Moral culture

Introduction

Culture

2. Morality

3. Moral culture

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Almost every day, directly or indirectly, every person encounters the concept of culture. Wherever we are, we see or hear all sorts of phrases and statements directly or indirectly related to this concept. For example, often at the sight of a large and noisy group of young people expressing themselves obscenely and rudely, an old woman passing by quite boldly declares to them: “How uncultured you guys are,” or “Young people have gone - immoral.”

Whether we like it or not, everything that surrounds us and everything with which we are essentially connected is culture. This concept has firmly entered our lives and under no circumstances will we put it aside in a distant dark corner.

While we have heard the word culture so often, few of us can boast that we have been interested in or even deeply studied this concept. Most often, we limit ourselves to just understanding our understanding of a concept and do not strive for more. But in my opinion this is not entirely correct. That is why I would like to study deeper and discover some concepts for myself.

Based on the topic I have chosen, it follows that at the beginning of my work I set myself the following specific tasks: to give a clear and, in my opinion, correct concept of culture, morality, and most importantly, as a consequence (in my opinion) of the above, the concept of moral culture.

It seems to me that the topic I have chosen is quite relevant and interesting. Long before I appeared and still long years after me, “moral culture” lived and will live, it will help people learn and become individuals, it will guide them to take the right step, which is correct from its point of view, and if a person can understand its urges and appreciate its contribution to the everyday life of not only an individual , but in total human race in general, then I believe that humanity will have hope for a bright and holy future, for, in my opinion, it is in moral culture that the guarantee of human peace and well-being lies.

1. Culture

Culture is one of the most important areas public life. In the concept of “culture,” a person and his activities act as a synthesizing basis, since culture itself is the creation of man, the result of his creative efforts. But in human culture there is not only an active being, but also a changing being itself.

The beginnings of culture are discovered at the earliest stages of the historical existence of people; the first ideas about it become possible at a fairly high level of social and spiritual development. People have always lived in culture, although they did not immediately begin to realize it. While a person in his life depended on purely natural circumstances, not yet transformed by labor, he attributed the decisive role in his life not to himself, but to these circumstances, which he turned into an object of religious veneration, or cult. The mythological and religious cultures of antiquity, which deified natural forces and elements, endowed nature with purely human properties - consciousness, will, and the ability to predetermine the course of events. Only as they developed further did people begin to realize that much in their lives depended on themselves, on how they thought and acted. The first, initially vague and vague, ideas about culture are connected with this. It was enough, for example, to see the reason for a good harvest not in the mercy of the gods, but in the quality of the soil, in order to draw a distinction between cult as the deification of nature and culture as its cultivation and improvement. The very presence of “culture” in the language testifies to a person’s understanding of his special and independent role in the world, his characteristic activity, which cannot be reduced to the action of both natural and divine forces. Appearance of this word meant the birth of the “cult” of man himself, which replaced all other cults of antiquity.

The subject of cultural history has its own content and specificity among a number of historical disciplines. The history of culture presupposes, first of all, a comprehensive study of its various spheres - the history of science and technology, education and social thought, folklore and literary studies, art history, etc. in relation to them, cultural history acts as a generalizing discipline that considers culture as an integral system in the unity and interaction of all its areas.

For every culture, both national isolation, which leads to stagnation, and ignorance of national traditions, which constitute its internal basis and give it stability, are equally harmful.

Culture is literally translated as cultivation, processing, care, improvement. In the most ancient Latin texts, the use of this word is associated with agriculture. Cicero used the term culture to characterize human spirit. His saying “philosophy is the culture of the soul” is widely known; subsequently, the use of the word “culture” in the meaning of good manners, education, enlightenment becomes traditional.

The desire to use the word “culture” not to designate individual directions, methods and results transformative activities man, and for everything that was created by him, emerged in the 17th century, in line with the development of German educational thought. The first author to use the term "culture" in this new, broad sense was Samuel Puffendorf (1632-1694).

"...The upbringing of the human race is a process, both genetic and organic - thanks to the assimilation and application of what is passed on. We can call this human genesis whatever we want in the second sense, we can call it culture, that is, cultivating the soil, or we can remember the image of light and call it enlightenment..."

So, by culture we understand the totality of all material values, all knowledge and experiences, all practical experience, aimed at solving the triune task - reproduction, preservation and improvement human life. Not a single area of ​​life - be it economics or politics, family or education, art or morality - is possible outside of culture.

2. Morality

Before talking about moral culture, let's consider such concepts as ethics, morality, morality.

Currently, they are all used at the everyday level as identical. However, from a scientific point of view, ethics is a science where the concepts of good and evil are system-forming. Morality should be understood as a set of norms and rules of decent behavior. Morality is the practice of such behavior. Thus, a three-stage structure is built: ethics as a science, morality as a set of instructions for the creation of good, morality as the practice of good behavior.

All these concepts together constitute the essence of moral culture. Culture in its modern understanding is the process of creation, storage, dissemination and development of material, spiritual and socio-political values. On a personal level, culture is the level, degree, and magnitude of mastering values ​​of three orders (material, spiritual, socio-political).

Moral culture is a powerful factor in the formation of a person’s personality, transforming and enriching his needs and inner world for the better.

I cannot but agree with the thought of the famous philosopher Karl Popper:

“Man has created many worlds - the worlds of language, poetry, science. But, perhaps, the most important of them is the world of morality, the world of moral values ​​and regulations, the world of moral demands - freedom, equality, mercy.”

Morality is a set of unwritten rules that determine good human behavior. It is based on morals, that is, a voluntary agreement of people who try to correlate their feelings, aspirations and actions with the life attitudes of other people, with the interests and dignity of the whole society.

*Value is the life and practical attitude of an individual’s behavior, expressing what is significant to him. One person puts honor above life, another longs for freedom, a third insists on the indestructibility of good, a fourth glorifies the all-conquering feeling - love.

For many centuries, philosophers, religious thinkers, and teachers of life have shown interest in moral and ethical problems. The moral sense inherent only to man made it possible to realize his difference from animals. Moral feeling largely determined human actions. In accordance with it, people built their relationships with nature, with other people, with society as a whole. Finally, moral standards helped to choose a decent lifestyle. Many thinkers saw morality as the path to God.

Morality (from Latin moralis - “moral”) is the area of ​​moral values ​​that is recognized by people, the moral life of the people. The content of this sphere and its specificity change over time and differ among different nations. In the morality of all peoples and at all times can be found human values, moral principles and regulations.

Morality (from Latin moralis - “moral”) morality, a system of norms and value concepts that determine and regulate human behavior. Unlike simple custom or tradition, moral norms are justified in the form of ideals of good and evil, due, justice, etc.

Russian philosopher Vladimir Solovyov (1853-1900) believed that morality is an innate human property that distinguishes us from animals. “The basic feelings of shame, pity and reverence are felt in the area of ​​possible moral relations of a person to what is below him, what is equal to him and what is above him,” he wrote in his book “The Justification of Good.” The Russian thinker compared moral philosophy to a guidebook that depicts places worth visiting, but at the same time does not tell a person where to go. People make their own decisions about where to direct their steps. Therefore, according to Solovyov, “no presentation of moral norms, that is, the conditions for achieving a true life goal, can make sense for a person who has consciously set himself not this, but a completely different goal”...

“The Golden Rule of Morality”: “Do unto others as you would have others do unto you.”

Moral culture

Currently, there is a wide and growing interest in a deeper philosophical awareness of culture. At the same time, we realize that culture is not relative, not situational, that it cannot be tied to any current social or political interests, but expresses the very essence of humanity and is a factor in the development of a humane society.

I believe, and I am sure, that many also believe that a person’s culture is entirely based on his moral culture in the broadest sense. Moral culture presupposes both respect for tradition, generally accepted patterns of behavior, and the ability to find one’s own, creative solution. In cases where we are faced with “eternal” problems, universal situations, such as birth and death, illness and health, youth and old age, love and marriage, it is very important to listen to tradition and act in accordance with etiquette. This is how life is built. And its development and progress largely depend on how high the level of culture of a society is.

Moral culture is represented by the subjects of society and their relationships. It includes: a) signs and elements of culture moral consciousness subjects of society; b) culture of behavior and communication; c) a culture of moral actions and activities. Moral culture correlates with other types of culture of the material and spiritual life of society, but first of all it is opposed to the antipodes of morality: evil, inequality, injustice, dishonor, lack of dignity and conscience, and other anti-moral phenomena.

