N.V. Gogol " Dead souls" Chichikov as new hero era and as an anti-hero.
Objectives: to continue familiarizing students with the content of the poem, to characterize the main character of Chichikov’s poem, to develop in students the ability to write character descriptions, to develop the skills and abilities to construct an answer to a question about a work of art based on theoretical and literary knowledge; improve skills of analytical work with prose text; promote aesthetic and moral education students; cultivate a culture of reading perception.
Equipment: tables, textbook, text of the poem “Dead Souls”, handouts, table, illustrative material on the topic of the lesson.
Lesson type: lesson – analysis of a work of art
Predicted results: students know about the system of images of N.V.’s poem. Gogol
“Dead Souls”, are able to characterize the main character Chichikov, analyze the text, retell individual episodes in the form of description, participate in the conversation, develop their point of view on work of art in accordance with author's position and historical era.
Lesson progress
I. Organizational stage
II. Updating of reference knowledge
III. Motivation for learning activities
Teacher: In chapter 11 N.V. Gogol writes that Russian literature paid a lot of attention to the “virtuous” hero: “There is no writer who would not ride him on horseback, urging him on with a whip, and with everything he could get his hands on.” But in reality, in a feudal society, last role the people playing are scoundrels. It seems that Gogol’s attitude towards his hero is extremely clear. Does Chichikov have a future? Who, finally, is in the chaise drawn by three, which rushes into the distance? Let's turn again to the main character. This image is the link between the chapters. What do we know about him?
IV. Working on the lesson topic
A) Reading the episode “Chichikov in the tavern”
How did you see P.I. Chichikova?
B) Reading the episode “Meeting of Manilov and Chichikov”
How do you see Chichikov in this episode?
Acquaintance with the serf owners begins with Manilov, a rather pleasant-looking person. Chichikov is looking for “Zamanilovka,” but “the village of Manilovka could lure few with its location. The manor's house stood alone on the Jura, open to all the winds... the slope of the mountain on which it stood was covered with trimmed turf. Two or three flower beds with lilac and yellow acacia bushes were scattered on it in English style! five or six birch trees in small clumps... Under two of them there was a gazebo... with the inscription: “Temple of Solitary Reflection”... there were two women who, having picked up their dresses picturesquely... were lying on their knees in the pond, dragging ... nonsense." Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov and the readers are presented with a rather pretentious and at the same time pitiful picture. Manilov himself behaves too kindly, to the point of cloying, in his meeting with Chichikov. The author says about him that Manilov can be described as such: " There is a kind of people known by the name: people to themselves, neither this nor that, neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan...” Manilov initially seems like a pleasant and courteous person, but Gogol every now and then introduces details into the description that characterize him not With the best side. In the owner’s office “there was always some kind of book, bookmarked on page fourteen, which he had been constantly reading for two years.” A magnificent detail showing the mental level of the landowner. His aesthetic requests are limited to the fact that he dumps ashes from a pipe onto the windowsill, building either random heaps or “building” something fantastic. Manilov does not take care of the farm at all, entrusting the peasants to the thief clerk. He himself does not know how many serfs died, nor does the clerk who was summoned to report. Manilov is not interested in the essence of Chichikov’s case. He cannot understand why Pavel Ivanovich needs dead souls. Chichikov, adapting to the “elegant style” of the owner, expresses his thoughts floridly, calling the dead “who in some way ended their existence.” Chichikov puzzles Manilov for a moment, but then everything goes away: the landowner is not used to thinking, the word of a swindler is enough for him, and Manilov is ready to continue to admire Pavel Ivanovich, for the sake of his “new friend” he will rewrite the list of all the dead peasants with his own hand and decorate it with a silk ribbon. How clearly Manilov’s character shines through. He does a thoughtlessly “dirty” thing, but ties the “packaging” with a beautiful ribbon; he is not interested in the essence, but in external beauty. For this gullible, Chichikov’s inarticulate phrases are enough to calm his conscience, or maybe it never woke up?! The image of Chichikov is also interesting. He is an excellent psychologist who understands the “nature of Manilov.” Pavel Ivanovich, speaking with the landowner, begins to smile just as unctuously, fawning over the Master, accepting his manner of behavior. It is important for Chichikov to achieve his goal - to collect as many souls of dead peasants as possible who did not pass the audit fairy tale. He has conceived a grandiose scam and is now going headlong towards his goal. For him there is no moral barrier that cannot be bypassed. Gogol was able to see the emerging capitalist class and brilliantly depicted its individual types. The writer was one of the first to see the unsightly “face” of capital and its hall “in all its glory” in the poem “Dead Souls”.
2. Analytical conversation
What are the similarities and differences in the characters of Chichikov and each landowner. In what situations does the hero behave like landowners? How is Chichikov fundamentally different from landowners?
Thanks to what qualities does Chichikov manage to win the sympathy of the landowners? What is the secret of his charm?
Who is Captain Kopeikin? Do Chichikov's ideal and Captain Kopeikin's concept of capital intersect?
How are the images of landowners and Chichikov related to the title of the work?
Are there “living souls” in the poem? Who are they?
What is the role in the poem “The Tale of Captain Kopeikin”?
