These are small in volume folklore works. In some works there is a definition children's folklore, because such folk works enter a person’s life very early, long before mastering speech.
Pestushka(from the word nurture, that is, to nurse, groom) - a short poetic chant of nannies and mothers, with which they accompany the actions of a child that he performs at the very beginning of his life. For example, when the child wakes up, the mother strokes and caresses him, saying:
Stretchers, stretchers,
Across the fat girl
And in the hands of the veil,
And in the mouth there is a talk,
And in the head there is reason.
When a child begins to learn to walk, they say:
Big feet
Walked along the road:
Top, top, top,
Top, top, top.
Little feet
Running along the path:
Top, top, top, top,
Top, top, top, top!
Nursery rhyme - an element of pedagogy, a song-sentence that accompanies playing with a child’s fingers, arms and legs. Nursery rhymes, like pesters, accompany the development of children. Small rhymes and songs allow you to encourage the child to take action while simultaneously performing a massage, physical exercise, stimulating motor reflexes. In this genre children's folklore there are incentives to play out the plot with your fingers ( finger games or Ladushki), hands, facial expressions. Nursery rhymes help instill in a child the skills of hygiene, order, and develop fine motor skills And emotional sphere .
Examples
"Magpie"
Magpie Crow, (running finger over palm)
Magpie Crow,
I gave it to the kids.
(curls fingers)
Gave this one
Gave this one
Gave this one
Gave this one
But she didn’t give it to this:
- Why didn’t you cut wood?
- Why didn’t you carry water?
« » (clap hands on stressed syllables)
Okay, okay, where have you been? By Grandma!
What did you eat? Porridge!
What did you drink? Mash!
Butter porridge!
Sweet mash!
(Grandma is kind!)
We drank, ate, sh-u-u-u...
Shuuu!!! (Home) Let's fly!
They sat on their heads! (“Ladushki” sang)
We sat down and sat down,
We flew on (Home)!!!
joke(from bayat, that is, to tell) - a poetic, short, funny story that a mother tells her child, for example:
Owl, owl, owl,
Big head,
She was sitting on a stake,
I looked to the side,
He turned his head.
They teach something.
The road is a spoon for dinner.
If you're afraid of the wolf, don't go into the forest.
Birds of a feather flock together.
You can’t even pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty.
Fear has big eyes.
The eyes are afraid, but the hands are doing.
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
There is no need for treasure if there is harmony in the family.
Don't have 100 rubles, but have 100 friends.
An old friend is better than two new ones.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
If I had known where you would fall, I would have laid out straws.
You make a soft bed, but you sleep hard.
The Motherland is your mother, know how to stand up for her.
Seven do not wait for one.
If you chase two hares, you won't catch either.
The bee is small, but it also works.
Bread is the head of everything.
Being a guest is good, but being at home is better.
kissing. As a rule, these games were played at parties and get-togethers (usually ending with a kiss between a young guy and a girl);
ritual. Such games were characteristic of some kind of ritual, holiday. For example, Maslenitsa festivities (typical fun: removing a prize from the top of a pole, tug of war, competitions for dexterity, strength);
seasonal . Particularly common among children, especially in winter. We played the so-called “Warmers”: the leader shows some movements, and everyone else repeats. Either traditional “collars” and “ ».
An example of a kissing game:
The drake chased the duck,
The young man was driving sulfur,
Go home, Ducky,
Go home, Gray,
Duck has seven children,
And the eighth Drake,
And the ninth itself,
Kiss me once!
In this game, the “Duck” stood in the center of the circle, and the “Drake” outside, and played similar to the game “ " At the same time, those standing in the round dance tried not to let the “drake” into the circle.
Calls- one of the types of invocation songs pagan origin. They reflect the interests and ideas of peasants about the economy and family. For example, the spell of a rich harvest runs through all the calendar songs; For themselves, children and adults asked for health, happiness, and wealth.
