Lesson #1. Subject: Color wheel. Color relationships. Date ______________
Educational goals and objectives:
Educational: Introducing a new technique of working with watercolors - glazing. Implementation of acquired knowledge in practical application. Formation and development of skills in working with watercolors.
Educational: Development of imagination and artistic taste students.
Educational: nurturing the creative taste of students.
Lesson type: study new topic
Lesson type: decorative painting
Methods: story, conversation.
Equipment, visual materials: color wheel table;
illustration with a rainbow, watercolor.
Lesson structure:
Psychological mood.
Communication of new educational material.
physical minute
Practical work.
Analysis of completed work.
Summing up the lesson.
Homework assignment.
Lesson progress:
Organizational moment
Psychological mood.
I am glad to see your faces, your smiles, and I think that this day will bring you joy and communication with each other. Sit comfortably, close your eyes and repeat after me:
“I'm at school, I'm in class. I'm happy about this. My attention is growing. As a scout, I will notice everything. My memory is strong. The head thinks clearly. I want to study. I'm ready to go.I am working
Learning new material.
Color classification
Chromatic colors
Color wheel
Warm colors. Cool colors.
Absolute, contrasting, close colors.
Guess the riddle: Is the painted rocker hanging over the river? Of course it's a rainbow. And here's another riddle: Someone built a multi-colored gate on the moon, But it's not easy to get through it, Those gates are high.
That master tried hard, he took paints for the gates, not one, not two, not three - seven, just look. What is the name of this gate? Can I draw it?
What colors does a rainbow consist of (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet)
To remember the order of the colors in the rainbow, you need to remember the saying: Every (red) Hunter (orange) Wishes (yellow) Know (green) Where (blue) Sits (blue) Pheasant (purple).
There is a classification of colors: Achromatic colors(from Greek α - negative particle + χρώμα - color, that is, colorless) Black, white and all shades of gray. Chromatic colors(Chroma, chromatos) - translated from Greek “color”.
Chromatic colors, in turn, are divided into primary and composite. Primary colors: yellow, blue, red. They are called basic because they cannot be obtained by mixing paints. Composite colors: orange, green, purple. Can be obtained by mixing two or more paints.
Yellow + red = orange Blue + red = purple Yellow + blue = green
The color wheel consists of six colors, three primary and three composite. (name them)
There are also warm colors. Red, orange, yellow and mixtures thereof. This is the color of the sun, fire, heat. They stick together on the color wheel. And Cold colors. Cold colors - colors moon, twilight, winter, frost. These are blue, cyan, violet and their mixtures.
There are absolute colors: orange and blue. Contrasting colors - opposite. They highlight and enhance each other's brightness. Red-green, orange-blue, yellow-violet. Similar colors- those that are nearby in the spectrum, and their mixtures and shades
Physical exercise.
Practical work.
Today you will get acquainted with a new technique of working with watercolors called glazing. Glazing is done by applying a transparent layer of paint over a dried paint layer.
Sequence of the exercise:
Fill half the circle with yellow paint. (1, 2, 3 parts)
Let the first layer of paint dry and fill the dry layer with red color (3, 4, 5 parts). At the same time yellow in 3 parts it should turn orange.
After the next layer has dried, 5, 6, 1 parts are filled with blue. In this case, in 1 part it turns out green, and in 5 parts - purple.
Analysis of completed work.
In progress independent work students, the teacher makes the necessary additional explanations. Errors are identified and corrected. Students' attention is focused on the need to do the work carefully, choosing the right colors.
Summing up the lesson.
Demonstration and analysis of the most successful works.
Summing up the lesson, grading.
Homework assignment.
Repeat the exercise using a different, previously familiar method – pouring.
First, the primary colors are filled in (1 part - red, 3 parts - yellow, 5 parts - blue).
Composite colors are obtained on a palette by mixing paints (yellow + red = orange, yellow + blue = green, red + blue = purple).
The secrets of color have long excited people. Back in ancient times he received his symbolic meaning. Color has become the basis for many scientific discoveries. It not only influenced physics or chemistry, but also became important for philosophy and art. Over time, knowledge about color became wider. Sciences have begun to appear that study this phenomenon.