In terms of content, moral culture is the development of moral consciousness and worldview of the subjects of society; the unity of the morally obligatory and the morally existing; manifestation in the system of behavior, communication and activity of the norms of goodness, honor, conscience, duty, dignity, love, interaction, etc.; carrying out life activities according to the principles of humanism, democracy, hard work, social equality, a combination of reasonable egoism (dignity) and altruism, peacefulness.

Moral culture is also the effectiveness of moral regulation of people’s lives, the complementarity of moral and legal regulation, adherence to the “golden rule of morality”, the rules of etiquette.

There is talk everywhere and many are even convinced that public and personal morality are experiencing a severe crisis today. There are many things that are troubling. And the growth of crime, and social injustice, and the collapse of ideals that served as the official support of morality. It is quite obvious that moral culture cannot be at all high if the social system is ineffective and ignores the requirements of justice and common sense.

There is a need to make adjustments to the relationships between people through moral culture, which is a factor in the development of a rational society, becoming more and more obvious every day.

Our consciousness has a way of directly influencing the material world. This, as they sometimes say, is a manifestation of the triumph of thought over matter. The great Russian physiologist I.P. Pavlov said: “Man is the only system that is capable of regulating itself within wide limits, that is, improving itself.” It is important to note here that a lot depends on ourselves.

If we want our civilization to survive, it is necessary to prevent such incidents as quickly as possible. That is why our duty, our sacred duty, is to create a new idea of ​​ourselves and of consciousness through moral culture, so that, guided by this new model in practice, humanity can not only survive, but find itself at a more perfect level of existence.

Of course, cracks in the moral culture of society are obvious; in my opinion, the moral culture of communication can serve as an example, when faced with various misunderstandings between people when communicating almost every day.

A moral culture of communication presupposes the presence of moral convictions, knowledge of moral norms, readiness for moral activity, and common sense, especially in conflict situations.

Moral communication is an expression of the content and level of the spiritual appearance of a person.

The moral culture of communication represents the unity of moral consciousness and behavior. This often requires dedication and self-control from a person. And when it comes to the Motherland, patriotism, a sense of duty, then the ability to self-sacrifice.

The moral culture of communication is divided into: 1) internal and 2) external.

Internal culture is moral ideals and guidelines, norms and principles of behavior, which are the foundation of the spiritual appearance of an individual. These are the spiritual foundations on which a person builds his relationships with other people in all spheres of public life. The internal culture of the individual plays a leading, determining role in the formation of the external culture of communication in which it finds its manifestation. The ways of such manifestation can be varied - exchanging greetings and important information with other people, establishing various forms of cooperation, relationships of friendship, love, etc. Internal culture is manifested in manners of behavior, ways of addressing a partner, in the ability to dress without causing criticism from others .

Internal and external culture of moral communication are always interconnected, complement each other and exist in unity. However, this relationship is not always obvious. There are many people who, behind their apparent unsociability and some secrecy, reveal a spiritually rich personality, ready to respond to your request, provide help if necessary, etc. At the same time, there are also individuals who hide their wretched nature behind an external gloss. and dishonest essence.

There are many examples in life when for some people the external side of communication becomes an end in itself and is actually a cover for achieving selfish and selfish goals. A variety of such behavior is hypocrisy, hypocrisy, and deliberate deception.

Recognition of a person’s value is closely related to specific assessments of people entering into communication. Many difficulties that arise in the process of communication are generated by the discrepancy between a person’s self-esteem and his assessment by others. As a rule, self-esteem is always higher than the assessment of others (although it can be underestimated).

The Holy Fathers said: a person is formed from childhood, even from the womb, and not when he finishes school. And now special attention should be paid to education in our school; it is the main institution that provides education to the younger generation. Alas, school has now lost its educational moment, it provides only the sum of knowledge, but we must remember that at the school bench it is decided not only whether a young person will learn to count and write, but also how he will grow up. How he perceives the world, how he treats his neighbor, how he evaluates all actions.

Therefore, even from school, it is necessary to conduct moral conversations with children. Starting from the age of two, the child enters the scope of moral norms. Finds out what is good and what is bad. First, adults, and then peers, begin to ensure that he observes certain forms of behavior. If you instill in a child that it is necessary to take care of those who need it, to help a person experiencing pain or grief, we can safely say that the child will grow up caring, understanding the pain and grief of others. This does not require any special techniques and methods, you just need to demonstrate positive examples more often. Moral conversations teach you to see the advantages and disadvantages of your own behavior and the behavior of others in everyday life and in public places (on the street, in transport, in a store); to acquire the concepts of “fair - dishonest”, “fair - unfair”, “right - wrong”; They form a “code of honor”, ​​the ability to act fairly, and to subordinate their desires to common interests.

A fairy tale is the first work of art that allows a child to experience a sense of participation in the grief and joy of the heroes, to hate greed and treachery, and to passionately desire the victory of good. A fairy tale expands a child's moral experience.

The future of Russia is formed at school. Naturally, everything influences morality: the press, the family, the school, and even just a random passerby. Therefore, all responsibility for morality in society does not lie with anyone alone. It cannot be said that one Orthodox journalist can influence the state of morality. If one person writes that

There are not enough good, moral topics on television and there is a lot of what destroys the soul, brings some kind of confusion, temptation. Television should have a creative power, help build our state, and build it strong. And the state cannot be strong without morality, without faith, without love for the Fatherland and neighbor.

Religion and morality are closely related. Religion is impossible without morality, and morality is impossible without religion. Faith without works is dead. Only demons believe with such faith (believe and tremble). True faith (living, not dead) cannot exist without good deeds. Just as a naturally fragrant flower cannot but be fragrant, so true faith cannot but be evidenced by good morality. In turn, morality cannot exist without a religious basis and without religious light and will certainly wither, like a plant deprived of roots, moisture and sun. Religion without morality is like a barren fig tree; Morality without religion is like a cut down fig tree.

culture moral life society

Conclusion

In conclusion, I would like to summarize everything that has been said above. After studying the literature, I answered the questions posed. She defined for herself a clear concept of moral culture, its role in public life and its significance for humans.

Revealed “defects” of modern moral culture

“Save your soul, start with yourself, and thousands of people around you will change.” In fact, you must first overcome the problem within yourself.

The value and significance of moral culture, like morality, is found in the behavior, communication and activities of people, in public opinion, and personal example.

Thus, moral culture is the most important traditional element of their culture for a person and society.

The world community is paying more and more attention to the state of culture. It is understood primarily as the content and process of people’s life activity, the result of their active and purposeful, although not always expedient and successful, productive social activity. Culture is one of the leading signs of planetary civilization; it distinguishes the life of people from the life of other living beings on earth and possible extraterrestrial civilizations.

Culture is a fundamental, historically long-term indicator of people's creativity, the correlation of the levels and quality of development of communities and individual peoples, a criterion for assessing the historical path and prospects of large social entities, each individual person. Culture is “second nature”.

It was created by people, indicates fundamentally different laws and factors in the functioning of society (both planetary and specific peoples, states), in contrast to natural (first) nature. It is important to emphasize that second nature as a culture includes not only material and physical, but also spiritual (ideal) elements. This provision also distinguishes culture from natural nature. Culture reveals the spiritual and subjective abilities and properties of people.

The prospects for the development of world society in the 20th-21st centuries are increasingly determined by crisis phenomena that arise in the bosom of culture as its antipodes and indicators of human cultural imperfection. One of these complex problems is the increase in human aggressiveness, increased destructiveness, anti-culturalism of his behavior and activities not only in relation to the natural, but also artificial, created by man himself, the social environment and the people themselves. Modern type personality acquires increasingly threatening and dangerous inconsistency and duality. This situation does not characterize all of humanity, but the trend is quite obvious and stable.

Moral culture is aimed at the reproduction of consciousness, at satisfying the moral needs of people. Morality manifests itself in practice in other spheres of life - in economics, politics, social life, law, etc. It is a phenomenon not only of spiritual, but also of material life, and has clearly expressed specifics.

Bibliography

"CULTURE: THEORIES AND PROBLEMS". Moscow "Science" 1995.

L.K. Kruglova "Fundamentals of Cultural Studies". St. Petersburg 1994.

Yu.G.Marchenko I.I. Mamai "FUNDAMENTALS OF CULTURAL STUDY" ( tutorial). Novosibirsk 1995.

Simple conversations about morality.

Tags: Moral culture Abstract Culturology

Moral culture is one of the main foundations of the spiritual life of society. Along with law, the sphere of morality acts as the main mechanism for regulating human behavior, creating examples of “unwritten”, spontaneously formed (unlike law) norms and ideals of behavior. The principles of morality have the nature of an obligation and are presented as a universal requirement, even if in reality they are inherent only in a certain social group.

