(498 words) Each of us has encountered the fact that people say one thing to our face and another behind their back. Similar cases- not a rarity, but the norm of communication in many groups and social institutions. This is exactly what the Soviet writer L.F. talks about. Voronkova, describing an example of duplicity and touching on the problem of hypocrisy.
To show the reader pretense in all its destructive force, the author describes a situation in a family when a daughter lost faith in her father’s moral authority because of his lies: “A feeling of unheard-of disappointment stunned her like a blow.” At the event, he said that “young people should not leave the collective farm,” and at home he told Zhenya about the need to go to the city and arrange her life better. This hypocritical concern for the villagers, which the collective farm chairman used to convince them to stay, outraged the heroine. She saw in his action indifference to the fate of people, covered with false speeches about their welfare.
No less interesting is how Savely Petrovich tries to justify his double standards. The father explains to Zhenya that his hypocrisy is due to the interests of the business, because he is obliged by duty to retain potential workers in the village. The hero is sincerely perplexed how it is possible not to understand that one morality is applicable only to to strangers, and the other is only suitable for a family (sentences 12-13). His argument makes the reader realize how easy it is to get confused good intentions and selfish calculations, dividing moral principles into “official” and “personal”. This confusion gives rise to injustice, which the writer notices when describing the feelings of an unspoiled person - the daughter of the chairman, who has not yet had time to speak to her conscience.
In the image of Zhenya, the author depicts indignation, which is a natural reaction honest people to crookedness. L.F. Voronkova does not directly condemn hypocrisy, but indirectly makes it clear that her opinion coincides with the position of the heroine: double standards are unacceptable, since they destroy trust in a person in the family and society.
I cannot but agree with the author, because his point of view corresponds to my moral beliefs. Insincerity only breeds alienation in any social institution where it takes root. There are many examples that will confirm the validity of these observations.
Thus, in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “Anna Karenina” the spouses are hypocrites, not wanting to admit the existing problem. The husband pretends that he does not know about his wife’s infidelity, and she plays along with him. But crookedness did not help them save their marriage. Pushed to the limit of patience, they destroyed the family and hated each other. This example suggests that you cannot live in a lie, because it will not lead to anything good.
Double standards are dangerous not only in the family, but also in society. Thus, in L.N. Tolstoy’s story “After the Ball,” the hero was disappointed in his feelings for the girl after seeing her father at work. The colonel, who only yesterday had waltzed in the ballroom and politely bowed to the guests, commanded corporal punishment fugitive Tatar. From a caring and gallant person, he turned into a beast, cruel and rude. This example teaches the reader that double standards alienate people and do not promote acceptance in society.
Thus, hypocrisy is not a norm of behavior, but a real social problem, which destroys trusting relationships between people and creates alienation in the team. The author showed its terrible influence on family ties, which only weaken due to duplicity. I hope that over time a person will be able to overcome the tendency to lie in all its manifestations.
What works of Russian literature depict characters who are hypocrites in order to achieve their goals, and in what ways can these characters be compared with the hero from the above fragment?
It's a pity that it's a little difficult to remember everyone powerful of the world this; but suffice it to say that the visitor showed extraordinary activity regarding visits: he even came to pay his respects to the inspector of the medical board and the city architect. And then he sat in the chaise for a long time, trying to figure out who else he could pay the visit to, but there were no other officials in the city. In conversations with these rulers, he very skillfully knew how to flatter everyone. He somehow hinted in passing to Governor 13 that entering his province is like entering paradise, the roads are velvet everywhere, and that those governments that appoint wise dignitaries are worthy of great praise. He said something very flattering to the police chief about the city bottle shops; and in conversations with the vice-governor and the chairman of the chamber, who were still only state councilors, Your Excellency even said twice in error, which they liked very much. The consequence of this was that the governor extended an invitation to him to come to him on the same day for house party, other officials too, for their part, some for lunch, some for Boston, some for a cup of tea.
The visitor seemed to avoid talking much about himself; if he spoke, then in some general places, with noticeable modesty, and his conversation in such cases took somewhat bookish turns: that he was an insignificant worm of this world and did not deserve to be cared for much, that he had experienced a lot in his life, suffered in the service for the truth, had many enemies who even attempted his life, and that now, wanting to calm down, he was finally looking to choose a place to live, and that, having arrived in this city, he considered it an indispensable duty to pay his respects to its first dignitaries. - That's all that the city learned about this new face, who very soon did not fail to show himself at the governor's party. Preparations for this party took more than two hours, and here the visitor showed such attentiveness to the toilet, which is not even seen everywhere. After a short afternoon nap, he ordered to be washed and rubbed both cheeks with soap for an extremely long time, propping them up from the inside with his tongue; then, taking a towel from the inn servant’s shoulder, he wiped his full face with it from all sides, starting from behind his ears and first snorting twice or twice into the inn servant’s very face. Then he put on his shirtfront in front of the mirror, plucked out two hairs that had come out of his nose, and immediately after that he found himself in a lingonberry-colored tailcoat with a sparkle. Thus dressed, he rode in his own carriage along the endless wide streets, illuminated by the meager lighting from windows flickering here and there. However, the governor's house was so lit, even if only for a ball; strollers with lanterns, two gendarmes in front of the entrance, postilion shouts in the distance - in a word, everything is as it should be.
