Key dates you need to know in history. Chronology of events

Key dates in Russian history:

• Russia from antiquity to the end of the 16th century. (beginning of the 17th century)
• Russia in the XVII–XVIII centuries.
• Russia in the 19th century
• Russia in the 20th century

Russia from antiquity to the end of the 16th century. (beginning of the 17th century)

• IX century. - Education Old Russian state.
• 862- “The Calling of the Varangians” to Rus'.
• 862–879- The reign of Rurik in Novgorod.
• 879–912– The reign of Oleg in Kyiv.
• 882– The unification of Novgorod and Kyiv into a single state under Prince Oleg.
• 907, 911– Oleg’s campaigns to Constantinople. Treaties with the Greeks.
• 912–945– The reign of Igor in Kyiv.
• 945- Revolt of the Drevlyans.
• 945–962– The reign of Princess Olga during the early childhood of her son Prince Svyatoslav.
• 957– Baptism of Princess Olga in Constantinople.
• 962–972- The reign of Svyatoslav Igorevich.
• 964–972. – Military campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav.
• 980–1015– The reign of Vladimir I Svyatoslavich the Holy.
• 988– Adoption of Christianity in Rus'.
• 1019–1054- The reign of Yaroslav the Wise.
• 1037– Beginning of construction of the Church of St. Sophia in Kyiv.
• 1045– Beginning of construction of the Church of St. Sophia in Novgorod the Great.
• OK. 1072– Final design of “Russian Truth” (“Pravda Yaroslavich”).
• 1097 g. - Congress of princes in Lyubech. Consolidation of the fragmentation of the Old Russian state.
• 1113–1125. – The Great Reign of Vladimir Monomakh.
• 1125–1157 g. – The reign of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky in Vladimir.
• 1136– Establishment of a republic in Novgorod.
• 1147– The first mention of Moscow in the chronicle.
• 1157–1174– The reign of Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky.
• 1165– Construction of the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl.
• 1185– The campaign of Prince Igor Novgorod Seversky against the Polovtsians. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign."
• 1199– Unification of the Volyn and Galician principalities.
• 1202– Formation of the Order of the Sword.
• 1223, May 31st.– Battle of the Kalka River.
• 1237–1240. – Invasion of the Mongol Tatars led by Khan Batu into Rus'.
• 1237– Unification of the Teutonic Order with the Order of the Sword. Formation of the Livonian Order.
• 1238, March 4. – Battle of the City River.
• 1240, July 15. - Battle of the Neva. The defeat of the Swedish knights on the Neva River by Prince Alexander Yaroslavich. Nicknamed Nevsky.
• 1240– The defeat of Kyiv by the Mongol-Tatars.
• 1242, April 5. - Battle on the ice. The defeat of the crusaders on Lake Peipus by Prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky.
• 1243 g. – Formation of the Golden Horde state.
• 1252–1263. - The reign of Alexander Nevsky on the Grand Duke's throne of Vladimir.
• 1264– Collapse of the Galician-Volyn principality under the blows of the Horde.
• 1276– Formation of an independent Moscow principality.
• 1325–1340– The reign of Prince Ivan Kalita in Moscow.
• 1326– Transfer of the residence of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church - the Metropolitan - from Vladimir to Moscow, turning Moscow into an all-Russian religious center.
• 1327– Uprising in Tver against the Golden Horde.
• 1359–1389– The reign of Prince (from 1362 – Grand Duke) Dmitry Ivanovich (after 1380 – Donskoy) in Moscow.
• OK. 1360–1430. – Life and work of Andrei Rublev.
• 1378 g. – Battle of the Vozha River.
• 1380 September 8– Battle of Kulikovo.
• 1382 g. – The defeat of Moscow by Tokhtamysh.
• 1389–1425. – The reign of Vasily I Dmitrievich.
• 1410 g., July 15- Battle of Grunwald. Defeat of the Teutonic Order.
• 1425–1453. – Dynastic war between the sons and grandsons of Dmitry Donskoy.
• 1439 g. – Florentine Church Union about the unification of the Catholic and Orthodox churches under the leadership of the Pope. The act of union was signed by the Russian Metropolitan Isidore, for which he was deposed.
• 1448– Election of Bishop Jonah of Ryazan as Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church and All Rus'. Establishment of autocephaly (independence) of the Russian Orthodox Church from Byzantium.
• 1453– Fall of the Byzantine Empire.
• 1462–1505– The reign of Ivan III.
• 1463– Annexation of Yaroslavl to Moscow.
• 1469–1472– Travel of Afanasy Nikitin to India.
• 1471– Battle on the Sheloni River between Moscow and Novgorod troops.
• 1478– Annexation of Novgorod the Great to Moscow.
• 1480 g. - “Standing on the Ugra River.” Elimination of the Horde yoke.
• 1484–1508– Construction of the current Moscow Kremlin. Construction of cathedrals and the Chamber of Facets, brick walls.
• 1485– Annexation of Tver to Moscow.
• 1497– Compilation of the Code of Laws of Ivan III. Establishing uniform norms of criminal liability and judicial procedural norms for the entire country, limiting the right of peasants to transfer from one feudal lord to another - the week before and the week after November 26 (St. George's Day in the fall).
• End of the 15th – beginning of the 16th centuries.– Completion of the process of formation of the Russian centralized state.
• 1503– Controversy between Nil Sorsky (the leader of the non-acquisitive people, who preached the refusal of the church from all property) and Abbot Joseph Volotsky (the leader of the acquisitive people, a supporter of the preservation of church land ownership). Condemnation of the views of non-possessors at the Church Council.
• 1503– Annexation of the Southwestern Russian lands to Moscow.
• 1505–1533– Board Vasily III.
• 1510– Annexation of Pskov to Moscow.
• 1514– Annexation of Smolensk to Moscow.
• 1521– Annexation of Ryazan to Moscow.
• 1533–1584– The reign of Grand Duke Ivan IV the Terrible.
• 1547– The crowning of Ivan IV the Terrible.
• 1549- The beginning of the convening of Zemsky Sobors.
• 1550– Adoption of the Code of Laws of Ivan IV the Terrible.
• 1551– “The Hundred-Glavy Cathedral” of the Russian Orthodox Church.
• 1552– Annexation of Kazan to Moscow.
• 1555–1560– Construction of the Intercession Cathedral in Moscow (St. Basil's Cathedral).
• 1556 g. – Annexation of Astrakhan to Moscow.
• 1556– Adoption of the “Code of Service”.
• 1558–1583- Livonian War.
• 1561- Defeat of the Livonian Order.
• 1564- The beginning of book printing in Rus'. Publication by Ivan Fedorov of “The Apostle” - the first printed book with a set date.
• 1565–1572– Oprichnina of Ivan IV the Terrible.
• 1569– Conclusion of the Union of Lublin on the unification of Poland with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into one state – the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
• 1581– The first mention of “reserved years.”
• 1581– Ermak’s campaign in Siberia.
• 1582– Signing of Yam Zapolsky truce between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
• 1583– Conclusion of the Truce of Plus with Sweden.
• 1584–1598- The reign of Fyodor Ioannovich.
• 1589- Establishment of the Patriarchate in Rus'. Patriarch Job.
• 1597 g. - Decree on “pre-scheduled years” (a five-year period for searching for runaway peasants).
• 1598–1605- Board of Boris Godunov.
• 1603– Uprising of peasants and serfs under the leadership of Khlopok.
• 1605–1606– Reign of False Dmitry I.
• 1606–1607– Peasant uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov.
• 1606–1610– The reign of Tsar Vasily Shuisky.
• 1607–1610– Attempt of False Dmitry II to seize power in Russia. The existence of the "Tushinsky camp".
• 1609–1611. - Defense of Smolensk.
• 1610–1613. - “Seven Boyars”.
• 1611, March – June. – The first militia against Polish troops led by P. Lyapunov.
• 1612– The second militia under the leadership of D. Pozharsky and K. Minin.
• 1612, October 26. – Liberation of Moscow from Polish invaders by the Second Militia.
• 1613– Election of Mikhail Romanov to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor. The beginning of the Romanov dynasty. 1613–1645 – The reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.
• 1617– Conclusion of the Stolbovsky “eternal peace” with Sweden.
• 1618– Deulino truce with Poland.
• 1632–1634– Smolensk War between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Russia in the XVII–XVIII centuries.

