M. A. Bulgakov came to literature already during the years of Soviet power. He was not an emigrant and experienced first-hand all the difficulties and contradictions of Soviet reality in the 1930s. XX century The theme of disharmony, brought to the point of absurdity thanks to human intervention in the eternal laws of nature, is revealed with brilliant skill and talent by Bulgakov in the story “ Heart of a Dog». Eternal problem the best minds in Russia - the relationship between the intelligentsia and the people. What is the role of the intelligentsia, what is its participation in the destinies of the people - this is what the author of the story made the reader think about in the distant 20s. XX century The story combines fantasy elements with everyday background. Professor Preobrazhensky is a democrat by origin and convictions, a typical Moscow intellectual. He sacredly preserves the traditions of Moscow University students: to serve science, to help people and not to harm them, to value the life of any person - good and bad. His assistant, Doctor Bormenthal, reverently treats his teacher, admires his talent, skill, human qualities. But he does not have that self-control, that holy service to the ideas of humanism that we see in Preobrazhensky.
Bormenthal is capable of becoming angry, indignant, and even using force if this is necessary for the good of the cause. And now these two people are performing an experiment unprecedented in world science - they are transplanting a human pituitary gland into a stray dog. The result was unexpected and phenomenal from a scientific point of view, but in everyday life it led to the most disastrous results. The creature formed in this way has the appearance of its human donor - Klim Chugunkin. This hybrid is rude, undeveloped, arrogant and arrogant. He, at all costs, wants to become one of the people, to become no worse than others. But he cannot understand that for this he must overcome the path of long spiritual development, work on developing his intellect, his horizons, and master knowledge.
Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov puts on patent leather shoes and a poisonous-colored tie, but otherwise his suit is dirty, unkempt, and tasteless. With the help of the house manager Shvonder, he registers in Preobrazhensky’s apartment,
He demands the “sixteen arshins” of living space allotted to him, and even tries to bring his wife into the house. He believes that he is raising his ideological level: he is reading a book recommended by Shvonder - the correspondence of Engels with Kautsky. From Preobrazhensky’s point of view, all this is a bluff, empty attempts that in no way contribute to Sharikov’s mental and spiritual development. However, from the point of view of Shvonder and others like him, Sharikov is quite suitable for the society that they are creating with such pathos and enthusiasm. Sharikov was even hired by a government agency and made a small boss. For him, becoming a boss means transforming himself outwardly, gaining power over people. This is how it happens. He is now dressed in leather jacket and boots, drives a state car, controls the fate of a poor girl secretary. Professor Preobrazhensky still does not abandon the idea of making Sharikov a man. He hopes for evolution, gradual development. But there is no development and there will not be if the person himself does not strive for it. In fact, the professor's whole life turns into a complete nightmare. Sharikov comes home drunk, pesters women, breaks and destroys everything around him. It became a thunderstorm not only for the inhabitants of the apartment, but also for the residents of the entire house. What can the Sharikovs do if they are given complete freedom in life? It’s scary to imagine the picture of the life that they are able to create around themselves. So Preobrazhensky’s good intentions turn into tragedy. He comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in the nature of man and society leads to catastrophic results. In the story “Heart of a Dog,” the professor corrects his mistake - Sharikov turns into a dog again. He is happy with his fate and with himself. But in life such experiments are irreversible. And Bulgakov was able to warn about this at the very beginning of those destructive transformations that began in our country in 1917.
