Alexey Peshkov, better known as the writer Maxim Gorky, for Russian and Soviet literature iconic figure. He was nominated five times Nobel Prize, was the most published Soviet author throughout the existence of the USSR and was considered on a par with Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin and the main creator of Russian literary art.
Alexey Peshkov - future Maxim Gorky | Pandia
He was born in the town of Kanavino, which at that time was located in the Nizhny Novgorod province, and is now one of the districts of Nizhny Novgorod. His father Maxim Peshkov was a carpenter, and in recent years life he managed a shipping company. Vasilievna’s mother died of consumption, so Alyosha Peshkova’s parents were replaced by her grandmother Akulina Ivanovna. From the age of 11, the boy was forced to start working: Maxim Gorky was a messenger at a store, a barman on a ship, an assistant to a baker and an icon painter. The biography of Maxim Gorky is reflected by him personally in the stories “Childhood”, “In People” and “My Universities”.
Photo of Gorky in his youth | Poetic portal After an unsuccessful attempt to become a student at Kazan University and arrest due to connections with a Marxist circle, the future writer became a watchman on the railway. And at the age of 23, the young man set off to wander around the country and managed to reach the Caucasus on foot. It was during this journey that Maxim Gorky briefly wrote down his thoughts, which would later become the basis for his future works. By the way, the first stories of Maxim Gorky also began to be published around that time.
Alexey Peshkov, who took the pseudonym Gorky | Nostalgia Having already become famous writer, Alexey Peshkov leaves for the United States, then moves to Italy. This did not happen at all because of problems with the authorities, as some sources sometimes present, but because of changes in family life. Although abroad, Gorky continues to write revolutionary books. He returned to Russia in 1913, settled in St. Petersburg and began working for various publishing houses.
It is curious that, despite all his Marxist views, Peshkov perceived the October Revolution rather skeptically. After the Civil War, Maxim Gorky, who had some disagreements with the new government, again went abroad, but in 1932 he finally returned home.
Writer
The first of Maxim Gorky's published stories was the famous "Makar Chudra", which was published in 1892. And the two-volume “Essays and Stories” brought fame to the writer. Interestingly, the circulation of these volumes was almost three times higher than what was usually accepted in those years. Of the most popular works of that period it is worth noting the stories “Old Woman Izergil”, “ Former people", "Chelkash", "Twenty six and one", as well as the poem "Song of the Falcon". Another poem, “Song of the Petrel,” has become a textbook. Maxim Gorky devoted a lot of time to children's literature. He wrote a number of fairy tales, for example, “Sparrow”, “Samovar”, “Tales of Italy”, published the first special children's magazine in the Soviet Union and organized holidays for children from poor families.
Legendary Soviet writer | Kyiv Jewish community Very important for understanding the writer’s work are Maxim Gorky’s plays “At the Lower Depths,” “The Bourgeois” and “Yegor Bulychov and Others,” in which he reveals the playwright’s talent and shows how he sees the life around him. Big cultural significance for Russian literature they have the stories “Childhood” and “In People”, social novels“Mother” and “The Artamonov Case”. Last job Gorky’s epic novel “The Life of Klim Samgin” is considered, which has a second title “Forty Years”. The writer worked on this manuscript for 11 years, but never managed to finish it.
Personal life
The personal life of Maxim Gorky was quite stormy. He married for the first and officially only time at the age of 28. The young man met his wife Ekaterina Volzhina at the Samara Newspaper publishing house, where the girl worked as a proofreader. A year after the wedding, a son, Maxim, appeared in the family, and soon a daughter, Ekaterina, named after her mother. The writer was also raised by his godson Zinovy Sverdlov, who later took the surname Peshkov.
With his first wife Ekaterina Volzhina | LiveJournal But Gorky's love quickly disappeared. He began to feel burdened family life and their marriage to Ekaterina Volzhina turned into a parental union: they lived together solely because of the children. When little daughter Katya died unexpectedly, this tragic event became the impetus for the severance of family ties. However, Maxim Gorky and his wife remained friends until the end of their lives and maintained correspondence.