Concepts
The first thing that should be mentioned is the basics of color science. This is the science of color, which contains systematized information from various studies: physics, physiology, psychology. These areas study the phenomenon of shades, combining the results obtained with data on philosophy, aesthetics, history, and literature. Scientists have been studying color as a cultural phenomenon for a long time.
But coloristics is a more in-depth study of color, its theory and application by humans in various fields of activity.
Historical background
It is no wonder that these sciences have long excited people. Of course, at that time there were no such concepts as “color science” and “coloristics”. Nevertheless, color was given great importance in the culture and development of peoples.
History can provide us with a huge layer of knowledge about this. Therefore, scientists usually divide all this time into two stages: the period before the 17th century and the time from the 17th century to the present day.
Becoming
Starting a journey through the history of colorism, you need to return to Ancient East. At that time there were 5 primary colors. They symbolized the four cardinal directions and the center of the earth. China stood out for its special brightness, naturalness and color. Later, everything changed, and monochrome and achromatic painting began to be observed in the culture of this country.
India and Egypt were even more developed in this regard. There were two systems observed here: a ternary one, which contained the main colors at that time (red, black and white); and also Vedic, based on the Vedas. The latter system was deepened in philosophy, so it contains red, symbolizing the eastern rays of the Sun, white - the rays of the South, black - the rays of the West, very black - the rays of the North and the invisible - the center.
In India great value paid attention to the design of palaces. Traveling around the world, even now you can see that white, red and gold were often used. Over time, yellow and blue began to be added to these shades.
Religion in color
Western Europe in the Middle Ages looked at the basics of color science from the side of religion. At that time, other shades began to appear that had not previously been mistaken for the main ones. White began to symbolize Christ, God, angels, black - underworld and Antichrist. Yellow meant enlightenment and the work of the Holy Spirit, and red meant the Blood of Christ, fire and the sun. Blue symbolized the sky and the inhabitants of God, and green symbolized food, vegetation and the earthly path of Christ.
At this time, the same thing is happening with color in the Near and Middle East. This is where Islam gains influence. Basically, the meaning of colors remains the same. The only thing is that green becomes the main one and symbolizes the Garden of Eden.
Rebirth
Flower science and coloristics are transforming again. Before the second stage comes the Renaissance era. At this time, Leonardo da Vinci proclaims his color system. It consists of 6 options: white and black, red and blue, yellow and green. Thus, science is gradually approaching modern concept colors.
Newtonian breakthrough
The 17th century is the beginning of a new stage in classification. Newton uses the white spectrum, where he discovers all chromatic colors. In science, a completely different vision appears on this matter. There invariably remains red, to which orange is added, there are also green and blue, but along with them blue and violet are found.
New theories
The 19th century in Europe leads us to naturalism and impressionism. The first style proclaims complete correspondence of tones, while the second is based only on the transfer of images. At this time, painting with the basics of color science appeared.
Then the theory of Philip Otto Runge arises, which distributes the system according to the principle of a globe. Pure primary colors are located along the equator of the “globe”. The upper pole occupies white, bottom - black. The rest of the space is taken up by mixtures and shades.
The Runge system is very calculated and has its place. Each square on the globe has its own “address” (longitude and latitude), so it can be determined by calculation. Others followed in the footsteps of this scientist and tried to improve the system and create a more convenient option: Chevreul, Goltz, Betzold.
The truth is near
In the Art Nouveau era, scientists were able to get closer to the truth and create a modern color model. This was facilitated by the peculiarities of the style of the time itself. Creators create their masterpieces, paying great attention to color. It is thanks to him that you can express your vision of art. The color begins to merge with the music. He gets huge amount shades, even in the case of a limited palette. People have learned to distinguish not only primary colors, but also tone, darkening, muting, etc.
Modern performance
The basics of color science led man to simplify the previous attempts of scientists. After Runge's globe, there was Ostwald's theory, in which he used a circle with 24 colors. Now this circle remains, but has been halved.
The scientist Itten was able to develop the ideal system. His circle consists of 12 colors. At first glance, the system is quite complicated, although you can figure it out. There are still three main colors here: red, yellow and blue. There are second-order composite colors that can be obtained by mixing the three primary colors: orange, green and violet. This also includes third-order composite colors, which can be obtained by mixing the primary color with second-order composites.