Morality as a form of regulation of behavior is a constitutive element of human culture. At the time of its appearance, it was closely associated with religious beliefs. The first prohibitions and norms of communication with ancestors and fellow tribesmen made it possible for society to exist as a system of precisely culturally defined relationships. In other words, morality creates a spiritual space within which human existence unfolds precisely as human.

The regulatory function of morality is embodied in the creation of a whole system of norms, principles, ideals and values.

Moral standards- proper behavior, the violation of which, in the opinion of the group, brings harm to it. They are formulated as specific rules of action: give up your seat to elders, say hello when you meet, don’t offend younger people, don’t be late, don’t use obscene language, wear a burqa, don’t kill, don’t steal.

Moral principles(egoism, altruism, humanism, collectivism, individualism, asceticism, selflessness, exactingness) set the direction of moral activity.

Moral Ideals create an image of a morally perfect person and express the ultimate goal of actions. Thus, the Christian moral ideal is embodied in the image of Christ - the teacher of justice and the great martyr. This ideal is associated with self-restraint, humility, patience, compassion and love for one's neighbor. It must be borne in mind that the moral ideal is only an endlessly receding horizon, a line of behavior, a process of achievement, and therefore it cannot be embodied in reality.

Highest moral values act as personal guidelines for life, extremely general goals of the moral activity of each person. We are talking about such values ​​as happiness, the meaning of life, freedom. It is the highest moral values ​​that are the supreme regulator of moral behavior, feelings and thoughts. Moral culture realizes itself in the sphere of consciousness, feelings and actions. Moral consciousness functions at the level of theoretical justification of moral norms, values, ideals, as well as in the form of a person’s subjective understanding of moral values, assessments, and motives of behavior. Morality also presupposes the presence of moral feelings (shame, guilt, conscience). Moral practice acts as a sphere of moral relations realized in actions. A person who does not act practically cannot be considered moral.

Moral culture is a historical phenomenon. Each era and each nation creates its own ideas about good and evil and its own mechanisms for the functioning of morality. Thus, in traditional societies, moral norms and values ​​are considered unchangeable, and their acceptance occurs virtually without personal choice (there is no alternative). Individual actions are strictly subordinate to more significant supra-individual processes. Here the center of human existence, the criteria of his will and judgments, the highest values ​​are located outside of man - in some Whole,

to which he belongs along with others. In modern European culture, human behavior rests on the consciousness of the power contained within him, generated by his will, constant reflection and self-reflection. Therefore, moral values ​​appear in his eyes as created by himself without the involvement of others, i.e. are of the nature of individual choice.

Nevertheless, we have the right to talk about the existence of universal moral norms and values.

Moral culture functions at the level of society as a whole, various subcultural formations, and the individual. Let's take a closer look at the latter. The moral culture of an individual reflects the degree to which a person has mastered the moral experience of society, the ability to consistently implement moral values ​​and principles in actions, and readiness for self-improvement. Here, the synthesis of social norms and personal moral experience plays an important role. Externally, a culture of moral behavior is manifested in the compliance of actions and words with the norms that society has developed. But they will be strictly moral only if they are committed on the basis of moral motivation and in accordance with moral principles, i.e. when ethical knowledge coincides with moral motives and actions. It is possible to say that moral culture has become an internal component of the individual only when the moral norms and values ​​of society turn into beliefs. The moral culture of an individual presupposes a person’s ability to understand the feelings and motives of his actions, the ability to relate them to the interests of other people.

Formation of moral culture society includes the fixation of spontaneously formed norms of behavior and ideals, which take the form of myths, religious commandments, and at a later stage acts as a theoretical justification for moral ideals that correspond to the spirit of the times. A necessary component of the process of forming a moral culture is the dissemination and introduction of existing moral knowledge and requirements into the consciousness of people through training, education, traditions, customs, organization mass forms communication, etc. In the process of forming a moral culture, each society creates certain mechanisms for the reproduction of moral values ​​through public opinion, various forms of control, example, etc.

Regulation and management of moral processes in society is carried out through the system moral education, which today is not uniform in content, because in a socially differentiated society, on the basis of generally accepted morality, there are different types of morality: secular, religious, philistine, professional. Therefore, in modern culture there cannot be a universal program and methods of education. These are just general guidelines.

Moral education is the process of transforming moral knowledge into internal attitudes, habits, and beliefs. In modern culture, education is viewed as managing the process of personality development (rather than managing the personality). Therefore, it is carried out through dialogical communication, a joint search for truth, the creation of educational situations, and creative activity.

Moral education involves several directions:

Forming a connection with society, coordinating personal behavior with its norms.

Familiarization with the moral ideals and norms of society.

Assimilation of external culture of behavior.

Formation of moral habits necessary for society.

Formation of stable moral feelings (conscience, duty, dignity, shame) and qualities (honesty, integrity).

Transforming knowledge into beliefs.

To implement these tasks, various forms and methods are used. The most important forms of moral education are tasks and instructions, individual conversations, work with activists, mass information and organizational events (meetings, reports, lectures, conferences, theme evenings), effective and practical forms (propaganda teams, counselors, help groups, etc.). Basic methods of moral education: persuasion, exercise, positive example, approval (from gesture and tone to declared gratitude), condemnation, organization of morally positive activities, self-education. Already in adolescence, the development of moral habits should be carried out in conditions of pronounced independent activity, in a situation of high responsibility for oneself.

Formation of moral culture in modern Belarusian society is associated with a number of problems. Criticism of the Soviet system led to the destruction of old spiritual foundations, moral norms and principles. While rightly reproaching socialist morality for abstractness and double standards, in the process of criticism many universal human values ​​were actually discredited. New ideals were absent for a long time. This situation gave rise to extremely moral nihilism, open disregard for moral standards, and a turn towards selfishness and individualism. Society was faced with the task of forming a new type of morality, the main guidelines of which were universal human values, humanism, and Christian morality. There is also a tendency to build a system of moral education based on the ideology of the middle class, when professionalism and associated moral qualities are put at the forefront - decency, reliability, duty, honesty, demanding of oneself and others, responsibility, discipline, etc.

It must be said that the weakening of the mechanisms of moral regulation is also due to the peculiarities modern culture. The cult of technology in the 20th century led to everything more development technocratic thinking, for which moral orientations, especially towards extremely generalized moral principles, have secondary importance. Urbanization processes have led to an increase in the anonymity of life. IN big city mechanisms for controlling moral behavior (condemnation, boycott, public opinion) are increasingly weakening, and legal regulation of relations between people is coming to the fore. Therefore, even in prosperous Western society, problems of moral culture are very acute today.

Finally, an important problem is the insufficient development of detailed methods for educating various moral habits, feelings and norms of behavior. Today, more and more such studies are appearing. Moreover, they can be effective only if they combine knowledge in the fields of ethics, psychology and pedagogy.

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Minsk 2007
UDC 008(076.6) BBK 71.оя7 L24 Series founded in 2001

Features of cultural studies
Most often, the presentation of the content of a particular science in a university curriculum begins with clarifying the content of the concept that denotes this science. The term "culturologist"

Cultural studies as an integrative scientific discipline
As for cultural studies, it is an integrative scientific discipline, which studies culture and from the point of view

Tasks and functions of cultural studies
Having defined the subject of cultural studies and its uniqueness as an integral branch scientific knowledge about a holistic and dynamically developing phenomenon of culture, we can formulate its main

Material culture
Material culture has a rather complex structure. Its basis is subject-productive elements. The latter, in turn, include production culture, life

Spiritual culture
The basic elements of spiritual culture include: customs; manners; laws of value Customs, mores, laws are a kind of

Basic approaches to the historical typology of culture
There are the following approaches to the historical typology of culture. Evolutionist. It is based on the idea of ​​the unity of the cultural-historical process. Ku

Culture of socio-ethnic communities
The culture of socio-ethnic communities is a different perspective on human culture, in which a special place is occupied by the analysis of culture from the point of view of its division into different

Professional and folk culture
The different types of culture include professional and popular culture. Professional culture differs from folk culture

Economic prerequisites and social functions of mass culture
Origins of widespread use popular culture V modern world lie in the commercialization of all social relations. The desire to see a product in the sphere of spiritual activity in

Dominant culture, subculture, counterculture
Every society has a certain set of cultural patterns that are accepted by the majority of members of the society. This set is usually called the dominant culture

Economic culture
Let us recall that the economy is a social institution designed for the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services. Economic culture

Political culture
Political culture includes a set of methods of political activity, knowledge, value orientations and norms of political behavior of social

Legal culture
Legal culture is an important component of modern culture. Legal relations currently cover almost all spheres of society, distributed

Functions of legal culture
Integration. The legal system is designed to ensure harmony in society and help prevent conflict situations. Regulatory function

Religion and culture
Religion as a view of the world and a metaphysical property of human self-awareness is one of the constitutive features of culture. Until modern times, it determined the spiritual cult

Art culture; art; aesthetic values; artistic image; artistic creativity; art style
Artistic culture is one of the components in the system of functioning of the “second nature” of man. Perhaps this is one of the most stable

Art culture
Artistic culture masters the sphere of artistic values, which are most directly related to the aesthetic values ​​represented in culture

Art as knowledge
Art is a special kind of cognitive activity, which is associated with the specifics of the relationship between subject and object in the process of cognition. For scientific

Sign-symbolic function of art
The essence of a sign is such that it, having its own nature, is a substitute for some meaning. Is it possible to say that art only conveys and evokes certain meanings in the human mind?