• 1645–1676- The reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
• 1648– Semyon Dezhnev’s expedition along the Kolyma River and the Arctic Ocean.
• 1648– The beginning of the uprising of Bogdan Khmelnitsky in Ukraine.
• 1648– “Salt riot” in Moscow.
• 1648–1650– Uprisings in various cities of Russia.
• 1649- Adoption by the Zemsky Sobor of a new set of laws - the “Cathedral Code” of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The final enslavement of the peasants.
• OK. 1653–1656– Reform of Patriarch Nikon. The beginning of the church schism.
• 1654, January 8. - Pereyaslavskaya Rada. Reunification of Ukraine with Russia.
• 1654–1667– Russia’s war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for Ukraine.
• 1662– “Copper riot” in Moscow.
• 1667– Conclusion of the Andrusovo truce between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
• 1667– Introduction of the New Trade Charter.
• 1667–1671– Peasant war led by Stepan Razin.
• 1672, May 30.– Birth of Peter I.
• 1676–1682– Board of Fedor Alekseevich.
• 1682 g. – Abolition of localism.
• 1682, 1698– Streltsy uprisings in Moscow.
• 1682–1725– The reign of Peter I (1682–1689 – under the regency of Sophia, until 1696 – together with Ivan V).
• 1686 – « Eternal Peace"with Poland.
• 1687 g. – Opening of the Slavic Greek Latin Academy.
• 1695, 1696– Campaigns of Peter I to Azov.
• 1697–1698. - “Great Embassy”.
• 1700–1721 – Northern War.
• 1703, May 16.– Founding of St. Petersburg.
• 1707–1708– Peasant uprising led by K. Bulavin.
• 1708, September 28.– Battle of the village of Lesnoy.
• 1709, June 27.- Battle of Poltava.
• 1710–1711- Prut campaign.
• 1711- Establishment of the Senate.
• 1711–1765– Life and work of M.V. Lomonosov.
• 1714– Decree on single inheritance (cancelled in 1731).
• 1714, July 27.– Battle of Cape Gangut.
• 1718–1721– Establishment of boards.
• 1720- Battle of Grengam Island.
• 1721– Peace of Nystadt with Sweden.
• 1721– Proclamation of Peter I as emperor. Russia became an empire.
• 1722– Adoption of the “Table of Ranks”.
• 1722– Signing of the decree on the succession to the throne.
• 1722–1723- Caspian campaign.
• 1725 g. – Opening of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg.
• 1725–1727– The reign of Catherine I.
• 1727–1730– The reign of Peter II.
• 1730–1740- The reign of Anna Ioannovna. "Bironovschina."
• 1741–1761. - The reign of Elizaveta Petrovna.
• 1755, January 25.– Opening of Moscow University.
• 1756–1763- Seven Years' War.
• 1757– Foundation of the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg.
• 1761–1762– The reign of Peter III.
• 1762- “Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility.”
• 1762–1796– The reign of Catherine II.
• 1768–1774– Russian Turkish war.
• 1770– Victory of the Russian fleet over the Turkish in the Battle of Chesme and the Russian ground forces over the Turkish army in the battles of the Larga and Cahul rivers.
• 1774– Conclusion of the Kyuchuk Kaynardzhi Peace following the Russian-Turkish War. The Crimean Khanate came under Russian protectorate. Russia received the territory of the Black Sea region between the Dnieper and the Southern Bug, the fortresses of Azov, Kerch, Kinburn, and the right of free passage of Russian merchant ships through the Black Sea straits.
• 1772, 1793, 1795– Partitions of Poland between Prussia, Austria and Russia. The territories of Right Bank Ukraine, Belarus, part of the Baltic states and Poland were transferred to Russia.
• 1772–1839. – Life and work of M.M. Speransky.
• 1773–1775– Peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev.
• 1775 g. – Carrying out provincial reform in Russian Empire.
• 1782 g. – Opening of the monument to Peter I “ Bronze Horseman"(E. Falcone).
• 1783. – The entry of Crimea into the Russian Empire. Georgievsky Treaty. Transition of Eastern Georgia under Russian protectorate.
• 1785 g. – Publication of letters of grant to the nobility and cities.
• 1787–1791– Russian-Turkish war.
• 1789– Victories of Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov at Focsani and Rymnik.
• 1790– Victory of the Russian fleet over the Turkish in the battle of Cape Kaliakria.
• 1790– Publication of the book by A.N. Radishchev "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow."
• 1790– Capture by Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov of the Turkish fortress Izmail on the Danube.
• 1791– Conclusion of the Peace of Jassy following the Russian-Turkish War. The annexation of Crimea and Kuban, the territory of the Black Sea region between the Southern Bug and the Dniester, was confirmed to Russia.
• 1794– Uprising in Poland led by Tadeusz Kosciuszko.
• 1796–1801– Reign of Paul I.
• 1797. – Cancellation of the order of succession to the throne established by Peter I. Restoring the order of succession to the throne by primogeniture in the male line.
• 1797– Publication by Paul I of the manifesto on the three-day corvee.
• 1799– Italian and Swiss campaigns of A.V. Suvorov.