With his second wife, actress Maria Andreeva | LiveJournal After separating from his wife, Maxim Gorky, with the help of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, met the Moscow Art Theater actress Maria Andreeva, who became his de facto wife for the next 16 years. It was because of her work that the writer left for America and Italy. From her previous relationship, the actress had a daughter, Ekaterina, and a son, Andrei, who were raised by Maxim Peshkov-Gorky. But after the revolution, Andreeva became interested in party work and began to pay less attention to her family, so in 1919 this relationship came to an end.
With third wife Maria Budberg and writer H.G. Wells | LiveJournal Gorky himself put an end to it, declaring that he was leaving for Maria Budberg, a former baroness and part-time his secretary. The writer lived with this woman for 13 years. The marriage, like the previous one, was unregistered. Last wife Maxima Gorky was 24 years younger than him, and all his acquaintances were aware that she was “having affairs” on the side. One of Gorky's wife's lovers was an English science fiction writer H.G. Wells, to whom she left immediately after the death of her actual spouse. There is a huge possibility that Maria Budberg, who had a reputation as an adventurer and clearly collaborated with the NKVD, could be double agent and also work for British intelligence.
Death
After his final return to his homeland in 1932, Maxim Gorky worked in newspaper and magazine publishing houses, created a series of books “History of Factories and Plants”, “Poet’s Library”, “History civil war", organizes and conducts the First All-Union Congress Soviet writers. After unexpected death the writer wilted from his son's pneumonia. During his next visit to Maxim’s grave, he caught a bad cold. Gorky had a fever for three weeks, which led to his death on June 18, 1936. The body of the Soviet writer was cremated, and the ashes were placed in the Kremlin wall on Red Square. But first, Maxim Gorky’s brain was extracted and transferred to the Research Institute for further study.
In the last years of life | Electronic library Later, the question was raised several times that the legendary writer and his son could have been poisoned. In this case there was people's commissar Genrikh Yagoda, who was the lover of Maxim Peshkov's wife. They also suspected involvement and even. During the repressions and the consideration of the famous “Doctors’ Case,” three doctors were blamed, including the death of Maxim Gorky.
Books by Maxim Gorky
- 1899 - Foma Gordeev
- 1902 - At the bottom
- 1906 - Mother
- 1908 - The life of an unnecessary person
- 1914 - Childhood
- 1916 - In People
- 1923 - My universities
- 1925 - Artamonov case
- 1931 - Egor Bulychov and others
- 1936 - Life of Klim Samgin
Maxim Gorky or Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov was born in 1868 and died in 1936.
The pseudonym “Gorky” was taken by the writer because his whole life was not distinguished by cloying sweetness. IN early childhood Maxim Gorky's parents died and he was raised by his grandparents, who were not particularly wealthy. WITH teenage years Alexey Peshkov had to cling to any part-time job to feed himself and his family. This is how a thirst for work was instilled, which Alexey Maksimovich did not refuse even as a writer.
The love of literature was developed in the young poet by his grandmother, whom he loved immensely.
Gorky became the pioneer of realism new era. That is why the authorities did not like him and many of his books were banned.
The writer gained experience both at home and repeatedly abroad, achieving recognition throughout the world.
He was one of the most controversial writers of his time, Gorky created in his works the image of his Epoch - the way he saw and understood it.
The poet died under mysterious circumstances; there are rumors that the authorities were involved in his death and many blamed Stalin, suggesting that poisoning was committed. However, the cause of his death has not yet been established.
11th grade, 7th grade, 3rd grade for children. Interesting facts from Gorky's life
Biography by dates and interesting facts. The most important.
Other biographies:
- Democritus
Democritus was born in the city of Abdera around 460 BC. new era. Therefore, he is often called Democritus of Abdera. He is considered the creator of atomistic materialism, although, if you look in more detail
- Baratynsky Evgeniy Abramovich
Evgeny Baratynsky, Russian poet of Polish origin. He lived very short life and died in a foreign land. Some call him great writer XIX century, others say his talent is too exaggerated.
- Charlemagne
Charlemagne was born into the family of a court dignitary. Both the mother and father of the future monarch were powerful and active people. Both participated in politics and tried to unite with neighboring powers peacefully.
- Dmitry Donskoy
Dmitry Donskoy is a famous Russian prince, famous primarily for his victory on the Kulikovo Field. His short biography is an instructive read for children.
- Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann
THIS. Hoffmann is a German writer who created several collections of short stories, two operas, a ballet and many short musical works. It was thanks to him that a symphony orchestra appeared in Warsaw.
Maxim Gorky was born in 1868. The real name of the writer is Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov. This man was not only a great Russian poet, but also a famous publicist and public figure.
Maxim was born in the city Nizhny Novgorod. His father was a cabinetmaker. The writer lost his father in early age, and spent his entire childhood with his grandfather, who owned one of the local dye shops.
The writer spent almost his entire adult life in poverty and changed many professions. As a young guy, he tried in every possible way to enter one of the universities in Kazan, but Maxim never managed to do this. Over time, he became part of the revolutionary movement and began active educational activities. The famous V.G. helped him get into literary circles. Korolenko. Only in 1892 Maxim published his first story, “Makar Chudra,” which readers liked. It was from that moment that Gorky began active literary activity. His collection “Essays and Stories” achieved enormous popularity. In his novel entitled "Mother" he treated with great sympathy revolutionary movement, which took place in Russia, which is conveyed in the novel.
A large number of writers' works created a great sensation and became a real sensation. The play “Yegor Bulychev and Others” alone deserves enormous attention and reverence, not to mention his other masterpieces, such as “Childhood”, “My Universities” and much more.
Being outside his homeland, and these were 1921-1931, and after returning to his native Russia, Maxim had a huge influence on the formation of the ideological and aesthetic principles of literature of the Soviet Union. This also applies to the generally accepted theory socialist realism.
The writer died in 1936.
3, 7, 8 grade
Biography of Maxim Gorky about the main thing
Maxim Gorky was born in 1868 in the city of Kanavino. Father - Maxim Peshkov, mother - Varvara Peshkova (nee Kashirina). My father is a carpenter by profession. When Maxim was 3 years old, his father became seriously ill with cholera and subsequently died. Interestingly, Maxim caught the disease from his son. Gorky's real name is Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov. The pseudonym was probably taken in honor of his deceased father. 8 years after the death of his father, his mother also dies of consumption. Thus, at the age of 11 the boy becomes an orphan. Alexey's grandmother replaces his parents. Having been orphaned, Gorky has to go to work. He tries to study at a parish school, but, having contracted smallpox, he stops studying. Later he spends 2 years at the Kanavinskaya school. According to teachers, he was a problem student at school. During his studies he lives with his mother and stepfather, the relationship with the latter does not work out, after another strong quarrel returns to grandfather.
Life for his grandfather did not work out; Kashirin was poor and could not provide constant supervision for young Alexei. As a result, Gorky spent a lot of time on the street, unattended, in the company of street children like him. For some time he studied at a parish school for the poor. Bad company and poverty greatly influenced Alexey, he stole and collected. Such behavior did not go unnoticed by other students, and Gorky was subjected to ridicule and bullying. For this reason, Alexey leaves school. Despite such problems, Alexey knew how to learn. He read a lot and had an extraordinary memory, but was also illiterate.
In 1884, Gorky left for Kazan and attempted to enter the university. The attempt ends in failure; this is not surprising, because Alexey did not even have a secondary education. Decides to stay in Kazan. He works and at the same time gets acquainted with Marxism. In 1887, he learns about the death of his grandparents. In the same year he tries to commit suicide twice, but fails both times.
In 1888 he was engaged in propaganda and was arrested. It is under constant police surveillance. He continues to travel and do odd jobs. The first publication appears on September 12, 1892. A year later, he continues to publish and marries for the first time. The marriage did not last long and after 2 years the writer left Kamenskaya. In 1896 he married Ekaterina Volzhina.
At the beginning of the 20th century, he became interested in drama and wrote plays. In marriage, the writer has two children. In 1902, he settled in Nizhny Novgorod with his wife and children. By that time, Maxim was already a fairly famous publisher and playwright. Here he is finishing the play “At the Lower Depths,” which is very well received in Russia and Europe.
In 1903, the writer met actress Maria Andreeva. Leaves his family and leaves Nizhny Novgorod. In 1905 he was arrested again, but a little later he was released on bail. Persecuted, Gorky leaves Russia and goes to the USA. There, on behalf of Lenin, he is collecting money for the needs of the revolution. In 1906 he settled in Italy and for 7 years lived and worked on the island of Capri.
