(GNI)- a set of congenital (genotype) and acquired (phenotype) properties nervous system, which determine the nature of the interaction of the organism with the environment and are reflected in all functions of the organism. The specific significance of congenital and acquired - a product of the interaction of genotype and environment - may vary depending on conditions. In unusual, extreme conditions, predominantly innate mechanisms of higher nervous activity. Various combinations three main properties of the nervous system - the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition, their balance and mobility - allowed I.P. Pavlov identified four sharply defined types, differing in adaptive abilities and resistance to neurotic agents.
Perfect adaptation of the body to its environment depends on the formation and extinction of various conditioned reflexes. The variability and dependence of conditioned reflexes on the body and its external environment and their temporary nature are of paramount importance biological significance for flexibility and accuracy of adaptation of the body to changes in the environment. Conditioned reflexes allow the body, based on certain often indirect signals that function as conditioned stimuli, to promptly prepare for favorable events and avoid unfavorable ones.
T. VND is strong, unbalanced - characterized by a strong irritative process and an inhibitory process that lags in strength, therefore a representative of this type in difficult situations easily susceptible to GNI violations. Capable of training and greatly improving insufficient braking. In accordance with the doctrine of temperaments, this is a choleric type.
They also help the body expand its perception of objects and events in the surrounding world and its sphere of activity. Unconditioned reflexes of higher nervous activity are not only the basis of all conditioned reflexes, but also, in particular, complex, concentrated expressions of enhanced experience inherited from previous generations, as a manifestation of genetic memory.
The relative importance of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes in higher nervous activity changes in the process of evolutionary development of the animal world. In the behavior of invertebrates and lower vertebrates, innate forms of nervous activity predominate over acquired forms; in the process of phylogenetic evolution, acquired forms of nervous activity gradually achieve predominance and appear as dominant. Moreover, these forms themselves undergo significant changes: conditioned reflexes become more complex and more perfect; their number is constantly increasing; conditioned reflex activity as a whole is becoming an increasingly sophisticated and active means of adaptation to the environment, that is, it provides the possibility of the organism existing in an increasingly wider range of living conditions.
T. VND is balanced and inert - with strong processes of excitation and inhibition and their poor mobility, always experiencing difficulties when switching from one type of activity to another. In accordance with the doctrine of temperaments, this is a phlegmatic type.
T VND is strong, balanced, mobile - has equally strong processes of excitation and inhibition with good mobility, which ensures high adaptive capabilities and stability in difficult life situations. In accordance with the doctrine of temperaments, this is a sanguine type.
According to Pavlov, the higher nervous activity of animals, even those who are on high level development, in general, is the result of the complexity of diverse and heterogeneous conditioned reflexes of the first signaling system, which is common to both humans and animals. Despite the gradual development of speech, conditioned reflexes of the first signaling system still remain the main fund of higher nervous activity of children in the first years of life and occupy a special place in higher nervous activity of a person during subsequent stages of growth.
T.VND is weak - characterized by weakness of both nervous processes - excitation and inhibition, poorly adapts to environmental conditions, and is susceptible to neurotic disorders. In accordance with the classification of temperaments, this is a melancholic type.
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Patterns of higher nervous activity
To this type of conditioned reflex activity Pavlov attributes sensations, ideas and impressions received by a person from the external environment, including social environment, which are formed without the use of verbal signals. But in the case of man, along with the development of social forms labor activity“second-order signals, symbols of these primary signals - in the form of spoken, heard and noticed words - appeared, developed and became refined.” This qualitatively new, higher and more perfect second signaling system of reality, also based on conditioned reflex mechanisms, is characteristic only of higher nervous activity in humans and exists in close interaction with the first alarm system and plays a leading role in his conscious life, providing the basis for generalization and thought.
See what “Types of higher nervous activity” are in other dictionaries:
TYPES OF HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY- (VND), a complex of basic properties of the nervous system: irritating forces. and inhibitory processes, their balance and mobility. In l., as in other women, there are 4 main T. VND: strong balanced mobile, strong balanced inert, ... ... Horse breeding guide
Pavlov identified the following six basic laws or rules of higher nervous activity. Formation of conditioned reflexes or neural arches depends on a combination of stimuli that provoke the simultaneous spread of excitation from different cortical centers, as well as extreme reactivity and memory of brain cells. The magnitude of the conditioned reflex depends on the strength of the stimulus. There may be summation of conditioned stimuli. Extinction occurs in the cortex as a result of lack of reinforcement of a conditioned reflex, extreme intensity of a conditioned stimulus, or the action of an unrelated stimulus.
TYPES OF HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY- types of higher nervous activity, a set of basic properties of the central nervous system - strength, balance and mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition (according to I.P. Pavlov). In humans and animals, according to Pavlov’s classification,... ... Veterinary encyclopedic dictionary
Diffusion and concentration of neural processes in the cerebral cortex allows interaction between its in separate parts, as well as generalization and specialization of conditioned reflexes. Inverse functions cerebrocortical centers of excitation and inhibition can coexist due to the feedback inductance of neural processes. Conditioned reflex activity of the brain - a qualitatively specific form of reflex activity - is subject to the principles of determinism and structuring and corresponds to the rules given above.