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In Gogol's poem " Dead Souls“Chichikov appears before us as a hypocritical person who, in order to achieve his own goals, is ready to please the ears of high-ranking officials of the city.
In Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit,” one of the play’s heroes, Molchalin, is constantly cunning, pretending to gain Famusov’s favor: “Who else will settle everything so peacefully!
There he will stroke the pug in time,
It’s time to wipe the card…”, also deceives his daughter in order to benefit from this deception. Images of Molchalin
Russian literature has given us a cavalcade of both positive and negative characters. We decided to remember the second group. Beware, spoilers.
20. Alexey Molchalin (Alexander Griboedov, “Woe from Wit”)
Molchalin is the hero “about nothing”, Famusov’s secretary. He is faithful to his father’s behest: “to please all people without exception - the owner, the boss, his servant, the janitor’s dog.”
In a conversation with Chatsky, he sets out his life principles, consisting in the fact that “at my age I should not dare to have my own judgment.”
Molchalin is sure that you need to think and act as is customary in “Famus” society, otherwise they will gossip about you, and, as you know, “ gossips worse than pistols."
He despises Sophia, but in order to please Famusov, he is ready to sit with her all night long, playing the role of a lover.
19. Grushnitsky (Mikhail Lermontov, “Hero of Our Time”)
Grushnitsky has no name in Lermontov's story. He is the “double” of the main character - Pechorin. According to Lermontov’s description, Grushnitsky is “... one of those people who have ready-made pompous phrases for all occasions, who are not touched by simply beautiful things and who are importantly draped in extraordinary feelings, sublime passions and exceptional suffering. Producing an effect is their pleasure...”
Grushnitsky loves pathos very much. There is not an ounce of sincerity in him. Grushnitsky is in love with Princess Mary, and she initially answers him special attention, but then falls in love with Pechorin.
The matter ends in a duel. Grushnitsky is so low that he conspires with his friends and they do not load Pechorin’s pistol. The hero cannot forgive such outright meanness. He reloads the pistol and kills Grushnitsky.
18. Afanasy Totsky (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “The Idiot”)
Afanasy Totsky, having taken Nastya Barashkova, the daughter of a deceased neighbor, as his upbringing and dependent, eventually “became close to her,” developing a suicidal complex in the girl and indirectly becoming one of the culprits of her death.
Extremely averse to the female sex, at the age of 55 Totsky decided to connect his life with the daughter of General Epanchin Alexandra, deciding to marry Nastasya to Ganya Ivolgin. However, neither one nor the other case burned out. As a result, Totsky “was captivated by a visiting Frenchwoman, a marquise and a legitimist.”
17. Alena Ivanovna (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”)
The old pawnbroker is a character who has become a household name. Even those who have not read Dostoevsky’s novel have heard about it. Alena Ivanovna, by today’s standards, is not that old, she is “about 60 years old,” but the author describes her like this: “... a dry old woman with sharp and angry eyes with a small pointed nose... Her blond, slightly gray hair was greasy with oil. Some kind of flannel rag was wrapped around her thin and long neck, similar to a chicken leg...”
The old woman pawnbroker is engaged in usury and makes money from people's grief. She takes valuable things at huge interest rates, bullies her younger sister Lizaveta, and beats her.
16. Arkady Svidrigailov (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”)
Svidrigailov is one of Raskolnikov’s doubles in Dostoevsky’s novel, a widower, at one time he was bought out of prison by his wife, he lived in the village for 7 years. A cynical and depraved person. On his conscience is the suicide of a servant, a 14-year-old girl, and possibly the poisoning of his wife.
Due to Svidrigailov's harassment, Raskolnikov's sister lost her job. Having learned that Raskolnikov is a murderer, Luzhin blackmails Dunya. The girl shoots at Svidrigailov and misses.
Svidrigailov is an ideological scoundrel, he does not experience moral torment and experiences “world boredom,” eternity seems to him like a “bathhouse with spiders.” As a result, he commits suicide with a revolver shot.
15. Kabanikha (Alexander Ostrovsky, “The Thunderstorm”)
In the image of Kabanikha, one of central characters In the play “The Thunderstorm,” Ostrovsky reflected the outgoing patriarchal, strict archaism. Kabanova Marfa Ignatievna, “a rich merchant’s wife, widow,” mother-in-law of Katerina, mother of Tikhon and Varvara.
Kabanikha is very domineering and strong, she is religious, but more outwardly, since she does not believe in forgiveness or mercy. She is as practical as possible and lives by earthly interests.
Kabanikha is sure that family life can survive only on fear and orders: “After all, out of love your parents are strict with you, out of love they scold you, everyone thinks to teach you good.” She perceives the departure of the old order as a personal tragedy: “This is how the old times come to be... What will happen, how the elders will die... I don’t know.”