Returns to Russia, continues to write for some time, and is engaged in publishing activities. He did not accept the revolution and went into exile in 1921. He continues to create far from his homeland. 7 years later he visits the USSR for the first time. Soon, he finally returns to his homeland. In recent years he has been writing “The Life of Klim Samgin”; work on the work has been ongoing for 11 years. In 1934, Gorky’s son Maxim died, but the father’s reaction to his son’s death was very sluggish, if not indifferent.
In May 1936 he fell ill with the flu. The disease progresses and by mid-June it becomes clear that the poet cannot cope with it; on June 18 he dies. At the time of his death, Gorky was 69 years old.
3rd grade, 7th grade, 8th grade for children
Interesting facts and dates from life
Russian Soviet writer, playwright, publicist and public figure, founder of socialist realism.
Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov was born on March 16 (28), 1868 in the family of cabinetmaker Maxim Savvatyevich Peshkov (1839-1871). Orphaned early, the future writer spent his childhood in the house of his maternal grandfather Vasily Vasilyevich Kashirin (d. 1887).
In 1877-1879, A. M. Peshkov studied at the Nizhny Novgorod Slobodsky Kunavinsky Primary School. After the death of his mother and the ruin of his grandfather, he was forced to leave his studies and go “to the people.” In 1879-1884 he was a shoemaker's apprentice, then in a drawing workshop, and then in an icon painting studio. He served on a steamship sailing along the Volga.
In 1884, A. M. Peshkov made an attempt to enter Kazan University, which ended in failure due to lack of funds. He became close to the revolutionary underground, participated in illegal populist circles, and conducted propaganda among workers and peasants. At the same time, he was engaged in self-education. In December 1887, a streak of failures in life almost led the future writer to suicide.
A. M. Peshkov spent 1888-1891 traveling around in search of work and impressions. He traveled the Volga region, Don, Ukraine, Crimea, Southern Bessarabia, the Caucasus, managed to be a farm laborer in a village and a dishwasher, worked in fishing and salt fields, as a watchman on the railway and as a worker in repair shops. Clashes with the police earned him a reputation as "unreliable." At the same time, he managed to establish first contacts with the creative environment (in particular, with the writer V. G. Korolenko).
On September 12, 1892, the Tiflis newspaper "Caucasus" published A. M. Peshkov's story "Makar Chudra", signed with the pseudonym "Maxim Gorky".
The formation of A. M. Gorky as a writer took place with the active participation of V. G. Korolenko, who recommended the new author to the publishing house and edited his manuscript. In 1893-1895, a number of the writer’s stories were published in the Volga press - “Chelkash”, “Revenge”, “Old Woman Izergil”, “Emelyan Pilyai”, “Conclusion”, “Song of the Falcon”, etc.
In 1895-1896, A. M. Gorky was an employee of the Samara Newspaper, where he wrote feuilletons daily in the “By the way” section, signing the pseudonym “Yegudiel Chlamida.” In 1896 - 1897 he worked for the Nizhegorodsky Listok newspaper.
In 1898, the first collection of works by Maxim Gorky, “Essays and Stories,” was published in two volumes. It was recognized by critics as an event in Russian and European literature. In 1899, the writer began work on the novel Foma Gordeev.
A. M. Gorky quickly became one of the most popular Russian writers. He met ,. Neorealist writers began to rally around A. M. Gorky (, L. N. Andreev).
At the beginning of the twentieth century, A. M. Gorky turned to drama. In 1902 in Moscow Art Theater His plays “At the Lower Depths” and “The Bourgeois” were staged. The performances were an exceptional success and were accompanied by anti-government protests from the public.
In 1902, A. M. Gorky was elected honorary academician Imperial Academy sciences in the category of fine literature, but by personal order the election results were annulled. As a sign of protest, V. G. Korolenko also renounced their titles of honorary academicians.
A. M. Gorky was arrested more than once for social and political activities. The writer took an active part in the events of the Revolution of 1905-1907. For the proclamation of January 9 (22), 1905, calling for the overthrow of the autocracy, he was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress (released under pressure from the world community). In the summer of 1905, A. M. Gorky joined the RSDLP, and in November of the same year, at a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, he met. His novel “Mother” (1906) received great resonance, in which the writer depicted the process of the birth of a “new man” during the revolutionary struggle of the proletariat.