Russia in the 19th century

• 1801–1825– The reign of Alexander I.
• 1802– Establishment of ministries instead of boards.
• 1803- Decree on “free cultivators”.
• 1803– Adoption of a charter introducing university autonomy.
• 1803–1804– The first Russian round-the-world expedition led by I.F. Krusenstern and Yu. F. Lisyansky.
• 1804–1813– Russian-Iranian war. Ended with the Peace of Gulistan.
• 1805–1807– Russia’s participation in the III and IV anti-Napoleonic coalitions.
• 1805, December.– Defeat of Russian and Austrian troops in the Battle of Austerlitz.
• 1806–1812– Russian-Turkish war.
• 1807– Defeat of the Russian army near Friedland.
• 1807– Conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit between Alexander I and Napoleon Bonaparte (Russia’s accession to the continental blockade of England, Russia’s consent to the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw as a vassal of France).
• 1808–1809– Russian swedish war. Annexation of Finland to the Russian Empire.
• 1810– Creation of the State Council on the initiative of M.M. Speransky.
• 1812, June – December. – Patriotic War with Napoleon.
• 1812– Conclusion of the Bucharest Peace following the Russian-Turkish War.
• 1812, August 26- Battle of Borodino.
• 1813–1814– Foreign campaigns of the Russian army.
• 1813- “Battle of the Nations” at Leipzig.
• 1813– Conclusion of the Peace of Gulistan based on the results of the Russian Iranian war.
• 1814–1815 – Congress of Vienna European states. Solving the problems of the structure of Europe after the Napoleonic wars. Annexation of the Duchy of Warsaw (Kingdom of Poland) to Russia.
• 1815– Creation of the “Holy Alliance”.
• 1815– Granting of the Constitution to the Kingdom of Poland by Alexander I.
• 1816. – The beginning of the mass creation of military settlements on the initiative of A.A. Arakcheeva.
• 1816–1817– Activities of the “Union of Salvation”.
• 1817–1864 – Caucasian War.
• 1818–1821– Activities of the “Union of Welfare”.
• 1820– Discovery of Antarctica by Russian navigators under the command of F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev. 1821–1822 – Formation of the Northern and Southern Decembrist societies.
• 1821–1881– Life and work of F.M. Dostoevsky.
• 1825, December 14.– Decembrist uprising Senate Square in St. Petersburg.
• 1825, December 29 – 1826, January 3.– Uprising of the Chernigov regiment.
• 1825–1855– The reign of Nicholas I.
• 1826–1828– Russian-Iranian war.
• 1828– Conclusion of the Turkmanchay Peace following the Russian-Iranian War. Death of A.S. Griboedova.
• 1828–1829– Russian-Turkish war.
• 1829– Conclusion of the Peace of Adrianople following the Russian-Turkish War.
• 1831–1839– Activities of the circle N.V. Stankevich.
• 1837. – Opening of the first railway St. Petersburg – Tsarskoe Selo.
• 1837–1841– Conducting P.D. Kiselev reforms in the management of state peasants.
• 1840–1850s– Disputes between Slavophiles and Westerners.
• 1839–1843– Monetary reform E.F. Kankrina.
• 1840–1893. – Life and work of P.I. Tchaikovsky.
• 1844–1849. – Activities of the circle M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky.
• 1851– Opening of the Moscow – St. Petersburg railway.
• 1853–1856 – Crimean War.
• 1853, November.- Battle of Sinope.
• 1855–1881– The reign of Alexander II.
• 1856- Paris Congress.
• 1856– Founding of P.M. Tretyakov collection of Russian art in Moscow.
• 1858, 1860– Aigun and Beijing treaties with China.
• 1861, February 19.– Abolition of serfdom in Russia.
• 1861–1864– Activities of the organization “Land and Freedom”.
• 1862– Formation of the “Mighty Handful” - an association of composers (M.A. Balakirev, Ts.A. Cui, M.P. Mussorgsky, N.A. Rimsky Korsakov, A.P. Borodin).
• 1864– Zemstvo, judicial and school reforms.
• 1864–1885– Annexation of Central Asia to the Russian Empire.
• 1867– Sale of Alaska to the USA.
• 1869– Discovery by D.I. Mendeleev periodic law chemical elements.
• 1870– Reform of city government.
• 1870–1923– Activities of the Association of Mobile art exhibitions».
• 1873– Creation of the “Union of Three Emperors”.
• 1874– Carrying out military reform- introduction of universal conscription.
• 1874, 1876– The Narodniks’ “walking among the people.”
• 1876–1879– Activities of the new organization “Land and Freedom”.
• 1877–1878– Russian-Turkish war.
• 1878– Treaty of San Stefano.
• 1878- Berlin Congress.
• 1879. – Split of the organization “Land and Freedom”. The emergence of the organizations “People's Will” and “Black Redistribution”.
• 1879–1881– Activities of the organization “People's Will”.
• 1879–1882- Formation of the Triple Alliance.
• 1881, March 1st.– Murder of Alexander II by Narodnaya Volya.
• 1881–1894– Board Alexandra III.
• 1882– Abolition of the temporarily obliged position of peasants. Transfer of peasants to compulsory redemption.
• 1883–1903– Activities of the “Liberation of Labor” group.
• 1885– Strike at the Nikolskaya manufactory T.S. Morozov in Orekhovo Zuevo (Morozov strike).
• 1887– Adoption of a circular “on cook’s children.”
• 1889– Adoption of the “Regulations on Zemstvo Chiefs”.
• 1891–1893- Formation of the Franco-Russian Union.
• 1891–1905– Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
• 1892– Transfer P.M. Tretyakov donated his collection of Russian art to the city of Moscow.
• 1894–1917– The reign of Nicholas II.
• 1895– Invention by A.S. Popov radio communications.
• 1895– Creation of the “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.”
• 1897– The first general census of Russia.
• 1897– Monetary reform S.Yu. Witte.
• 1898– 1st Congress of the RSDLP.
• 1899– The Hague Peace Conference of 26 powers on disarmament issues, convened at the initiative of Russia.