3. Collective work on compiling tables “Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov”, “Similarity of Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov with other landowners”
Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov
Stages of life
didn't have noble birth, there was no material wealth in the family, everything was gray, dull, painful - “this is the poor picture of his initial childhood, of which he barely retained a pale memory.”
Education
a) father's order
b) gaining personal experience
He received his education in the classes of the city school, where his father took him and gave him the following instructions: “Look, Pavlusha, study, don’t be stupid and don’t hang around, but most of all please your teachers and bosses. If you please your boss, then even though you won’t have time in science and God hasn’t given you talent, you’ll get ahead of everyone else. Don’t hang out with your comrades, they won’t teach you any good; and if it comes to that, hang out with those who are richer, so that on occasion they can be useful to you. Don’t treat or treat anyone, but behave better so that you will be treated, and most of all, take care and save a penny: this thing is more reliable than anything in the world. A comrade or friend will deceive you and in trouble will be the first to betray you, but a penny will not betray you, no matter what trouble you are in. You will do everything, you will ruin everything in the world with a penny.”
He managed to build relationships with his classmates in such a way that they treated him; managed to collect money, adding it to the half ruble left by his father. I used every opportunity to save money:
- made a bullfinch from wax, painted it and sold it;
- I bought some food at the market and offered it to my hungry classmates who were richer;
- trained a mouse, taught it to stand on its hind legs and sold it;
- was the most diligent and disciplined student, able to prevent any desire of the teacher.
Service
a) start of service
b) career continuation
“He got an insignificant place, a salary of thirty or forty rubles a year...” Thanks to his iron will, the ability to deny himself everything, while maintaining neatness and pleasant appearance, he managed to stand out among the same “nondescript” employees: “...Chichikov represented the complete opposite in everything, both by his somberness of face, and the friendliness of his voice, and his complete non-drinking of any strong drinks.”
To advance in my career, I used an already tried and tested method - pleasing my boss by finding him " weak point" - the daughter whom he “fell in love with” himself. From that moment on, he became a “noticeable person.”
Service in the commission “for the construction of some government-owned capital structure.” I began to allow myself “certain excesses”: a good cook, good shirts, expensive fabric for suits, purchasing a pair of horses...
Soon I lost my “warm” place again. I had to change two or three places. “I got to customs.” He pulled off a risky operation, in which he first got rich, and then got burned and lost almost everything.
Acquisition of "dead souls"
How did the idea for the acquisition come about?
After Chichikov was kicked out of his service at customs, he tries to find a new service. “And in anticipation of the best, I was even forced to take up the title of attorney.”
The appearance of Chichikov in the provincial town
Using practical intelligence, courtesy and resourcefulness, Chichikov managed to charm both the provincial city and the estates. Having quickly figured out a person, he knows how to find an approach to everyone. One can only be amazed at the inexhaustible variety of all the “shades and subtleties of his appeal.”
Chichikov uses “irresistible strength of character,” “quickness, insight and perspicacity,” and all his ability to charm a person to achieve the desired enrichment.
Similarities between Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov and other landowners
the landowner and his distinctive feature
How does this trait manifest itself in Chichikov’s character?
Manilov - “sweetness”, cloying, uncertainty
All residents provincial town recognized Chichikov as a pleasant man in all respects. “In a word, no matter where you turn, he was a very decent person. All officials were pleased with the arrival of a new person. The governor explained about him that he was a well-intentioned person; the prosecutor - that he is a sensible person; the gendarme colonel said that he learned man the chairman of the chamber - that he is a knowledgeable and respectable person; the police chief - that he is a respectable and kind man; the police chief's wife - that he is the most kind and courteous person. Even Sobakevich himself, who rarely spoke well of anyone... told her [his wife]; “I, darling, was at the governor’s party, and had dinner with the police chief, and met the collegiate adviser Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov: a pleasant person!”
Box - petty stinginess
The famous Chichikov box, in which everything is laid out with the same diligent pedantry as in Nastasya Petrovna Korobochka’s chest of drawers.
Nozdryov - narcissism
The desire and ability to please everyone; to experience favor from everyone - this is the need and necessity for Chichikov: “Our hero responded to everyone and everyone and felt some kind of extraordinary dexterity: he bowed to the right and left, as usual, somewhat to one side; but completely freely, so that he charmed everyone...”
Sobakevich - rude tight-fistedness and cynicism
Even Nozdryov notes that in Chichikov there is “... no straightforwardness or sincerity! Perfect Sobakevich."
Plyushkin - collecting unnecessary things and carefully storing them
While exploring the city, N “... tore off a poster nailed to a post so that when he got home, he could read it thoroughly,” and then the hero “... folded it up neatly and put it in his little chest, where he used to put everything that was came across."
Chichikov's character is multifaceted, the hero turns out to be a mirror of the landowner he meets, because he has the same qualities that form the basis of the landowners' characters.
4. Mini-discussion
Can Chichikov be called a hero of his time?
Why can’t Chichikov’s activities be creative?
Under what conditions could such a personality appear?
How interesting is such a hero to the modern reader?
