one of the tropes folk poetry: a definition word that is consistently combined with one or another defined word and denotes some characteristic, always present in the object generic sign(Pillar path, red maiden, good fellow, blue sea, clean field, black clouds). Such P. e. (see epithet) were a means of typification. Moreover, a word used with P. e. acquires a new quality, a meaning that differs in meaning from each of the words separately. The combination red maiden means “a beautiful girl, no different from others: neither prettier, nor smarter, nor richer than others.” If an ancient storyteller or singer needed to characterize the special properties of his characters, he looked for an epithet of an individualizing nature. Prince Vladimir, who is planning to get married, wants to find a bride worthy of his princely title, and creates the image of an ideal, from his point of view, girl: As if that girl were stately in figure, stately in figure and accomplished in mind, her white face, as if white snow... The role of P. e. in folklore is huge. They are one of the main means artistic expression epics and songs, tales and legends. Some P. e. widely used in all types of folklore: good fellow, the field is clean, the sea is blue, the forests are dark, the meadows are green. Others are found primarily in certain genres of folk poetry, while performing specific ideological and artistic functions. For example, P. e. is widely used in fairy tales. fantastic character: golden palace, crystal bridge, underground kingdom, firebird, flying carpet. In the epics of P. e. serve as an important means in creating images of heroes, describing their armor and the situation of battles: a mighty hero, a good horse, a red-hot arrow, a damask club. In contrast to the epic genres of folklore, where P. e. play a mainly descriptive and figurative role; in folk poetry, the function of poetic e.g. predominantly expressive, emotional and evaluative. For example, in traditional lyrical songs the following emotional and evaluative E. are often found: dear mother, dear father, dear friend, soul-maiden, poor little head, burning tears. P. e. are specific. ditties: cheerful little girl, dear fun, sweet drolya, desperate little head. P. e. found in epic poetry different nations. Thus, Homer’s “Iliad” is characterized by P. e.: cloud-catcher Zeus, pink-fingered Eos, silver-legged Thetis. Lit.: Epithet in Russian folk art. - M., 1980; Lazutin S.G. Poetics of Russian folklore. - M., 1981; see also lit. to the article Epithet. L.E. Tu mine
What is a "permanent epithet"? How to spell given word. Concept and interpretation.
permanent epithet one of the tropes of folk poetry: a definition word that is consistently combined with one or another defined word and designates in the subject some characteristic, always present generic sign (a pillar path, a red maiden, a good fellow, a blue sea, a clean field, black clouds) . Such P. e. (see epithet) were a means of typification. Moreover, a word used with P. e. acquires a new quality, a meaning that differs in meaning from each of the words separately. The combination red maiden means “a beautiful girl, no different from others: neither prettier, nor smarter, nor richer than others.” If an ancient storyteller or singer needed to characterize the special properties of his characters, he looked for an epithet of an individualizing nature. Prince Vladimir, who is planning to get married, wants to find a bride worthy of his princely title, and creates the image of an ideal, from his point of view, girl: As if that girl were stately in figure, stately in figure and accomplished in mind, her white face, as if white snow... The role of P. e. in folklore is huge. They are one of the main means of artistic expression of epics and songs, tales and legends. Some P. e. are widely used in all types of folklore: good fellow, clean field, blue sea, dark forests, green meadows. Others are found primarily in certain genres of folk poetry, while performing specific ideological and artistic functions. For example, P. e. is widely used in fairy tales. fantastic character: golden palace, crystal bridge, underground kingdom, firebird, flying carpet. In the epics of P. e. serve as an important means in creating images of heroes, describing their armor and the situation of battles: a mighty hero, a good horse, a red-hot arrow, a damask club. In contrast to the epic genres of folklore, where P. e. play a mainly descriptive and figurative role; in folk poetry the function of poetic e.g. predominantly expressive, emotional and evaluative. For example, in traditional lyrical songs the following emotional and evaluative E. are often found: dear mother, dear father, dear friend, soul-maiden, poor little head, burning tears. P. e. are specific. ditties: cheerful little girl, dear fun, sweet drolya, desperate little head. P. e. found in the epic poetry of different peoples. Thus, Homer’s “Iliad” is characterized by P. e.: cloud-catcher Zeus, pink-fingered Eos, silver-legged Thetis. Lit.: Epithet in Russian folk art. - M., 1980; Lazutin S.G. Poetics of Russian folklore. - M., 1981; see also lit. to the article Epithet. L.E. Tumina
An epithet is a kind of verbal definition that can update the overall semantic load of a word or enhance one of its characteristic features.