Ultimately, higher nervous activity ensures the most subtle analysis and synthesis of various stimuli affecting the body, and the ideal adaptation of the body to the environment. Vital for higher nervous activity is the dynamic nature of the specialization and localization of functions in the cerebral cortex, which plays an important role in the reliability of its activity. Also of vital importance are the intensity and mobility of neural processes, which, according to Pavlov, determine the physiological basis of the type of nervous system and the nature of nervous activity.
Types of higher nervous activity- a set of properties of the nervous system that constitute the physiological basis of temperament. The concept of T. GNI was introduced by I. P. Pavlov and is considered as the result of certain combinations of the basic properties of the central nervous system - strength, mobility and balance.... ... Trainer's Dictionary
Higher nervous activity
Pavlov's work on higher nervous activity sheds light on the phenomena of sleep and hypnosis. The main phenomenon of higher nervous activity - conditioned reflexes - is the subject of ongoing research in world neurophysiology and experimental psychology. Higher nervous activity is studied not only using various modifications of classical Pavlovian methods, but also with the latest macro- and microelectrophysiological and cytochemical methods. This opens up the possibility of studying both cortical and deep structures of the brain and identifying patterns in the functions of individual nerve cells and the molecular basis of their activity.
Types of higher nervous activity- Typology of GNI based on identified I.P. Pavlov’s three main properties of nervous processes – strength, balance and mobility. Their various combinations This is due to the identification of 4 types of GNI (see Temperament). In addition, depending on... ... Dictionary psychiatric terms
Numerous studies conducted by both Russian and foreign scientists have confirmed the correctness of the basic facts and laws of higher nervous activity established by Pavlov and his colleagues. At the same time, the mechanism of processes occurring in the brain and being the basis of higher nervous activity is revealed. Thus, with the help of electrophysiological and neurochemical studies, the important role of the reticular formation of the brain stem and diencephalon in maintaining the “tension” and excitability of the cerebral cortex has been shown.
TYPES OF HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY- set of basic properties of the central nervous system: strength, balance and mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition (according to I.P. Pavlov). At the village X. zhnyh are isolated T. v. n. d.: strong, balanced, agile (most adapted to changing conditions... ... Agricultural Encyclopedic Dictionary
This work confirms Pavlov's hypothesis about the role of subcortical centers, which not only perform unconditioned reflex activity, but also are a source of energy for the cerebral cortex, maintaining the cerebral cortex in an excited and activated state. However, the views of a number of scientists regarding the leading role of this formation in conditioned reflex activity and cortical-subcortical interaction are questionable. The study of the formation of a conditioned reflex using electrophysiological methods has shown that when an unrelated signal is reconnected with an unconditioned stimulus, the excitability of the corresponding cortical centers, especially the unconditioned stimulus, increases significantly, and this plays an important role in the formation of a conditioned reflex.
types of higher nervous activity- types of higher nervous activity, a set of basic properties of the animal’s central nervous system - strength, balance and mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition (according to I.P. Pavlov). T. v. is isolated from farm animals. n. d.: strong,... ... Agriculture. Large encyclopedic dictionary
In addition, it has been established that during the formation of a conditioned reflex, the neural elements of these centers experience other functional changes: they exhibit greater lability and continuous rhythmicity; they become more susceptible to any changes in other parts of the brain. These studies confirm Pavlov's opinion about the phenomenon of “relief” inherent in the entire nervous system, i.e. “Total reflexes”, which are based on increased excitability or actual excitation of the corresponding neural structures.
Traditional methods of studying higher nervous activity have also led to progress: new types of conditioned reflexes have been discovered; new phases in the formation of a conditioned reflex and inhibition of the cortex have been identified; mechanisms related to the origin and localization of “internal” inhibition were indicated; information is widespread about the phylogenetic and ontogenetic evolution of higher nervous activity and the role of the ecological adequacy of signals in this activity. Special significance have studies of complex behavioral reactions of experimental animals, conducted in natural conditions or in traditional laboratory experiments.
In the same environment, life situation different people behave and act differently. Even in ancient times (≈ 400 BC), Hippocrates explained the nature of individual behavioral characteristics by the different ratios of “vital juices” in the human body: blood, mucus and bile. Hippocrates believed that when a person has ardent blood (in Latin - sanguis), out of all his juices, then in behavior such a person will be sanguine temperament, i.e. decisive, energetic, persistent, optimally excitable and emotional. If the ardent blood is cooled by excess mucus (phlegma), then the result is phlegmatic person– a calm, cool and slow person with little expression of emotions. The predominance of caustic bile (chole) contributes to the formation of irritable, hot-tempered, energetic, highly emotional, without limits choleric temperament. When a lot of spoiled black bile (melan chole) accumulates in the body, it is observed melancholic temperament. A melancholic person has a low level of neuropsychic activity, sad, sad, with high emotional vulnerability, suspicious, prone to gloomy thoughts and depressed mood, withdrawn, fearful.