V. Reflection. Summing up the lesson
Teacher's summary word
Chichikov is a great hero, classic work, created by a genius, a hero who embodied the result of the author’s observations and reflections on life, people, and their actions. An image that has absorbed typical features, and therefore has long gone beyond the scope of the work itself. His name became a household name for people - nosy careerists, sycophants, money-grubbers, outwardly “pleasant,” “decent and worthy.” Moreover, some readers' assessment of Chichikov is not so clear. Comprehension of this image is possible only through a painstaking, careful analysis of not only the work itself, but also a huge array critical literature, and the subsequent life of the image in Russian literature and culture in general.
VI. Homework
Creative task: Write an essay based on the statement “And one more reason... prevented Gogol from entering the field of the novel: Gogol passed female character in all its depth" Do you agree with this statement?
Lesson topic : Chichikov. Hero or anti-hero?
Objective of the lesson: create conditions conducive to the formation of a holistic assessment of the literary hero.
Educational: continue to develop the ability to give a comprehensive assessment literary hero;
Developmental: develop the communicative culture of students;
Educating: form value attitude to a literary hero, to cultivate tolerance for the existence of different points of view on the same fact.
Equipment: portraits of Chichikov and landowners, statements by literary critics about Chichikov, Fogelson’s diagram, the text of the poem “Dead Souls”, “ Dictionary Russian language” by S.I. Ozhegov, tables: “The author about his hero”, “What brings Chichikov closer to the landowners”, “What is the difference between Chichikov and the landowners”, “Qualities of Chichikov that contributed to his career growth”.
Lesson Plan
I. Updating basic knowledge (dramatization of an episode of V.M. Shukshin’s story “Stalled”) - transition to the topic of the lesson).
II. Statement of the lesson problem: “Who is Chichikov: “scoundrel”, “acquirer” or...?”
III. Questions for discussion (on the board):
1. Chichikov in the understanding of critics.
2. Chichikov through the eyes of landowners and city officials N N: “a nice person.”
3.What brings Chichikov closer to the landowners?
4. How does Chichikov differ from landowners?
5.What qualities business man contributed to his career growth?
6. Why does the author still call him a “scoundrel”?
7. Is it possible to name Chichikov “ dead soul"? (Analysis of two episodes: the scene of the meeting with the blonde and the scene at the ball).
8.Is there hope for the hero’s revival?
IV. Lesson summary.
V. Homework: writing a miniature essay on the topic of the lesson.
Lesson progress
This character is the most difficult N.G. Chernyshevsky
I. Literary warm-up . 1) The proximity of Gogol’s chapters is significant. Showing various landowners, he forces us to compare and find in them what they have in common, which classifies them as “dead souls.” (The warm-up is carried out by the student who prepared the message about the Box.) Reading business card Boxes.Landowner. Korobochka Nastasya Petrovna - a collegiate secretary, "club-headed", superstitious and narrow-minded - is always waiting for you in her village and is ready to sell you even her soul for favorable price
2) We meet this hero in the 4th chapter of the poem, in which Chichikov, having left the compassionate Korobochka, went to Sobakevich. Having stopped at a tavern for lunch, Chichikov meets Nozdryov there, who rushes to him as to an old acquaintance. (The description of Nozdryov is read from the words: “He was a tall man...” and to the words: “... his face was splashing.”)
3) “Patriot of the Russian stomach”, a hater of culture and enlightenment. Brute strength and assertiveness, boundless arrogance. A real landowner is a huckster and a hoarder. (Sobakevich)
II. Message of the topic and purpose of the lesson. Transition to the topic of the lesson The lesson begins with a dramatization of an episode of V.M. Shukshin’s story “Stalled.”
The plot of the story is quite simple: the hero, listening to his son cramming the passage assigned for homework about the bird-three from “Dead Souls,” involuntarily thinks about the question: “Who are they taking? Horses? This...Chichikov? They're bringing this guy who bought up dead souls and traveled around the edges. ... Russia is a troika, everything is thundering, everything is flooding, and in the troika there is a rogue, a cheater...”
This question tormented the main character of Vasily Shukshin’s story, Roman Zvyagin.
This question has been asked by many generations of readers. Interest in Chichikov, the main character of N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls,” continues unabated even now.
What is the appeal of this image? Why has the controversy around it not subsided since the poem was published?
The answer to this question lies in the statement of the young Chernyshevsky: “This character is the most difficult.”
In the minds of many generations of readers, they collided and argued with each other and had different impressions and opposite feelings.
How can we explain the ambiguity in the readers' assessment of the main character of the poem?
The reason lies in author's description Chichikova.
On the one hand, Gogol calls him a scoundrel: “No, it’s time to finally hide the scoundrel too. So, let’s harness the scoundrel!”
And in the same chapter another characteristic is heard: “That he is not a hero, full of perfection and virtue, is clear. Who is he? So, a scoundrel? Why a scoundrel, why be so strict with others?.. It would be fairer to call him: master, acquirer. Acquisition is the fault of everything; Because of him, deeds were carried out, to which the world gives the name of not very pure deeds...”
So who is Chichikov: “a scoundrel, an “acquirer” or...? This is exactly the topic of our lesson today.