Russia in the 20th century

• 1901–1902– Creation of the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs) as a result of the unification of neo-populist circles.
• 1903– II Congress of the RSDLP. Creation of a party.
• 1903– Creation of the “Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists”.
• 1904–1905– Russian-Japanese War.
• 1904, August- Battle of Liaoyang City.
• 1904, September– Battle on the Shahe River.
• 1905, January 9- “Bloody Sunday.” The beginning of the first Russian revolution.
• 1905–1907– The first Russian revolution.
• 1905, February– Defeat of the Russian army near the city of Mukden.
• 1905, May– The death of the Russian fleet near the island of Tsushima.
• 1905, June– Uprising on the battleship “Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky”.
• 1905, August– Conclusion of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty following the Russian-Japanese War. Russia ceded to Japan the southern part of Sakhalin, lease rights to the Liaodong Peninsula and the South Manchurian Railway.
• 1905, October 17– Publication of the Manifesto “On Improvement public order».
• 1905, November– Creation of the “Union of the Russian People”.
• 1905, December– Armed uprising in Moscow and a number of other cities.
• 1906, April–July– Activities of the First State Duma.
• 1906, November 9- Decree on the withdrawal of peasants from the community. The beginning of the Stolypin agrarian reform.
• 1907, February–June– Activities of the Second State Duma.
• 1907, June 3– Dissolution of the Second State Duma. Adoption of a new electoral law (June 3rd coup).
• 1907–1912. – Activities of the III State Duma.
• 1907, August– Russian-English agreement on the delimitation of zones of influence in Iran, Afghanistan and Tibet. The final formation of the Entente alliance.
• 1912- Lena execution.
• 1912–1917– Activities of the IV State Duma.
• 1914, August 1 – 1918, November 9– First world war.
• 1915, August. – Creation of a Progressive block.
• 1916, May- “Brusilovsky breakthrough.”
• 1917, February– February bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia.
• 1917, March 2– Nicholas II's abdication of the throne. Formation of the Provisional Government.
• 1917, May– Formation of the 1st coalition Provisional Government.
• 1917, June– Activities of the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.
• 1917, July– Formation of the 2nd coalition Provisional Government.
• 1917, August- Kornilov rebellion.
• 1917, September 1– Proclamation of Russia as a republic.
• 1917, October 24–26– Armed uprising in Petrograd. Overthrow of the Provisional Government. II All-Russian Congress of Soviets (Proclamation of Russia as a Republic of Soviets.). Adoption of decrees on peace and land. 1918, January. – Convocation and dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.
• 1918, March 3.– Conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty between Soviet Russia and Germany. Russia lost Poland, Lithuania, part of Latvia, Finland, Ukraine, part of Belarus, Kars, Ardagan and Batum. The treaty was annulled in November 1918 after the revolution in Germany.
• 1918–1920– Civil war in Russia.
• 1918– Adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR.
• 1918–1921, March– The Soviet government’s implementation of the policy of “war communism.”
• 1918, July– Execution royal family in Yekaterinburg.
• 1920–1921– Anti-Bolshevik peasant uprisings in Tambov and Voronezh regions(“Antonovschina”), Ukraine, Volga region, Western Siberia.
• 1921, March– Conclusion of the Riga Peace Treaty of the RSFSR with Poland. The territories of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus went to Poland.
• 1921, February–March– Uprising of sailors and soldiers in Kronstadt against the policy of “war communism.”
• 1921, March.– X Congress of the RCP(b). Transition to NEP.
• 1922– Genoa Conference.
• 1922, December 30– Education of the USSR.
• 1924– Adoption of the USSR Constitution.
• 1925, December– XIV Congress of the CPSU(b). Proclamation of a course towards industrialization of the country. The defeat of the “Trotskyist-Zinoviev opposition.”
• 1927, December– XV Congress of the CPSU(b). Proclamation of the course towards collectivization of agriculture.
• 1928–1932– The first five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.
• 1929. - The beginning of complete collectivization.
• 1930– Completion of construction of Turksib.
• 1933–1937. – The second five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.
• 1934– Admission of the USSR to the League of Nations.
• 1934, December 1– Murder of S. M. Kirov. The beginning of mass repressions.
• 1936– Adoption of the Constitution of the USSR (“victorious socialism”).
• 1939, August 23– Signing a non-aggression pact with Germany.
• 1939, September 1 – 1945, September 2– World War II.
• 1939, November - 1940, March– Soviet Finnish war.
• 1941, June 22 – 1945, May 9– Great Patriotic War.
• 1941, July–September- Battle of Smolensk.
• 1941, December 5–6– Counter-offensive of the Red Army near Moscow.
• 1942, November 19 – 1943, February 2– Counter-offensive of the Red Army at Stalingrad. The beginning of a radical change during the Great Patriotic War.
• 1943, July–August- Battle of Kursk.
• 1943, September–December– Battle of the Dnieper. Liberation of Kyiv. Completion of a radical change during the Great Patriotic War.
• 1943, November 28 – December 1– Tehran Conference of Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.
• 1944, January– Final liquidation of the siege of Leningrad.
• 1944, January–February– Korsun Shevchenko operation.
• 1944, June–August– Operation for the liberation of Belarus (“Bagration”).
• 1944, July–August– Lvov-Sandomierz operation.
• 1944, August– Yassko-Kishinev operation.
• 1945, January–February– Vistula Oder operation.
• 1945, February 4–11– Crimean (Yalta) conference of heads of government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.
• 1945, April–May- Berlin operation.
• 1945, April 25- Meeting on the river. Elbe near Torgau advanced Soviet and American troops.
• 1945, May 8- Surrender of Germany.
• 1945, July 17– August 2 – Berlin (Potsdam) conference of heads of government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.
• 1945, August – September- Defeat of Japan. Signing of the act of unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces. The end of World War II.
• 1946- The beginning of the Cold War.
• 1948– Severance of diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia.
• 1949. – Start of a campaign to combat “cosmopolitanism.”
• 1949– Creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).
• 1949. – Creation in the USSR nuclear weapons.
• 1953, March 5– Death of I.S. Stalin.
• 1953, August– Report on testing in the USSR hydrogen bomb.
• 1953, September – 1964, October– Election of N. S. Khrushchev as First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Removed from his posts in October 1964.
• 1954– Obninsk NPP was put into operation.
• 1955. – Formation of the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO).
• 1956., February– XX Congress of the CPSU. Report by N. S. Khrushchev “On the cult of personality and its consequences.”
• 1956., October – November– Uprising in Hungary; suppressed by Soviet troops.
• 1957., October 4– Launch of the world's first artificial Earth satellite in the USSR.
• 1961 G., April 12– Yu. A. Gagarin’s flight into space.
• 1961, October– XXII Congress of the CPSU. Acceptance new Program parties - programs for the construction of communism. 1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis.
• 1962, June– Strike at the Novocherkassk Electric Locomotive Plant; shooting of a workers' demonstration.
• 1963, August– Signing in Moscow of an agreement between the USSR, the USA and England banning nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, under water and outer space.
• 1965– The beginning of the economic reform of A.N. Kosygina.
• 1968– The entry of troops of the Warsaw Pact countries into Czechoslovakia.
• 1972 May– Signing of the Treaty on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (SALT 1) between the USSR and the USA.
• 1975– Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki).
• 1979– Signing of the Treaty on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (SALT 2) between the USSR and the USA.
• 1979–1989– “Undeclared war” in Afghanistan.
• 1980, July – August – Olympic Games in Moscow.
• 1985., March– Election of M.S. Gorbachev General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.
• 1986., April 26– Accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
• 1987– Conclusion between the USSR and the USA of an agreement on the elimination of intermediate- and shorter-range missiles.
• 1988. – XIX Party Conference. Proclamation of a course for reform political system.
• 1989, May- June. – First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR.
• 1990., March– Election at the Third Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev as President of the USSR. Exception from the Constitution of Article 6.
• 1990., June 12– The Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the RSFSR was adopted.
• 1991. June 12– Election of B.N. Yeltsin, President of the RSFSR.
• 1991., July– Signing of the Treaty between the USSR and the USA on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (START 1).
• 1991., August 19–21– Attempted coup d'etat (GKChP).
• 1991 G., December 8– Belovezhskaya agreement on the dissolution of the USSR and the creation of the CIS.
• 1991 December 25– Addition M.S. Gorbachev powers of the President of the USSR.
• 1992. – The beginning of radical economic reform E.T. Gaidar.
• 1993., January– Signing of the Treaty between Russia and the United States on the Reduction of Strategic Offensive Arms (START 2).
• 1993, October 3–4– Armed clashes between supporters of the Supreme Council and government troops in Moscow.
• 1993., December 12– Elections to the Federal Assembly – State Duma and the Federation Council and the referendum on the draft Constitution of the Russian Federation.
• 1994. – Russia’s accession to the NATO “Partnership for Peace” program.
• 1994., December– The beginning of large-scale actions against Chechen separatists.
• 1996. – Russia’s accession to the Council of Europe.
• 1996, July– Election of B.N. Yeltsin as President of the Russian Federation (for a second term).
• 1997– Creation on the initiative of D.S. Likhachev state TV channel "Culture".
• 1998, August– Financial crisis in Russia (default).
• 1999., September– Beginning of the anti-terrorist operation in Chechnya.
• 2000, March– Election of V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation.
• 2000– Award Nobel Prize in physics Zh.I. Alferov for fundamental research in the field of information and telecommunication technologies.
• 2002– Agreement between Russia and the United States on the mutual reduction of nuclear warheads.
• 2003. – Award of the Nobel Prize in Physics to A.A. Abrikosov and V.L. Ginzburg for his work in the field of quantum physics, in particular for his studies of superconductivity and superfluidity.
• 2004., March– Election of V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation (for a second term).
• 2005– Creation of the Public Chamber.
• 2006. – Start of the program national projects in the fields of agriculture, housing, health and education.
• 2008, March– Election of D.A. Medvedev as President of the Russian Federation.
• 2008., August– Invasion of Georgian troops into South Ossetia. Conducting an operation by the Russian army to force Georgia to peace. Russian recognition of the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
• November 2008– Adoption of a law on increasing the term of office of the State Duma and the President of the Russian Federation (5 and 6 years, respectively).