Art as catharsis
Even in ancient Greece, ancient thinkers drew attention to the fact that art has a special ability to harmonize the inner world of a person, to form certain morals

Main features of primitive culture
Primitiveness is historically the first and longest stage in the development of human culture. The question of the time frame of this period causes much controversy. Generally accepted

Anthropomorphism
Anthropomorphism (from the Greek anthropos - man, morphe - form) - endowing objects and phenomena of inanimate nature with human properties, celestial bodies, plants and belly

Traditionalism
Traditions play an important role in any culture, acting as a channel for the transmission of accumulated experience. But in primitive times they had a special meaning, since it was around tradition and in connection with tradition that there was

Spiritual culture of primitive man
The traditionalism of primitive culture led to the fact that all significant forms of behavior were a socially sanctioned, strictly regulated symbolic system of actions -

Forms of religion
Among researchers of religion, there is no clear opinion about what forms of primitive beliefs can be considered religion. A number of researchers do not consider magic to be a religion (J. Fraz

Magic as a way of knowing and mastering the world
Magic is understood as a system of rituals with the help of which a person can supernaturally influence nature, people and spirits. Magic is associated with

Myth as the main form of archaic consciousness
The features of myth as a way of perceiving the world are associated with the figurative-sensual, symbolic, syncretic nature of ideas about natural and social phenomena.

Culture of ancient societies of the East
Ancient civilizations are a special socio-historical phenomenon, opposed to pre-class and pre-state, pre-urban and pre-civil, and finally, and very importantly, pre-literate

Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt is a state in northeastern Africa, in the lower reaches of the river. Neil, one of ancient states in the world. Natural conditions became a significant factor in the development of ancient Egypt

Ancient India
In the Indus River valley already in the III-II millennium BC. n. e. there was a vibrant and distinctive culture. Culture of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa (named after the place where the oldest urban settlements were discovered) at the end of the 3rd millennium.

Ancient China
The Chinese people have created a special type of culture that distinguishes it from the culture of other peoples. Living in isolation for a long time, he created an original civilization with a special type of relationship between man and

Characteristic features of ancient Greek culture
The term “ancient culture” refers to the culture of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome from the 13th-12th centuries. BC and until the IV-V centuries. n. e., associated with the origin, flourishing and decline of slave ownership

Mythology
Mythology played a major role in the formation of ancient culture. The myths themselves are archaic narratives about the deeds of gods and heroes based on fantastic stories.

Ancient Roman culture
Ancient Rome played a key role in the history of European and world culture. The complex of countries and peoples that we are up to today denoted by the words "Western Europe"

Architecture
Architecture, which was strongly influenced by Etruscan and Greek, reached a high level of development. But at the same time, in the buildings the Romans sought to emphasize strength, power, overwhelming people

Science and art
Compared to literature, the achievements of science are not so significant. Although medical knowledge had gained a certain geographical spread, signs of regression were becoming more and more noticeable.

Origins of medieval culture
The European Middle Ages actually began with the cultural catastrophe of the previous ancient civilization. Along with the destruction of Roman statehood, the value foundations are rapidly disappearing.

Antiquity and the Middle Ages
And yet, medieval culture retained some cultural forms created by Antiquity (primarily Rome). True, very often in a stripped-down, superficial form. And always in connection with new values

Christianity in the culture of the Middle Ages
Christianity acts as the ideological foundation of the Middle Ages, leaving its mark on all spheres of spiritual and material life. The value system in the Middle Ages has its absolute

Paganism in medieval culture
After the capture of the Empire by Germanic tribes, the Roman Church was faced with the need to convert to Christianity barbarian peoples, whose consciousness was much more archaic than ancient. TO

Carnival, humorous nature of folk culture
The carnival, humorous nature of folk culture is an important feature of the culture of the Middle Ages, most clearly manifested in cities. Carnival I

Education and science in the Middle Ages
Literacy was not a reality, but an ideal symbol of culture. There were not so many literate people, books were a rarity. Everyday reality – singing people. But the figure of the scribe becomes taller, nobler than figs

Knightly culture
The military class was a necessary component of both ancient and Germanic culture. But there the warrior was only a mercenary, he served his master or leader. Throughout the early Middle

Artistic culture of the Middle Ages
The medieval worldview determined the specific features of the art of this era: Appeal to God. Art was supposed to bring a person to God, put him in front of his image, and

Formation of the Renaissance culture
First of all, it is worth noting the meaning of the term “renaissance” or “rebirth”. We are talking, first of all, about the revival of ancient ideals - in the broadest sense - as normative, defining

Ideas of ancient humanism
Another important idea that was formulated within the framework of the Renaissance is the idea of ​​the divine principle in man, with the preferred type of active social behavior, searches and

Science and art
The emerging scientific vision of the world is inextricably linked with the artistic practice of the Renaissance. None of the great artists of this time, be it Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo or Albrecht

Northern Renaissance
The Northern Renaissance, which includes France, Germany, the Netherlands, etc., adopted the humanistic ideas of the Italian Renaissance, but at the same time the culture of these countries remained

Culture of the Belarusian people of the Renaissance
The humanistic ideas of the Renaissance touched upon the most important sphere of spiritual life medieval Europe- churches. Ideas arise of returning to the true meanings of religious relations, which

The era of capitalism
The 17th century opened new era- the era of capitalism. At the same time, Protestantism gave a powerful impetus to the rationalization of all types of activities and the creation of the science of the New Age - experimental knowledge. He sanctifies

Development of European science
At the end of the 16th century XVI century Galileo laid the foundations of new mechanics-dynamics, made important discoveries in the field of astronomy, I. Kepler generalized astronomical observations in mathematical formulas (Ke's laws

Development of the educational movement
At the end of the 17th century. XVIII centuries In European culture, the ideology of the Enlightenment arose, preaching the priority of science, reason in the life of the individual, society, state, the idea of ​​educating perfect people

Development of science in the 11th century
The 11th century was the heyday of classical natural science and the creation of a unified system of sciences. The first scientific laboratories working for industry appeared. Scientific discoveries increasingly in

Development of art and architecture
Great shifts in the development of science and technology have had a huge impact on artistic culture. The defining artistic movements are classicism, romanticism, and critical realism.

20th century culture
The twentieth century has gone down in history as the most tragic and bloody. Its main distinguishing feature is the powerful rise of science and technology against the backdrop of gigantic clashes and revolutions

Science in the culture of the twentieth century
Discussions about the essence and role of various types of cultures inevitably turned to problems associated with clarifying the place of science in modern society. Moreover, in the 20th century. science as a special sociocultural

Artistic movements in the culture of the 20th century
The main innovations in culture that arose in the first half of the 20th century were formed mainly in the mainstream of modernism, which became a specific path

Musical culture of the twentieth century
Musical culture XX century more clearly than fiction, are characterized by a search for modernist means and forms of artistic expression. It's clear

Modern understanding of civilization
The word “civilization” comes from the Latin “civilis” - citizen, city dweller. Even in antiquity, it was used to determine the qualitative difference between the ancient world and the ancient world.

Basic ideas of modern civilization theory
Let us dwell in more detail on the main ideas of the founding scientists of modern civilization theory. The theory of local types by N.Ya.Danilevsky (1822-1885). In your main

Development of the civilizational theory of local cultures
P. Sorokin (1889-1968) in his works summarized the main provisions of the theory of local cultures and made a number of critical comments, which contributed to further development civilized

Formation of world civilization
Today it is obvious that the world is becoming an increasingly interdependent social system. Close economic integration emerged; a system has been formed international division labor; were with

Nature
Nature is one of the most broad concepts. Phenomena and objects of nature are the light of distant stars, the interconversion of the smallest elementary particles, the endless expanses of the ocean, etc.