Today we will look at Chichikov through the eyes of different people: literary scholars, heroes of the poem, through the eyes of a modern reader and, of course, through the eyes of the author himself. Such a multifaceted view will help to comprehend the mystery of the complex character of the main character and deepen the understanding of the ideological and artistic originality of the poem.
III. Work in groups on questions, discuss group conclusions.
1 . Literary scholars:
V. Kozhinov: “Chichikov is a truly strong personality...”.
S.I. Mashinsky: “In the epic with “dead souls,” Chichikov’s devilish energy and ingenuity, his character as a businessman and inventor of a new formation were most clearly revealed...”
V. Nabokov: “Fool...it was stupid to trade dead souls with the old woman and Nozdryov.”
M. B. Khrapchenko: “One of Chichikov’s qualities is the ability to mimicry, the contradiction between the desire to appear and the inner essence of character.”
A.I. Herzen: “One active person is Chichikov, and that is a limited rogue.”
I.P. Zolotussky “After all, he cheats, and a cheat cannot help but take risks. The life of a rogue consists of ups and downs - that’s the law. But still, but still...”
V.G. Marantsman: “Chichikov, different from the landowners, is also a “dead soul.” The “brilliant joy of life” is inaccessible to him.
So, Chichikov, in the understanding of critics, is a “rogue”, “synthetic character”, “ordinariness”, “a fool capable of mimicry”, “a businessman”, “an acquirer” - and a completely opposite point of view: “a strong personality”. Literary scholars not only disagree, but also express completely opposite points of view.
2 . Heroes of the poem:
Let's listen to those from whom Chichikov bought dead souls.
Word to Manilov!
Manilov: “Pavel Ivanovich?! ABOUT! He is an extremely pleasant, educated person. He honored me and my darling Lizanka with his visit... It truly brought me such pleasure... May day... my heart's name day... Yes, the occasion brought me happiness, one might say exemplary, to talk with Pavel Ivanovich and enjoy a pleasant conversation.- Nastasya Petrovna Korobochka! What can you say about Chichikov?
Box: "A! That visitor? Then he bought dead souls from me for 15 rubles. He also buys bird feathers. And he promised to buy a lot of things. And he also puts lard into the treasury, and that’s probably why he’s a cheat.
- Let's listen to what Nozdryov has to say about Chichikov.
Nozdryov: “Who is Chichikov? Yes, he is a big scammer. If I were his boss, then, by God, I would hang him from the first tree. He also wanted, he’s such a pig, a cattle breeder, to take away the governor’s daughter. I myself undertook to help him in this matter, because we are great friends! Do you want to know who Chichikov is?! Yes, he is a fetish, in a word, a fetish. Now it is clear that he is a two-faced person. Now I know him well, he’s such a rakalia, really. I thought before that he was at least somewhat a decent person, but he doesn’t understand any kind of treatment. You can’t talk to him in any way as if you were a close person. No straightforwardness, no sincerity! Perfect Sobakevich, such a scoundrel!!!”
- Mikhailo Semyonovich Sobakevich! What is your opinion about Chichikov?
Sobakevich: “Chichikov - good man.
Word to Stepan Plyushkin! What can you say about Chichikov?
Plyushkin: “Yes, I must admit, I see little use in this Chichikov: he has started a very indecent custom of going on visits, but there are omissions in the farm... and feed the horses with hay.So we listened to those From whom did Chichikov buy an unusual product - dead souls? And what did we hear?! “The nicest, most educated person”, “a rogue”, “such rubbish”, “generous”. Opinions vary, but overall he is a good person.
- What will the officials of the city of NN say: the governor, the prosecutor, the police chief, the chairman of the chamber?
Governor: “Chichikov is a well-intentioned person.”
Prosecutor: “Pavel Ivanovich is a efficient person.”
Chief of Police: “He is a respectable and kind man.”
Chairman of the Chamber: “Knowledgeable and respectable man.”
- Let's hear the ladies' opinion about Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov.
Ladies of the city NN: “Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov?! The most kind and courteous person.
And here the most flattering reviews were heard.
Thus, Chichikov impressed everyone pleasant experience. So Chichikov is a good person!? Yes. But in the minds of whom? In the minds of those whom Alexander Ivanovich Herzen called “dead souls”, and Gogol called “sky-smokers”.
V.G. Marantsman believes that Chichikov is related to dead souls, is their mirror, and therefore makes a pleasant impression on them.
3 . General conclusion on the issue:
Chichikov is somewhat similar to each of them. (In the Manilov spirit, he daydreamed at a party with the police chief, imagining himself as a Kherson landowner. Like Korobochka, he saves money in a bag. In collecting all sorts of rubbish, he is not inferior to Plyushkin. Like Sobakevich, Chichikov is greedy and unyielding in money matters. But he is not capable of lying worse than Nozdryov)
Chichikov does not care about the public good. (All his activities are selfish and contrary to the high ideals of morality and humanity)
Thus, Chichikov is a “collector” negative traits all landowners.