Calls are an appeal to the sun, rainbow, rain and other natural phenomena, as well as to animals and especially often to birds, which were considered the harbingers of spring. Moreover, the forces of nature were revered as living: they make requests for spring, wish for its speedy arrival, and complain about winter.
Larks, larks!
Come and visit us
Bring us a warm summer,
Take the cold winter away from us.
Us Cold winter got bored
My hands and feet were frozen.
Counting book- a short rhyme, a form of drawing lots to determine who leads the game. A counting table is an element of the game that helps establish agreement and respect for the accepted rules. Rhythm is very important in organizing a counting rhyme.
Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,
Aty-baty, to the market.
Atty-batty, what did you buy?
Aty-baty, samovar.
How much does it cost?
Aty-baty, three rubles
Aty-baty, what is he like?
Aty-baty, golden.
Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,
Aty-baty, to the market.
Atty-batty, what did you buy?
Aty-baty, samovar.
How much does it cost?
Aty-baty, three rubles.
Aty-baty, who's coming out?
Aty-baty, it's me!
Patter - a phrase built on a combination of sounds that makes it difficult to quickly pronounce words. Tongue twisters are also called “ ”, as they promote and can be used to develop diction. Tongue twisters can be both rhymed and non-rhymed.
Greek rode across the river.
He sees a Greek: there is a cancer in the river,
He stuck the Greek's hand into the river -
Cancer for the hand of a Greek - DAC!
The bull was blunt-lipped, the bull was blunt-lipped, the bull's white lip was dull.
From the clatter of hooves, dust flies across the field.
Mystery, like a proverb, is a short figurative definition of an object or phenomenon, but unlike a proverb, it gives this definition in an allegorical, deliberately obscure form. As a rule, in a riddle one object is described through another based on similar features: “The pear is hanging - you can’t eat it” (lamp). A riddle can also be a simple description of an object, for example: “Two ends, two rings, and a nail in the middle” (scissors). This and folk pastime, and a test of ingenuity and ingenuity.
The role of riddles and jokes was also played by inverted fables, which for adults appear as absurdities, but for children - funny stories about something that does not happen, for example:
From behind the forest, from behind the mountains, Grandfather Egor is coming. He is on a gray cart, on a creaking horse, belted with an axe, a belt tucked into his belt, boots wide open, a zipun on his bare feet.
In preschool pedagogy, there are many methods and techniques for influencing children, the choice of which depends on the specific situation. Sometimes educators, when becoming acquainted with advanced pedagogical experience (in print, while watching open classes, games) discover new techniques for managing and designing play areas and mechanically transfer them into their work, without receiving desired result. Methodical techniques bring results in cases where the teacher applies them systematically, takes into account the general trends in the mental development of children, the patterns of the activity being formed, if the teacher knows and feels each child well. A person’s acquaintance with works of art, with the best examples of oral folk art, should begin from the first years of his life, since the period of early and preschool childhood is the defining stage in development human personality. The age of up to five years is the richest in a child’s ability to quickly and greedily learn. the world, absorb great amount impressions. It is during this period that children, with amazing speed and activity, begin to adopt the norms of behavior of those around them, and most importantly - to master the means human communication- by speech. The youngest children are first introduced to works of oral folk art. The brilliant creator of language and the greatest teacher - the people created such works artistic word who guide the child through all stages of emotional and moral development. A child’s acquaintance with oral folk art should begin with songs and nursery rhymes.
Hello, dear readers of the blog site. Modern literature has its origin and one of its predecessors was the folklore genre.
Even before the invention of printing, works of folk art were passed on by word of mouth.
Let's take a look today at what folklore is in the modern sense, what functions it performs, who studies it and how, by what features folklore works can be distinguished and, of course, let's look at examples of such works in Russian creativity.
Folklore is our genetics
The term "folklore" (from the English folk-lore " folk wisdom") appeared in Europe at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. In Russia it began to be actively used in the 30s of the 19th century.
He generalized ideas about literary and musical works(songs, dances) created by a group of unknown authors from the people over several tens (or hundreds) of years in the distant historical past.