PROBLEMS AND ARTISTIC ORIGINALITY OF M. A. BULGAKOV’S STORY “THE HEART OF A DOG”
Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov was born in Kyiv, in the family of Afanasy Ivanovich Bulgakov, a teacher at the Theological Academy. According to his relatives, he began composing early. Basically it was short stories, satirical poems, dramatic scenes. Gradually, interest in Bulgakov's works increases. It becomes obvious that Bulgakov’s talent as an artist was, as they say, from God. The writer's fame was brought to him by the novel " White Guard”, later reworked into the play “Days of the Turbins”. The comedy “Zoyka’s Apartment” and the humorous collection of stories “Diaboliad” (1925) were a great success. However, starting from 1928, a climate of persecution was created around Bulgakov’s name, and the writer’s very name became, as it were, outlawed. The plays “Running”, “Ivan Vasilyevich”, “Crimson Island”, the novel “The Master and Margarita” are far from full list works that did not see the light of day during the author’s lifetime. The story “Heart of a Dog” is also on the same list. This work, written in 1925, was published only in 1987 in the magazine “Znamya”. The story is based on a risky experiment. Bulgakov’s choice of such a plot is not accidental. Everything that happened then and what was called the construction of socialism was perceived by the author of “Heart of a Dog” precisely as an experiment - huge in scale and more than dangerous. Bulgakov was also skeptical about attempts to create a new perfect society using revolutionary, that is, not excluding violence, methods, and to educating a new society using the same violent methods. free man. For the author of the story, this was unacceptable interference in the natural course of things, the consequences of which could be disastrous for everyone, including the “experimenters” themselves. “Heart of a Dog” warns the reader about this.
One of the main characters, the spokesman for the author's thoughts in the story, is Professor Preobrazhensky. This is a major scientist-physiologist. He appears as the embodiment of education and high culture. By conviction, he is a supporter of the old pre-revolutionary order. All his sympathies are with the former homeowners, factory owners, factory owners, under whom, as he says, there was order and he lived comfortably and well. Bulgakov does not analyze Political Views Preobrazhensky. But the scientist expresses very definite thoughts about the devastation, about the inability of the proletarians to cope with it. In his opinion, first of all, people need to be taught basic culture in everyday life and at work, only then will things get better, devastation will disappear, and there will be order. People will become different. But this philosophy of Preobrazhensky also fails. He cannot raise in Sharikovo reasonable person: “I have been more exhausted in these two weeks than in the last fourteen years...”
What is the reason for the failure of Preobrazhensky and Dr. Bormental? And it's not just about genetic engineering. Preobrazhensky is sure that purely animal instincts affecting behavior former dog Sharikov, you can get rid of it: “Cats are temporary... It’s a matter of discipline and two to three weeks. I assure you. Just another month and he will stop attacking them.” The question is not about physiology, but about the fact that Sharikov is a type of a certain environment. The dog becomes a man, but his actions are determined by genes received from the drunkard and boor Klim Chugunkin: “...he no longer has a dog’s heart, but a human heart. And the lousiest of all that exist in nature!” The contrast between the intellectual principle embodied in intelligent people, the physiologists Preobrazhensky and Bormental, and the dark instincts of the “homunculus” Sharikov (with a low, sloping forehead) is so striking that it creates not only a comic, grotesque effect, but also paints it in tragic tones.
Shvonder also plays an important role here. He is trying to influence and educate Sharikov. This either a dog or a man, in a conversation with Preobrazhensky, literally repeats Shvonder’s words and phrases not only about rights, but also about his superiority over the bourgeoisie: “We didn’t study at universities, we didn’t live in apartments with 15 rooms with baths... “Naturally, the attempt to educate a new person in yesterday’s Sharikov is a satirical attack by the writer against the Shvonders. It is worth noting that Bulgakov’s satire and humor in this story reach highest degree skill. Suffice it to recall the brilliantly written scene with a rejuvenated old man boasting about his love affairs, or the scene with a “passionate lady” of late youth who is ready to do anything to keep her lover. These scenes are depicted through the dog's perception. “To hell with you,” he thought dully, putting his head on his paws and dozing off with shame.” The image of Shvonder, who decided to educate Sharikov in the “Marxist spirit”, is also comical: the very process of humanizing Sharikov is depicted in sharp satirical and humorous tones. The plot is constructed in contrast - an intelligent and affectionate dog becomes a rude, ill-mannered boor, in which the inherited properties of Klim Chugunkin are more and more clearly manifested. This character's vulgar speech is fused with his actions. They are gradually becoming more outrageous and intolerant. Either he scares a lady on the stairs, then he rushes like crazy after the cats running away, then he disappears through taverns and taverns. As a result, there is a humorous scene with the criminal police, who came in the epilogue of the story, following Shvonder’s denunciation, to look for Sharikov; The professor explains a lot. He presents the dog as proof of his innocence and explains: “That is, he said... This does not mean being human...”