Naturalistic concepts of culture and man
Naturalistic concepts of culture and man are a set of philosophical and theoretical views that reduce the essence of man to natural principles, and his activities, incl.

Modern forms of naturalism
Modern forms naturalism differ from traditional ones. Currently, discussions about human nature, about the connection between nature and culture, nature and man find expression in the

Ecology
Ecology is a concept derived from the Greek oikos - home, homeland; arose as a designation for a branch of science that studies the relationship between people and the nature around them, their “e”

Interaction between culture and personality
Culture is a specific human way of activity aimed at creating spiritual and material values, the result of which is a dynamic system of symbols

Stages of interaction between cultures and personality
Of course, these three components of the depicted truncated pyramid are closely interconnected in such a way that it is enough to eliminate one of them for the entire cultural system to be destroyed.

Socialization of personality
Culture created creative activity of a person, taking the form of embodiment of an ideal, a plan into a specific work, be it a novel, opera, sculpture, temple, religious doctrine, etc., himself

The emergence of various psychocultural personality types
The variety of options for connecting culture and personality that exists in modern society leads to the emergence of various psychocultural personality types. Currently in

Language as an element of culture
Language is one of the main elements of culture and an important means of communication. Why did the need for language arise? At the dawn of the development of human society, the formative

The process of language emergence
Now there is not a single language on the globe that would preserve the memory of these early stages of development. Based on data from many sciences, it is possible to trace the process of the emergence of language. Paleoantr

Forms of existence of language
Language exists in various forms– dialects, social dialects (professional speech), vernacular, literary language. Dialects are local names for very common

Formation of ethnic identity
Language processes are closely related to the development of an ethnic group. Ethnic groups are characterized by a number of characteristics, among which biological ones stand out (racial unity, common origin); geographical (unit

The historical path of formation and development of Belarusian culture
The historical path of formation and development of Belarusian culture is complex and contradictory. Along this path there were periods of real take-off, but there were also times when her very existence

The influence of socio-political conditions on the development of culture
Particularly significant events in the development of Belarusian culture are associated with the socio-political transformations that took place in Belarus after the revolutions of 1917 - first February

Belarusian musical and theatrical art
Belarusian musical art is a special sphere of artistic activity, which received significant development in the 20th century, thanks to creative success musicians of different sizes

Cultural studies
Course of lectures 3rd edition, supplemented In the author's edition Responsible for the issue O.N.

The moral culture of an individual is a characteristic of the moral development of an individual, which reflects the degree to which he or she has mastered the moral experience of society, the ability to consistently implement values, norms and principles in behavior and relationships with other people, and readiness for constant self-improvement. Moral culture acts as a complex program, including the acquired experience of humanity, which helps to act morally in traditional situations, as well as creative elements of consciousness, such as moral reason, intuition, which contribute to making moral decisions in problem situations.

A person accumulates in his consciousness and behavior the achievements of the moral culture of society. Hence, the moral culture of an individual is the degree to which an individual perceives the moral consciousness and culture of society, an indicator of how deeply and organically the requirements of morality are embodied in a person’s actions due to the formative influence of society on him.

The task of forming a moral culture of an individual is to achieve an optimal combination of traditions and innovations, to combine the specific experience of an individual and the entire wealth of public morality.

Moral culture of the individual. Theory.

The moral culture of society is concretized and personalized primarily in the moral culture of the individual. It represents the totality and measure of the development of moral consciousness and worldview, moral qualities, the completeness and consistency of their manifestation in self-regulation, behavior, communication and personal activity.

The structure of a person’s moral culture consists of:

a) development of moral consciousness (moral knowledge about goodness, honor, etc.; moral feelings and emotions, moral will, moral values);

b) the development of a moral worldview (moral ideals, norms and principles, moral orientations and interests, convictions and beliefs);

c) perfection of moral qualities (philanthropy, respectful attitude towards people, compassion, empathy, justice, conscientiousness, kindness, honesty, dignity, sense and understanding of duty, responsibility, etc.);

d) consistent manifestation of moral qualities, adherence to moral norms and principles.

In terms of content, the moral culture of an individual largely coincides with the moral culture of a society or group. But it can differ significantly from them in the subjectivity of comprehension and expression, the dominance of certain moral values, and direction. Thus, the “golden rule” of morality commands and recommends: “treat other people the way you would like to be treated.” It can be expressed by other judgments. But each person understands this imperative in his own way.

One transforms it only to family relationships, the other to informal interpersonal relationships, the third to professional and official ones. There can be quite a lot of such options. Nevertheless, the value and meaning of this rule-norm are preserved, remain understandable and in demand.

The difference between the moral culture of an individual and the culture of society lies in the fact that anti-cultural, immoral positions, behavior and misconduct occur primarily in the individual. Large masses of people turn to immoral actions either by succumbing to the influence of negatively oriented leaders, or when they are reduced to extreme poverty and lack of rights.

2.1 Morality.

The word "morality" in modern language means approximately the same thing as morality. Indeed, etymologically, the term “morality” goes back to the Latin word “mos” (plural “moris”), meaning “temper”, “moralis” - “moral”. Another meaning of this word is law, rule, regulation. In modern philosophical literature, morality is understood as morality, a special form of social consciousness and a type of social relations; one of the main ways to regulate human actions in society through norms.

Morality arises and develops based on the need of society to regulate the behavior of people in various spheres of their lives. Morality is considered one of the most accessible ways for people to understand the complex processes of social life. The fundamental problem of morality is the regulation of relationships and interests of the individual and society.

Moral ideals, principles and norms arose from people’s ideas about justice, humanity, goodness, public good, etc. The behavior of people that corresponded to these ideas was declared moral, the opposite - immoral. In other words, what is moral is what people believe is in the interests of society and individuals. What brings the most benefit. Naturally, these ideas changed from century to century, and, moreover, they were different among representatives of different strata and groups. This is also where the specificity of morality among representatives of various professions comes from. All of the above gives grounds to say that morality has a historical, social-class and professional character.

The concept of “morality” is extremely polysemantic. There are several dozen specific moralities, but most often morality is understood as one of the main ways of normative regulation of human actions in society, as well as a special form of social consciousness and type of social relations.

Morality, by and large, is a system of values ​​characteristic of a certain person and society at a certain point in time. Morality, regulating human relations, is based not on the power of state power, but on the power of consciousness, on conviction. The term “Moral” is used as a separate moral, practical instruction, moral teaching. (The moral of this fable is...) The words “moral” and “morality” are used rather as a qualitative definition of an action, in the context of whether it is decent and worthy.

We can say that morality rests on three important foundations.

Firstly, these are traditions, customs, mores that have developed in a given society, among a given class, social group. A person learns these morals, traditional norms of behavior, which become habits and become the property of the spiritual world of the individual. They are realized in his behavior, the motives of which are formulated as follows: “this is how it is accepted” or “this is not accepted,” “everyone does this,” “both people and I,” “this is how it was done from time immemorial,” “our fathers and our grandfathers did the same and we will do the same." The importance of such motives is undeniable. After all, without mastering what is accepted or not accepted in a given society, it is impossible to understand “what is good” and “what is bad.”

Secondly, morality is based on the power of public opinion, which, by approving some actions and condemning others, regulates the behavior of an individual and teaches him to comply with moral norms. The instruments of public opinion are, on the one hand, honor, good name, public recognition, which become the result of a person’s conscientious performance of his duties, his strict adherence to the moral norms of a given society; on the other hand, shame, shaming a person who has violated moral standards.

Thirdly, morality is based on the consciousness of each individual, on his understanding of the need to harmonize personal and public interests.

This determines voluntary choice, voluntary behavior, which occurs when conscience becomes a solid basis for a person’s moral behavior. The reality of the name of the three justifications of morality is evidenced by its entire history. This has been recorded and folk wisdom. It’s not for nothing that they say about a very bad, immoral, immoral person: “No shame, no conscience.” This means that public opinion has no effect on him, and his conscience is undeveloped. You can’t beat such a person with morals; you have to use harsher means of influence, designed for a low level of consciousness. (“Whoever is not honored will be beaten by the stick,” says one of the proverbs).

Thus, morality includes a set of norms and rules of behavior and is an important way of revealing human capabilities, the formation and affirmation of the human personality.