In 1906-1913 A. M. Gorky lived in exile. He spent most of his time on the Italian island of Capri. Here he wrote many works: the plays “The Last”, “Vassa Zheleznova”, the stories “Summer”, “Town of Okurov”, the novel “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin”. In April 1907, the writer was a delegate to the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP. A. M. Gorky visited Capri.
In 1913, A. M. Gorky returned to. In 1913-1915 he wrote autobiographical novels“Childhood” and “In People”, since 1915 the writer published the journal “Chronicle”. During these years, the writer collaborated with the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda, as well as with the magazine Enlightenment.
A. M. Gorky welcomed the February and October revolutions of 1917. He began working at the World Literature publishing house and founded the newspaper New life" However, his differences in views with the new government gradually grew. Journalistic cycle of A. M. Gorky " Untimely thoughts"(1917-1918) attracted sharp criticism.
In 1921, A. M. Gorky left Sovetskaya for treatment abroad. In 1921-1924 the writer lived in Germany and Czechoslovakia. His journalistic activities during these years were aimed at uniting Russian artists abroad. In 1923 he wrote the novel “My Universities”. Since 1924, the writer lived in Sorrento (Italy). In 1925, he began work on the epic novel “The Life of Klim Samgin,” which remained unfinished.
In 1928 and 1929, A. M. Gorky visited the USSR at the invitation of the Soviet government and in person. His impressions from trips around the country were reflected in the books “Around the Union of Soviets” (1929). In 1931, the writer finally returned to his homeland and launched extensive literary and social activities. On his initiative, literary magazines and book publishing houses were created, and book series were published (“Life wonderful people", "Poet's Library", etc.)
In 1934, A. M. Gorky acted as the organizer and chairman of the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers. In 1934-1936 he headed the Union of Writers of the USSR.
A. M. Gorky died on June 18, 1936 at his dacha in Pod (now in). The writer is buried in the Kremlin wall behind the Mausoleum on Red Square.
In the USSR, A. M. Gorky was considered the founder of the literature of socialist realism and the ancestor of Soviet literature.
Maxim Gorky (real name - Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov). Born on March 16 (28), 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod - died on June 18, 1936 in Gorki, Moscow Region. Russian writer, prose writer, playwright. One of the most significant and famous Russian writers and thinkers in the world.
Since 1918, he has been nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature 5 times. On turn of the 19th century and XX centuries, he became famous as the author of works with a revolutionary tendency, personally close to the Social Democrats and in opposition to the tsarist regime.
Initially, Gorky was skeptical about October Revolution. However, after several years cultural work V Soviet Russia(in Petrograd he headed the publishing house “World Literature”, interceded with the Bolsheviks on behalf of those arrested) and life abroad in the 1920s (Berlin, Marienbad, Sorrento), returned to the USSR, where in the last years of his life he received official recognition as the founder of socialist realism.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, he was one of the ideologists of god-building; in 1909, he helped participants in this movement maintain a factional school on the island of Capri for workers, which he called “the literary center of god-building.”
Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov was born in Nizhny Novgorod, in the family of a carpenter (according to another version, the manager of the Astrakhan office of the shipping company I.S. Kolchin) - Maxim Savvatyevich Peshkov (1840-1871), who was the son of a soldier demoted from the officers. M. S. Peshkov worked as a manager of a shipping office in the last years of his life, but died of cholera. Alyosha Peshkov fell ill with cholera at the age of 4, his father managed to treat him, but at the same time he became infected and did not survive; the boy hardly remembered his father, but the stories of his loved ones about him left a deep imprint - even the pseudonym “Maxim Gorky,” according to old Nizhny Novgorod residents, was taken in memory of Maxim Savvateevich.
Mother - Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina (1842-1879) - from a bourgeois family; Widowed at an early age, she remarried and died of consumption. Gorky’s grandfather Savvaty Peshkov rose to the rank of officer, but was demoted and exiled to Siberia “for cruel treatment of lower ranks,” after which he enrolled as a bourgeois. His son Maxim ran away from his father five times and at the age of 17 he left home forever. Orphaned early, Alexey spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Kashirin. From the age of 11 he was forced to go “to the people”: he worked as a “boy” in a store, as a buffet cook on a ship, as a baker, studied in an icon-painting workshop, etc.