The innovation of the story “Heart of a Dog” lies not only in Bulgakov’s satirical and humorous skill, but also in the complex philosophical concept of this work. According to the author of “Heart of a Dog,” humanity turns out to be powerless in the fight against the dark instincts awakening in people. The tragedy was that the Sharikovs quickly multiplied in life. And they, in the words of Poligraf Poligrafych, “strangled and strangled”... Thus, we understand that Bulgakov in the story “The Heart of a Dog” with enormous impressive force, in his favorite manner of grotesque and humor, raised the question of the power of dark instincts in human life. His satire against the Sharikovs, Shvonders, and Klimov Chugunkins reached the highest degree of skill and expressiveness. Bulgakov's sympathies are on the side of Preobrazhensky. But the writer does not have this faith that the dark instincts in people’s lives can be eliminated either with the help of science or with the help of the general efforts of the team. We can say that the story is painted in pessimistic tones.
Bulgakov quickly burst into the wide and diverse stream of literature of the twenties and took a prominent place in it. He created a series classical works in many genres. Mikhail Afanasyevich became one of the founders of the new satire. He defended universal human ideals, denounced vices that, unfortunately, have not yet been eliminated...
“Heart of a Dog” was written in early 1925. It was supposed to be published in the Nedra almanac, but censorship prohibited publication. The story was completed in March, and Bulgakov read it at the literary meeting of Nikitsky Subbotniks. The Moscow public became interested in the work. It was distributed in samizdat. It was first published in London and Frankfurt in 1968, in the magazine “Znamya” No. 6 in 1987.
In the 20s Medical experiments on rejuvenating the human body were very popular. Bulgakov, as a doctor, was familiar with these natural science experiments. The prototype of Professor Preobrazhensky was Bulgakov’s uncle, N.M. Pokrovsky, a gynecologist. He lived on Prechistenka, where the events of the story unfold.
Genre features
The satirical story “Heart of a Dog” combines various genre elements. The plot of the story is reminiscent of fantastic adventure literature in the tradition of H. Wells. The subtitle of the story is " Monstrous story"indicates the parodic flavor of the fantastic plot.
The science-adventure genre is an outer cover for satirical subtext and topical metaphor.
The story is close to dystopias due to its social satire. This is a warning about the consequences of a historical experiment that must be stopped, everything must be returned to normal.
Issues
The most important problem of the story is social: it is the comprehension of the events of the revolution, which made it possible for the Sharik and Shvonders to rule the world. Another problem is awareness of the limits of human capabilities. Preobrazhensky, imagining himself to be a god (he is literally worshiped by his family), goes against nature, turning a dog into a man. Realizing that “any woman can give birth to Spinoza at any time,” Preobrazhensky repents of his experiment, which saves his life. He understands the fallacy of eugenics - the science of improving the human race.
The problem of the danger of invasion of human nature and social processes is raised.
Plot and composition
The science fiction plot describes how Professor Philip Philipovich Preobrazhensky decides to experiment with transplanting the pituitary gland and ovaries of the “semi-proletarian” Klim Chugunkin to a dog. As a result of this experiment, the monstrous Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov appeared, the embodiment and quintessence of the victorious proletariat class. Sharikov's existence caused many problems for Philip Philipovich's family, and, in the end, endangered the normal life and freedom of the professor. Then Preobrazhensky decided on a reverse experiment, transplanting the dog’s pituitary gland into Sharikov.
The ending of the story is open: this time Preobrazhensky was able to prove to the new proletarian authorities that he was not involved in the “murder” of Poligraf Poligrafovich, but how long will his far from peaceful life last?