The difficulties of studying morality are due to the fact that they are associated with very “subtle” psychological and social mechanisms. Morality arises where mental relationships between people are given. But these relationships are formed at the social level, where mental experiences are associated with ideas about good and evil, justice, honor, duty, conscience, happiness, etc. Naturally, animals do not and cannot have such ideas in a clearly expressed form, because moral relations are mental relations of a higher social level, inherent only to humans.

Difficulties also arise when we strive to localize morality, to isolate it from other connections and relationships. This cannot be done. The fact is that morality has a penetrating ability and is not localized in any one area: science, politics, production, family, etc. The same action can turn out to be moral, immoral, extra-moral - it all depends on whether it expresses a person’s attitude to the value system operating in society. In general, it must be said that morality, morality or immorality do not exist on their own, separately from the actions and actions of a person. Any person can verbally endow himself with any qualities. Moreover, he can sincerely believe in what he says. However, only an impartial analysis of the actions and deeds of this person can confirm or refute his statement.

All this must be taken into account, since not only each individual person, but also each class, social layer and the social group of society always try to use morality for ideological purposes, adapt it to their interests, and justify their way of life with its help.

1.1 Moral culture as a philosophical and pedagogical problem

Modern science covers the most diverse areas of human life and activity, penetrating the secrets of the laws of nature and society. But one of the most attractive, important and complex objects of knowledge is culture and its bearer and creator - man. Culture has many sources: everything that happens in the world, in society, in politics, and everything that happens in social group, in the family, and all personal experience, and everything that the people teach, both literature and art. Only by drawing from universal human cultural values ​​can one become a person of high culture.

The economic and socio-cultural situation in the Republic of Belarus at the stage of transition to a socially oriented economy, civil society and the rule of law has complicated the process of educating younger generations. Among them, social anxiety, uncertainty, aggressiveness and cruelty began to appear more and more; the number of students with deviant behavior has increased. In many ways, this became possible due to a decrease in the educational potential of educational institutions since the early 90s: in educational work, formalism has still not been eliminated, consisting in the mechanical assimilation and use of certain provisions, norms and rules of behavior without their conscious assimilation and the ability to independently apply them in life. Formalism also manifests itself in template planning educational work and sports and recreational activities, lack of analysis carried out with students.

In this regard, the task of identifying new theoretical, methodological and practical approaches to modern education, which are reflected in the “Concept of raising children and students in the Republic of Belarus,” has become urgent. The purpose of education is also indicated - the formation of social, spiritual and morally mature creative personality– with a high level of culture, with creative potential, capable of self-development and self-regulation, with the inherent qualities of a citizen, patriot, hard worker and family man. Awareness of the intrinsic value of human life and a focus on the revival of spiritual and moral values ​​determines the educational strategy, in the implementation of which culture plays a major role. It is the culturological approach that makes it possible to make culture the content, and education the process of cultural creation. Since moral and ethical culture is a basic component of personal culture, then the most important task education is the moral development of the individual, which presupposes students’ awareness of the fact of interaction in the world of many cultures with their ideals, spiritual and moral values; mastering concepts of culture, morality, spirituality; education of moral qualities and experience of moral behavior.

“The 21st century will be the century of humanitarian culture, if there is one at all.” These words belong to the famous French philosopher K. Levi-Strauss, and their meaning is that humanity may not have a future if it does not turn its interest to the humanitarian development of the individual, the moral aspects of his life.

The problem of moral culture is located on the border of ethics and cultural theory. Currently, there are two approaches to revealing the essence of the concept of “moral culture”. The first begins with revealing the essence of the generic concept - “culture”, and the second approach - the specific one - “morality”.

To get an idea of ​​what moral culture is, first of all, you need to turn to the etymology of the word “culture”.

In the ancient world, the Latin word “cultura” originally meant “cultivation of the land”, its “cultivation”, i.e. changes in nature under the influence of man and his activities. Later, “culture” began to be understood as everything created by man.

Outstanding thinkers of the past paid much attention to the problem of culture. In the works of Cicero (106-43 BC) the concept of “cultura animi” is found, which can be translated as “processing, improvement of the soul.” He wrote: “Just as a fruitful field without cultivation does not produce a harvest, so does the soul. Cultivating the soul is philosophy: it weeds out vices in the soul, prepares the soul to receive sowing and entrusts, so to speak, only those seeds that, having ripened, bring a bountiful harvest.”

In ancient times, the understanding of culture came down to the recognition in its composition of the inextricable unity of Truth, Goodness and Beauty. This eternal triad subsequently gave birth to modern science, morality and the richest art. At the same time, the cult of reason and a noticeable emphasis on science in the concept of culture can be traced back to the end of the 18th century.

The great German philosopher I. Kant (1724-1804), although he recognized the triad of ideas at the heart of the universe - Truth, Goodness and Beauty - came, however, primarily to a moral awareness of the concept of “culture”. His statement is widely known: “Two things always fill the soul with new and ever stronger surprise and awe, the more often and longer we reflect on them - this is the starry sky above me and the moral law in me.”

Another outstanding German scientist G. Hegel (1770-1831) assessed culture as a natural development, the gradual revelation of the creative power of the “world mind” existing outside of man, identified with God.

The great thinker N.K. Roerich interpreted the word “culture” as the fusion of two foundations: cult - veneration and ur - light. He believed that “only the introduction of Light destroys darkness.” This is precisely the main aspect of culture, i.e. bringing Light into all spheres of human life and activity, including education. N.K. Roerich stated: “There is no place for frivolity in culture. It is culture that is conscious cognition, spiritual sophistication and persuasiveness.”

In modern domestic and foreign literature, the term “culture” is used as a process of humanization, cultivating the natural world and man himself; the result of the process of cultivation; means of cultivation.

Thus, it can be argued that culture is the process and result of education and upbringing, since it implies improvement, ennoblement of the physical, and, mainly, spiritual powers of man and society, i.e. cultivation of the spirit.

This approach can also be seen in V.I.’s definition of culture. Dahlem: "Culture - processing and care, cultivation, education, mental and moral".

This position is also confirmed by the German philosopher L. Feuerbach (1804-1872). He said that “it is not the flesh, but the spirit that makes a person a person.”

Thus, it should be noted that the Latin term "culture" in relation to man is also cultivation, improvement and formation.

Currently, there are several hundred definitions of culture. Culture is a historically determined level of development of society, creative powers and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of people’s lives and activities, in their relationships, as well as in the material and spiritual values ​​they create /

Culture is a specific way of organizing and developing human activity, represented in the products of material and spiritual labor, in spiritual values, in the totality of people’s relationships with nature and among themselves.

Culture in education is a meaningful component, a source of knowledge about nature, society, methods of activity, a person’s emotional-volitional and value-based attitude towards people around him, work, communication, etc. .

Taking these definitions into account, we will understand culture as the process, means and result of education and upbringing.

The concept of moral culture is also closely related to the terms “morality” and “morality”, which are essentially synonymous.

The etymological meaning of the concept of “morality” is associated with the explanation of the Latin word “moralis”, which means “moral” as a system of principles and norms of behavior that determine the relationships of people to each other, to society and individual classes, and as rules of moral behavior /

However, the obvious discrepancy between the normative-value, ideal side of morality and real moral relations has given rise to some researchers (A.A. Guseinov, A.K. Zvejnieks, etc.) to fill these concepts with different semantic content. As a rule, attempts to distinguish between the concepts of “morality” and “morality” come down to the relationship between what is and what should be, where the sphere of morality appears as a set of norms, principles and values, and morality, in turn, is characterized as the relative embodiment of moral consciousness in real relationships and activities.

For the first time, a theoretical justification for the separation of the concepts of morality and morality was proposed by Hegel, who believed that they should describe various phenomena of spiritual life. By morality he understood the subjective significance of human behavior, and morality is a practical relationship embodied in historical experience families, civil society and the state.

According to A.A. Guseinov, the following arguments can be considered in favor of separating these terms. Firstly, the individual is included in the moral definition directly, morality is sanctified by tradition, morality as an expression of inner conviction is evidence of the spirit. Secondly, morality coincides with actually practiced forms of behavior; morality is a subjective obligation. Thirdly, morality expresses the point of view of the community (family, state, society), and morality is an expression of individual will.

Teachers I.F. Kharlamov, B.T. Likhachev, V.A. Slastenin believe that such a division, although somewhat artificial, has its own logic. However, in this work we will consider the concepts of morality and ethics as synonyms. The synonymy of “morality” and “morality” has deeper roots, and linguistic practice testifies to their equivalence.

Interest in personality, in the problem of its formation in the history of human thought, has always been great and intensified even more at turning points in the development of society, when the need arose to find ways out of the crisis.