Until the twentieth century, folklore also called works of decorative, applied and architectural creativity.
Simply put, folklore is oral folk art . Currently, the concept is actively used in the musical and literary sense.
We are interested in the latter, and it is important to note that it is the first source of the emergence of fiction. Its second source is spiritual literature created in such cultural centers, like monasteries, influenced the people’s worldview with a cementing moral principle.
Folklore opened the floodgates of everyday colloquial speech, sources of verbal imagery and fairy-tale fantasy.
Genres of folklore
Works of oral folk art are usually divided into three varieties:
- Lyrical;
- Epic;
- Dramatic.
As in fiction, epic, and are represented by traditional genres for each of the genera. Lyrical songs reveal hidden themes of folk life.
The following types are distinguished:
- historical;
- love;
- wedding;
- funeral;
- labor;
- road (drivers);
- robbers;
- comic.
Epic genres- , fairy tale, fairy tale, true story, fable, bylichka, byvalshchina.
Small genres folklore - proverb, saying, tongue twister, riddle, joke - also elements of the epic.
To present folklore dramatic works, one must see folk fair theater"raek". The texts for him were written in a special verse - raeshnik. Christmas mysteries, farcical comedies, cartoons, everyday sketches - all this is folk drama.
Features of folklore works
Having carefully read the definition, we can identify several important features of folklore:
it's our genetics. If a people disappears from the face of the Earth, its culture can be “pieced together” with the help of fairy tales, legends, proverbs, and songs.
Russian folklore
Works of Russian literary folklore are studied from the first stages schools. These are Russians folk tales, proverbs, riddles. Older children get acquainted with epics about Russian heroes.
In high school schools are being studied folklore sources works classical literature: stories and poems by A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, N. V. Gogol. Not knowing folk stories and characters, which in some sense have become the alphabet of national imagery, cannot be fully understood the diverse world of national culture.
Many people think that apart from “Chicken Ryaba”, “Kolobok” and “Turnip” the Russian people have nothing to tell. This is wrong. Open the collection fairy tales- exciting reading is guaranteed!
In a moment of lyrical melancholy, leaf through the collection folk songs, or better yet, listen to them in musical accompaniment. What is sung about in them concerns everyone, touches the most secret strings, causes both smiles and tears. This is ours sounding life, ours, who knows that everything in the world is repeatable.
What is the meaning of folklore works
Folk art is always functional, it does not appear out of nowhere and always has a clear goal. Scientists suggest share works of folklore for the following types:
- Ritual;
- Non-ritual.
The first type describes the repetition of ritual actions that are significant for many generations life events. Ritual folklore is divided into family and calendar. The first concerns milestones. family life: matchmaking and weddings, birth of children, death of relatives. It is widely represented by wedding and funeral songs, lamentations, and incantations.
Worth it separately children's folklore with his lullabies, nursery rhymes, petes.
Non-ritual folklore is associated with the calendar circle of peasant life: the change of seasons and economic activity hard worker-farmer. Each event of the cycle is accompanied by special songs: carols, chants, smells, etc.
Non-ritual genres include epics, fairy tales, ditties, riddles, proverbs, and sayings.
Studying folklore
You see how important folklore is! That is why to study it it was necessary to create a separate scientific discipline. It's called folkloristics. Along with ethnography, this science explores the life of ordinary people.
Ethnographers are engaged in describing dwellings, clothing, dishes, food, rituals, discovering objects material culture, A folklorists do the same when studying artistic expression.
Their goal is to trace how types and genres have changed artistic creativity how new plots and motifs appeared, what social and psychological phenomena were reflected in certain works.
Outstanding domestic scientists I. M. Snegirev, I. P. Sakharov, F. I. Buslavev, A. N. Veselovsky, P. N. Rybnikov, V. Ya. Propp and many others became the first collectors of folklore works.
Under their editorship, collections of proverbs and tales were published, recorded by them on expeditions around the country. By obtaining ancient examples of folk art, folklorists give readers a rich world of our sounding past.