The story consists of 9 parts and an epilogue. The first part is written on behalf of the dog Sharik, who suffers from the cold and a wound on his scalded side in the harsh St. Petersburg winter. In the second part, the dog becomes an observer of everything that happens in Preobrazhensky’s apartment: the reception of patients in the “obscene apartment”, the professor’s opposition to the new house management headed by Shvonder, the fearless admission of Philip Philipovich that he does not love the proletariat. For the dog, Preobrazhensky turns into a semblance of a deity.
The third part talks about ordinary life Philip Philipovich: breakfast, conversations about politics and devastation. This part is polyphonic, it contains the voices of both the professor, and the “snatched” (Bormenthal’s assistant from the point of view of Sharik who pulled him), and Sharik himself, talking about his lucky ticket and about Preobrazhensky as a magician from a dog’s fairy tale.
In the fourth part, Sharik meets the rest of the inhabitants of the house: the cook Daria and the servant Zina, whom the men treat very gallantly, and Sharik mentally calls Zina Zinka, and quarrels with Daria Petrovna, she calls him a homeless pickpocket and threatens him with a poker. In the middle of the fourth part, Sharik’s narrative is interrupted because he undergoes surgery.
The operation is described in detail, Philip Philipovich is terrible, he is called a robber, like a murderer who cuts, snatches, destroys. At the end of the operation, he is compared to a well-fed vampire. This is the author’s point of view, it is a continuation of Sharik’s thoughts.
The fifth, central and climactic chapter is the diary of Dr. Bormenthal. It starts in strictly scientific style, which gradually turns into conversational, with emotionally charged words. The case history ends with Bormenthal’s conclusion that “we have a new organism before us, and we need to observe it first.”
The next chapters 6-9 are history short life Sharikova. He experiences the world by destroying it and living the probable fate of the murdered Klim Chugunkin. Already in Chapter 7, the professor has the idea to decide on new operation. Sharikov's behavior becomes unbearable: hooliganism, drunkenness, theft, harassment of women. The last straw was Shvonder’s denunciation from Sharikov’s words against all the inhabitants of the apartment.
The epilogue, describing the events 10 days after Bormental's fight with Sharikov, shows Sharikov almost turning into a dog again. The next episode is the reasoning of the dog Sharik in March (about 2 months have passed) about how lucky he was.
Metaphorical subtext
At the professor's speaking surname. He transforms the dog into a “new person.” This happens between December 23 and January 7, between Catholic and Orthodox Christmas. It turns out that the transformation occurs in some kind of temporary void between the same date in different styles. A polygrapher (who writes a lot) is the embodiment of the devil, a “massive” person.
Apartment on Prechistenka (from the definition of the Mother of God) of 7 rooms (7 days of creation). She is the embodiment of divine order amidst the surrounding chaos and devastation. A star looks out of the apartment window from the darkness (chaos), observing the monstrous transformation. The professor is called a deity and a priest. He officiates.
Heroes of the story
Professor Preobrazhensky– scientist, a figure of world significance. At the same time, he is a successful doctor. But his merits do not prevent the new government from frightening the professor with a seal, registering Sharikov and threatening to arrest him. The professor has an inappropriate background - his father is a cathedral archpriest.
Preobrazhensky is quick-tempered, but kind. He sheltered Bormenthal at the department when he was a half-starved student. He is a noble man and is not going to abandon his colleague in the event of a disaster.
Doctor Ivan Arnoldovich Bormental- son of a forensic investigator from Vilna. He is the first student of the Preobrazhensky school, loving his teacher and devoted to him.
Ball appears as a completely rational, reasoning creature. He even jokes: “A collar is like a briefcase.” But Sharik is the very creature in whose mind the crazy idea of rising “from rags to riches” appears: “I am a master’s dog, an intelligent creature.” However, he hardly sins against the truth. Unlike Sharikov, he is grateful to Preobrazhensky. And the professor operates with a firm hand, mercilessly kills Sharik, and having killed, he regrets: “It’s a pity for the dog, he was affectionate, but cunning.”