Although the concept of moral culture appeared in the mid-20th century, the roots of this concept go back to ancient times. Already in antiquity, questions of morality, moral behavior, moral ideal, and moral person arose.

So Socrates (469-399 BC) absolutizes morality, considers it the foundation of a worthy life, the basis of culture. For him best way self-realization of a person - his moral activity. Emphasizing the importance of moral self-improvement of the individual, Socrates argued that only a moral person can be happy.

The ethical concept of Plato (427-347 BC) contains the doctrine of the intellectual and moral improvement of man. The philosopher does not imagine the morality of an individual apart from his connection with society, i.e. the content of individual existence must be socially significant.

The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC) first spoke about a special practical science of morality, the purpose of which is to teach a person how to become virtuous (happy). Unlike Plato, Aristotle denies the innate nature of virtues, which gives him the opportunity to talk about the problem of moral education. For him, a moral person is one who is guided by reason coupled with virtues. He argued the following: “If we move forward in the field of knowledge and not morality, then we are moving not forward, but backward.” Aristotle's thought is still relevant today, when our society is concerned about the moral character of the younger generation.

The Middle Ages is characterized by the fact that the basis for the interpretation of morality is not reason, but religious faith. Against the background of the idea of ​​love, the “golden rule of morality” receives its expression: “And so in everything, as you want people to do to you, so do you to them...”.

During the Renaissance, the human personality acquired great value. A Renaissance man is a bright personality who acts as the creator of his life and destiny. The Renaissance is also distinguished by its appeal to social, civic themes, the role of which in the moral culture of society during the Middle Ages was small.

Thus, N. Machiavelli (1469-1527) denies the leading role of religion in the formation of a morally perfect personality, arguing that this is the prerogative of a strong centralized state.

Thomas More (1478-1533) believed that the priority social task is the education of morality, i.e. fostering feelings of justice, selflessness, humanity and honesty. Thus, a person should be educated in the spirit of morality, which is in the interests of society.

The subject of study in the era of New Time is the surrounding nature, hence the reduction of morality from heaven to earth; thinkers are faced with questions of substantiating the moral worth of the individual.

Already Spinoza (1635-1677) speaks of the enormous importance of knowledge in the moral improvement of the individual.

French educators consider moral standards to be directly dependent on civil rights and the responsibilities of individuals, i.e. everything is extremely socialized. So for John Locke (1632-1704) a moral man is a citizen, a gentleman who “should be useful to his country.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), considering man weak in his rational knowledge, elevated him in moral dignity. He saw the purpose of education in the formation of not an official, not a soldier, but a person. He believed that: “in the sphere moral ideas one must proceed as slowly as possible, the lessons of morality must be in actions, not in speech. According to Zh.Zh. Rousseau, only in the period from 15 years to adulthood (25 years) does the formation of the moral character of a young man take place. During these years, he becomes acquainted with the customs of societies.

Distinctive feature Russian philosophers of the late 19th century is a boundless faith in the spiritual and moral development of man. They did not consider morality abstractly, only from the point of view of the ideal of human spirituality, but put into this concept the real actions of the individual.

A moral person, according to S.N. Trubetskoy, cannot be cut off from other people and live only by his own interests for himself alone. “A moral principle is alive only when it truly inspires a person and is embodied in his actions.”

I. Kant proceeded from the fact that morality is possible only if a person fulfills his duty, therefore the culture of morality will consist in its perfect fulfillment. The culture of morality itself largely depends on the internal motivation of human activity. Only an action that follows from a sense of duty can be moral. Motivation for activity significantly determines an individual's moral culture.

Franz Baader, a German romantic of the 19th century, believed that the goal of moral culture is purification, enlightenment, and sharpening of the inner vision of the individual. It lies in the constant striving for the miracle of spiritual improvement. If it does not manifest itself either in public or in individual life, then this means that “man and people are corrupt and alien to the spirit.”

Having considered the points of view of two authors, we can notice that, when talking about the concept of moral culture, they place the main emphasis on the internal, motivational side of an individual’s morality. The fundamental characteristic of moral culture is the orientation towards spiritual improvement. The emphasis on this aspect of moral culture is extremely important, but it seems possible to include other significant characteristics spiritual world of the individual, which are described by this concept.

The trends in the development of philosophical thought that emerged at the end of the 19th century are also developing in the 20th century. In Western Europe, such movements as positivism, pragmatism, existentialism and others appear.

Thus, an adherent of pragmatism, Charles Pierce (1839-1914), criticized irrationalism and dogmatism, which absolutize moral values ​​as eternal and unchangeable.

J. Dewey (1859-1952) noted that a person gradually solves specific problems to achieve goals that meet his volitional impulses. The role of reason in this case is to choose adequate means leading to achieving the goals. These means and actions will be moral.

Pragmatism views morality as a source of internal discontent, as a means of achieving mental comfort and satisfaction with life; addressing the problems of moral existence and civil status of the individual in society has become more relevant.

The process of moral education of the individual and the formation of moral culture has become the subject of research by many foreign and domestic scientists and teachers.

A huge contribution to the development of moral education of the younger generation was made by the Soviet teacher V.A. Sukhomlinsky (1918-1970). He presented the algorithm for the formation of moral culture as the relationship of the following components: awareness and acceptance of the norms of universal morality; education of feelings; formation of moral habits; managing your desires; formation of motives (motives) for moral actions.

Thus, the goal and main result of organizing the process of moral education, the main indicator of its effectiveness is the formation of a moral culture of the individual.

According to V.A. Sukhomlinsky, the moral culture of an individual is a facet, a moment of a person’s social essence, reflecting the moral potential of an individual, which lies in the awareness of a socially significant connection with the world and other people, as well as in specific ways of mastering and reproducing moral relations.

The importance of practical activity is also emphasized by N.I. Boldyrev He believed that the inclusion of the individual in various types of activities creates the opportunity to form moral consciousness, develop moral feelings, develop skills and habits of manifestation of moral qualities. He also paid special attention to the purposeful acquisition by students of knowledge of moral norms and principles.

Famous teacher I.F. Kharlamov focuses on the formation of moral qualities of the individual. In his opinion, an important role is played by a system of explaining the significance of a specific moral norm for an individual, organizing appropriate activities and exercises to develop skills, abilities and habits of moral behavior.

Revealing the essence and content of the modern concept of “personal moral culture” requires an analysis of existing views on the problem.

Some authors (L.M. Arkhangelsky, V. Vichev, V.M. Sokolov, V. Blyumkin and others) consider moral culture as unity, as the connection and interaction of consciousness and behavior, as the harmony of the culture of moral consciousness and moral aspects of behavior. A.S. Zubra identifies moral culture with the moral maturity of the individual, with the degree of assimilation of moral norms. I.I. Kazimirskaya, N.E. Shchurkov reduce moral culture to “moral activity”, including in its content moral relations, moral consciousness and moral behavior.

In other words, in the content aspect, there is basically no difference between the above theses about the place of moral consciousness and realized moral behavior as the main content of moral culture. At the same time, some of the authors mentioned above do not include moral skills, traditions, customs, and feelings in moral culture. Thus, the content of the concept is narrowed to a certain extent. And here it is important to emphasize that without a developed culture of moral feelings, without formed moral skills and habits, ethical knowledge “does not work.” Consequently, finding a more accurate definition of the essence of moral culture requires considering the individual as a whole.

The views of R. Zimaitis and L. Greenberg are different in this regard. Thus, R. Zhimaitis emphasizes that at the empirical level, the concept of “moral culture” is an indicator of a unique area of ​​moral values ​​and, at the same time, a way of realizing these values ​​in people’s behavior.

In continuation of these thoughts, L. Greenberg notes that moral culture could be considered as the degree of acquired progressive moral values ​​and mastery of the skills for their implementation in spiritual activity and moral practice. Therefore, it necessarily includes a component of personal self-esteem and moral reflex. L.M. Arkhangelsky interprets moral culture as the unity and interaction of consciousness and behavior, as the process of transforming objectively existing cultural values ​​into personal culture.

Other authors (Yu.M. Smolentsev, V.A. Bachinin and others) consider moral culture as an indicator of an individual’s morality, reflecting the achieved level of human development. So, according to A.S. Laptenka, the moral culture of an individual is a qualitative characteristic of the moral development of an individual. It reflects the degree to which an individual has mastered the moral experience of society, and the extent to which this experience is embodied in behavior and relationships with other people.