Good luck to you! See you soon on the pages of the blog site
You can watch more videos by going to");">
You might be interested
What is a fairy tale What's happened literary genre- what genres of works are there? What are lyrics 
What is fan fiction - is it pampering or a modern phenomenon? What is myth and mythology What is a plot and how does it differ from a plot? 
Oxymoron - what is it, examples in Russian, as well as the correct stress and difference from an oxymoron (or axemoron)
Folklore in its nature, content and purpose is deeply democratic, truly folk art. He is distinguished not only by his ideological depth, but also by his high artistic qualities. Folk poetry is distinguished by its peculiar artistic system visual arts and genres.
What are genres of Russian folklore?
One of the types of ancient creativity was labor songs with their simplest commands, shouts, signals given as work progresses.
Calendar folklore originally came from the urgent practical goals of people. It was associated with ideas about the annual agricultural cycle and variable natural conditions. People sought to know the future, so they resorted to fortune telling and talked about the future based on signs.
This also explained wedding folklore. It is permeated with the thought of the safety of the family and clan, and is designed for the goodwill of the highest patrons.
Individual elements have also been preserved from antiquity children's folklore, which changed later under the influence of aesthetic and pedagogical functions.
Among the oldest genres - funeral lamentations. With the advent of universal conscription, mourning arose for those being drafted into service—recruitment lamentations.
Genres non-ritual folklore also developed under the influence of syncretism. This includes small folklore genres (proverbs): proverbs, fables, signs and sayings. They contained human judgments about the way of life, about work, about higher natural forces, and statements about human affairs. “This is a vast area of moral assessments and judgments, how to live, how to raise children, how to honor ancestors, thoughts about the need to follow precepts and examples, these are everyday rules of behavior... In a word, the functionality of proverbs covers almost all ideological areas.” 9
Genres of oral prose include legends, tales, tales, legends. These are stories and incidents from life that tell about a person’s meeting with characters of Russian demonology - sorcerers, witches, mermaids, etc. This also includes stories about saints, shrines and miracles - about the communication of a person who has accepted the Christian faith with forces of a higher order .
Genres song epic: epics, historical songs, military songs, spiritual songs and poems.
Gradually, folklore moves away from everyday functions and acquires elements of artistry. The role of the artistic principle in it increases. As a result of historical evolution, folklore became poetic in its main and fundamental qualities, having reworked the traditions of all previous states of folklore. 10
Artistic creativity is embodied in all forms fairy tales: tales about animals, magic, everyday.
This type of creativity is also represented in riddles.
The earliest types of artistic creativity include ballads.
Lyrical songs they also carry artistic function. They are performed outside of rituals. The content and form of lyrical songs are associated with the expression of the experiences and feelings of the performers.
To artistic song folklore the newest formation modern researchers attribute romances And ditties.
Children's folklore has its own system of genres, correlated with age characteristics children. It has artistic and pedagogical functions. It is dominated by gaming principles.
The artistic spectacular theatrical basis contains folklore spectacles and folklore theater . It is presented in a wide variety of genres and types ( games, dressing up, nativity scene, playgrounds, puppet shows etc.).
A separate type of artistic representation is formed by the so-called fair folklore. It arose from fair performances, shouts of traders, farce barkers, joke speech, jokes and folk sayings.
At the intersection of long-standing traditions of folklore and trends new culture the genre has developed joke.
A detailed account of individual folklore genres will be made in subsequent sections of the manual.
Works. Such folk works enter a person’s life very early, long before mastering speech.
Encyclopedic YouTube
1 / 3
✪ Literature 5 (Arkhangelsky A.N.) - Meetings with folklore: small genres.