4. Conversation: how does Chichikov differ from landowners?
Chichikov has a past. (This is a “sour and unpleasant” childhood, and the first lessons of frugality, and years of study, years of service in the treasury chamber and at customs, until the minute when Chichikov came up with the idea of acquiring dead souls)
Chichikov, unlike the landowners, reflects and tries to analyze his actions. (After one of his failures - dismissal from customs for smuggling - he reflects: “Why me? Why did trouble befall me? ... Why do others prosper, and why should I disappear like a worm?”)
Chichikov's character is given in development. (From event to event, the thirst for profit grows in him)
Chichikov has energy and will.
Chichikov “was not overcome by stinginess and stinginess.” (“He had no attachment to money itself for the sake of money. No, it was not they that motivated him: he imagined a life ahead of him in all pleasures, with all prosperity”)
Chichikov starts “from scratch” and makes his way through his own efforts.
Thus, Chichikov, unlike the landowners, is endowed with will, energy, he has a goal to which, overcoming obstacles, he tirelessly strives. Patiently and persistently, he overcomes career barriers, gradually climbing the career ladder.
Here is the Vogelson diagram. (see Appendix 1)
It reflects the main milestones of Chichikov’s life, the history of his ups and downs. They inevitably replace each other. But, pay attention, after another crash, Chichikov again reaches the top and makes a career.
5 .Drawing up a table " Business qualities Chichikov"
The ability to do something at the right time, to plan a “business” that brings profit. Practicality, ingenuity.
Determination.
The ability to conduct “business” (from the category of unclean).
Ability to maintain a conversation; breadth of interests.
Knows human psychology. (Chichikov easily transforms and easily moves from one manner of behavior to another, without, however, changing in any way either himself or his goals.)
Knows how to make a good impression.
Typical appearance of a successful business person.
Mimicry, adaptability. (Finding himself in a new situation, in any environment, he immediately acquires its color, its coloring, everywhere becoming “his”, a close person. Constant adaptability has perfectly polished Chichikov: sharp, sharp features are alien to his appearance, the stamp of some kind of streamlinedness lies on his external portrait)
The ability to withstand “the blows of fate.”
So, Chichikov has everything this world needs, everything that contributes to career growth and leads to enrichment.
If you create a portrait of Chichikov according to these characteristics, excluding the author’s view of the main character, you will get a portrait of an interesting business man.
6 . Drawing up a diagram of “Chichikov the Scoundrel”
To understand why the author calls Chichikov a scoundrel, you need to look at where all his energy is directed, what the purpose of life is, what means he uses to achieve it.
Chichikov is driven by one passion - acquisition. Money is the only goal of his life. Father’s instruction: “And most of all, take care and save a penny: this thing is more reliable than anything in the world,” “sank deep into the soul,” and went to good use. The desire to acquire a penny, which guided Chichikov with early childhood, turned into a passionate thirst for wealth. Maybe wanting money isn't such a bad thing. But the fact is that for Chichikov there are no moral ideals, and he does not disdain, does not disdain any means. Any means to achieve a goal are good.
Thus, the scope of action for Chichikov does not have special significance. The result is important to him. Chichikov does not believe in anything except money. He does not give a moral assessment by his action. Maybe there was an attempt to analyze my actions once, after the confiscation of stolen goods at customs: “Why me? Why did trouble befall me..." But this is most likely an attempt to justify oneself.
On the way to his goal, he betrays his old teacher. But this doesn't bother him. Money for Chichikov more important than fate the man who used to love him. So, the absence moral ideals, the passion for profit kills everything human in the main character, corrupts his soul.
“The author does not look deeper into Chichikov’s soul, do not stir at the bottom of it that which escapes and hides from the light, do not discover the innermost thoughts that a person does not entrust to anyone else, but show him the way he appeared to the whole city, Manilov and other people, and everyone would be happy and take him for interesting person”, writes N.V. Gogol about his hero.
But thanks to the penetrating, testing gaze of the author, the main character appeared in a different, true light. Having compared Chichikov's lack of spirituality with the beautiful packaging in which it is served, we saw: before us is a scoundrel capable of breaking all moral laws for the sake of enrichment.
-What conditions contributed to the development of the thirst for profit in Chichikov? (Employment is widespread everywhere: bribes, extortions. Capital becomes the true owner).
-How are those who have capital treated? (This one word gives rise to a “tender disposition of meanness.” Others are controlled by those who own capital, and capital controls those who control others)
So, we have witnessed how the thirst for enrichment and the lack of moral ideals led to the death of Chichikov’s soul. We observed the process of desouling the immortal soul.
7. Conversation: “Is Chichikov a dead soul?” Many researchers of Gogol's work believe that the main character joined the gallery of dead souls. Is this true? Let's turn to the text of the poem.
- Let's remember what Chichikov talks about in chapter 7? (He talks about purchased peasants).
With Chichikov, according to Gogol, something unusual is happening.
- What exactly? (“When he then looked at the peasants, who, as if they had once been peasants, some strange feeling, incomprehensible to himself, took possession of him”)
Please note: “Chichikov was overcome by feeling”!
- Can this happen to someone who, according to P. Antokolsky, is a “dead soul”?
Opinions of literary scholars on this issue divided.