According to the Bulgarian scientist E. Rangelova, the moral culture of an individual is the totality of acquired knowledge and formed beliefs, norms and principles of life, experienced moral feelings, emotions (positive and negative), acquired moral skills, attitudes and relationships with people and society, formed moral qualities and ideals, ability and moral creativity and the fight against immoral, inhumane phenomena.

A.S. Zubra considers the moral culture of an individual as a unity of moral feelings and intellect. Elements of the sensory level of moral consciousness are one of the specific forms of moral attitude towards the world, people, and work. Rational elements appear in the form of principles, ideals, categories, norms, ideas about what is proper and just, personal and social; they more clearly express the degree of moral culture of the individual.

If we turn to the dictionary on ethics, then we will find the following definition of a person’s moral culture: the moral culture of a person is the degree to which an individual perceives the moral consciousness and culture of society, an indicator of how deeply and organically the requirements of morality are embodied in a person’s actions thanks to the formative influence of society and self-education.

Thus, the moral culture of an individual is a complex program that includes the mastered experience of humanity, which helps to act morally in traditional situations, as well as creative elements of consciousness - moral reason, intuition, which contribute to making moral decisions in problem situations.

When determining the main components and corresponding elements of a unified structure of moral culture, some authors (V.M. Sokolov) are guided by the disclosure of the essence of the cognitive process and the features of its implementation in the development of the individual. They reveal the structure of moral culture in the following order: ethical knowledge; moral qualities, principles and beliefs; skills and abilities to exercise moral action; everyday active moral manifestations of the individual.

Other authors (V.A. Blumkin, V. Vichev, N.B. Krylova) analyze moral culture as a structure with two main components - moral behavior and consciousness or with three components (L.M. Arkhangelsky, R. Zhimaitis) - moral consciousness, moral relations, moral activity. There is no significant difference here. Rather, it depends on which component (consciousness or behavior) is given first place in the structure and why.

The third group of authors (I.I. Kazimirskaya, A.S. Laptenok, B.T. Likhachev, E.N. Rangelova) recognizes three main components of moral culture - a culture of moral consciousness, a culture of moral feelings, a culture of behavior. But both in theoretical and practical terms, it is difficult to separate moral feelings from moral consciousness. In addition to views on moral and immoral behavior, moral consciousness includes moral values, goals, ideals and moral feelings.

An analysis of the presented theoretical positions gives grounds to conclude that each of the mentioned authors contributed to the explanation of the essence of the concept of “moral culture”. What they have in common is an understanding of the moral culture of the individual as a whole. Its individual components and elements are necessary characteristics and can only be revealed in the holistic structure of the phenomenon.

Thus, in our work, by the moral culture of an individual we will understand the implementation of a culture of moral consciousness and moral feelings in activity, which leads to the formation of a culture of moral behavior (Fig. 1.1)

The problem of moral culture lies on the border of ethics and cultural theory. The study of philosophical and pedagogical literature has shown that there are two approaches to revealing the essence of the concept of “moral culture”. The first begins with revealing the essence of the generic concept - “culture”, and the second approach - the specific one - “morality”.

Culture is a specific way of organizing and developing human activity, represented in the products of material and spiritual labor, in spiritual values, in the totality of people’s relationships with nature and among themselves.

Morality is a specific type of regulation of human relations; it is a set of norms of behavior, communication and relationships accepted in a particular society.

As for “moral (moral) culture,” it characterizes what has become part of life practice, shows the level of perception in the public consciousness and the degree of embodiment of values.

Moral culture characterizes morality, which is limited by the historical conditions of its real embodiment, as N.N. Krutova, “morality in action.” It shows the real level of inclusion of moral values ​​in the practice of human relations.

Currently, there is no single point of view on the definition of the concept of “personal moral culture.” Moral culture of a person is:

Unity, connection and interaction of consciousness and behavior, harmony of culture of moral consciousness and moral aspects of behavior (L.M. Arkhangelsky, V. Vichev, etc.);

The degree of acquired moral values ​​and mastery of skills for their implementation in spiritual activity and moral practice (L. Greenberg, R. Zhimaitis);

An indicator of an individual’s morality, reflecting the achieved level of human development (V.A. Bachinin, A.S. Laptenok, etc.).

1. Moral consciousness, moral activity, moral relations (L.M. Arkhangelsky).

2. Moral consciousness and behavior (V.A. Blyumkin).

3. Ethical thinking, moral feelings, moral behavior (A.S. Laptenok).

From the presented positions in considering the structure of moral culture, we can conclude that the moral culture of an individual is a single structure and it is impossible to talk about its formation in the absence of at least one of the elements.

Moral culture is a synthesizing characteristic of a person’s spiritual qualities. It covers all spheres of a person, both spiritual and volitional, all his behavioral manifestations, being an integral characteristic of the personality; determines the existence and functioning of a person in accordance with a system of moral values, principles, norms, ideals, needs and abilities. Thus, the proposed options for the structure of moral culture can be used when solving problems at the level of personality of a modern teenager.

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2) the structure of moral culture.

The term “moral culture” was formed on the basis of two concepts “morality” and “culture”. Morality, as is known, is the practical embodiment of moral ideals, goals and attitudes in various forms of social life, in the culture of people’s behavior and the relationships between them. The word “culture” itself, as is known, comes from the Latin “cultura”, which translated into Russian means cultivation, processing, improvement, education, upbringing. The subject of culture, its carrier, are both society as a whole and its structural formations: nations, classes, social strata, professional communities and each individual. And in all these cases, culture acts as a qualitative characteristic of the degree of perfection of any sphere of human life and of the person himself. Man is the subject and object of culture. The specificity of culture lies in the fact that it reveals the qualitative side of human activity, showing to what extent the latter acts as a realization of a person’s creative potential, and to what extent this activity meets certain requirements and norms.

The level of moral development of society and the individual can be different: high or low, since the degree of assimilation of moral values ​​developed by society, and especially their implementation in practice at different times, is different. When this degree, this level is high, we talk about a high moral culture of society and vice versa.

In the moral consciousness of an individual, two levels can be distinguished: theoretical (rational) and psychological (sensual). Both of them are closely related to each other, influence each other and make it possible to most fully and deeply, with the mind and heart, evaluate social phenomena from the position of good and evil and influence the actions and deeds of a person from the same positions. However, it would be a mistake to ignore the differences between them. The content of the theoretical, or rational, level of moral consciousness is ethical knowledge, views and ideals, principles and norms, moral needs. The content of this level of moral consciousness is formed purposefully both by the relevant public state institutions (kindergarten, school, university, service team), and by the efforts of the individual himself. Elements of this level are more stable; they are more closely connected with political and legal consciousness. They are deeper and more thorough, because they reflect the most significant connections, patterns, and trends in the moral life of society. It is because of this that they can control and guide, restrain the moral feelings and emotions of the individual. Moral needs, being, like beliefs, the result of the activity of the mind and heart, become an important goal of the transmission mechanism from moral consciousness to moral behavior.

The culture of moral needs is a level of their development that expresses the constant desire of a State Fire Service employee to consciously and selflessly fulfill his civic and official duty, to comply with the requirements of public morality and fire ethics in everyday official and non-official activities. The more exalted the moral needs are, the higher the level of moral qualities.

As noted above, the second level of moral consciousness is psychological or sensory level. Sometimes it is called the level of ordinary moral consciousness. It includes a rich range of moral feelings, emotions, likes and dislikes, ideas about moral and immoral, moral rules, mores, customs, etc., developed and consolidated by the individual in the process life experience These are a kind of primary elements of moral consciousness. In feelings, emotions, likes and dislikes, the formation of a person’s moral position occurs emotionally and directly. Sometimes this manifests itself very impulsively: a person is happy or angry, cries or laughs, falls into prostration, withdraws, and sometimes, as they say, gives free rein to his hands. Moral feelings are very numerous, and are classified on a variety of grounds. Some divide them according to the life sphere of manifestation: moral-political, moral-labor, moral-combat, actually moral. The other three groups are situational, intimate and feelings of social experience. Still others classify based on the depth of experience.

For example, intimate feelings are feelings of love, friendship, fidelity, hatred or devotion, etc. They arise in relationships with other people, they express sympathy and antipathy, like and dislike.

The feelings of social experience are of a completely different nature. They, in essence, are moral and political feelings, because they reflect attitudes not so much towards other people, but towards phenomena of great civil significance: this is a feeling of patriotism and internationalism, collectivism and solidarity, national pride, etc. They are complex in their content, diverse in their manifestation and rather represent a fusion of personal and social. It should also be emphasized that, unlike, for example, intimate feelings, which are mobile and dynamic, moral and political feelings are more stable and stabilized.