The Russian Federation is a state that ranks first in terms of territory and ninth in terms of population. This is a country that has gone from scattered principalities to a candidate for superpower. How did the formation of this political, economic and military colossus take place?

In our article we will look at the main dates in the history of Russia. We will see the development of the country from the first mentions of it until the end of the twentieth century.

9th - 10th century

The word “Rus” was first mentioned in 860 in connection with the siege of Constantinople (Constantinople) and the plunder of its surroundings. Researchers estimate that more than eight thousand people took part in the raid. The Byzantines did not expect an attack from the Black Sea at all, so they were unable to give a worthy rebuff. “The Rus left with impunity,” the chronicler reports.

The next important date was 862. This is one of the most significant events. According to the Tale of Bygone Years, it was at that time that representatives of the Slavic tribes invited Rurik to reign.

The chronicle says that they were tired of constant quarrels and civil strife, which only a visiting ruler could put an end to.

Like 862, the next year, 863, became important in the history of Russia. This year, according to chroniclers, the Slavic alphabet - Cyrillic - is being created. It was from this time that the official written history of Rus' begins.

In 882, Prince Oleg, Rurik’s successor, conquered Kyiv and made it the “capital city”. This ruler did a lot for the state. He began to unite the tribes, went against the Khazars, recapturing many lands. Now the northerners, Drevlyans, Radimichi pay tribute not to the Kaganate, but to the Kyiv prince.

We are considering only the main dates in the history of Russia. Therefore, we dwell only on some key events.

So, the 10th century was marked by a powerful expansion of the Rus into neighboring countries and tribes. So, Igor went against the Pechenegs (920) and Constantinople (944). Prince Svyatoslav defeated in 965, which significantly strengthened the position of Kievan Rus in the south and southeast.

In 970, Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became the prince of Kyiv. He, together with his uncle Dobrynya, whose image was later reflected in epic hero, is preparing a campaign against the Bulgarians. He managed to defeat the Serbian and Bulgarian tribes on the Danube, as a result of which an alliance was concluded.

However, during the mentioned campaigns, the prince becomes imbued with Christianity. Previously, his grandmother, Princess Olga, was the first to accept this faith and found herself misunderstood by those around her. Now Vladimir the Great decides to baptize the entire state.

Thus, in 988, a series of ceremonies were carried out designed to baptize the majority of the tribes. Those who refused to change their faith voluntarily were forced to do so.

The last important date in the 10th century is considered to be the construction of the Tithe Church. It was with the help of this building that Christianity was finally established at the state level in Kyiv.

11th century

The eleventh century was marked by a large number of military conflicts between princes. Immediately after the death of Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, civil strife began.

This devastation continued until 1019, when Prince Yaroslav, who was later nicknamed the Wise, sat on the throne in Kyiv. He reigned for thirty-five years. It is noteworthy that during the years of his reign Kievan Rus practically reaching the level of European countries.

Since we are talking briefly about the history of Russia, the most important dates of the eleventh century are associated with the reign of Yaroslav (in the first half of the century) and the period of unrest (in the second half of the century).

So, from 1019 until his death in 1054, Prince Yaroslav the Wise compiled one of the most famous codes - “The Truth of Yaroslav”. This is the oldest part of “Russian Truth”.

Over five years, starting in 1030, he built the Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernigov.

In the capital, construction began in 1037 famous temple- Sofia of Kyiv. It was completed in 1041.

After the campaign against Byzantium, in 1043, Yaroslav built a similar cathedral in Novgorod.

The death of the Kyiv prince marked the beginning of the struggle for the capital between his sons. From 1054 to 1068 Izyaslav ruled. Then, with the help of an uprising, he is replaced by the Polotsk prince Vseslav. In epics he is mentioned as Volga.

Due to the fact that this ruler still adhered to pagan views in matters of faith, in folk tales the properties of a werewolf are attributed to him. In epics he becomes either a wolf or a falcon. In official history, he was given the nickname Sorcerer.

Listing the main dates in the history of Russia in the eleventh century, it is worth mentioning the creation of the “Pravda of the Yaroslavichs” in 1072 and the “Izbornik of Svyatoslav” in 1073. The latter contains descriptions of the lives of the saints, as well as their important teachings.

A more interesting document is “Russian Truth”. It consists of two parts. The first was written during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, and the second in 1072. This collection contains norms of criminal, procedural, commercial and inheritance legislation.

The last event worth mentioning within the eleventh century was the princes. He marked the beginning of the fragmentation of the Old Russian state. There it was decided that everyone should manage only their own estate.

12th century

Oddly enough, but an important role in the reunion ancient Russian princes Polovtsians played. Speaking about the main dates in the history of Russia in the twelfth century, one cannot fail to mention the campaigns against these nomads in 1103, 1107 and 1111. It was these three military campaigns that united Eastern Slavs and created the preconditions for the reign of Vladimir Monomakh in 1113. His successor was his son Mstislav Vladimirovich.

During the reign of these princes, the Tale of Bygone Years was finally edited, and there was also an increase in discontent among the people, which was expressed in the uprisings of 1113 and 1127.

After the death of Yaroslav the Wise they gradually moved away political history Europe and Russian history. The dates and events of the twelfth century fully confirm this.

