by R. I. Avanesov, containing about 63,500 words.
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Notes
- Eskova N. A. Spelling dictionaries // Russian language. Encyclopedia / Yu. N. Karaulov (chief editor). - 2nd ed., revised. and additional.. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, Bustard, 1997. - P. 306-307. - 703 p. - 50,000 copies. - ISBN 5-85270-248-X.
- Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / Ed. R.I. Avanesova. - M., 1988. - P. 4.
- Gak V. G. // Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary / Ed. V. N. Yartseva. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2.
- Modern Russian language. Textbook for pedagogical students Institute for specialties No. 2101 “Rus. language and lit.” At 3 p.m. Part 1. Introduction. Vocabulary. Phraseology. Phonetics. Graphics and spelling / N. M. Shansky, V. V. Ivanov. - 2nd ed., rev. and additional.. - M.: Education, 1987. - P. 105. - 192 p.
Literature
- Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary-reference book / Ed. R. I. Avanesova and S. I. Ozhegova. - M.: State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries, 1959. - 708 p.
- Borunova S. N., Vorontsova V. L., Eskova N. A. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / Ed. R.I. Avanesova. - 4th ed., ster.. - M.: Russian language, 1988. - 704 p. - ISBN 5-200-00315-6.
An excerpt characterizing the Orthoepic Dictionary
At one of the stations he overtook a convoy of Russian wounded. The Russian officer driving the transport, lounging on the front cart, shouted something, cursing the soldier with rude words. In the long German vans, six or more pale, bandaged and dirty wounded were shaking along the rocky road. Some of them spoke (he heard Russian dialect), others ate bread, the heaviest ones silently, with meek and painful childish sympathy, looked at the courier galloping past them.Prince Andrei ordered to stop and asked the soldier in what case they were wounded. “The day before yesterday on the Danube,” answered the soldier. Prince Andrei took out his wallet and gave the soldier three gold coins.
“For everyone,” he added, turning to the approaching officer. “Get well, guys,” he addressed the soldiers, “there’s still a lot to do.”
- What, Mr. Adjutant, what news? – the officer asked, apparently wanting to talk.
- Good! “Forward,” he shouted to the driver and galloped on.
It was already completely dark when Prince Andrei entered Brunn and saw himself surrounded by tall buildings, the lights of shops, house windows and lanterns, beautiful carriages rustling along the pavement and all that atmosphere of a large, lively city, which is always so attractive to a military man after the camp. Prince Andrei, despite the fast ride and sleepless night, approaching the palace, felt even more animated than the day before. Only the eyes sparkled with a feverish brilliance, and thoughts changed with extreme speed and clarity. All the details of the battle were vividly presented to him again, no longer vaguely, but definitely, in concise presentation, which he did in his imagination to Emperor Franz. He vividly imagined random questions that could be asked of him, and the answers that he would make to them. He believed that he would immediately be presented to the emperor. But large entrance An official from the palace ran out to him and, recognizing him as a courier, escorted him to another entrance.
- From the corridor to the right; there, Euer Hochgeboren, [Your Highness,] you will find the adjutant on duty,” the official told him. - He takes you to the Minister of War.
The adjutant on duty in the wing, who met Prince Andrei, asked him to wait and went to the Minister of War. Five minutes later, the aide-de-camp returned and, bending especially politely and letting Prince Andrei go ahead of him, led him through the corridor into the office where the Minister of War was working. The aide-de-camp, with his exquisite politeness, seemed to want to protect himself from the Russian adjutant's attempts at familiarity. Prince Andrei's joyful feeling weakened significantly when he approached the door of the War Minister's office. He felt insulted, and the feeling of insult at that same moment, unnoticed by him, turned into a feeling of contempt, based on nothing. His resourceful mind at the same moment suggested to him the point of view from which he had the right to despise both the adjutant and the minister of war. “They must find it very easy to win victories without smelling gunpowder!” he thought. His eyes narrowed contemptuously; He entered the office of the Minister of War especially slowly. This feeling intensified even more when he saw the Minister of War sitting over a large table and for the first two minutes did not pay attention to the newcomer. The Minister of War lowered his bald head with gray temples between two wax candles and read, marking with a pencil, the papers. He finished reading without raising his head, when the door opened and footsteps were heard.