The essence of the system
The main thing you need to know about the Itten circle is that this system created not just to correctly classify all colors, but also to combine them harmoniously. The primary three colors, yellow, blue and red, are arranged in a triangle. This figure is inscribed in a circle, on the basis of which the scientist obtained a hexagon. Now isosceles triangles appear in front of us, which contain second-order composite colors.
To get the right shade, you need to maintain equal proportions. To get green, you need to combine yellow and blue. To get orange, you need to take red, yellow. To make purple, mix red and blue.
As mentioned earlier, it is quite difficult to comprehend the basics of color science. is formed according to the following principle. Draw a circle around our hexagon. We divide it into 12 equal sectors. Now you need to fill in the cells with primary and secondary colors. The vertices of the triangles will point to them. Empty spaces need to be filled with third-order shades. They, as mentioned earlier, are obtained by mixing primary and secondary colors.
For example, yellow and orange will create yellow-orange. Blue with violet - blue-violet, etc.
Harmony
It is worth noting that the Itten circle not only helps to create colors, but also combines them advantageously. This is needed not only by artists, but also by designers, fashion designers, makeup artists, illustrators, photographers, etc.
The combination of colors can be harmonious, characteristic and uncharacteristic. If you take opposite shades, they will look harmonious. If you choose colors that occupy sectors every other, you get characteristic combinations. And if you choose related colors that are located in a circle one after another, you will get uncharacteristic connections. This theory refers to a sector of seven colors.
In the Itten circle, this principle also works, but somewhat differently, since it is worth considering that there are 12 shades here. Therefore, in order to get two-color harmony, you should take tones that are opposite each other. Three-color harmony is obtained if we inscribe a rectangular harmony into a circle using the same method, but inside we inscribe a rectangle. If you place a square within a circle, you get four-color harmony. The hexagon is responsible for the six-color combination. In addition to these options, there is an analog harmony that is formed if we take chromatic colors of a yellow hue. For example, this is how we can get yellow, yellow-orange, orange and red-orange.
Properties
It is worth understanding that there are incompatible colors. Although this concept is quite controversial. The thing is that if you take bright red and the same green, the symbiosis will look very provocative. Each of them tries to dominate the other, which results in dissonance. Although such an example does not mean that it is impossible to harmoniously combine red and green. To do this you need to understand the properties of color.
A color tone is a set of shades that belong to the same thing. Saturation is the degree of fading. Lightness is the approximation of a hue to white and vice versa. Brightness is the degree of proximity of a hue to black.
Chromatic and achromatic colors are also distinguished. The second ones include white, black and shades of gray. To the first - all the rest. All these properties can affect the compatibility and harmony of shades. If you make the green less bright and a little faded, and make the red calmer by increasing the lightness, then these two supposedly incompatible shades can harmoniously combine.
Child's look
The basics of color science for children should be built in game form, as, in principle, all training. Therefore it is worth remembering famous phrase about spectral colors: “Every Hunter Wants to Know Where the Pheasant Sits.” For those adults who are unfamiliar with this children's life hack, it should be explained that the first letter of each word in this sentence represents the name of the tones in the spectrum. That is, at the head we have red, then orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. These are the colors that enter the rainbow in the same sequence. Therefore, first of all, draw a rainbow with your child.
When the baby is very small and, of course, does not know what the basics of color science are, it is better to buy him coloring books with examples. This is done so that the child does not paint the sky brown and the grass red. A little later you will be convinced that the baby will be able to determine the colors on his own, but first it is better to discuss possible options with him.
Emotions
A very long time ago, scientists were able to understand that any shade of the primary color can influence a person’s emotions. Goethe first spoke about this in 1810. Later, scientists found that the human psyche is connected with external reality, which means it can also influence emotions.
The next step in this research was the discovery that each tone was associated with a specific emotion. Moreover, this theory manifests itself almost from birth. It also became clear that there is a certain color code that relates to a number of emotions. For example, sadness, fear, fatigue, everything can be described in black or gray. But joy, interest, shame or love are usually associated with a red tint.
Besides psychological influence color was studied under clinical supervision. It turned out that red excites, yellow invigorates, green reduces blood pressure, and blue calms. It also all depends on the properties of the shade. If it is a calm red, then it can symbolize joy and love; if it is dark and bright, then it can symbolize blood and aggression.