14. Lady (Ivan Turgenev, “Mumu”)
We all know the sad story about how Gerasim drowned Mumu, but not everyone remembers why he did it, but he did it because the oppressive lady ordered him to do so.
The same landowner had previously given the washerwoman Tatyana, with whom Gerasim was in love, to the drunken shoemaker Capiton, which ruined both of them.
The lady, at her own discretion, decides the fate of her serfs, without regard at all to their wishes, and sometimes even to common sense.
13. Footman Yasha (Anton Chekhov, “The Cherry Orchard”)
Footman Yasha in Anton Chekhov's play " The Cherry Orchard" - an unpleasant character. He openly worships everything foreign, while he is extremely ignorant, rude and even boorish. When his mother comes to him from the village and waits for him in the people’s room all day, Yasha dismissively declares: “It’s really necessary, she could come tomorrow.”
Yasha tries to behave decently in public, tries to seem educated and well-mannered, but at the same time alone with Firs he says to the old man: “I'm tired of you, grandfather. I wish you would die soon.”
Yasha is very proud that he lived abroad. With his foreign polish, he wins the heart of the maid Dunyasha, but uses her location for his own benefit. After the sale of the estate, the footman persuades Ranevskaya to take him with her to Paris again. It is impossible for him to stay in Russia: “the country is uneducated, the people are immoral, and, moreover, boredom...”.
12. Pavel Smerdyakov (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “The Brothers Karamazov”)
Smerdyakov is a character with a telling surname, rumored to be the illegitimate son of Fyodor Karrmazov from the city holy fool Lizaveta Smerdyashchaya. The surname Smerdyakov was given to him by Fyodor Pavlovich in honor of his mother.
Smerdyakov serves as a cook in Karamazov’s house, and he cooks, apparently, quite well. However, this is a “foulbrood man.” This is evidenced at least by Smerdyakov’s reasoning about history: “In the twelfth year there was a great invasion of Russia by Emperor Napoleon of France the First, and it would be good if these same French had conquered us then, a smart nation would have conquered a very stupid one and annexed it to itself. There would even be completely different orders.”
Smerdyakov is the killer of Karamazov's father.
11. Pyotr Luzhin (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”)
Luzhin is another of Rodion Raskolnikov’s doubles, business man 45 years old, “with a cautious and grumpy face.”
Having made it “from rags to riches,” Luzhin is proud of his pseudo-education and behaves arrogantly and primly. Having proposed to Dunya, he anticipates that she will be grateful to him all her life for the fact that he “brought her into the public eye.”
He also wooes Duna out of convenience, believing that she will be useful to him for his career. Luzhin hates Raskolnikov because he opposes his alliance with Dunya. Luzhin puts one hundred rubles in Sonya Marmeladova's pocket at her father's funeral, accusing her of theft.
10. Kirila Troekurov (Alexander Pushkin, “Dubrovsky”)
Troekurov is an example of a Russian master spoiled by his power and environment. He spends his time in idleness, drunkenness, and voluptuousness. Troekurov sincerely believes in his impunity and limitless possibilities (“This is the power to take away property without any right”).
The master loves his daughter Masha, but marries her to an old man she doesn’t love. Troekurov's serfs are similar to their master - Troekurov's hound is insolent to Dubrovsky Sr. - and thereby quarrels old friends.
9. Sergei Talberg (Mikhail Bulgakov, “The White Guard”)
Sergei Talberg is the husband of Elena Turbina, a traitor and an opportunist. He easily changes his principles, beliefs, without special effort and remorse. Talberg is always where it is easier to live, so he runs abroad. He leaves his family and friends. Even Talberg’s eyes (which, as we know, are the “mirror of the soul”) are “two-story”; he is the complete opposite of Turbin.
Thalberg was the first to wear the red bandage at the military school in March 1917 and, as a member of the military committee, arrested the famous General Petrov.
8. Alexey Shvabrin (Alexander Pushkin, “The Captain's Daughter”)
Shvabrin is the antipode of the main character of Pushkin’s story “ Captain's daughter» Petra Grinev. IN Belogorsk fortress he was exiled for murder in a duel. Shvabrin is undoubtedly smart, but at the same time he is cunning, impudent, cynical, and mocking. Having received Masha Mironova’s refusal, he spreads dirty rumors about her, wounds him in the back in a duel with Grinev, goes over to Pugachev’s side, and, having been captured by government troops, spreads rumors that Grinev is a traitor. In general, he is a rubbish person.
7. Vasilisa Kostyleva (Maxim Gorky, “At the Depths”)
In Gorky's play "At the Bottom" everything is sad and sad. This atmosphere is diligently maintained by the owners of the shelter where the action takes place - the Kostylevs. The husband is a nasty, cowardly and greedy old man, Vasilisa’s wife is a calculating, resourceful opportunist who forces her lover Vaska Pepel to steal for her sake. When she finds out that he himself is in love with her sister, he promises to give her up in exchange for killing her husband.