✪ Riddles - small genres of oral folk art
✪ Literature 5 (Arkhangelsky A.N.) - Meetings with folklore. Folklore is a helper in the game
Subtitles
Types of small genres of folklore
Lullaby
Lullaby- one of the oldest genres of folklore, as evidenced by the fact that it retains elements of a talismanic conspiracy. People believed that a person is surrounded by mysterious hostile forces, and if a child sees something bad and scary in a dream, then in reality it will not happen again. That is why in the lullaby you can find the “little little wolf” and other frightening characters. Later, lullabies lost their magical elements and acquired meaning good wishes for the future. So, a lullaby is a song used to lull a child to sleep. Since the song was accompanied by the measured swaying of the child, rhythm is very important in it.
Pestushka
Pestushka(from the word nurture, that is, to nurse, groom) - a short poetic chant of nannies and mothers, with which they accompany the actions of a child that he performs at the very beginning of his life. For example, when the child wakes up, the mother strokes and caresses him, saying:
Stretchers, stretchers,
Across the fat girl
And in my hands I grab something,
And in the mouth there is a talk,
And in the head there is reason.
When a child begins to learn to walk, they say:
Big feet
Walked along the road:
Top, top, top,
Top, top, top.
Little feet
Running along the path:
Top, top, top, top,
Top, top, top, top!
Nursery rhyme
Nursery rhyme- an element of pedagogy, a song-sentence that accompanies playing with a child’s fingers, arms and legs. Nursery rhymes, like pesters, accompany the development of children. Small rhymes and songs allow you to encourage the child to take action in a playful way, while simultaneously performing massage, physical exercises, and stimulating motor reflexes. This genre of children's folklore provides incentives to play out the plot using fingers (finger games or Ladushki), hands, and facial expressions. Nursery rhymes help instill in a child the skills of hygiene, order, and develop fine motor skills and the emotional sphere.
Examples
joke
joke(from babble, that is, to tell) is a poetic short funny story that a mother tells her child, for example:
Owl, owl, owl,
Big head,
She was sitting on a stake,
I looked to the side,
He turned his head.
Proverbs and sayings
They teach something.
- The road is a spoon for dinner.
- If you're afraid of the wolf, don't go into the forest.
- Birds of a feather flock together.
- You can’t even pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty.
- Fear has big eyes.
- The eyes are afraid, but the hands are doing.
- A rolling stone gathers no moss.
- There is no need for treasure if there is harmony in the family.
- Don't have 100 rubles, but have 100 friends.
- An old friend is better than two new ones.
- A friend in need is a friend indeed.
- If I had known where you would fall, I would have laid out straws.
- You make a soft bed, but you sleep hard.
- The Motherland is your mother, know how to stand up for her.
- Seven do not wait for one.
- If you chase two hares, you won't catch either.
- The bee is small, but it also works.
- Bread is the head of everything.
- Being a guest is good, but being at home is better.
- The wolf's legs feed him.
- The master's work is afraid.
Games
There were special songs for the games. Games could be:
- kissing. As a rule, these games were played at parties and get-togethers (usually ending with a kiss between a young guy and a girl);
- ritual. Such games were characteristic of some kind of ritual, holiday. For example, Maslenitsa festivities (typical fun: removing a prize from the top of a pole, tug of war, competitions for dexterity, strength);
- seasonal. Particularly common among children, especially in winter. We played the so-called “Warmers”: the leader shows some movements, and everyone else repeats. Or the traditional “collar” and “stream”.
An example of a kissing game:
Drake
The drake chased the duck,
The young man was driving sulfur,
Go home, Ducky,
Go home, Gray,
Duck has seven children,
And the eighth Drake,
And the ninth itself,
Kiss me once!
In this game, the "Duck" stood in the center of the circle, and the "Drake" outside, and played like a game of "cat and mouse". At the same time, those standing in the round dance tried not to let the “drake” into the circle.
Calls
Calls- one of the types of invocation songs of pagan origin. They reflect the interests and ideas of peasants about the economy and family. For example, the spell of a rich harvest runs through all the calendar songs; For themselves, children and adults asked for health, happiness, and wealth.
Calls are an appeal to the sun, rainbow, rain and other natural phenomena, as well as to animals and especially often to birds, which were considered the harbingers of spring. Moreover, the forces of nature were revered as living: they make requests for spring, wish for its speedy arrival, and complain about winter.