Why do we need spelling dictionaries?
Every person at one time or another encounters difficulties in pronouncing one word or another. For example, he cannot place the emphasis correctly, as a result of which he gets into trouble or simply frantically strives to replace this word with a synonym, which is not always well chosen.
It is logical to assume that the orthoepic dictionary is directly related to such a science of language as orthoepy. What is she like?
Orthoepy regulates pronunciation standards. In addition, it explains their establishment and justifies them.
Why is a spelling dictionary needed?
The dictionary is intended to be used as a book that contains information divided into articles, which, in turn, are sorted by topic or title.
The main purpose of the spelling dictionary is to provide the person who applies with information regarding the pronunciation, formation and stress of a word with which difficulties have arisen.
The history of spelling dictionaries dates back to the 17th century, when the long process of the formation of a native language began. Undoubtedly, linguistic normalization elements were known in previous eras, however, they did not affect oral speech in any way. Along with the formation of the national language, the importance of unity in the pronunciation of words began to grow. The very first orthoepic mark that appeared in dictionaries of the 17th century was stress. It is reflected in the “Slovenian Russian Lexicon and Interpretation of Names.” Further, in the Dictionary of the Russian Academy, in addition to stress, information was also given on the pronunciation of various words. It is important to note that phonetics standards had not yet been formed at that time. Thus, every year more and more new dictionaries appeared with new notes and additions. This is how Russian orthoepy and its norms were formed. With each new dictionary, people gained more and more knowledge about their native language.
Why is it important to place stress correctly?
Stresses in words are necessary so that you can pronounce the word correctly without distorting its original meaning and meaning. We all know how rich our language is and how many rules and regulations it contains. All these rules should be mastered and applied by a native speaker in their colloquial speech.
With the help of stress, we highlight one of the syllables in a word using our own voice. In Russian linguistics, stress plays a very important role. With its help, the emphasis is placed on the main and secondary, in addition, it can completely change the meaning of the spoken word. For example, castle - castle.
This shows that stress is very important, especially in a situation where words are spelled exactly the same, but have different meanings. Thus, without observing spelling norms, we make use of oral speech impossible. The interlocutors will not be able to correctly understand the idea that they want to convey to them. Without observing the norms of orthoepy, speech becomes incomprehensible, slurred and inaccessible to other people.
Orthoepic knowledge. Are they needed?
When a person has extensive spelling knowledge, his sociability increases greatly. This is explained as follows:
Firstly, such a person does not run the risk of being misunderstood or not understood at all;
Secondly, he does not hesitate to pronounce certain words, because he knows how to correctly place emphasis in them and does not frantically try to find a word that could replace what he wants to say;
And thirdly, a well-read and literate person’s speech will be the same. And it, in turn, is extremely pleasant to the ear and does not cause irritation as a response from others.
Thus, it turns out that literacy is the best evidence that a person is well-read, literate and educated. And even if there were no good teachers at school or any difficulties arose in your studies, you should always remember that self-education has no boundaries. In addition, we live in a time when the World Wide Web allows us to use various educational materials for free. Many dictionaries, books, and workbooks are now available to users completely free of charge. Therefore, you should not refuse this opportunity to improve your own speech. In any case, this will only bring a beneficial effect.
Extremely popular in lately began the use of online dictionaries. The spelling dictionary was no exception. Welcome!