6. Mazepa (Alexander Pushkin, “Poltava”)
Mazepa is a historical character, but if in history Mazepa’s role is ambiguous, then in Pushkin’s poem Mazepa is unambiguous negative character. Mazepa appears in the poem as an absolutely immoral, dishonest, vindictive, evil person, as a treacherous hypocrite for whom nothing is sacred (he “does not know the sacred,” “does not remember charity”), a person accustomed to achieving his goal at any cost.
The seducer of his young goddaughter Maria, he puts her father Kochubey to public execution and - already sentenced to death - subjects her to cruel torture in order to find out where he hid his treasures. Without equivocation, Pushkin denounces and political activity Mazepa, which is determined only by the lust for power and thirst for revenge on Peter.
5. Foma Opiskin (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants”)
Foma Opiskin is an extremely negative character. A hanger-on, a hypocrite, a liar. He diligently pretends to be pious and educated, tells everyone about his supposedly ascetic experience and sparkles with quotes from books...
When he gets power into his hands, he shows his true essence. “A low soul, having come out from under oppression, oppresses itself. Thomas was oppressed - and he immediately felt the need to oppress himself; They broke down over him - and he himself began to break down over others. He was a jester and immediately felt the need to have his own jesters. He boasted to the point of absurdity, broke down to the point of impossibility, demanded bird's milk, tyrannized beyond measure, and it got to the point where good people, not having yet witnessed all these tricks, but listening only to tales, they considered it all a miracle, an obsession, crossed themselves and spat on it...”
4. Viktor Komarovsky (Boris Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago)
Lawyer Komarovsky is a negative character in Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago. In the destinies of the main characters - Zhivago and Lara, Komarovsky is an “evil genius” and a “gray eminence”. He is guilty of the ruin of the Zhivago family and the death of the protagonist's father; he cohabits with Lara's mother and Lara herself. Finally, Komarovsky tricks Zhivago into separating him from his wife. Komarovsky is smart, calculating, greedy, cynical. Overall, bad person. He understands this himself, but this suits him quite well.
3. Judushka Golovlev (Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, “The Golovlev Lords”)
Porfiry Vladimirovich Golovlev, nicknamed Judas and Blood Drinker, is “the last representative of an escapist family.” He is hypocritical, greedy, cowardly, calculating. He spends his life in endless slander and litigation, drives his son to commit suicide, and at the same time imitates extreme religiosity, reading prayers “without the participation of the heart.”
At the end of my life dark life Golovlev gets drunk and runs wild, goes into the March snowstorm. In the morning, his frozen corpse is found.
2. Andriy (Nikolai Gogol, “Taras Bulba”)
Andriy - younger son Taras Bulba, the hero of the story of the same name by Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. Andriy, as Gogol writes, from early youth began to feel the “need for love.” This need fails him. He falls in love with the lady, betrays his homeland, his friends, and his father. Andriy admits: “Who said that my homeland is Ukraine? Who gave it to me in my homeland? The Fatherland is what our soul is looking for, what is dearer to it than anything else. My fatherland is you!... and I will sell, give away, and destroy everything that I have for such a fatherland!”
Andriy is a traitor. He is killed by his own father.
1. Fyodor Karamazov (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “The Brothers Karamazov”)
He is voluptuous, greedy, envious, stupid. By maturity, he became flabby, began to drink a lot, opened several taverns, made many fellow countrymen his debtors... He began to compete with his eldest son Dmitry for the heart of Grushenka Svetlova, which paved the way for the crime - Karamazov was killed by his illegitimate son Pyotr Smerdyakov.
Duplicity is a common phenomenon, relevant for any time. Both in the past and in the present, many people hide their true thoughts, feelings and emotions under the guise of virtue. They behave in a way that is most beneficial to them, and they are indifferent to the feelings of others. Unfortunately, it is becoming increasingly rare to meet sincere, honest people.
A.P. Chekhov raises the problem of hypocrisy in this text. Main character The story reflects on life and its problems. He is dissatisfied with life, considers it sad and unfair, pities the poor and scolds the rich. You might think that Polikarp Semyonovich is a generous and sympathetic person, ready to help anyone in need. But when the author begins to describe the real actions and words of the hero, we see that Judas is the same cold and proud person as those whom he condemns.
The writer uses the technique speaking surname, calling the hero Polycarp of Judas.
Judas Iscariot is one of the twelve disciples of Christ, who betrayed his teacher by deception. Like this biblical character, Polikarp Semyonovich deceives not only others, but also himself, reproaching people for what he himself does. With the help of the phraseology "crocodile tears" Chekhov emphasizes the insincerity and falsity of the main character. After his long sad reasoning, Judah cries.
In the novel "Crime and Punishment" F.
M. Dostoevsky Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin manifests himself as a virtuous and caring person, while in reality he is vain and mercantile. He wooes poor Duna not at all out of love, but only in order to find a submissive and obsequious wife who will revere him. Luzhin explains his action by saying that a husband should not owe anything to his wife, and she, in turn, should consider her spouse to be her benefactor.