In 1884 he tried to enter Kazan University. I became acquainted with Marxist literature and propaganda work. In 1888, he was arrested for connections with N. E. Fedoseev’s circle. He was under constant police surveillance. In October 1888 he became a watchman at the Dobrinka station in Gryaze-Tsaritsynskaya railway. Impressions from his stay in Dobrinka will serve as the basis for the autobiographical story “Watchman” and the story “Boredom for the Sake.”
In January 1889, at a personal request (a complaint in verse), he was transferred to the Borisoglebsk station, then as a weighmaster to the Krutaya station.
In the spring of 1891 he set out to wander and soon reached the Caucasus.
In 1892 he first appeared in print with the story “Makar Chudra”. Returning to Nizhny Novgorod, he publishes reviews and feuilletons in Volzhsky Vestnik, Samara Gazeta, Nizhny Novgorod Listok, etc.
1895 - “Chelkash”, “Old Woman Izergil”.
From October 1897 to mid-January 1898, he lived in the village of Kamenka (now the city of Kuvshinovo, Tver Region) in the apartment of his friend Nikolai Zakharovich Vasiliev, who worked at the Kamensk paper factory and led an illegal workers' Marxist circle. Subsequently, the life impressions of this period served the writer as material for the novel “The Life of Klim Samgin.” 1898 - The publishing house of Dorovatsky and A.P. Charushnikov published the first volume of Gorky's works. In those years, the circulation of the young author's first book rarely exceeded 1000 copies. A. I. Bogdanovich advised to release the first two volumes of “Essays and Stories” by M. Gorky, 1200 copies each. Publishers “took a chance” and released more. The first volume of the 1st edition of “Essays and Stories” was published in a circulation of 3,000 copies.
1899 - novel “Foma Gordeev”, prose poem “Song of the Falcon”.
1900-1901 - the novel “Three”, personal acquaintance with,.
1900-1913 - participates in the work of the publishing house "Knowledge".
March 1901 - “Song of the Petrel” was created by M. Gorky in Nizhny Novgorod. Participation in Marxist workers' circles in Nizhny Novgorod, Sormovo, St. Petersburg; wrote a proclamation calling for the fight against autocracy. Arrested and expelled from Nizhny Novgorod.
In 1901, M. Gorky turned to drama. Creates the plays “The Bourgeois” (1901), “At the Lower Depths” (1902). In 1902, he became the godfather and adoptive father of the Jew Zinovy Sverdlov, who took the surname Peshkov and converted to Orthodoxy. This was necessary in order for Zinovy to receive the right to live in Moscow.
February 21 - election of M. Gorky to honorary academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature.
1904-1905 - writes the plays “Summer Residents”, “Children of the Sun”, “Barbarians”. Meets Lenin. For the revolutionary proclamation and in connection with the execution on January 9, he was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Famous artists Gerhart Hauptmann, Auguste Rodin, Thomas Hardy, George Meredith, Italian writers Grazia Deledda, Mario Rapisardi, Edmondo de Amicis, composer Giacomo Puccini, philosopher Benedetto Croce and other representatives of the creative and scientific world from Germany, France, England. Student demonstrations took place in Rome. Under public pressure, he was released on bail on February 14, 1905. Participant in the revolution of 1905-1907. In November 1905 he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.
1906, February - Gorky and his actual wife, actress Maria Andreeva, travel through Europe to America, where they stayed until the fall. Abroad, the writer creates satirical pamphlets about the “bourgeois” culture of France and the USA (“My Interviews”, “In America”). Returning to Russia in the fall, he writes the play “Enemies” and creates the novel “Mother”. At the end of 1906, due to tuberculosis, he settled in Italy on the island of Capri, where he lived with Andreeva for 7 years (from 1906 to 1913). Checked into the prestigious Quisisana Hotel. From March 1909 to February 1911 he lived at the Villa Spinola (now Bering), stayed at the villas (they have commemorative plaques about his stay) Blesius (from 1906 to 1909) and Serfina (now Pierina) ). On Capri, Gorky wrote “Confession” (1908), where his philosophical differences with Lenin and rapprochement with the god-builders Lunacharsky and Bogdanov were clearly outlined.