The basics of color science and coloristics are very complex sciences. They are difficult to fully understand, since everything here is quite relative and subjective. Color can affect one person in different ways; some people are not at all subject to shades. Some artists may find the combination of purple and yellow very harmonious, while others may find it disgusting and contradictory.
Lesson structure No. Lesson progress Time 1 Organizational moment 3 min. 2 Statement of the topic and purpose of the lesson 5 min. 3 20 min. 4 Updating the basic knowledge of students Presentation of the material 5 Consolidating new knowledge 120 min. 6 Issue homework 5 min. 60 min.
Learning objectives: n n n Educational: formation of new concepts and processes. Educational: developing attention, observation and perseverance, accuracy of execution. Developmental: developing skills in selecting harmonious color combinations.
Lesson plan: 1. Color wheel. Types. 2. Color harmonies. Their types and methods of construction. 3. Tasks on harmonies.
Definitions Color is a sensation that occurs in the organ of vision when exposed to light, i.e. light + vision = color. Light is electromagnetic wave motion. Wavelengths visible color enclosed in the range from 380 n. m. up to 760 n. m.
Chromotic colors are all spectral colors and many natural colors. Semi-chromatic colors are earthy colors, i.e. colors mixed with achromatic colors.
Warm and cool colors Warm: Red, Red-Orange, Yellow-Orange, Yellow. Green. Cool: Blue (Blue-Green), Blue, Blue-Violet, Violet. Hottest: Red-Orange. Coolest: Blue (Blue-Green). Neutrals (Green and Purple).
Characteristics of color n 1) Color tone. This is the quality of a color that allows it to be compared with one of the spectral or magenta colors (except chromatic) and given a name. n 2) Lightness. This is the degree of difference of a given color from black. n 3) Saturation. This is the degree of difference between a given chromatic color and an achromatic light flux that is uniform in energy saturation. It is also measured by the number of thresholds of difference from color to gray. Replaced by the concept of purity. Purity is the proportion of pure spectral color in the total mixture of a given color or it is the proportion of pure pigment in a paint mixture. Hue + Saturation = Chroma Achromatic colors have no hue and no saturation.
Groups of color circles n physical (based on Newton’s 7-step color circle) n physiological (based on Goethe’s 6-step color circle).
Mikhail Vasilyevich Matyushin (1861 - 1934) - Russian artist, musician, art theorist, one of the leaders of the Russian avant-garde of the first half of the 20th century. During the period of M.V. Matyushin’s work at GINKHUK ( State University Artistic Culture) the Zorved group conducted research in the field of the effect of color on the observer, as a result of which the formative properties of color were discovered - that is, the influence of color shade on the perception of form by the observer. When observed for a long time, cold shades give the shape an “angularity”, the color becomes star-shaped, while warm shades, on the contrary, create a feeling of roundness of the shape, the color becomes rounder.
In 1926, Matyushin attempted to create a “Primer on Color” - a manual on harmonious combinations of shades, which was based on the doctrine of three colors. In 1923, Matyushin’s “school” presented its works at the “Exhibition of Petrograd artists of all directions” under the motto “Zorved” (vision and knowledge). In 1930, another exhibition of works by Matyushin and his “school” was held in Leningrad. These exhibitions demonstrated outstanding achievements that allowed people to develop a more nuanced and holistic vision of the world.
Shugaev's circle The quantitative composition of colors is as follows: 1 – pure yellow (100%); 2 – yellow-orange (83% yellow and 17% red); 3 – yellow-orange (66% yellow and 34% red); 4 – orange (50% yellow and 50% red); 5 – orange-red (34% yellow and 66% red); 6 – orange-red (17% yellow and 83% red); 7 – pure red, etc.
Mixing colors. 1 Subjunctive mixture (or additive). - spatial. This is the combination of differently colored light rays (monitors, theater ramps) in one space. - optical mixing. This is the formation of a total color in the human organ of vision, while in space the color components are separated (pointillistic painting). - temporary. This special kind mixing. It can be observed when mixing the colors of disks placed on a special Maxwell “spinner” device. - binocular. This is the effect of multi-colored glasses (one lens is one color, the second is another). - 2) Subtractive mixing (or subtractive).