While there was a struggle for power here, caused by the collapse of the Kyiv state, in Western Europe The unification of Spain and several crusades are carried out.

The following happened in Rus'. In 1136, as a result of the uprising and expulsion of Vsevolod Mstislavovich, a republic was established in Novgorod.

In 1147, chronicles first mention the name Moscow. It was from this time that the gradual rise of the city began, which was subsequently destined to become the capital of the united state.

The end of the twelfth century was marked by even greater fragmentation of the state and the weakening of the principalities. All this led to the fact that Rus' is deprived of freedom, falling into the yoke of the Mongol-Tatars.

Since these events took place in the thirteenth century, we will talk about them further.

XIII century

In this century, the independent history of Russia is temporarily interrupted. The dates, the table of Batu’s campaigns, which is given below, as well as maps of battles with the Mongols, indicate the incompetence of many princes in matters of military operations.

There are several stories where city residents were able to heroically repel invaders (for example, Kozelsk). But not a single event is mentioned when the princes defeated the Mongol army.

Regarding Kozelsk - it’s simple unique story. The campaign of the invincible army of Khan Batu, who ravaged North-Eastern Rus' from 1237 to 1240, was stopped near the walls of a small fortress.

This town was the capital of the principality on the land of the former Vyatichi tribe. According to scientists, the number of his defenders did not exceed four hundred people. However, the Mongols were able to take the fortress only after seven weeks of siege and the loss of more than four thousand soldiers.

It is noteworthy that the defense was held by ordinary residents, without a prince or governor. At this time, Mstislav’s grandson, twelve-year-old Vasily, “ruled” in Kozelsk. Nevertheless, the townspeople decided to protect him and defend the city.

After the fortress was captured by the Mongols, it was razed to the ground and all the inhabitants were killed. Neither infants nor frail old people were spared.

After this battle, the remaining important dates in the history of Russia associated with the Mongol invasion concern exclusively the southern principalities.

So, in 1238, a little earlier, a battle takes place near the Kolomna River. In 1239, Chernigov and Pereyaslavl were plundered. And in 1240 Kyiv also fell.

In 1243, the Mongol state - the Golden Horde - was formed. Now Russian princes are obliged to take the “label to reign” from the khans.

In the northern lands at this time a completely different picture occurs. Swedish and German troops are approaching Rus'. They are opposed by the Novgorod prince Alexander Nevsky.

In 1240, he defeated the Swedes on the Neva River, and in 1242 he completely defeated the German knights (the so-called Battle of the Ice).

In the second half of the thirteenth century, several punitive campaigns of the Mongols against Rus' took place. They were directed against unwanted princes who did not receive a label to rule. So, in 1252 and 1293, Khan Duden destroyed fourteen large settlements of North-Eastern Rus'.

Due to difficult events and the gradual transfer of control to the northern lands, in 1299 the patriarch moved from Kyiv to Vladimir.

XIV century

More significant dates in the history of Russia date back to the fourteenth century. In 1325, Ivan Kalita came to power. He begins to gather all the principalities into a single state. So, by 1340, some lands were annexed to Moscow, and in 1328 Kalita became the Grand Duke.

In 1326, Metropolitan Peter of Vladimir moved his residence to Moscow as a more promising city.

The plague (“Black Death”) that began in 1347 in Western Europe reached Rus' in 1352. She destroyed many people.

When mentioning important dates in the history of Russia, it is especially worth focusing on events related to Moscow. In 1359, Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy ascended the throne. Over the course of two years, starting in 1367, the construction of the stone Kremlin in Moscow took place. It was because of this that it was later called “white stone”.

By the end of the fourteenth century, Rus' finally emerged from the rule of the Golden Horde khans. So, in this vein, important events are the battle near the Vozha River (1378) and the Battle of Kulikovo (1380). These victories showed the Mongol-Tatars that a powerful state was beginning to take shape in the north, which would not be under anyone’s authority.

However, the Golden Horde did not want to lose its tributaries so easily. In 1382 he gathered a large army and ravaged Moscow.

This was the last disaster associated with the Mongol-Tatars. Although Rus' finally freed itself from their yoke only a century later. But during this time no one else disturbed its borders.

Moreover, in 1395 Tamerlane finally destroys Golden Horde. But the yoke over Russia continued to exist.

15th century

The main dates in the history of Russia in the fifteenth century relate mainly to the unification of lands into a single Moscow state.

The first half of the century passed in civil strife. During these years, Vasily I and Vasily II the Dark, Yuri Zvenigorodsky and Dmitry Shemyaka were in power.

The events of the first half of the fifteenth century are a little reminiscent of 1917 in the history of Russia. The civil war that followed the revolution also revealed many appanage princelings, gang leaders, who were subsequently destroyed by Moscow.

The reason for the civil strife lay in the choice of ways to strengthen the state. Externally, the political activities of the provisional rulers were connected with the Tatars and Lithuanians, who sometimes carried out raids. Some princes were guided by the support of the East, others trusted the West more.

The moral of decades of civil strife was that those who did not rely on external support, but strengthened the country from within, won. Thus, the result was the unification of many small appanage lands under the rule of the Grand Duke of Moscow.

An important step was the establishment of autocephaly in the Russian Orthodox Church. Now the metropolitans of Kyiv and all Rus' were proclaimed here. That is, dependence on Byzantium and the Patriarch of Constantinople was destroyed.

In the course of feudal wars and religious misunderstandings, the separation of the Moscow Metropolis from the Kyiv Metropolis took place in 1458.

The discord between the princes ended with the accession of John III. In 1471 he defeated the Novgorodians in the Battle of Shelon, and in 1478 he finally annexed Veliky Novgorod to the Moscow Principality.

In 1480 one of the most significant events of the fifteenth century took place. It is known in the chronicles under the name This is very interesting story, which contemporaries considered the “mystical intercession of the Virgin Mary.” gathered a large army and opposed Ivan III, who was in alliance with the Crimean Khan.

But there was no battle. After the troops stood against each other for a long time, both armies turned back. Researchers in our time have found that this was caused by the weakness of the Great Horde and the actions of sabotage detachments in the rear of Akhmat.

Thus, in 1480, the Moscow Principality became a completely sovereign state.

The year 1552 was similar in importance in the history of Russia. We'll talk about it a little later.

In 1497, the Code of Laws, a set of laws for all residents of the state, was officially adopted and approved.

16th century

The sixteenth century is characterized by powerful processes of centralization of the country. During the reign of Vasily III, Pskov (1510), Smolensk (1514) and Ryazan (1521) were annexed to Moscow. Also for the first time in 1517 it was mentioned as a state governing body.

With the death of Vasily III, a slight decline of Muscovy begins. The rules at this time were Elena Glinskaya, who was replaced by Boyar power. But the grown-up son of the deceased prince, Ivan Vasilyevich, put an end to arbitrariness.

He ascended the throne in 1547. Ivan the Terrible began with foreign policy. In the state itself, in fact, until 1565, the prince relied on zemsky councils and boyars. During these eighteen years, he was able to annex many territories.