U Sharikova nothing remains from Sharik except hatred for cats and love for the kitchen. His portrait was described in detail first by Bormenthal in his diary: this is a man short with a small head. Subsequently, the reader learns that the hero’s appearance is unattractive, his hair is coarse, his forehead is low, his face is unshaven.
His jacket and striped trousers are torn and dirty, a poisonous heavenly tie and patent leather boots with white leggings complete the costume. Sharikov is dressed in accordance with his own concepts of chic. Like Klim Chugunkin, whose pituitary gland was transplanted to him, Sharikov plays the balalaika professionally. From Klim he got his love for vodka.
Sharikov chooses his first and patronymic according to the calendar, and takes the “hereditary” surname.
The main character trait of Sharikov is arrogance and ingratitude. He behaves like a savage, and about normal behavior he says: “You torture yourself, like under the tsarist regime.”
Sharikov receives a “proletarian education” from Shvonder. Bormenthal calls Sharikov a man with a dog’s heart, but Preobrazhensky corrects him: Sharikov has a human heart, but the worst possible person.
Sharikov even makes a career in his own sense: he takes the position of head of the department for cleaning Moscow from stray animals and is going to sign with the typist.
Stylistic features
The story is full of aphorisms expressed different heroes: “Don’t read Soviet newspapers before lunch,” “The devastation is not in the closets, but in the heads,” “You can’t hurt anyone! You can influence a person or an animal only by suggestion” (Preobrazhensky), “Happiness is not in galoshes”, “And what is will? So, smoke, mirage, fiction, nonsense of these ill-fated democrats..." (Sharik), "The document is the most important thing in the world" (Shvonder), "I am not a master, the gentlemen are all in Paris" (Sharikov).
For Professor Preobrazhensky there are certain symbols normal life, which in themselves do not provide this life, but testify to it: a shoe rack in the front door, carpets on the stairs, steam heating, electricity.
Story by M.A. Bulgakov Heart of a Dog is dedicated to the role of the intelligentsia and its participation in the destinies of the people, and the everyday background typical of the 1920s in Russia is combined in the story with elements of fantasy.
The main character of the story, Professor Preobrazhensky, is a typical intellectual who serves science and wants, like a doctor, to help any person in need, good or bad. His assistant, Dr. Bormenthal, who is far from being so humanistic and philanthropic, greatly admires these traits.
- How did you, Philip Philipovich, manage to lure such a nervous dog? - Caress, caress... The only way that is possible in dealing with a living being...
The two of them decide to perform an unprecedented operation - to transplant a human pituitary gland into an ordinary yard dog. The result, from the point of view of science, really turned out to be phenomenal and unpredictable - the dog acquired a human appearance; however, from the point of view of morality and everyday life, the consequences were disastrous.
The transformed dog adopted his appearance and habits from his donor, whose pituitary gland was transplanted to him - the drunkard and rowdy Klim Chugunkin. Consequently, the result was an ignorant, rude and arrogant creature.
The former dog is now called Poligraf Poligrafovich Sharikov. He gradually gets out of the control of the professor and doctor and lives his own life. He wants at all costs to become no worse than others, but does not understand that for this it is necessary to develop culturally, morally and intellectually.
“Somehow you’re painfully oppressing me, dad.”
- What?! What kind of dad am I to you? What kind of familiarity is this? Call me by my first name and patronymic.
- Why don’t you all: don’t give a damn, don’t smoke, don’t go there. Clean, like a tram. Why are you not letting me live? And about “dad” - you’re wrong. Did I ask for an operation?
Instead, he puts on patent leather boots and a toxic-colored tie, combined with an unkempt, dirty suit and, thanks to the help of the house manager (an equally ignorant person), checks into Professor Preobrazhesky’s apartment and even tries to bring his wife there.