Color wheel by Johannes Itten. As we can see, it is based on three colors - red, yellow, green. Next come the second order colors - purple, orange and green. The remaining colors are formed by mixing the primary ones.
2. By mixing the primary colors in pairs in equal proportions, we get colors of the 2nd order - orange, green, purple. yellow + red = orange, yellow + blue = green, red + blue = purple. It is very important to mix colors carefully, aiming for what was included in the pair equal number each pigment: 50% red + 50% yellow, 50% blue + 50% red.
3. The third step is to obtain 3rd order colors. These are colors obtained by mixing a 1st order parent color with an adjacent 2nd order derivative. yellow + orange = yellow-orange, red = orange = red-orange, red + violet = red-violet, blue + violet = blue-violet, blue + green = blue-green, yellow + green = yellow-green. We paint the empty sectors with the resulting colors and get the correct color wheel, in which each color takes its place, and the sequence of colors corresponds to the rainbow!
Classic color combinations: n n n Complementary colors Classic triad Analogue triad Contrasting triad Rectangular scheme Square scheme
Complementary Colors Complementary colors are colors located on opposite sides of the color wheel. Their combination looks very lively and energetic, especially with maximum color saturation. Never use complementary colors for text compositions.
Classical triad n The classical triad is formed by three colors that are equidistant along the color wheel. This composition looks quite lively even when using pale and desaturated colors. To achieve harmony in a triad, take one color as the main color, and use the other two for accents.
Analogue triad n An analogue color scheme is formed by three adjacent colors in the twelve-part color wheel. Used in soft, comfortable and non-irritating compositions. An analog circuit is most often found in nature, so it looks harmonious and pleasant. When using this scheme, it is probably worth choosing one color as the main color, the second as a supporting color, and the third as an accent color. You should also make sure there is sufficient contrast in the analogue composition.
Contrasting triad n Contrasting triad is a variant of a complementary color combination, only instead of the opposite color, neighboring colors are used. This scheme looks almost as contrasting, but not so intense. If you are not sure that you can use complementary colors correctly, use a contrasting triad.
Rectangular scheme n The rectangular scheme consists of four colors, each two of which are complementary. This scheme provides, perhaps, the most large number variations of the colors included in it. In order to easily balance a rectangular scheme, one color must be chosen as dominant, the rest as auxiliary.
The modern color wheel looks like this: Oswald's color wheel It is easy to see that on this wheel we can see three primary colors - they look very independent. These are red, blue and green. The modern RGB color model is based on these colors.
Definitions n n Harmony -. comes from the Greek word, which means consonance, agreement, the opposite of chaos and is a philosophical and aesthetic category meaning high level ordered diversity; optimal mutual correspondence of various things in the composition of the whole, meeting the aesthetic criteria of perfection and beauty.
Color harmony is a combination of individual colors or color sets that form an organic whole and evoke an aesthetic experience.
Color harmony in painting is a certain combination of colors, taking into account all their basic characteristics, such as - color tone; - lightness; - saturation; - forms; - the sizes occupied by these colors on the plane, their relative position in a space that leads to color unity and has the most favorable aesthetic effect on a person.
Signs of color harmony: 1) Connection and smoothness. 2) Unity of opposites, or contrast. Types of contrast: n by brightness (dark-light, black-white, etc.) n by saturation (pure and mixed), n by color tone (complementary or contrasting combinations). 3) Measure. 4) Proportionality, or the relationship of parts (objects or phenomena) between themselves and the whole. 5) Balance. . 6) Clarity and ease of perception. 7) Beautiful, the desire for beauty. 8) Sublime, i.e. an ideal combination of colors. 9) Organization, order and rationality.
Types of harmonic combinations according to Shugaev 1) combinations of related colors; n 2) combinations of related and contrasting colors; n 3) combinations of contrasting colors; n 4) combinations of colors that are neutral in relation to kinship and contrast. n
Color groups n n monochromatic harmonious color combinations; harmonious combinations of related colors; harmonious combinations of related and contrasting colors; harmonious combinations of contrasting and complementary colors.