A language dictionary that gives the standard pronunciation of words. [GOST 7.60 2003] Publication topics, main types and elements EN pronouncing dictionary DE orphoepisches Wörterbuch ... Technical Translator's Guide
pronouncing dictionary- spelling dictionary: A language dictionary that gives the standard pronunciation of words. Source: GOST 7.60 2003: System of standards for information, library and publisher... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
pronouncing dictionary- Rus: orthoepic dictionary Deu: orphoepisches Wörterbuch Eng: pronouncing dictionary A language dictionary that gives the standard pronunciation of words. GOST 7.60 ... Dictionary of Information, Librarianship and Publishing
pronouncing dictionary- a dictionary containing words in their correct standard literary pronunciation... Explanatory translation dictionary
See linguistic dictionary...
pronouncing dictionary- Lexicographic publication reflecting the norms of pronunciation and stress of words. It may contain grammatical information, as well as information about semantic and word-formation features... Dictionary linguistic terms T.V. Foal
A dictionary that provides an explanation of the meaning and use of words (as opposed to an encyclopedic dictionary, which provides information about relevant objects, phenomena, and events). Dialect (regional) dictionary. Dictionary containing... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Dictionary- Dictionary 1) vocabulary, vocabulary of a language, dialect, any social group, an individual writer, etc. 2) A reference book that contains words (or morphemes, phrases, idioms, etc.) arranged in a certain order... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary
- ... Wikipedia
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Books
- , Borunova S.N., Vorontsova V.L., Eskova N.A.. The dictionary contains about 65 thousand words of the modern Russian language. It gives information about the pronunciation, stress and formation of grammatical forms of the words included in it. It has extensively developed…
- Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms, Borunova S.N., Vorontsova V.L., Eskova N.A.. The dictionary contains about 63,500 words of the modern Russian language. It gives information about the pronunciation, stress and formation of grammatical forms of the words included in it. It has extensively developed…
- Orthoepic dictionary / Dictionary of synonyms and antonyms of the Russian language for schoolchildren (upside-down book), Mikhailova O.A. , students of lyceums, colleges, everyone...
SPELLING DICTIONARIES (see. orthoepy) are dictionaries in which the vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language is presented from the point of view of pronunciation features, stress or the formation of grammatical forms. Such dictionaries reflect the pronunciation codification, i.e., they fix existing spelling norms and make them mandatory for all speakers of a given language.
Russian orthoepic norms have been developing since the 17th century, in the process of formation and development of the Russian national language. Elements of language normalization are known in earlier eras, but they did not concern oral speech. The importance of unity of pronunciation increases only with the formation of a national language. The first orthoepic mark reflected in explanatory dictionaries already in the 17th century, there was an emphasis, and the first such dictionary was “Slovenian Russian Lexicon and Interpretation of Names” by Pamva Berynda (1627). Next time explanatory dictionary- “Dictionary of the Russian Academy” (1789-1794), - in addition to stress, information about the pronunciation of many words is also provided, despite the fact that phonetic norms had not yet been established by this time. At the same time, the authors recognized the main and leading pronunciation of Moscow and St. Petersburg: “The different pronunciation and stress of words in different regions The Academy tried to figure out the pronunciation used in the capitals, observing the stress adopted in Slovenian books, until the exact rules for this were discovered” (Dictionary 1789, p.XIII). This dictionary pays special attention to words that have pronunciation options. Orthoepic information is given in a similar way in all subsequent explanatory dictionaries.
Translation dictionaries XVIII century also had an emphasis on each word - for example, “The trilingual lexicon, that is, Slavic, Hellenic and Latin sayings, a treasure from various ancient and new books collected and arranged in order according to the Slavic alphabet” by F. Polikarpov (1704). In this dictionary, accents are placed on all words, including the text of the author’s introduction - this was the style of writing in the early 18th century. In another translated dictionary - “The German-Latin and Russian Lexicon Together with the First Beginnings of the Russian Language” by E. Weismann (1731) - there are no accents or other pronunciation marks, however, at the end of the dictionary the pronunciation of all letters of the Russian alphabet is indicated and for explanation this pronunciation is given some semblance phonetic transcription:Oh fatherotet. Thus, even in translation dictionaries of the 18th century. There is information about Russian pronunciation.