Sharikov was hired by a government agency, therefore, he became a small boss. And realizing oneself as a boss for Sharikov means external changes- now he drives a state car and puts on a leather jacket and boots, and considers himself the right to control the destinies of others.
The destructive power of militant ignorance
Professor Preobrazhensky does not lose hope of making Sharikov a real person; he believes that gradually he will be able to change morally. But Sharikov himself does not strive for this.
He turns the professor's life into a nightmare: the apartment is constantly dirty and ugly, Sharikov comes home drunk and pesters women, destroys everything around him and uses obscene language. Gradually, he infuriates not only the professor, but also all the residents of the house: the power of his ignorance is so destructive that it is very difficult to live next to him.
Looking at the results of his scientific experiments, Professor Preobrazhensky comes to the conclusion that it is impossible to forcibly interfere with the nature of man and society.
At the end of this story, the professor corrects his mistake and again turns Sharikov into a dog, who is again satisfied with himself. However, in real life such experiments would be irreversible.
“I don’t understand anything,” answered Philip Philipovich, raising his shoulders royally, “what kind of Sharikov is this?” Oh, it’s my fault, this dog of mine... whom I operated on?
- Sorry, professor, not a dog, but when he was already a man. Here's the thing.
- So he said? - asked Philip Philipovich. - This does not mean being human. However, it doesn't matter. Sharik still exists, and no one has definitely killed him.
Department of Education of the Administration of the Municipal District named after Lazo of the Khabarovsk Territory
Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary General Education School village of Bichevaya, Municipal District named after Lazo, Khabarovsk Territory
UMC. Literature.9 grade 2 (level)
Lesson (second on the topic) of literature in 9th grade based on the story “Heart of a Dog.” In the first lesson, students learned about the writer’s biography, the history of the story’s creation and its fate, and analyzed key episodes. Compiled character characteristics. Revealed author's position to the problems identified in the story.
Literature:
1. UMK Literature
2. Supplement to the magazine “First of September”. Literature
3. “Heart of a Dog”
5. “Glossary of terms”
Different points of view create the conditions for an active discussion, during which students learn to express their thoughts, argue and defend their point of view, and draw conclusions. And also listen to another point of view, accept it or challenge it. The problem of reorganizing the world is the main problem of the second lesson (to consider this problem with different positions The priest of the Candlemas parish, Father Maxim, was invited to the lesson).
Lesson topic: Moral issues M. Bulgakov's story “Heart of a Dog”
Lesson objectives:
· Understanding the content of the story “Heart of a Dog”
· Expanding and deepening students’ understanding of M. Bulgakov as a master of artistic expression.
· The ability to highlight the main problems raised by the author in the work.
Lesson objectives:
· Involve students in independent research and creative activities.
· Contribute to the development of skills to formulate the problems of a work and argue one’s point of view.
· Encourage children to think about morality.
Methodical techniques:
· Creation of a problematic situation.
· Working with text.
· Conversation on the content of the story.
· Analysis of key episodes.
Equipment:
Portrait of the writer, texts of the story, dictionary of literary terms,
Film based on the story “Heart of a Dog”.
Epigraph:
Morality is taking responsibility for one's own
actions. The highest capital of the nation is moral qualities people.
Words:
· Moral
· Humanism
· Compassion
· Philanthropy
Lesson progress:
· Organizational moment.
· Hello guys. I'm glad to meet you. Today there will be a serious conversation on moral issues.
· Teacher's word.
· The problem of reorganizing the world has existed at all times. People dreamed of a life without violence and evil, war and hatred. But the world has always been imperfect. People were mired in sins: they betrayed their neighbors, killed, denounced, out of envy and pride they did not notice the suffering of others, they stopped respecting their elders. Was it possible to save humanity from destruction? What is his salvation?
· What do representatives of the Orthodox Church see as the salvation of humanity? The floor is given to Father Maxim.
· Question: “The essence of Jesus Christ’s ascension to the scaffold.” Was his sacrifice in vain?
· Teacher.