1907 - delegate with the right of advisory vote to the V Congress of the RSDLP.
1908 - play “The Last”, story “The Life of an Useless Person”.
1909 - the stories “The Town of Okurov”, “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin”.
1913 - Gorky edits the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda, the art department of the Bolshevik magazine Prosveshchenie, and publishes the first collection of proletarian writers. Writes "Tales of Italy".
At the end of December 1913, after the announcement of a general amnesty on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the Romanovs, Gorky returned to Russia and settled in St. Petersburg.
1914 - founded the journal “Letopis” and the publishing house “Parus”.
1912-1916 - M. Gorky creates a series of stories and essays that made up the collection “Across Rus'”, autobiographical stories “Childhood”, “In People”. In 1916, the Parus publishing house published autobiographical story“In People” and a series of essays “Across Rus'”. The last part of the trilogy, “My Universities,” was written in 1923.
1917-1919 - M. Gorky does a lot of social and political work, criticizes the methods of the Bolsheviks, condemns their attitude towards the old intelligentsia, saves a number of its representatives from Bolshevik repression and famine.
1921 - M. Gorky’s departure abroad. Official reason departure was the resumption of his illness and the need, at Lenin’s insistence, to be treated abroad. According to another version, Gorky was forced to leave due to worsening ideological differences with the established government. In 1921-1923 lived in Helsingfors (Helsinki), Berlin, Prague.
1925 - novel “The Artamonov Case”.
1928 - at the invitation of the Soviet government and personally comes to the USSR for the first time and makes a 5-week trip around the country: Kursk, Kharkov, Crimea, Rostov-on-Don, Nizhny Novgorod, during which Gorky is shown the achievements of the USSR, which are reflected in the series of essays “Across the Soviet Union”. But he doesn’t stay in the USSR, he goes back to Italy.
1929 - comes to the USSR for the second time and on June 20-23 visits the Solovetsky special purpose camp and writes a laudatory review of its regime. On October 12, 1929, Gorky left for Italy.
1932, March - two central Soviet newspapers “Pravda” and “Izvestia” simultaneously published an article-pamphlet by Gorky under the title that became catchphrase- “Who are you with, masters of culture?”
1932, October - Gorky finally returns to Soviet Union. The government provided him with the former mansion of Ryabushinsky on Spiridonovka, dachas in Gorki and Teselli (Crimea). Here he receives Stalin’s order - to prepare the ground for the 1st Congress of Soviet Writers, and to do this, to hold among them preparatory work. Gorky created many newspapers and magazines: the book series “History of Factories and Factories”, “History of the Civil War”, “Library of the Poet”, “History of the Young person XIX century", magazine " Literary studies", he writes the plays "Yegor Bulychev and others" (1932), "Dostigaev and others" (1933).
1934 - Gorky holds the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, giving the main report at it.
1934 - co-editor of the book “Stalin Canal”.
In 1925-1936 he wrote the novel “The Life of Klim Samgin”, which remained unfinished.
On May 11, 1934, Gorky’s son, Maxim Peshkov, unexpectedly dies. M. Gorky died on June 18, 1936 in Gorki, having outlived his son by a little more than two years. After his death, he was cremated and his ashes were placed in an urn in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow. Before cremation, M. Gorky's brain was removed and taken to the Moscow Brain Institute for further study.
The circumstances of the death of Maxim Gorky and his son are considered “suspicious” by many; there were rumors of poisoning, which, however, were not confirmed.
On May 27, 1936, after visiting his son’s grave, Gorky caught a cold in the cold windy weather and fell ill. He was ill for three weeks and died on June 18. At the funeral, among others, Stalin carried Gorky’s coffin. It is interesting that among other accusations against Genrikh Yagoda at the Third Moscow Trial in 1938 there was an accusation of poisoning Gorky’s son. According to Yagoda's interrogations, Maxim Gorky was killed by order, and the murder of Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, was his personal initiative. Some publications blame Stalin for Gorky's death. An important precedent for the medical side of the accusations in the “Doctors' Case” was the Third Moscow Trial (1938), where among the defendants were three doctors (Kazakov, Levin and Pletnev), accused of the murders of Gorky and others.
Personal life of Maxim Gorky:
Wife 1896-1903 - Ekaterina Pavlovna Peshkova (nee Volzhina) (1876-1965). The divorce was not formalized.