Related-contrasting harmonies Combinations of related-contrasting colors represent the most extensive type of color harmonies. In the color wheel system, relatedly contrasting colors are located in adjacent quarters. These are warm yellow-red and yellow-green colors, cool blue-green and blue-red colors, warm yellow-green and cool blue-green colors, warm yellow-red and cool blue-red colors. There are four groups of related and contrasting colors in total.
Schemes of related-contrasting colors (based on a square and a rectangle) (along a chord) (along a right triangle) (along an equilateral triangle) (along an isosceles triangle)
Combinations of related-contrasting colors are combinations of related colors and contrasting pairs. They are brighter and provide greater opportunities for creativity n Combinations of colors that are located in the color wheel at the ends of vertical and horizontal chords are especially harmonious. This is explained by the fact that there is a double connection between such pairs of related-contrasting colors: they consist of the same amount of the unifying main color and the same amount of contrasting colors.
Harmonic combinations are divided into: n n n two pure related-contrasting colors, which are complemented by the colors of the shadow row of one of the combined colors; two pure related-contrasting colors, complemented by colors from both shadow rows; one pure and the rest from the shadow rows of related and contrasting colors. In this case, it is advisable to surround a pure color with the colors of the shadow row of a given color, and take the rest from the shadow row of a different color and place them at some distance. All related and contrasting colors are either darkened or whitened (harmony takes on a more restrained coloring, since the polar properties of the colors are softened). We emphasize: only three, at least three colors allow us to fully judge the combinations and relationships of colors in an ornamental composition.
Color harmony can be formed by a combination of colors located at the vertices of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the color wheel. This triangle has one of its sides parallel to the horizontal or vertical diameter; in the opposing to the specified party At the top is the main color, contrasting and complementary to the main color that is part of a pair of related contrasting colors. In the color wheel we have four of these equilateral triangle, in the system of five circles - 20. Each triad of colors has two related and contrasting colors balanced by a double connection of unifying and contrasting main colors. It is better to darken or whiten the third main color.
Another type of harmonious combinations of three colors: two related and contrasting colors and a third color - the main one - combines the first two colors. Construct using isosceles triangles. To give greater harmony to the combination of colors of this triad, you can reduce the amount of pure main color by darkening or highlighting it.
Another type of harmonic triad is formed by colors located at the vertices right triangles, provided that two legs connect pairs of relatedly contrasting colors (the legs are parallel to the horizontal and vertical diameters of the color wheel). In each of the triangles, the color that is located at the vertex opposite the hypotenuse is related and contrasting in relation to the other two colors, and the latter, in turn, are related to each other by contrasting relationships. A total of four such triangles can be constructed in one color circle, and 20 in a system of five circles.
Sections: MHC and ISO
Lesson topic: Performing a color wheel.
Type of lesson: Decorative drawing.
Goals and objectives of the lesson:
- Introducing a new technique for working with watercolors – glazing.
- Implementation of acquired knowledge in practical application.
- Formation and development of skills in working with watercolors.
- Development of creative and cognitive activity, imagination and artistic taste of students.
Lesson equipment:
- color wheel table;
- illustrations depicting a rainbow, sunset;
- watercolor, tablet for demonstrating watercolor techniques;
- preparations for exercises.
Lesson structure:
- Organizational moment.
- Communication of new educational material.
- Practical work.
- Analysis of completed work.
- Summing up the lesson.
- Homework assignment.
Lesson progress
1. Organizational moment.
Chalkboard design.
Preparation of jobs.
The teacher communicates the topic, objectives and goals of the lesson.
2. Presentation of new educational material.
The presentation of a new topic takes place in the form of a conversation. Students, together with the teacher, repeat the previous topic, gradually moving on to a new one, answering the questions:
What colors are called primary and why? (red, blue, yellow - cannot be obtained by mixing paints).
What colors are called composite colors and why? (orange, green, purple - can be obtained by mixing two or more colors).
How are composite colors produced on paper? (show on tablet).
Where in nature can you see all the colors together? (rainbow).
What is the order of colors in a rainbow?
Children remember the saying: Every (red) Hunter (orange) Wants (yellow) to Know (green) Where the (blue) Pheasant (purple) sits.
In this series, primary colors alternate with composite ones (the only exception is blue, which is not included in the color wheel). For convenience, this strip can be closed in a circle in which the colors replace each other ad infinitum - just like in nature. For example, the same rainbow or sunset. Now let's try to make a color wheel ourselves.