The epithet is characterized by constancy or attachment to certain archetypes. That is, it can be constantly used along with certain words. So, for example, the sea is always dark, the bridle is silk, the yar is deep, the heart is sincere, the mother is dear, and spring is red.
Such constancy was formed as a result of the evolution of lyric-epic creativity with its heroic and historical songs. Using constant epithets, the author draws inspiration from the depths folk wisdom and completely trusts the charms folklore images. Such artistic media express national mentality, found in the pearls of folk song literature.
Constant epithets have a generalized meaning that characterizes the word regardless of the context. Thus, a noun, along with a definition that highlights its main feature, merges into a constant artistic device that travels along the paths of works.
There are two significant groups of permanent epithets that are tied to a Person or natural phenomena. You can often find images beautiful girl with brown eyes, a light brown braid and a delicate condition, next to which her dear guy, a brave warrior, gallops on a black horse with a sharp saber. The listed definitions act as permanent epithets that convey appearance.
The epithets “orphan girl” and “idler boy” have a social orientation, indicating the hero’s position in society. Separately, there are constant epithets with a touch of tautology: dark dungeon, stone wall, young girl. They have a bright stylistic meaning and are more pronounced for emotional perception. Epithets that are assigned to specific nouns have become abstracted over time, acquiring a generalized symbolic content. On their basis, some writers create their own neologisms with characteristic means of expression and semantics. Others use those already developed by the people in oral creativity samples that reflect the song charm of the native language.
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IN school curriculum The epithet receives a lot of attention: entire lessons are devoted to it, from the fifth grade to the ninth. Epithet is important means of expression, used not only by writers, but also ordinary people V everyday speech. Perhaps they are not so ornate and do not represent any artistic value, but each of us uses them almost daily.
This figure of speech was actively used by poets and writers of the 18th and 19th centuries, thanks to whom the modern Russian language emerged. These are Pushkin, Derzhavin, Baratynsky and others. The epithet is artistic definition phenomenon or object, helping to more vividly imagine this object, to feel how the author relates to it. As we are used to saying - a colorful definition. The word in a figurative sense is an epithet. Examples: sad man - here the word is used in its literal meaning; sad weather- figuratively. Dictionaries give other, more detailed definitions.
Expanded definition of epithet
An epithet is a word or an entire expression that, thanks to its structure and special functions in the text, is capable of acquiring a new semantic connotation or even meaning, thus highlighting unique individual characteristics in the depicted object and forcing it to be evaluated from a new, unusual point of view.
An epithet can interact with any type of semantic transfer - metonymy, metaphor, hyperbole, oxymoron, etc., coloring the text in a certain tone. The expressive function of this figure of speech becomes most noticeable when it forms a synonymous (sometimes quasi-synonymous) series, in which each of its members shades or complements the epithet. Examples: dull, sad weather; sad, mournful reflection of withering.
Permanent epithet
One that, when combined with the defined word, forms a stable figurative and poetic expression. That is, these are phrases or phrases that, when we hear them, we no longer feel that they are an epithet. Examples: golden autumn
, blue sea. We find especially many constant epithets in folklore: red maiden, good fellow, clear field.
Grammatical form of epithets, its characteristics and functions
The opinions of philologists differ on these issues. Some are sure that only a definition expressed by an adjective can act as an epithet. Others are inclined to believe that the grammatical function of an epithet word can be different, the main thing being the defining position of another word. In other words, both a verb, an adverb, and a gerund under certain circumstances are an epithet. Examples: reigns ghostly(I. Brodsky), sneaking, playing hide and seek, the sky comes down(B. Pasternak). As we can see from the definition and explanations, epithets actually occur in everyday speech: don’t we talk about a gloomy sky or sad rain? These figures allow us to make our speech figurative and pleasant.