The year 1552 is noteworthy in the history of Russia. Then Ivan the Terrible captures Kazan and annexes the Khanate to the Moscow state. In addition to it, such territories as the Astrakhan Khanate (1556) and the city of Polotsk (1562) were conquered.

The Siberian Khan in 1555 recognized himself as a vassal of Ivan Vasilyevich. However, in 1563, Khan Kuchum, who replaced him on the throne, breaks off all relations with Muscovy.

After a decade and a half of conquest Grand Duke turns his attention to the internal situation in the country. In 1565, the oprichnina was established and persecution and terror began. All boyar families that began to attach themselves to power are destroyed, and their property is confiscated. Executions continued until 1572.

In 1582, Ermak began his famous campaign in Siberia, which lasted a year.

In 1583, peace was signed with Sweden, returning to the latter all the lands conquered during the war.

In 1584, Ivan Vasilyevich dies and Boris Godunov actually comes to power. He became a real tsar only in 1598, after the death of Fedor, the son of Ivan the Terrible.

In 1598, the Rurikovich line was interrupted, and after the death of Boris (in 1605) it began Time of Troubles and Seven Boyars.

17th century

The most important event was 1613 in the history of Russia. He influenced not only this century, but the next three hundred years. This year the turmoil ended and Mikhail, the founder of the Romanov dynasty, came to power.

The seventeenth century is characterized by the processes of formation and development of the Muscovite kingdom. In foreign policy, conflicts occur with Poland (1654) and Sweden (1656). From 1648 to 1654 there was an uprising in Ukraine led by Khmelnytsky.

There were riots in the Moscow kingdom itself in 1648 (Solyanoy), 1662 (Medny), 1698 (Streletsky). In 1668-1676 there was an uprising on the Solovetsky Islands. And from 1670 to 1671, the Cossacks rebelled under the leadership of Stenka Razin.

In addition to political and economic turmoil, religious turmoil and schism were brewing in the mid-seventeenth century. tried to reform the spiritual life of society, but was not accepted by the Old Believers. In 1667 he was convicted and sent into exile.

Thus, over the course of seven decades, the process of forming a single state took place, in which different institutions “grinded in” to each other. It ends with the accession of Peter I.

It turns out that 1613 in the history of Russia marked the beginning of a departure from feudalism. And Pyotr Alekseevich turned the kingdom into an empire and brought Russia to the international level.

XVIII century

The century of the most powerful rise that the history of Russia has ever known - the 18th century. The dates of the founding of new cities, universities, academies and other places speak for themselves.

So, in 1703 St. Petersburg was built. In 1711 the Senate was established, and in 1721 the Synod. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences was founded. In 1734 - the main thing military educational institution countries, Land Noble Corps. In 1755, Moscow University was created. These are just some of the events that show powerful cultural growth in the state.

In 1712, the capital was moved from “old” Moscow to “young” St. Petersburg. In addition, in 1721, Russia was proclaimed an empire, and Peter Alekseevich was the first to receive the corresponding title.

The eighteenth century will be of particular interest to those interested in military history Russia. The dates and events of this century show the unprecedented power of the Russian army and navy, as well as the wonders of engineering.

The country entered the nineteenth century as a powerful empire that defeated Turkey, Sweden, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

19th century

If a feature of the previous century was the cultural and military growth of the state, then in the next period there is a slight reorientation of interests. Stormy economic development and the separation of the government from the people - all this is the history of Russia, the 19th century.

The dates of significant events of that time tell us about the growth of bribery among officials, as well as about the authorities’ attempts to create thoughtless performers from the lower strata of society.

The main military conflicts of this century were the Patriotic War (1812) and the confrontation between Russia and Turkey (1806, 1828, 1853, 1877).

In domestic politics, many reforms are taking place aimed at even greater enslavement ordinary people. These are Speransky's reforms (1809), great reforms (1862), judicial reform (1864), censorship reform (1865), and universal military service (1874).

Even if we take into account the abolition of serfdom in 1861, it is still clear that the bureaucracy strives for maximum exploitation of the common people.
The response to this policy was a series of uprisings. 1825 - Decembrists. 1830 and 1863 - uprising in Poland. In 1881, the Narodnaya Volya killed Alexander II.

In the wake of general dissatisfaction with the government, the position of the Social Democrats is strengthening. The first congress took place in 1898.

XX century

Despite the wars, disasters and other horrors discussed above, some dates of the 20th century are especially terrible. Until that time, the history of Russia had not known such a nightmare as the Bolsheviks created in the first quarter of the century.

The 1905 revolution and participation in the First World War (1914-1917) were the last straw for ordinary workers and peasants.

The year 1917 will be remembered for a long time in the history of Russia. After the October Revolution and the abdication of Nicholas II, his family was captured and executed in July 1918. A civil war begins, which lasted until 1922, when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was formed. A similar revolution and devastation marked 1991 in the history of Russia.

The first years of the existence of the new state were marked by social disasters of enormous proportions. These are famine in 1932-1933 and repression in 1936-1939.

In 1941, the USSR entered World War II. In our historical tradition, this conflict is called the Great Patriotic War. After the victory in 1945, the restoration and short-term rise of the country began.

1991 became a turning point in the history of Russia. Soviet Union collapsed, leaving all dreams of a “bright future” under the rubble. In fact, people had to learn life from scratch in conditions market economy in the new state.

So you and I, dear friends, briefly went through the most significant events in the history of Russia.

Good luck, and remember that the answers to the future are stored in the lessons of the past.

Dates in history: which ones specifically do you need to know?

Hi all! Today I will highlight one of the nuances of preparing for the Unified State Exam in history. I only talk about it to my guys during training courses. But I decided to share this moment about dates in history with everyone. I did this consciously so that all applicants had a realistic idea of ​​what moments they were missing. And there are still a lot of them... Well, oh well. So about dates in history.

If you take a quick look at it, you will notice one curious nuance - there are very few dates in the tasks. And a thinking person will immediately have a question: is it necessary to know them at all and in what quantity. All of them, for example, are “tutors” who passed the Unified State Exam yesterday, and today they are simply pretending to be specialists, they all post thousands of dates in unison. And they write, they say, teach. I can’t call it anything other than sadism.

The main conclusion which we made from viewing the tests - you don’t need to know all the dates. Most tasks require knowledge of the chronology of events (what happened after what), and not to confuse dates between centuries. Most tasks also require only approximate knowledge of the dating of the event: by part of a century, its third, or quarter.

What about dates? At the end of this post I have attached a list of dates that you really need to know. We proceed with the rest as follows.

When studying a topic, we correlate the events described with a part of a century: preferably with a quarter of it. If the event is important, for example, the Battle of Poltava, then we imagine in what part of the decade it occurred. In general, the scheme for remembering dates in history is as follows:

At the same time, remember that when you need to remember some event during the exam. It is better to go from the general to the specific: remember in what century this event could have occurred; in which part of it (first or second half), then in which quarter of the century. Usually the mind immediately suggests the desired date if you remember it according to this scheme.