Some believe, including V.G. Belinsky, that these thoughts are alien to Chichikov and that they are essentially expressed by the author of the poem, only slightly hiding behind his hero.
Other literary scholars believe that there are some bright principles in Chichikov’s nature, which he, however, does not give way to, but which sometimes cause him to have serious thoughts about life.
So, we move on to the next controversial issue:“Does Gogol endow his main character with living human feelings?”
On this issue, the opinions of critics were divided, so we will now turn again to the text of the poem and, taking the position of the disputing parties, we will try to substantiate their points of view.
The first group, relying on the text of the poem, will prove that human feeling is not alien to Chichikov. The second group, also referring to the text, will prove the opposite. (Two episodes are analyzed: the scene of the meeting with the blonde on the road and the scene at the ball.)
Analysis of these episodes once again emphasizes the duality of the protagonist of the poem. On the one hand, the main character is of a “cautious and chilled character.” On the other hand, these two episodes reveal something unexpected in this character: as if some force tore Chichikov “for a few minutes from the stream of vulgarity and prose with which he was fused with every cell of his being. “And the Chichikovs turn into poets for a few minutes in their lives,” says Gogol and continues, “but the word poet will be too much.” Notice how careful Gogol is, how he constantly clarifies himself: confusion, but “not a feeling of love,” similar to a “poet,” but not a “poet.”
Y. Mann interprets this episode interestingly: “And yet,” writes the critic, “what an unusually high experience for the vulgar Chichikov. And how much stronger it is than his reaction at the first meeting with a stranger! Here Chichikov felt “almost like a hussar.” This, by the way, did not escape the attention of young Chernyshevsky. In his diary, the future critic made a note: “I marveled at Gogol’s deep look at Chichikov, how he sees the poetic or hussar movement of his soul.” “Finally,” Yu. Mann continues, at the first meeting of Chichikov with the blonde, it was emphasized that it was not Chichikov, but another, “who had just begun the field of life,” who would freeze motionless when looking at the beauty. “He would stand for a long time senselessly in one place, staring senselessly into the distance.”
- And now?.. Now Chichikov had to experience a similar thing.
- What does this mean?
“Chichikov, of course, is not a poet,” says Gogol. His experience is incomparably weaker and shallower. Moreover, these are rare, exceptional moments of his life. But those minutes were there! And this is important!
Igor Petrovich Zolotussky, our contemporary, gives an interesting assessment of the story with the governor’s daughter at the ball: “Didn’t she finally let him down? Wasn’t it on her that he cut himself off and let go of happiness, perhaps already ready to flutter into his hands? If Chichikov had not neglected the attention of the city ladies, everything would have been wonderful... But he became angry, showed his feelings at the ball and was immediately punished.”
Thus, Chichikov, having lost his vigilance and caution, collapses again. And the reason for the next fall was, according to Zolotussky, Chichikov’s ability to lively move the soul.
8. group conclusions: is there hope for the hero’s revival?
And these unusual moments in Chichikov’s biography, his ability to respond to female beauty, sparkle in Volume I as distant harbingers of a future revival. I'm talking about N.V. Gogol's plan to lead Chichikov through the temptation of possessiveness, through life's dirt and abomination to moral rebirth.
Having the past behind him, Chichikov could also have a future. “And perhaps,” writes Gogol, “in this very Chichikov, the passion that attracts him is no longer from him, and in his cold existence lies something that will later drive a person to dust and to his knees before the wisdom of heaven.”
And this faith of Gogol in the ability of Russian people to change, faith in the potential capabilities of his soul predetermined not only the central place of Chichikov in Volume I, but also his supposed life path in subsequent volumes. Main character had to go through hell Russian life, purify and be reborn. This possibility of spiritual rebirth is indicated by the name of the main character - Paul. There is an opinion that: the persecutor of Christians, Saul, is miraculously transformed into Paul, then follows Christ and becomes the holy apostle.
9. Teacher's word. Why is the image of Chichikov so contradictory?
But just as Gogol did not believe in the spiritual rebirth of his hero, his correction in Chapter II was difficult. And, as you know, 9 days before his death he burns the final copy of volume 2.
- Why did this happen?
““A lot, too much has been promised,” Belinsky wrote after the release of Volume I, so much that there is nowhere to get what to fulfill the promise, because it doesn’t exist in the world yet.” Life itself was against Gogol, and even his talent, uncompromisingly consistent and faithful to the truth.
Now let's return to the question posed at the beginning of the lesson: “Who is Chichikov: a scoundrel, an acquirer or..?” Write down the statement of the writer whose point of view is closer to you. Express your opinion and justify it.
So, they sounded different points vision. We see that Chichikov is capable of living human feelings, but deliberately suppresses them, subordinating his entire life to acquisition and enrichment. The passion for profit took over his entire being.
Chichikov is the author’s unfulfilled hope, the one with whom Gogol connected the bright future of Russia. This is a man with great potential, although he is a “scoundrel.”
10. Conversation on questions:
- Does Chichikov have a literary predecessor? (Molchalin)
- How is Chichikov similar to Molchalin?
* Both follow their father's instructions.
* Able to adapt to people.
* Both play the role of a lover in order to make their path to wealth easier.