The hero named Molchalin in the comedy "Woe from Wit" also hides under the guise of falsehood. By order of his father, Alexey tries to please everyone, does not argue or interfere in conversations, so as not to do anything that could ruin his reputation. He does all this in order to earn favor. influential people, receive high rank and wealth. Those around him, especially Sonya, admire Molchalin’s meekness and modesty, although some guess about his low soul and intentions.
Thus, we see that hypocrisy can manifest itself in different ways and pursue different goals, but it always carries negativity. This text once again proves that two-faced people are vile and dishonest and that such people should be avoided.
Effective preparation for the Unified State Exam (all subjects) -
The problem of the relationship between man and nature.
The role of nature in human life
The problem of environmental disaster
The problem is seeing beauty in the ordinary
Friendship
Story
Saving problem historical memory.
Attitude to cultural heritage Role cultural traditions in the moral development of man Fathers and sons
Problem disrespectful attitude youth to old age and old people. The problem of loneliness.
The problem of assessing talent by contemporaries.
Work
The problem of drug addiction.
The problem of love for one's country
The problem of choosing a profession.
Russian language
Problem moral duty, moral choice.
Problem folk spirit at tragic moments in history
War and Peace
The problem of the moral strength of a common soldier
Problem heroic everyday life wars
Literature and poetry
Mind, knowledge, book, science
The role of books in human life
good and evil
Good Speech
Conscience, morality
Youth, youth
Will, freedom
Heroism, exploits
Art
Sports, movement
The problem of responsibility.
Self-sacrifice. Love for one's neighbor.
Self-realization of a person. Life is like a struggle for happiness
False values
The problem of the development of science and technology
Everyone holds the fate of the world in their hands
The role of personality in history
The impact of art on the spiritual development of a person
The educational function of art
Interpersonal relationships
Fear in human life
The problem of human rights and responsibilities
The problem of moral degradation of the individual
Man and scientific progress The role of science in modern life Spiritual Implications scientific discoveries Scientific progress and moral qualities person
Laws of social development. Man and power
Man and knowledge.
Problem of conscience
The role of example. Human education
The problem of spirituality
The problem of boorish attitude towards others (or (un)worthy behavior in society)
The problem of the influence of religion on human life
The problem of moral disgust
The problem of human stinginess
The problem of true and false human interest in culture
The influence of art and culture on humans
Problem ethical aspects human cloning
The problem of true and false education
The problem of heredity
The problem of influence scientific activity on human life and habits
The problem of the truth of art
The problem of timely education
The problem of attitude towards learning
The problem of the relationship between science and religion
The problem of human perception of the surrounding world
The problem of hypocrisy and sycophancy
The problem of bribery, lawlessness of officials
The problem of philistinism
The problem of the transience of human happiness
The problem of the influence of a teacher’s personality on the formation of students’ character
The problem of irresponsibility of officials
.The problem of the Russian village
The problem of love of freedom
The problem of a person realizing superpowers
The problem of the relationship between the people and the authorities
The problem of courage and heroism in peacetime
The problem of heroism during the Great Patriotic War
The problem of heroism of people of peaceful professions during the years of HE
The problem of national unity during the Second World War
The prisoner of war problem
The problem of patriotism
The problem of true and false patriotism
The problem of geniuses confronting the world around them
The problem of the tragic situation of man in a totalitarian state
The role of personality in history
Problem moral lessons stories
The problem of betrayal during the war years
The problem of motherhood
The problem of the transformative power of parental love
The problem of parenting
The problem of the unmerciful attitude of adults towards children
Life and fate of women
The problem of finding the meaning of life
The problem of the moral health of the nation
The problem of the role of the intelligentsia in society
The problem of lonely old age
The problem of attitude towards the native language
The problem of inspiration.
Psychological problem of inferiority complex
The problem of fathers and children
The problem of human limitations
The problem of juvenile delinquency
The problem of non-standard spiritual search modern young people
The problem of the unity of peoples and cultures
The problem of crime based on interethnic hostility (or nationalism)
The problem of human perception of the animal world
The problem of human relations with animals
The problem of attitude towards learning
Computer abuse problem
The problem of the future of the book
The problem of educating true masters of the performing arts
The role of printed publications in modern Russia
The role of television in human life
The problem of relationships between women and men
Love
Sofya Famusova, who grew up in an atmosphere of lies and deception, carefully hides her feelings from her father, realizing that he will not allow the development of relations with Molchalin. He does everything in defiance of his father. Molchalin, on the contrary, is faithful to his moral (or immoral) credo, builds his life as his father bequeathed: to please all people without exception. Griboyedov gives the reader the opportunity to reflect on the future of both heroes.
2. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
The upbringing of Petrusha Grinev remains beyond the pages of the text, but the main thing that the young nobleman learned from communication with his father (a strict and demanding man) is the need to be true to his word, take care of honor, and observe the laws of morality. He does this to everyone life situations. Even when his father forbids him to marry his beloved Masha Mironova, he accepts his will as a mandatory requirement.
3. N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
From Chichikov’s childhood memories, the image of a gloomy, unkind, cruel father and his instructions about the need to take care and save a penny, the only idol in Pavel Ivanovich’s life, emerges. Chichikov builds his life according to his father’s behests and succeeds in many ways.