The 19th century gave a new direction in lexicography, they began to occupy a special place dictionaries of difficulties and irregularities. They met the urgent needs of the literate population in maintaining the purity and correctness of Russian speech and almost all provided information on pronunciation. The first such dictionary should be considered the book by A. N. Grech “Reference place of the Russian word. Four Hundred Amendments” (1839), in which, according to the author, “erroneous expressions that have crept into our spoken and written language, words pronounced incorrectly or used in an inaccurate meaning” are collected and corrected; At the same time, “no attention is paid to the mistakes of the common people. Most of the omissions are selected from the spoken language of good society” (Dictionary 1839, p.VII). The dictionary contains 400 words, almost half of which have an indication of the correct pronunciation. The next most recent dictionaries of irregularities were the following publications:
K. P. Zelenetsky. About the Russian language in the Novorossiysk region (Odessa, 1855),
V. Dolopchev. Experience of a dictionary of irregularities in Russian colloquial speech (1886),
Why? For what? and Why? Impoverishment and distortion of Russian speech. Observations by A.B. (1889),
A. N. Grech. Irregularities in perfect spoken, written and book Russian (1890),
I. I. Ogienko. Dictionary of incorrect, difficult and dubious words, synonyms and expressions in Russian speech (1912),
A brief dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language for press workers (1968),
Difficulties of word usage and variants of Russian norms literary language/ Ed. K. S. Gorbachevich (1973),
Difficulties of the Russian language. Dictionary-reference book for journalists / Ed. L. I. Rakhmanova (1974),
D. E. Rosenthal, M. A. Telenkova. Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language (1976),
L. I. Skvortsov. Do we speak Russian correctly? (1983).
The greatest pronunciation difficulties of the Russian language are associated with stress, therefore, from the beginning of the 20th century. special ones are coming out accent dictionaries:
V. I. Chernyshev. Russian accent. A manual for its study and use (1912),
I. I. Ogienko. Russian literary accent (Kyiv, 1915),
F. L. Ageenko, M. V. Zarva. Dictionary of accents for radio and television workers / Ed. D. E. Rosenthal (first edition - 1951)
Dictionary of accents. To help the speaker / Ed. K. I. Bylinsky (1954).
Proper spelling dictionaries appeared only in the second half of the 20th century. The first was the unique orthoepic dictionary-reference book “Russian Literary Pronunciation and Stress”, edited by R. I. Avanesov and S. I. Ozhegov (1959), on the basis of which the “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language” was subsequently created. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms” by S. N. Borunova, V. L. Vorontsova and N. A. Eskova (edited by R. I. Avanesov), which includes about 65,000 words and is regularly republished with minimal additions and corrections. In recent years, three dictionaries of this profile have been published:
N. V. Bogdanova, L. A. Verbitskaya, G. N. Sklyarevskaya. Let's speak correctly! Difficulties of modern Russian pronunciation and stress. Brief dictionary-reference book. SPb., 2002 (about 850 words; the dictionary is aimed at modern political figures and opens a whole series of normative pocket-sized dictionaries; noteworthy is the presence of highlighted prohibitory marks);
M. L. Kalenchuk, R. F. Kasatkina. Dictionary of Russian pronunciation difficulties. M., 2005 (about 15,000 words; the dictionary contains “words that present any difficulty in pronunciation or stress placement”, “pronunciation options”, “normative recommendations, including prohibitive marks”, and “interpretations of borrowed, special and rare books words");
T. F. Ivanova. New spelling dictionary of the Russian language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. M., 2007 (about 40,000 words; the dictionary “includes mainly words in which errors are most often made”, “reflects the literary pronunciation norm, as well as pronunciation options within this norm”; the dictionary does not contain prohibitive and non-recommended forms, but the reader proposed new system recommendation marks").
The “Big Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language” is currently being prepared for publication (authors: M. L. Kalenchuk, L. L. Kasatkin and R. F. Kasatkina), which presents the widest possible range of pronunciation options for each word.
Small spelling dictionaries exist as appendices to some other normative publications:
L. P. Krysin, L. I. Skvortsov. Correctness of Russian speech. Dictionary-reference book / Ed. S. I. Ozhegova. M., 1965;
L. A. Verbitskaya. Let's speak correctly. M., 1993.
The method of presenting orthoepic recommendations in all these dictionaries is varied: from placing stress, including in one or another grammatical form, to the transcriptional representation of a section of a word that is complex in orthoepic terms and a complete transcription of the entire word, cf.:
leisure wrong! leisure
newsletter wrong! newsletter ;
newsletter; newsletters;
pl. number newsletters, newsletters
newsletters
chariots, -s[ With b n b ]
sad .