3. Practical work.
Students are given blanks of a circle (R = 8 cm), which is divided into 6 equal parts. For convenience, number the parts from 1 to 6.
/Figure 1/
The exercise will be performed by glazing (applying a transparent layer of paint on top of a dried paint layer). The teacher sequentially shows the stages of performing the exercise, the students repeat after the teacher.
Sequence of the exercise:
1. Fill half the circle with yellow paint. (1, 2, 3 parts)
/Figure 2/
2. Let the first layer of paint dry and fill the dry layer with red color (3, 4, 5 parts). In this case, the yellow color in 3 parts should turn into orange.
/Figure 3/
3. After the next layer has dried, fill 5, 6, 1 parts with blue. In this case, 1 part turns out to be green, and 5 parts turn out to be purple.
/Figure 4/
4. Students check the correctness of the work. A sharpened match (prepared in advance) is inserted into the center of the circle. The result is a colored top. The children launch it. The colors on the spinning top should merge into one white color. If the color is not white, but gray, then the colors are too saturated.
/Figure 5/
4. Analysis of the work performed.
In the process of students’ independent work, the teacher makes the necessary additional explanations. Errors are identified and corrected. Students' attention is focused on the need to do the work carefully, choosing the right colors.
5. Summing up the lesson.
- Demonstration and analysis of the most successful works.
- Summing up the lesson, grading.
6. Homework assignment.
Repeat the exercise using a different, previously familiar method – pouring.
First, the primary colors are filled in (1 part - red, 3 parts - yellow, 5 parts - blue).
Composite colors are obtained on the palette by mixing paints (yellow + red = orange, yellow + blue = green, red + blue = purple) and are poured onto the top.
Check the correct execution by rotating the top.
Literature:
- N.M. Sokolnikov “Fundamentals of Painting”, 1996.
- I.G. Mosin “Drawing”, 1996.
Color wheel is a diagram showing how the colors of the visible spectrum are related to each other. There are many such schemes in color theory. The first model color wheel It was also suggested by Isaac Newton. It consisted of seven sectors - as you might guess, these were the 7 colors of the rainbow. Actually, Newton identified these colors of the spectrum as the main ones.
The idea of color continuity turned out to be very valuable, color wheel you can clearly see how one color smoothly transitions into another.
As you can see, in color wheel black and white are absent, that is, achromatic colors, which, strictly speaking, are not colors. This is an interaction model.
Nowadays, artists and designers most often use Itten's color circle:
The model is based on 3 primary colors: red, yellow And blue. These colors are enough to produce all other colors of the spectrum. The intermediate colors will be orange, green and purple.
The 12-step color wheel is convenient for selecting harmonious color combinations of 2, 3 or 4 colors.
How to choose harmonious colors using the color wheel:
Combinations of 2 colors:
Complementary colors - located at the ends of the diameter of the circle.
An extremely distant couple.
Combinations of 3 colors:
Classic triad - colors are located at the vertices regular triangle, inscribed in the color wheel.
A similar triad is the 3 colors closest to each other.
Contrasting triad.
Combinations of 4 colors:
In this scheme, each pair of colors will be complementary.
When using these schemes, you need to consider the amount of color. The simplest option is to take one color as a base, and use the rest as additional colors, as accents. You can also change it - that is, dilute the original color with white. In general, there are quite a lot of options.
I must say that Itten circle will be correct only in the case of physical mixing of paints - in painting, printing or industry. When mixing light rays, the primary colors will be red, blue And green(RGB). ABOUT various options I will write about mixing colors later.
The circle is not the only geometric model of the spectrum. Different color schemes can be applied to triangles, prisms, even a star. Nowadays, square schemes are often used - they combine 2 color models: CMYK and RGB. That is, the main colors will be red, yellow, green And blue. Compare:
And finally, diagrams are not an ironclad rule; you can use them, or you may not even know about their existence and rely only on your taste. Still, the perception of color is a deeply individual thing, and the same color can appear completely different, depending on where and how it is used.
If you want to know more about color, you can read:
Art of color | Johannes Itten - this book was and remains one of best books by coloristics.