So, more than 2000 years have passed since the crucifixion of Christ. Has society become better? And the idea of rebuilding the world again takes possession of the minds of individuals. This idea immediately found a response in fiction. There were disagreements among the writers: some recognized the revolutionary transformation of society, i.e. change the system by force, “drive humanity into happiness.” Others welcomed the evolutionary path of development of society, i.e. through spiritual and moral education.
M. Bulgakov’s story “The Heart of a Dog” is the writer’s attempt to show how violent intervention in the laws of nature will affect society. Is it possible to create a moral society through revolutionary means? Maxim Gorky in 1918 in the article “ Untimely thoughts“called V. Ulyanov-Lenin a great experimenter on the people, comparing him to a chemist conducting experiments.
It is no coincidence that Bulgakov’s hero bears the name Preobrazhensky; he is a plastic surgeon who transforms a person’s appearance. And so he decides on another scientific experiment.
· Creating a problem situation:
The teacher sets the following tasks for the students ( The class is divided into micro groups, discussion, work with a dictionary, expressing your opinion.)
· Group 1: identify the purpose of Professor Preobrazhensky’s experiment.
· Group 2: what is necessary for raising a moral person?
· Group 3: in what conditions was the “homosapien” Sharikov? Were all the conditions created for his moral development?
· Group 4: what is the result of this experiment? Why did he fail?
After the discussion and group presentations, the floor is given to Father Maxim, who answers the problematic questions of the lesson:
What is the basis moral education?
· What laws should a person live by?
· Is it possible to forcibly create an ideal society and moral personality?
Lesson summary. Teacher's word.
It is no coincidence that we talked about morality today. You are on the threshold of adulthood; more than once you will have to make decisions yourself, without anyone’s prompting, to make a choice. From what life principles you will be guided, your fate, the fate of your loved ones, the fate of the country depends.
Bulgakov's story, written at the beginning of the last century, is still relevant today and serves as a warning to future generations. Bulgakov warns us: “The heart of a dog in alliance with the human mind is the main threat of our time.” The author of the story believes that the new society should adhere to humanistic principles in the relationships between people, which are based on respect for their culture, work, and knowledge. Morality lags behind and does not correspond to the new system, so the problem of preserving and reviving spirituality and morality remains unresolved.
It will be a long time before the Sharikovs disappear from our lives. But I really want to believe that this time will come.
Lesson marks:
Reflection: which of the problems posed by M. Bulgakov in the story seemed especially relevant to you in our time? How did it affect you?
Homework: Write an essay on a topic (optional)
1. “What feelings does Sharikov the man evoke?”
2. “What kind of people does the hero of the story Shvonder personify?”
3. “Is a moral society a utopia or a reality?”
Lesson appendix
Expected responses from microgroups(brief commentary on assignment issues)
· The purpose of Professor Preobrazhensky's experiment?
The professor plans to improve the human breed, to create a new person, by transplanting part of the human brain into a dog.
· What is necessary for the moral education of a person?
What is needed is love, attention, respect, kindness and care for the young and old, a humane attitude towards the world, honesty and sincerity in relationships, mutual understanding and mutual assistance, the ability to sympathize, hear and forgive..
· Were conditions created for Sharikov’s moral education?
Preobrazhensky, being an intelligent man, believes in the power of art and goodness. He surrounds Sharikov with care and attention, tries to instill in him the rules of behavior in society, to accustom him to a culture of behavior. Both he and Bormenthal cannot understand why ignorance and rudeness have become ubiquitous with the advent of the new government, and they are trying to eradicate the bad habits of the donor in their brainchild.
· What is the result of the experiment?