It is important to note that the basis of any codification is the principle of adequacy of modern language norm. However, in practice, this principle is constantly violated; codification often lags behind the development of the norm, reflecting rather the yesterday than the present day of our language. This applies to the greatest extent to the pronunciation norm, the codification of which is difficult for a number of reasons: firstly, because of its maximum instability (compared to other language norms) and, secondly, because of the laboriousness of the procedure for establishing a pronunciation norm. That is why in spelling dictionaries, even in recent years of publication, one can find recommendations for setting stress that do not correspond to the real spelling norm - fo lie,toast,yoga rt and under. To overcome this discrepancy between the real norm and its codification in normative dictionaries, special marks are used to mark pronunciation options: extra. (acceptable) incomplete. (unacceptable) outdated. (obsolete), specialist. (special), decomposition. (colloquial), no rivers. (not recommended), etc. In the “Big Orthoepic Dictionary”, which is being prepared for publication, the marks have also been introduced senior. And junior. – to indicate the pronunciation features of older and younger age groups of native speakers. Observations on the changing norm, as well as improving existing and creating new spelling dictionaries is another important task modern orthoepy, the solution of which requires more and more research into Russian pronunciation.
In any case, spelling dictionaries serve as reference tools for everyone who wants to know the correct pronunciation of certain words of the language.
As one movie heroine said: “Two circumstances give a person away: if he puts the emphasis on words incorrectly... And asks stupid questions.” Unlike the false daughters of Professor Tikhomirov, ordinary people there is no point in pretending to be someone else, but the advice is not stupid. If it is not difficult to ask all sorts of stupid things, then pronouncing words correctly even in your native language can often be very difficult. This is where an orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language can come to the rescue.
and why is it so important to install it correctly
Before learning more about the spelling dictionary, it is worth brushing up your knowledge about such a simple thing as stress. So, stress is the use of voice to highlight a certain syllable in a word.
Despite the seemingly insignificant role of stress, it is often the meaning of a word that depends on it.
Features of stress in Russian
In Russian, stress can fall on absolutely any part of a word.
Moreover, when declension of the same word according to cases, the stress may fall on different syllables, which increases the chance of making mistakes in pronunciation not only for foreigners, but also for native speakers. In this regard, the main assistant of any person who wants to speak correctly is a spelling dictionary. He will tell you how to put the accent correctly. For example, even Russians themselves very often incorrectly pronounce widely famous names certain foods, items of clothing or abstract concepts. But in fact, the emphasis in them is placed as shown in the figure.
The science of orthoepy and orthoepic dictionary - what is it?
The science of orthoepy is the study of stress in words (the name is translated from Greek as “ correct speech"). In addition to emphasis, this science deals with the study, regulation and establishment of orthoepic norms literary speech.
All data on the correct pronunciation of words and word forms are entered into the special dictionaries, which are called orthoepic.
Each language has its own spelling dictionary. This helps foreigners learning a language to develop and native speakers to improve their own speech.
History of spelling dictionaries
Despite the fact that the science of orthoepy came from Ancient Greece, Humanity should be grateful to the Roman Empire for the first spelling dictionary. The fact is that, having conquered another country and turning it into their province, the Romans declared it official, and the conquered people, willy-nilly, had to teach it. Over time, in the provinces, Latin began to differ from the official one, as words were added to it local language conquered territory, and pronunciation Latin phrases was very distorted. In order to somehow streamline speech and reduce it to one standard, special reference books began to be published, in which the correct pronunciation of the most complex Latin words and phrases was recorded. These reference books are considered the first spelling dictionaries in history.
With the collapse of the Roman Empire, the time came for orthoepy hard times. Only in the 16th-17th centuries in France did they begin to gradually fight for However, at that time, information about the correct pronunciation of words was provided in the form of additions to the grammar.