In these experiments, new forms of complex, complex conditioned reflexes were discovered and studied. The main stages of the formation of conditioned reflexes in the first months of a child’s life and the fact of powerful stimulation of the child’s speech development through teaching his motor activity have been established.
The study of higher nervous activity has great theoretical and practical significance. It expands the biological basis of dialectical materialism, confirms the correctness of Lenin’s theory of reflection and serves as a tool in ideological struggle with manifestations of idealism.
Large quantity observations allowed Hippocrates to notice and describe the four most common types of temperament in life, i.e. sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and melancholic. However, neither Hippocrates nor many thinkers after him were able to reveal the true nature of temperament.
Real nature the temperament and character of a person was revealed by I.P. Pavlov with the help teachings on GNI. Numerous observations and special experiments on animals carried out by I.P. Pavlov and his colleagues convincingly showed that different temperaments are nothing more than a manifestation of individual differences in the properties of the course of excitatory and inhibitory processes in the higher parts of the brain. A person’s character consists of his innate temperament plus changes in temperament caused by upbringing, plus the sum the most complex relationships with surrounding people and events.
The study of higher nervous activity is one of the greatest achievements modern science: it opened new era in the development of physiology; it has great value for medicine, since experimental results provided a starting point for physiological analysis and pathogenetic treatment of various diseases of the human central nervous system; in addition, it is of great importance in the fields of psychology, education, cybernetics, bionics, scientific organization labor and in many other areas practical activities person.
The set of congenital and acquired properties of the nervous system that determine the temperament of a person, I.P. Pavlov called VND type. I.P. Pavlov identified general types of GNI, characteristic of both humans and higher animals, and particular types of GNI, characteristic only of humans.
At the core common types of GNI lie individual characteristics the occurrence of two main processes in the central nervous system: excitation and inhibition. These processes have three main properties: 1) force excitation and inhibition; 2) equilibrium excitation and inhibition; 3) mobility processes of excitation and inhibition.
The nervous system provides control functions of the body. In general, the nervous system controls rapid actions such as muscle contractions, muscular phenomena, rapidly changing visceral phenomena, including the amount of secretion of some endocrine glands.
Recognizing, therefore, the importance of this subject and its indispensability as the basis of content for work on our stage, it is obvious that the nervous system works as fundamental teaching in our classes. Focusing on the secondary curriculum in the Autonomous Community of Murcia and curriculum undergraduate, we can notice that the content of this topic is not reflected as such in the introduction or the elements that make up it.
The strength of nervous processes is understood as the ability of CNS neurons to adequately respond to stimuli different strengths and in response to them develop excitation or inhibition. The strength of nervous processes depends on the performance of cortical cells cerebral hemispheres.
The balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition is their balance in strength. Sometimes in some people excitation prevails over inhibition, in others it is the other way around.
Sections 4 and 5 cover the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems, describing their constituent parts and the functions for which they are responsible. Section 5 is devoted to the study of the levels of function of the nervous system. The overall activity of the body depends on the nervous system, which involves three functions: receiving, collecting and analyzing information, both external environment, and for various components of the body; Synthesis of data collected in this way at each moment; and the development of executive orders that are sent for both internal and musculoskeletal devices.
The mobility of nervous processes is characterized by the speed with which nerve cells are able to transition from a state of excitation to inhibition or vice versa. Nervous processes can be highly mobile or inert.
Depending on the severity of these three properties of nervous processes, I.P. Pavlov highlighted 4 common types of VND, differing in adaptive abilities and resistance to adverse external factors. Common types VNDs are found in both humans and higher animals.
1st type. Strong, unbalanced, with a predominance of excitation processes over inhibition (uncontrolled) type. It is characterized by the rapid development of conditioned reflexes and the slow formation of conditioned inhibition.
2nd type. A strong, balanced, mobile (living) type, characterized by great strength, high mobility and balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the cerebral cortex. Representatives of this type easily develop positive and negative conditioned reflexes, they quickly adapt to changes in the stereotype of conditioned reflexes.
3rd type. A strong, balanced, inert (calm, sedentary) type, which is characterized by great strength and balance and at the same time low mobility of excitation and inhibition. Conditioned reflexes are developed more slowly, and changing reflex stereotypes is more difficult than in the first and second types.
4th type. A weak type, in which weak excitation processes are noted and inhibitory reactions easily occur. The development of conditioned reflexes is difficult for him, low performance and rapid depletion of nerve cells are observed. A passive-defensive reaction is often observed to foreign new stimuli, and extreme inhibition develops.
The first type of GNI according to I.P. Pavlov corresponds to choleric temperament, type 2 – sanguine, type 3 – phlegmatic and type 4 – melancholic temperament. Essentially, temperament is a manifestation of the type of GNI in human activity and behavior. Polish psychologist J. Strelyau and many other researchers following I.P. Pavlov believed that human temperament is nothing more than a mental manifestation of a type of higher nervous activity. Depending on what type of GNI and, accordingly, temperament a person has, his reaction to the same event or life situation can vary significantly. This was well illustrated by the Danish cartoonist H. Bidstrup, showing the reaction of a person with different temperaments when someone sits on his hat (Fig. 102).