The experiment failed! Sharikov, aka Poligraf Poligrafych, inherited the worst qualities of his donors: aggressiveness, lack of education, lack of spirituality, rudeness and rudeness. The life of the apartment's inhabitants turned into a living hell: swearing, cigarette butts on the floor, stench. Sharikov's confidence in his rightness and impunity is supported by Shvonder, chairman of the house committee, Sharikov's ideological mentor. Sharikov quickly learned the main rule of the masters of life: rob the loot, divide everything equally, destroy; from a stray dog he turned into an orderly to cleanse the city of his own kind, without recognizing kinship. Neither Preobrazhensky, nor Bormental, nor Zinochka were able to instill in him such concepts as conscience, morality, shame, respect for women. Meanness, hatred, malice - this is the portrait of a new person. Good intentions Preobrazhensky turned into a tragedy that almost cost the creator his life. He manages to correct his mistake, returning Sharikov to his previous state.
· Why did Professor Preobrazhensky's experiment fail?
Because you cannot create an ideal society by force. “You cannot drive humanity into happiness with an iron river.” Where there is evil, violence, there can be no talk of moral personality, about a moral society."
M. Bulgakov, with his story “The Heart of a Dog,” warned about the destructive transformations that would follow after the 1917 revolution. Its result is a totalitarian regime that has existed in our country for decades; deep-rooted and widespread Sharikovism, manifested in the rudeness and indifference of officials towards their people. And today we are experiencing the results of a failed experiment to become a happy nation. The Sharikovs have penetrated into all spheres of life: judges condemn innocent people, doctors refuse to help the sick, old people find themselves homeless and without the care of loved ones, mothers abandon their children, officials, deaf to the needs of the people, care only about their own well-being.
M. A. Bulgakov is one of the most brilliant and talented writers of the mid-20th century. The themes of his works remain relevant and retain deep meaning, thanks to their versatility and originality. One of the most famous works is the story “Heart of a Dog”.
The work was written in 1925, but it was only published in 1987. The ban on publication was directly related to the content of the work and almost direct criticism of the realities of Soviet reality in the 20s.
The title of the story “Heart of a Dog” can be interpreted in different ways. First, the most obvious, the author simply chose this name based on the events described in the work (the hero lives with the heart of a dog). You can also interpret the word “dog’s” in a figurative sense, that is, “very bad” (for example, “a dog’s life”, “a dog’s work”). Considering this meaning, we can conclude that Sharikov has a “dog’s” heart. From good and cute dog he turned into an evil, selfish and boorish subhuman.
The theme of the work is an incredible experiment that ends with the transformation of a dog into a human, as well as the consequences that this led to. Using the grotesque, the author introduces elements of fantasy into ordinary urban reality. The action of the story begins with the fact that Professor F. F. Preobrazhensky decides to conduct an experiment on transplanting the human pituitary gland and seminal glands to a stray dog. The operation gives an amazing result - the dog gradually begins to turn into a human. Moreover, over time, he more and more resembles his “donor” - the thief and drunkard Klim Chugunkin. So the homeless dog Sharik becomes Polygraph Polygraphovich Sharikov. Professor Preobrazhensky and his assistant Doctor Bormental are trying to instill good manners in Sharikov and educate him, but all their efforts are in vain. Their ward receives documents and demands registration, constantly comes drunk, pesters the servants; he starts working in the department for catching stray cats, brings home a woman and writes down his nose at the professor. Sharikov literally ruins the professor’s life, and also destroys his faith in the possibility of re-education.
The author poses several problems to the reader at once. This is also a matter of interfering with the laws of nature - Professor Preobrazhensky is motivated by the best intentions, but the result turns out to be exactly the opposite. He is forced to deal with the unforeseen consequences of his experiment. The author also touches on the issues of relations between the intelligentsia and the people in the post-revolutionary period. In ironic tones, Bulgakov describes stupid bureaucratic delays and lack of culture. Condemns illiteracy, ignorance and stupidity.
The work often uses the technique of contrast - Professor Preobrazhensky and his entourage are contrasted with an aggressive and absurd world, revealed through the images of Shvonder and other members of the house committee. The author also often uses grotesque and irony, emphasizing the shortcomings and meaninglessness of what is happening.
The ending of the story is instructive. Preobrazhensky's good intentions turn into tragedy. The only way out was to return Sharik to his original position.
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