4. A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
The relationship between mother and children in the Kabanov family is based on fear and hypocrisy. Varvara is accustomed to lying and is trying to teach Katerina this. But the brother’s wife had different relationships in the family; she does not accept her mother-in-law’s hypocrisy and fights her with her own means. The ending of such an upbringing is predictable: Varvara runs away from home, Katerina dies voluntarily, Tikhon rebels against his mother.
5. I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
The “children” in the novel - Bazarov and Arkady Kirsanov - at the beginning of the story act as a united front against the “fathers” in the person of Uncle Arkady - Pavel Petrovich. Nikolai Petrovich does not resist the bold and daring statements of his son and his friend. And he acts wisely and far-sightedly. Gradually, many discrepancies in his friend’s behavior are revealed to Arkady, and he returns to the bosom of his family. And Bazarov, who so easily criticizes the “romanticism” of the Kirsanovs, is absolutely sensitive to such behavior of his father, because he loves his parents and takes care of them.
6. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
The novel presents several families, in each relationship built on certain principles. In the Kuragin family, this is the principle of profit and gain. Both the father and his children agree to any relationship, as long as it is profitable, that’s how marriages are concluded. The Drubetsky family is guided by the same principle: humiliation and servility are their tools in achieving their goals. The Rostovs live as they breathe: they enjoy friends, holidays, hunting - everything that decorates our lives. Father and mother try to be honest in everything with their children and each other. Benefits are not important to them. Practically ruining her family and herself, Natasha demands that carts be given to the wounded; this is the only thing a true patriot and merciful person can do. And the mother agrees with her daughter. The relationship between father and daughter Bolkonsky is similar. And although it seems that the father is too strict and intolerant towards his daughter, in fact, he understands too well the difficulties of his daughter’s upcoming life. Therefore, Princess Marya herself refuses Anatoly Kuragin, realizing how right her father is.
7. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
Rodion Raskolnikov, explaining the reason for the murder of the old pawnbroker, says that he wanted to help his mother. In fact, he is very kind to his mother, trying to break out of the vicious circle of poverty. With trepidation and excitement, he remembers his father, from whom he was left with a watch (pawned to an old woman pawnbroker). The mother does not fully believe in the crime of her beloved Rodya.
8. A.P. Chekhov "The Cherry Orchard"
In the play, daughter Anya, a seventeen-year-old girl, goes after her prodigal mother, lost somewhere in Paris, in order to return her to the bosom of the family to solve problems with the estate. Ranevskaya behaves naively and stupidly. Only Varya, the adopted daughter of the same Ranevskaya, is endowed with common sense. When Lyubov Andreevna gives a gold piece to a passing beggar, Varya cannot stand it and says that there is nothing in the house, and the lady is throwing away such money. Having lost everything, Ranevskaya leaves for Paris and takes away her aunt’s money, leaving her daughters to their fate. The girl Anya is going to the capital, and it is not clear how her life will turn out, where she will get money for living. Varya goes to work as a housekeeper. Fathers and sons change places here.
9. M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don"
In the Melekhov family, everything rests on the power of the father. And when Panteley Prokofievich finds out about Grigory’s relationship with Aksinya, he decides to marry his son to Natalya. Gregory submits to his father's will. But, realizing that he does not love his wife, he gives up everything and goes with Aksinya to work as workers. He agrees to shame in the name of love. But time destroys everything in the world, and the Melekhovs’ house, the foundations of Cossack life, collapses. And soon no one obeys the laws of life, everyone lives as they want. Daria advances on her father-in-law with an obscene proposal, and Dunyashka puts her mother in a hopeless position and literally forces her to give her blessing for marriage to Mishka Koshev.
10. B. Vasiliev “Tomorrow there was war”
The story focuses on two families, Iskra Polyakova and Vika Lyuberetskaya. Iskra's mother is a female commissar, strong-willed, domineering, and strict. But when the mother Once again decides to flog her daughter with her soldier’s belt, she responds in the spirit of her mother - just as strictly and irrevocably. And the mother understands that the girl has matured. Vika and her father have a completely different relationship - warm and trusting. When the girl is faced with a choice: abandon her father or be expelled from the Komsomol, Vika decides to take her own life. She cannot abandon her beloved father, no matter what suspicions fall on him.
We analyzed many texts to prepare for the Unified State Exam and identified the problems that occur most often. For each of them we have selected relevant arguments from the literature. All of them are available for download in table format (link at the end of the article).
The influence of hypocrisy on personality
- The problem of hypocrisy is one of the main ones in the story A. P. Chekhov “Chameleon”. Even from the title it is clear that we are talking about a person who can adapt to any situation, pushing his own beliefs into the background. One day, Ochumelov, the main character of the story and a police supervisor, had to deal with a case in which Mr. Khryukin was bitten on the finger by a dog. As soon as Ochumelov found out that the dog belonged to General Zhigalov, the hero was no longer in such a hurry to blame his favorite. Fearing for his career, Ochumelov began accusing Khryukin of lying, allegedly he picked his own finger, and even invented the dog. In front of the general, the hero served him in every possible way and flattered him. Thus, hypocrisy is the enemy of truth and justice, which is all the more dangerous the less often people condemn it.