Dates in Russian history that you need to know

1. Christianization of Rus' - 988.
2. The first mention of Moscow is in 1147.
3. Battle on the river Kalke - May 31, 1223.
4. Battle of Kulikovo - September 8, 1380.
5. Adoption of the Law Code of Ivan the Great - 1497.
6. Adoption of the Code of Law of Ivan the Terrible - 1550.
7. Adoption of the Council Code - 1649.
8. Northern War 1700 - 1721. Battle of Poltava June 27, 1709.
9. era Palace coups 1725 to 1762
10. Napoleon's invasion of 1812.
11. Manifesto on the abolition of serfdom - February 19, 1861.
12. Russo-Japanese War January 1904-September 1905.
13. The first Russian revolution 1905 - 1907
14. February Revolution 1917
15. October Revolution 1917.
16. Civil War 1917 to 1921/22
17. NEP - 1921 - 1927
18. Industrialization and collectivization 1920s - 30s.
19. World War II September 1, 1939 to September 2, 1945
20. Great Patriotic War June 22, 1941 to May 9, 1945
21. Korean War 1950 - 53
22. Cuban Missile Crisis 1962.
23. Cold War 1946/49 - 1989.
24. Hungarian uprising 1956.
25. Uprising in Czechoslovakia 1968.
26. Afghan war 1979 to 1989.
27. Perestroika 1985 - 1990.
28. Collapse of the USSR December 1991 (Belovezhskaya Agreement).

We analyze dates from General History that you need to know. in our Unified State Exam preparation courses . Hundreds of other nuances in preparing for the Unified State Exam in history are also discussed there.

In the 11th grade, it is not necessary to know by heart all the dates from the textbook. It is enough to master the mandatory minimum, which, believe me, will be useful not only in the exam, but also in life.

So, your preparation for the OGE and Unified State Examination in History must necessarily include memorizing several of the most important dates in Russian history. Stay informed major events V national history- and to make it easier to master them, you can, for example, write the entire minimum on cards and divide them by century. This simple step will allow you to begin to navigate history by period, and when you write everything on pieces of paper, you will unconsciously remember everything. Your parents and grandparents used a similar method when there was no trace of any Unified State Examination or State Examination.

We can also advise you to say the most important dates in the history of Russia out loud and record it on a voice recorder. Listen to the resulting recordings several times a day, and best of all, in the morning, when the brain has just woken up and has not yet absorbed the usual daily dose of information.

But under no circumstances do we recommend that you try to memorize everything at once. Have pity on yourself, no one has ever managed to master the entire school curriculum on Russian history in a day. The Unified State Examination and the State Examination Test are designed to test how well you know the full course of the subject. So don’t even think about somehow deceiving the system or hoping for the students’ favorite “night before the exam,” as well as various cheat sheets and “answers to the State Examination and Unified State Examination in History 2015,” of which there are so many on the Internet.

With leaflets, the last hope of careless schoolchildren, state exams have always been strict, and every year the situation becomes even more difficult. Exams in the 9th and 11th grades are held not only under the strict supervision of experienced teachers, but also under the supervision of video cameras, and you know, it is almost impossible to outsmart the technology.

So get enough sleep, don’t be nervous, develop your memory and memorize 35 most important dates in the history of Russia. Relying on yourself is the best thing that can help you in passing the Unified State Exam and GIA.

1. 862 Beginning of the reign of Rurik
2. 988 Baptism of Rus'
3. 1147 First mention of Moscow
4. 1237–1480 Mongol-Tatar yoke
5. 1240 Battle of the Neva
6. 1380 Battle of Kulikovo
7. 1480 Standing on the Ugra River. Fall of the Mongol yoke
8. 1547 Ivan the Terrible crowned king
9. 1589 Establishment of the Patriarchate in Russia
10. 1598-1613 Time of Troubles
11. 1613 Election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the kingdom
12. 1654 Pereyaslav Rada.
13. 1670–1671 Revolt of Stepan Razin
14. 1682–1725 Reign of Peter I
15. 1700–1721 Northern War
16. 1703 Founding of St. Petersburg
17. 1709 Battle of Poltava
18. 1755 Foundation of Moscow University
19. 1762– 1796 Reign of Catherine II
20. 1773– 1775 Peasant War led by E. Pugachev
21. 1812– 1813 Patriotic War
22. 1812 Battle of Borodino
23. 1825 Decembrist Revolt
24. 1861 Abolition of serfdom
25. 1905– 1907 First Russian Revolution
26. 1914 Russia enters the First World War
27. 1917 February Revolution. Overthrow of the autocracy
28. 1917 October Revolution
29. 1918– 1920 Civil War
30. 1922 Formation of the USSR
31. 1941– 1945 Great Patriotic War
32. 1957 Launch of the first artificial Earth satellite
33. 1961 Flight of Yu.A. Gagarin into space
34. 1986 Chernobyl accident
35. 1991 Collapse of the USSR

Over the course of several centuries, Rus' experienced ups and downs, but eventually became a kingdom with its capital in Moscow.

Brief periodization

The history of Rus' began in 862, when the Viking Rurik arrived in Novgorod, proclaimed prince in this city. Under his successor, the political center moved to Kyiv. With the onset of fragmentation in Rus', several cities immediately began to argue with each other for the right to become the main one in the East Slavic lands.

This feudal period was interrupted by the invasion of the Mongol hordes and the established yoke. In extremely difficult conditions of devastation and constant wars, Moscow became the main Russian city, which finally united Rus' and made it independent. In the XV - XVI centuries this name became a thing of the past. It was replaced by the word “Russia”, adopted in the Byzantine manner.

In modern historiography, there are several points of view on the question of when it became a thing of the past. feudal Rus'. Most often, researchers believe that this happened in 1547, when Prince Ivan Vasilyevich took the title of Tsar.

The emergence of Rus'

The ancient united Rus', whose history began in the 9th century, appeared after Novgorod captured Kyiv in 882 and made this city his capital. During this era, the East Slavic tribes were divided into several tribal unions (Polyans, Dregovichi, Krivichi, etc.). Some of them were at enmity with each other. The inhabitants of the steppes also paid tribute to the hostile foreigners, the Khazars.

Unification of Rus'

Northeastern or Great Rus' became the center of the struggle against the Mongols. This confrontation was led by the princes of small Moscow. At first they were able to obtain the right to collect taxes from all Russian lands. Thus, part of the money ended up in the Moscow treasury. When he gained enough strength, Dmitry Donskoy found himself in open confrontation with the Golden Horde khans. In 1380, his army defeated Mamai.

But even despite this success, Moscow rulers periodically paid tribute for another century. Only after 1480 was the yoke finally thrown off. At the same time, under Ivan III, almost all Russian lands, including Novgorod, were united around Moscow. In 1547, his grandson Ivan the Terrible took the title of Tsar, which marked the end of the history of princely Rus' and the beginning of a new Tsarist Russia.