Later, by analogy with Roman reference books, orthoepic phrasebooks began to be published, which gradually turned into dictionaries.
IN Russian Empire formed by the beginning of the 20th century. By that time, many linguists began to publish their own spelling dictionaries in order to streamline the Russian language.
With the development of radio and television, special dictionaries began to be published for announcers and presenters, so that their speech would be an example for listeners.
With the development of computer programs, spelling dictionaries are gradually becoming relics of the past. Because today, to find out where to put the stress in a particular word, you just need to enter it into an online translator - and you can not only see where the stress is placed in it, but also listen to the correct pronunciation recorded by a native speaker.
Types of spelling dictionaries
As you know, all dictionaries are divided into two types:
- Encyclopedic - contain information about various countries, phenomena, historical events both personalities and friends.
- Linguistic - specialized dictionaries containing information about a word (its meaning, spelling, origin, translation, pronunciation, etc.). An orthoepic dictionary is a linguistic type.
Today, all spelling dictionaries are divided into two categories: paper and electronic.
Two more can be identified individual species- according to what norm this spelling dictionary describes. The pronunciation of dialect words of different regions is carried out by orthoepic dialect dictionaries. But how to correctly place emphasis according to the norms of literary speech will be suggested by dictionaries of the second type, which everyone uses when they strive to speak correctly.
Sometimes dictionaries of accents are divided into parts of speech. For example, a spelling dictionary of verbs, a spelling dictionary of nouns, etc.
Paper spelling dictionaries
Everyone imagines what a paper spelling dictionary is. This is an ordinary book in which words are placed in alphabetical order and indicate where the emphasis is placed in them.
Before the advent of computers, this was the only type of dictionary. However, now it has a serious competitor - electronic.
Electronic spelling dictionaries
Often paper editions of spelling dictionaries are scanned and digitized. Thus, anyone can download the electronic version of the necessary spelling dictionary and use it, since paper editions are quite expensive, especially rare ones. But such scans are not electronic dictionaries.
The electronic spelling dictionary is a specialized program with an automated word search. To find out information about the required word, you need to launch the program and enter in the search engine window the right word, and then the system itself will find it.
Such spelling dictionaries can be offline (all data is on the installation disk and the Internet is not required to work) and online (they do not work without the Internet).
Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language: History
One of the most famous first Orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language were the work of the famous Ukrainian linguist Ivan (Ilarion) Ogienko. In 1911, he published “A Dictionary of Stress in the Russian Language and the Rules of Russian Stress.”
According to the traditional version, the history of orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language begins in 1955, when the work of Ruben Avanesov and Sergei Ozhegov “Russian literary pronunciation and stress: a dictionary-reference book” was published. A little less than 30 years later, the well-known “Orthoepic Dictionary” by Avanesov was published, which became a reference manual for many.
In 1960, F. Ageenko and M. Zarva released a specialized spelling dictionary for announcers and presenters on radio and television. The same authors published a spelling dictionary with 76 thousand words in 1993.
In the mid-80s, the “Dictionary of Stresses of the Russian Language” by R. Khryslova was published in Minsk. During the same period, S. Borunova published her own spelling dictionary. This edition contained approximately 63.5 thousand words.
Since the beginning of the 2000s, spelling publications began to be actively published again. Thus, in 2000, the dictionary of Avanesov and Ozhegov was republished. In the same year, M. Studiner published an orthoepic dictionary with 82.5 thousand words. In addition, the authors T. Ivanova and T. Cherkasova published a specialized spelling reference book for speakers.
Today, specialized brochures or publications containing complex cases stress in new words than in spelling dictionaries. In addition, many people prefer to create online spelling services because they cost less than publishing a book and are easier to maintain and edit.
If the wise Romans had not invented an orthoepic dictionary in their time, it is unknown whether they would exist today different languages at all. After all, without having a standard of correct pronunciation of words specific language, after a few decades the inhabitants different parts one country would cease to understand each other. Just as 2000 years ago, the orthoepic dictionary plays an important role today, being the standard of pure and beautiful speech.