Son - Maxim Alekseevich Peshkov (1897-1934), his wife Vvedenskaya, Nadezhda Alekseevna (“Timosha”).
Granddaughter - Peshkova, Marfa Maksimovna, her husband Beria, Sergo Lavrentievich.
Great-granddaughters - Nina and Nadezhda.
Great-grandson - Sergei (they bore the surname “Peshkov” because of the fate of Beria).
Granddaughter - Peshkova, Daria Maksimovna, her husband Grave, Alexander Konstantinovich.
Great-grandson - Maxim.
Great-granddaughter - Ekaterina (bears the surname Peshkov).
Great-great-grandson - Alexey Peshkov, son of Catherine.
Daughter - Ekaterina Alekseevna Peshkova (1898-1903).
Adopted and godson - Peshkov, Zinovy Alekseevich, brother of Yakov Sverdlov, Gorky's godson, who took his last name, and de facto adopted son, his wife Lydia Burago.
Actual wife in 1903-1919. - Maria Fedorovna Andreeva (1868-1953) - actress, revolutionary, Soviet statesman and party leader.
Adopted daughter - Ekaterina Andreevna Zhelyabuzhskaya (father - actual state councilor Zhelyabuzhsky, Andrei Alekseevich).
Adopted son - Zhelyabuzhsky, Yuri Andreevich (father - actual state councilor Zhelyabuzhsky, Andrey Alekseevich).
Cohabitant in 1920-1933 - Budberg, Maria Ignatievna (1892-1974) - baroness, adventurer.
Novels by Maxim Gorky:
1899 - “Foma Gordeev”
1900-1901 - “Three”
1906 - “Mother” (second edition - 1907)
1925 - “The Artamonov Case”
1925-1936 - “The Life of Klim Samgin.”
Stories by Maxim Gorky:
1894 - “Poor Pavel”
1900 - “Man. Essays" (remained unfinished; the third chapter was not published during the author’s lifetime)
1908 - “The Life of an Useless Man.”
1908 - “Confession”
1909 - “Summer”
1909 - “The Town of Okurov”, “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin”.
1913-1914 - “Childhood”
1915-1916 - “In People”
1923 - “My Universities”
1929 - “At the End of the Earth.”
Stories and essays by Maxim Gorky:
1892 - “The Girl and Death” (fairy tale poem, published in July 1917 in the newspaper “New Life”)
1892 - “Makar Chudra”
1892 - “Emelyan Pilyai”
1892 - “Grandfather Arkhip and Lyonka”
1895 - “Chelkash”, “Old Woman Izergil”, “Song of the Falcon” (prose poem)
1897 - “Former People”, “The Orlov Spouses”, “Malva”, “Konovalov”.
1898 - “Essays and Stories” (collection)
1899 - “Twenty-six and one”
1901 - “Song of the Petrel” (prose poem)
1903 - “Man” (prose poem)
1906 - “Comrade!”, “Sage”
1908 - “Soldiers”
1911 - “Tales of Italy”
1912-1917 - “Across Rus'” (cycle of stories)
1924 - “Stories of 1922-1924”
1924 - “Notes from a Diary” (series of stories)
1929 - “Solovki” (essay).
Plays by Maxim Gorky:
1901 - “The Bourgeois”
1902 - “At the Bottom”
1904 - “Summer Residents”
1905 - “Children of the Sun”
1905 - “Barbarians”
1906 - “Enemies”
1908 - “The Last”
1910 - "Jackass"
1910 - “Children” (“Meeting”)
1910 - “Vassa Zheleznova” (2nd edition - 1933; 3rd edition - 1935)
1913 - “Zykovs”
1913 - “False Coin”
1915 - “The Old Man” (staged on January 1, 1919 on the stage of the State Academic Maly Theater; published 1921 in Berlin).
1930-1931 - “Somov and others”
1931 - “Egor Bulychov and others”
1932 - “Dostigaev and others.”
Journalism of Maxim Gorky:
1906 - “My Interviews”, “In America” (pamphlets)
1917-1918 - a series of articles “Untimely Thoughts” in the newspaper “New Life” (published in a separate publication in 1918).
1922 - “On the Russian peasantry.”