- The problem of hypocrisy can be seen in several poems by Mayakovsky, including in "Prude". IN this work the image of a hypocrite or a suck-up named citizen Vasyutkin appears. The poet uses the grotesque, saying that the hero’s tongue has grown “about thirty meters.” So he emphasizes how many lies this helpful and pleasant citizen tells. Vasyutkin presents himself as a Christian, but this faith is feigned. He shows nothing but indifference to those people who entrusted him with their problems, takes bribes, steals and lies. This characterizes Vasyutkin as a two-faced character. In addition, if on ordinary people he looks down on him, then he constantly tries to please those higher in rank, changing roles to please them. Thus, a hypocritical position depersonalizes a person and makes him more vicious, because it helpfully covers up his shortcomings.
- In the novel by F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment” Luzhin is the main hypocrite and scoundrel. First, he proposes to Duna, but not out of love for her, but so that she will be grateful and obliged to him all her life. Then Luzhin frames Sonya by planting money on her and accusing her of theft. The naive girl thought that the hero did it from the bottom of his heart, but then she realized what a hypocrite he was. Moreover, all the people around me understood this. Having been deprived of their loyalty and respect, Luzhin received a chance from fate to understand what such an “invaluable” quality had done to him? Who has he turned into and where is he going? However, it is unlikely that a “reasonable egoist” will use it; due to constant pretense, his personality has lost the ability to critically evaluate himself.
Consequences of Hypocrisy
- The consequences of hypocrisy are clearly visible in the novel. Jack London "Martin Eden". The author tells the story of a young man who decided to write, literally did not sleep at night and worked hard to win the favor of his beloved Ruth. The girl was higher in status, and her relatives did not approve of the alliance with Eden. When Ruth decided to break up with the hero, his affairs suddenly went uphill. The desired calling now began to seem disgusting to Eden, because he saw the hypocrisy of those around him. He understood that printed publications and friends began to show interest in him only because of his success. As a result, Eden decides to sail away on a ship and live last days on a separate island. Deceitful and fake people disappointed him. For them, the consequence of their hypocritical behavior was the disappearance of a useful member of society who could make them better. Thus, humanity has repeatedly pushed away the prophets, who found peace only in the deserts, far from the vulgarity and flattery of the unreasonable crowd.
- An excellent example of hypocrisy and its negative consequences is Famusov society from a comedy A. S. Griboedova “Woe from Wit”. The main character arrives at Famusov's house and begins to share his progressive ideas. Chatsky did not immediately understand what kind of society he ended up in. It was deceitful elite, saturated with falsehood, where marriages were made for the sake of money, and not sincere love, where friendships were made with a higher rank only for the sake of his favor. After several conflicts and insults, the hero realized that he could no longer endure such an environment. He felt that there was no point in sharing his opinion with such people, because he could not expect sincerity from them. In the finale, Chatsky pronounces his famous phrase“A carriage for me, a carriage!” and leaves Famusov’s house forever. The consequence of lies and pretense is not only the loss of a progressive and useful citizen in the person of Alexander, but also the catastrophe that broke out that evening: Sophia saw Molchalin’s betrayal, and the guests found out about their affair. However, even in this trouble, the owner of the house was only worried about the opinion of Princess Marya Aleksevna. What happened taught them nothing.
- Lyrical hero poems by M. Yu. Lermontov “Poet” feels unnecessary and lonely because of the hypocrisy of others. A poet, like a precious dagger, must be loved. But society is not capable of appreciating such unique things. The hero’s entourage “hides their wrinkles under blush”, they are “amused by sparkles and deceptions”, they are bored by the “proud” language of the poet. Such a description indicates that the hypocritical crowd needs simple flattery, the fun of balls, and not art at all. That's why lyrical hero feels that he is being laughed at and despised.
Here we have selected for you popular problems regarding lying from texts for preparing for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. The arguments revealing them are selected from Russian literature. You can download all this in table format at the end of the article or read them directly on this page with convenient navigation on problematic issues.
- One of the central themes in Gorky's play "At the Depths" is the problem of white lies. Thus, Luke and Satin represent two opposing points of view: to tell the truth, despite mental torment, or to lie, but with intent, implying compassion for “your neighbor.” The preacher consoled the inhabitants of the shelter and gave them hope, even if it was not supported by real reasons. But the sharper opposed such false healing; he told the truth head-on, without thinking about how his interlocutor would accept it. In his opinion, real man obliged to live with with open eyes, without illusions. Since Luke capitulated with his philosophy and left those who believed him to their fate, we conclude that the author is on the side of Satin, that is, a lie cannot be justified by good.
- Sometimes in life there are situations that suggest the presence of a lie to save oneself or loved one. A.S. Pushkin in the novel “The Captain's Daughter” contrasts ordinary deception with the “white lie” that helped Masha Grineva escape from Emelyan Pugachev. If not for the cunning move of Pyotr Grinev, the innocent girl could have been executed. Each of us must distinguish between cases when to bend our hearts means saving a person from terrible misfortune. Then we can go against the truth. But in other situations, when personal gain is involved, this trick is immoral and borders on a moral crime.
- Comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" also contains the theme of pretense and deception. The main character assumes the presence of lies, but only in cases where it is necessary for the sake of salvation true love. So, for example, Sophia deceives Famusov in order to secretly meet with his secretary. Her intentions are pure, but with this crookedness the girl approaches the hypocritical way of life of that society, whose morals are far from ideal. Her feeling turns out to be an exposed illusion, her knight turns out to be an ordinary swindler, and her lie turns out to be the first step in secular world falsehood and deception. So even a “white lie” does not lead to good, because a person cannot always figure out what is good.
False values
- False values are a boat without a life preserver. Victims of circumstances suffer because they did not realize their own mistake in time. Sofia Pavlovna - main character Comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"- is a “hostage” of his own beliefs. So, Sophia’s ideal is the modest Molchalin, while Chatsky, who loves her all his life, is a person “not her type.” The collapse of her hopes for a future together with her father’s secretary collapses after she learns that Molchalin’s feelings are not reciprocated. This becomes a real tragedy, which Sophia cannot cope with due to her shock. Alas, her values turned out to be extracts from vulgar novels, and not real truths that guide a person.
- Often false values can play a “wicked joke” on the entire society. For example, in N. Gogol's comedy "The Inspector General" people are accustomed to building their own future on greed, hypocrisy and self-interest. They were engaged in embezzlement long years. Their desire to appear before the auditor in the role of respectable managers is an opportunity to save their place, but, having given their savings to the impostor, they found themselves captive to their own values. Because of them, they found themselves in a comical situation, which turned out to be a complete failure for them.
- A.S. Pushkin in the novel "The Captain's Daughter" contrasts morality and ethics with false values. For example, Pyotr Grinev did not tarnish his honor even when he was threatened with execution. The same cannot be said about Shvabrin, who went over his head for personal wealth - this suggests that false values kill in a person everything that connects him with people. Alexey followed the path of selfishness and reached the collapse of his desires and hopes, because society turned its back on him.
- The same person can contain both virtue and commercialism, but what exactly prevails in him? F tried to answer this question. Dostoevsky in the novel “Crime and Punishment”, where Pyotr Luzhin simply plays the role of a “decent person,” when in fact he is “low and disgusting.” His desire to woo Duna is explained not by “love”, but by the desire to have a pliable wife who will revere his every word. However, he strenuously pretends that this is not so. The hypocrisy and meanness in his behavior, fortunately, were noticed before Dunya’s fatal mistake, so Peter was expelled in disgrace.
- In A. Chekhov's story “Tears of a Crocodile” we can see both hypocrisy and duplicity. The main character, Polycarp Judas, “suffers” from the injustice of the lives of poor people, while he himself rips them off to the last thread. “Crocodile tears” is a common expression that signifies the grief of an insincere person such as Judah. His behavior cannot be justified in any way.
- Outwardly wealthy man with material point vision may not be as “consistent” in the soul. This is what he says L. Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace”, where Prince Vasily does everything based on his own benefit. Even coming to Anna Pavlovna did not mean “secular politeness”, but the possibility of settling their children. He deceives Pierre, almost robs him, miraculously not having time to intercept the will of the old count. But in words the hero is always exquisitely courteous and kind, he has high position and good reputation.
- The problem of remorse for telling a lie is clearly visible in V. Astafiev’s story “A Horse with pink mane» . The main character, the boy Vitya, must collect a basket of berries to get the coveted gingerbread, but the guys persuade him to collect grass and put berries on top. The boy is tormented by his conscience for a long time, and he decides to confess to a deliberate lie - this suggests that Vitya is capable of admitting his own mistake, and this is an undoubted step towards the “highest moral ideal.”
- A similar example can be seen on the pages V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov". Throughout the story, the author introduces us to several characters, and one of them recalls the incident with his father’s Mauser, from which he fired. Having admitted the mistake, he still feels remorse for the lie, which was that his mother pushed him to the “truth”, and not his desire.
- A similar example can be found on the pages of the novel M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time", where Grushnitsky’s slander against Princess Mary for the sake of revenge on Pechorin dissolves in justice. Deciding to switch the duelist's weapon, the dishonest man becomes exposed. Gregory realized that his friend wanted to win the battle by deception. Then the inactive weapon goes to the deceiver himself. Grushnitsky dies, and Pechorin draws disappointing conclusions.
- In A. Ostrovsky's play "Dowry" the main character wants to deceive herself by marrying an unloved person. She becomes his bride, mechanically preparing for an unwanted wedding. However, at the engagement dinner, she is again overcome by an attraction to Paratov, who invites Larisa to the Swallow. She abandons her obligations and sets sail to her death. The next morning, the insulted groom killed her, and she could only thank him for this, because she was disgraced and abandoned to the mercy of fate. Alas, it is impossible to build happiness on lies. Interesting? Save it on your wall!