Larks, larks!
Come and visit us
Bring us a warm summer,
Take the cold winter away from us.
We're tired of the cold winter,
My hands and feet were frozen.
Counting book
Counting book- a short rhyme, a form of drawing lots to determine who leads the game. A counting table is an element of the game that helps establish agreement and respect for the accepted rules. Rhythm is very important in organizing a counting rhyme. He sees a Greek: there is a cancer in the river,
He stuck the Greek's hand into the river -
Cancer by the hand of the Greek - DAC!
The bull was blunt-lipped, the bull was blunt-lipped, the bull's white lip was dull.
From the clatter of hooves, dust flies across the field.
Mystery
Mystery, like a proverb, is a short figurative definition of an object or phenomenon, but unlike a proverb, it gives this definition in an allegorical, deliberately obscure form. As a rule, in a riddle one object is described through another based on similar features: “The pear is hanging - you can’t eat it” (lamp). A riddle can also be a simple description of an object, for example: “Two ends, two rings, and a nail in the middle” (scissors). This is both a folk pastime and a test of ingenuity and intelligence.
The role of riddles and jokes was also played by inverted fables, which for adults appear as absurdities, but for children - funny stories about what does not happen, for example:
Because of the forest, because of the mountains
Grandfather Yegor is coming.
He's on a cart,
On a creaking horse,
Belted with an axe,
The belt is tucked into the waistband,
Boots wide open
Zipun on bare feet.
General history
Oral folk art (folklore) existed even in the pre-literate era. Works of folklore (riddles, tongue twisters, fables, etc.) were transmitted orally. They memorized them by ear. This contributed to the emergence different options the same folklore work.
Oral folk art is a reflection of the life, way of life, and beliefs of ancient people. Works of folk art accompany a person from birth. They contribute to the formation and development of the child.
Literary researchers identify certain varieties or types of folk art. Folklore is divided according to various criteria, but most often the following species groups are distinguished:
Labor songs
This is a type of song genre, the main feature of which is the obligatory accompaniment labor activity. This type of folklore is a method of organizing a collective, common work process. Its purpose is to set the rhythm with simple motive and words.
Calendar folklore
The basis for the formation was ritual traditions calendar year. The lifestyle of a peasant who works “on the land” largely depended on weather conditions. This gave rise to a large number of various rituals designed to attract good luck, prosperity, good harvest, etc. The most famous and important holidays were Christmas, Maslenitsa, Easter, Epiphany and Trinity. Each holiday was necessarily accompanied by songs, chants, spells and special rituals.
Wedding folk art
Wedding folklore involves, first of all, songs that were sung in three main rituals: matchmaking, farewell between parents and the bride, and at the main holiday.
Non-ritual folklore
This includes all varieties of small genres of oral folk art (ditty, zapevka, etc.). But this approach is ambiguous. For example, some varieties are classified as children's folk art: pesters, lullabies, riddles, nursery rhymes, teasers, etc.
Oral prose
Implies such varieties of Russian folk art as traditions, legends, incidents - brief retelling real events, the peculiarity of which is that the narrator was not a witness to what happened.
Song epic (heroic)
This is a very ancient form of oral folk art, telling about some events that happened long ago in the form of a song. An epic is an ancient song that needs to be told solemnly and slowly.
Artistic creativity
This block includes epic and song genres created in the style of folk and artistic creativity. The most famous of them is a fairy tale.
Folklore theater
Performances on the streets were very popular among the population of old Rus'. Nativity scene - view dramatic work, intended for performances in street puppet theater. Rayok is a type of picture presentation, which was carried out using a box-shaped device with alternating illustrations. The performance was accompanied by oral histories.
Thus, you can see how diverse folk art culture, it includes different kinds(from song folklore before folk theater), as well as genres (from songs and ditties to legends, epics, fairy tales, etc.).
At the same time, forms of folk art have always been connected with each other: songs were accompanied by dances and round dances, and art reflected the thinking and worldview of people.