* After the rise of heroes, a fall inevitably follows.
* Make a pleasant impression on others.
*For visual appeal base, vile characters are hidden.
- “Silent people are blissful in the world!”Can these words be attributed to Chichikov? (Yes. His ideals and the apparent speed of achieving them are always attractive in modern world Same).
IV. Lesson summary. Assessment.
The Chichikovs are tenacious. Their dedication and patience allow them to be constantly reborn.
- Why do you think this image is eternal? (1) the goal - enrichment - is attractive 2) the speed of achieving the goal is attractive.)
- Are the Chichikovs scary? (The Chichikovs are scary because, at first glance, everything is fine in appearance, in behavior, and even in goals, if not for their complete lack of spirituality, but their ideals are seductive and human conscience is sold for them at all times and in our too. The Chichikovs free themselves from everything human and are merciless towards those who stand in their way).
V. Homework: writing a miniature essay on the topic of the lesson.
Appendix 1
Vogelson scheme
Exposure
Customs service
Catastrophe
Superintendent. Member of the construction commission.
Service in the treasury chamber
/ “Fatherly Instruction At School”
went to waste” / Difficult childhood
Father’s testament: “You can beat everything in the world with a penny.”
Biography of Chichikov
Appendix 2
Chichikov's character traits
The desire to become one of the people
Closedness
Selfishness, individualism,
Perseverance
Economy,
Thrift;
Practicality,
Adaptability;
Mind,
- flattery,
- hypocrisy,
- immorality,
- the ability to achieve what you want at any cost, overcoming any obstacles,
- cunning,
- determination,
- prudence,
- the ability to be found everywhere and in everything.
- exceptional dedication,
- will, energy,
- persistence,
- perseverance,
- practical knowledge,
- constant activity,
- obsequiousness,
- politeness,
- ability to behave in society,
- tenacity of mind,
- survivability,
- amazing resourcefulness,
- adaptability,
- entrepreneurial spirit,
- dexterity,
- turnover,
- obsequiousness,
- insight,
- ability to be reborn,
- economy,
- prudence,
- desire for enrichment.
- magnificent knowledge of people,
- amazing ability to adapt to any conditions (chameleonism),
- observation,
- diplomacy,
- patience,
- persistence,
- obsequiousness,
- ability to convince,
- activity, energy.
- flattery,
- “the great secret of liking”
- observation
Appendix 3
Student Scorecard
Student's name______________________________________________________________________________
Type of workSelf-esteem
Group Rating
Teacher rating
Final grade
1. Group work
3.Activity and interest throughout the lesson
Chichikov as a new hero of the era, as an anti-hero.
Answers:
Chichikov is a new hero of the era, but at the same time an anti-hero. IN " Dead souls ah" Gogol shows the flourishing of a new generation. This generation has good qualities. But this is what can happen if you raise them the old way. The era gives birth to Chichikov. Chichikov finds any way to enrich himself in the service. He looks far ahead and achieves his goal. But it burns out. Why? As soon as he achieves his goal, a slight intoxication takes over his cold mind, and Chichikov is no longer able to soberly assess the situation. He loses his property and is left with practically nothing. This blow sobers him up, and again he is on horseback. What is the reason? Spiritual devastation of the hero. When Chichikov’s soul is tested by God, he says: “What is this punishment for? “He is unable to connect the soul, mind and heart. Therefore, the mind begins to submit to passions. Greed takes over, and the death of the soul begins. What awaits Chichikov in the future? Let's say he gets his way, what's next? The meaning of life is lost. He is not capable of simply living well. Several doors open before him, behind which stand Manilov, Nozdryov and Plyushkin, or bitter loneliness... But it’s too late to change anything. Youth has passed in vain, the time has come for old age, it is time to reap its benefits. Why is Chichikov an antihero? Since the poem is called “Dead Souls,” I looked at the problem from a spiritual perspective. I think the author believes that material values can be restored. I agree with him. With spiritual problems everything is much more complicated. One alim (scholar) said, “Watch your thoughts - they become words. Watch your words - they become actions. Watch your actions - they become habits. Watch your habits - they become character. Watch your character - it determines your destiny." Chichikov does not harm anyone spiritually; the deadening of society occurs by itself due to the experienced order. He harms himself and deprives society of a genius capable of eradicating the old order. As a result, new Chichikovs are born. But Gogol depicted the revival of Russia. Perhaps in the second volume we would have seen new heroes who managed to find their way. The path that all of Russia follows. The road can take us anywhere, we just need to take a turn...
- Gogol's poem, which became very popular. It was not only read and read with pleasure, but also filmed more than once. Many phrases have become catchphrases, and the characters have become symbolic. In the work we meet the hero Chichikov. Let's write an essay on work Dead Let’s analyze Chichikov’s soul and figure out who he is: is he a new hero of the era or its anti-hero.
Already at the beginning the author introduces us to portrait characteristics Chichikova. Chichikov was neither old nor young, not handsome in appearance, but not bad-looking either. He is neither fat nor thin. In a word, average person who is not alien to the desire for profit, and who wants beautiful life. If in other works the heroes are extra people of the era where they live, then Chichikov fits into the era very well. It fits into life where people live who are not financially poor, but they are spiritually poor. Among them, the hero does not stand out and appears before us as an ordinary person of his time.
Is Chichikov a new hero or anti-hero?
Is Chichikov a new hero of his time? Without a doubt. But he is not only a hero, but also an anti-hero.
Reading the work, we see the birth of a new generation with worthy qualities, but the generation was brought up according to old views. So people like Chichikov were born. They try to enrich themselves by any means, look forward and go towards the goal, although due to their spiritual emptiness they cannot evaluate what is happening soberly. Therefore, the intoxication of profit dominates their minds. People are starting to burn out. But as soon as they lose everything, the heroes sober up. People of the new era cannot be guided by their mind, soul and heart at the same time. They are captured by their passions, unable to simply live. Greed usually takes over and people’s souls simply become dead, like the souls of Manilov, Plyushkin, Sobakevich and other characters.
Why is Chichikov an antihero? Reading the work, we see the spiritual degradation of people. Yes, Chichikov does not bring harm in spiritual terms; in society, the death of souls naturally occurs, since the experienced order is difficult to eradicate. But the hero harms himself, because he goes through life with a moral: you will do everything and win everything in the world with money. At the same time, Chichikov finds an excuse for himself, because everyone does this. Having such principles, our hero himself deadens his soul. No, you cannot call him a criminal of his age, he is only one of those who represents the new generation. He is not a complete miser who only thinks about money. He also dreams of a family, and we cannot condemn him for wanting to live better and in abundance, because we ourselves strive for this. That's just a different question. Is it possible to build your well-being with the help of lies, hypocrisy, and deception without harming your spiritual world. I think this is a rhetorical question that does not need an answer.
Chichikov as romantic hero(based on N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls”)
Without a doubt, the image of Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov is not limited to its satirical content. Chichikov is also a romantic image. Moreover, he is capable of actions that are not motivated by the satirical logic of the poem and therefore cannot be explained by it. Probably, we can consider the romantic sides of Chichikov’s character from the side of the “gentleman - robber” contradiction. Such a contradiction is always at the center of the philosophy of the romantic personality and constitutes its content.
In Pushkin this is clearly expressed, for example, in the image of Dubrovsky, where a gentleman and a robber are united in one person. Dostoevsky has the same specifics in the images of Raskolnikov and Svidrigailov. In Gogol this is less explicit and therefore less noticeable. The hero's biography is full of parodic associations, but this is not important, since a parody association is only a serious one turned inside out.
Firstly, Chichikov is a romantic hero of a secular nature. Having gotten tipsy, he began to read to Sobakevich “a message in verse from Werther to Charlotte.” This is also emphasized by the letter to him from an unknown lady.
Secondly, Chichikov is a romantic hussar. He is going to take away the governor's daughter.
Thirdly, he is a romantic robber: he breaks into Korobochka at night during the rain.
Fourthly, Chichikov is a demonic person. He seems to be Chichikov, but in reality he is not Chichikov. He is Napoleon, who was “released... from the island of Helena, and now he is making his way to Russia.” According to the lady, pleasant in every way, Chichikov resembles “Rialda Rinaldin.” He, by a strange association of ideas in his head; postmaster, - Captain Kopeikin, despite the fact that Chichikov’s arms and legs are in place. He is also a manufacturer of counterfeit banknotes.
Fifthly, Chichikov is the Antichrist. After the identification of Napoleon with Chichikov, there follows a story about the prediction of a prophet who “came from nowhere... and announced that Napoleon is the Antichrist.” The prophet, as he should have, ended up in prison for his prediction.
Thus, it can be noted that in the image of Chichikov, characters bequeathed by Pushkin’s tradition converge: a secular romantic hero, a dandy and a robber. This indirectly confirms the similarity between Chichikov and Napoleon, which is actually just a parody quote from " Queen of Spades"Pushkin: Hermann has a "profile of Napoleon."
However, the matter is not limited to literary parody: Gogol repeatedly found the insignificant and ordinary more terrible than the majestic evil of art. Chichikov is an anti-hero, anti-villain, anti-robber - a man without signs, a middle-class official, neither fat nor thin, turns out to be the true Antichrist, who will conquer the whole world. It consists of literary projections. But, having absorbed everything romantic images, he discolored them, deprived them true value. He is most closely associated with Hermann from “The Pioneer Lady,” but of all the romantic things he retained only the hopeless prose of adventurism for the sake of money.
And yet Gogol’s hero has hope for revival, because he has reached the limit of evil in its extreme manifestations. The juxtaposition of Chichikov and the robber, Chichikov and Napoleon, Chichikov and the Antichrist makes the former a political figure and removes from him the aura of literary nobility. Evil is not given in pure form, but in its smallest and most insignificant forms. This is a kind of parodic reduction of the image. But it is precisely in this extreme fragmentation and hopelessness of evil that, according to Gogol, lies the possibility of an equally complete and absolute revival. This is organically connected with Christianity and forms one of the foundations art world"Dead Souls". And this connects Chichikov with the traditions of moral renewal of heroes in subsequent Russian literature.