Social significance of culture. Social significance of information culture. List of sources used

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FSBEI HPE "Perm State Academy of Art and Culture"

Faculty of Cultural Studies

Department of Social and Cultural Activities

The essence and social significance of leisure

Course work

Performer: Pikulev M.N.

student of group MK/12 - 1b

Scientific adviser:

candidate ped. Sciences, Associate Professor

Melnikova N.S.

Introduction………………………………………………………………………...4

1. Leisure as an object of scientific research……………………………….7

1.1. Formation and development of leisure as a sphere of human life………………………………………………………………………………….7

1.2. Axiology of leisure………………………………………………………12

1. Current state and prospects for development of the leisure sector....................................................................................................................17

2.1. Analysis of world experience in the development of leisure forms……………………..17

2.2. Leisure in modern Russian society: realities and development trends…………………………………………………………………………………27

2.3. Forms and content of leisure in the region…………………………………..34

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….43

List of sources used…………………………………………45

Applications……………………………………………………………………47

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of research due to the fact that in the modern world little attention is paid to leisure, and even more so to its essence and social significance. Most people do not question the meaning of leisure, what it is in itself; for them it is simply time free from work, time for “doing nothing.” The importance of leisure is also not appreciated in the modern world; people simply waste their precious time, instead of developing and becoming involved in culture, art and sports. We believe that leisure is becoming an increasingly broader sphere of life, where self-realization of the creative and spiritual potential of society occurs, which is why it is necessary to involve people in leisure activities.

Social significance of the problem is that the population cannot fully master leisure values ​​due to ignorance of the cultural and leisure situation in the world, country, region. People do not value leisure and do not consider it meaningful because they do not know the history and beneficial experiences that leisure brings to a person's life.

Degree of development of the problem The research was concretized on the basis of generalizing the experience of studying the problem of the essence and significance of leisure. Historical aspects of the development of leisure were studied by I.M. Asanova, S.O. Deryabina, T.G. Kiseleva, Yu.D. Krasilnikov.

The system of leisure values ​​was mainly reflected in the works of A.F. Volovika, V.A. Volovik, as well as in the works of V.P. Krestyanova.

The world experience of cultural and leisure activities is explored in the works of V.Z. Dulikova

The problems and current state of the leisure situation in Russia were studied by M.K. Gorshkova, R. Krumm, N.E. Tikhomirova and others.

Object of study - leisure

Subject of study - essence and social significance of leisure

Purpose of the study - identify the essence of leisure and determine its role and place in the system of human life, study the features and technologies of organizing leisure forms in foreign countries, Russia and the Perm region.

Research objectives:

1. Analyze the literature on the problem of the essence and social significance of leisure.
2. Study the history of the formation and value system of leisure.
3. Describe leisure activities abroad.
4. Consider the features of organizing leisure time in modern Russia.
5. Analyze the state of leisure in the Perm region today

Research methods:

- theoretical (theoretical analysis of philosophical, psychological-pedagogical, sociological, cultural, scientific and methodological literature on the research problem; study of programs and creative works of participants in amateur cultural and leisure associations; systematization of the obtained empirical data)

Empirical (active visits to leisure areas of our city, participant observation of people participating in cultural and leisure programs).

Practical significance of the study is that the data obtained during the study substantiate the effective development of social and cultural activity of people in the process of cultural and leisure activities. The research materials can be used in the practice of socio-cultural activities to study the leisure situation in the Perm region by city residents.

Coursework structure consists of an introduction, two chapters, five paragraphs, a conclusion, a list of sources used and applications.

The first chapter of the work examines the historical roots of leisure and the path of its formation, and also examines the concept of “axiology of leisure”.

The second chapter examines global experience in the development of leisure, as well as forms of leisure activities in foreign countries. The author explores the importance of leisure in the Russian Federation and trends in its development, and also pays great attention to the analysis of the leisure situation in the Perm region.

At the end of the work, conclusions are drawn on the essence and social significance of leisure.

The appendices present the results of Russians' assessment of the importance of free time (see Appendix 1) and assessment of their leisure opportunities (see Appendix 2).

1. LEISURE AS AN OBJECT OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

The first chapter is devoted to a theoretical understanding of such a socio-historical phenomenon as leisure. For this purpose, the chapter is divided into two paragraphs. The first examines the historical roots of the emergence of leisure, its formation and development, the second studies the value system of leisure and the factors that influence value orientation.

Each paragraph has its own introduction and conclusions based on the material studied, basic concepts and categories: “leisure”, “free time”, “axiology”.

• FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LEISURE AS A SPHERE OF HUMAN LIFE ACTIVITY

Leisure, as a social phenomenon, has deep historical roots, it dates back to the Stone Age, but leisure in the meaning of “time free from work” was not characteristic of primitive culture, since at that time life was not divided into working time and non-working time. It is in primitive society that the conditions for the emergence of leisure are formed.

The origin of active recreation in primitive society is associated with games, competitions in dexterity and strength, in which both adults and children were involved. Such forms became the primary forms of future leisure activities. They were given special significance, since magical and gaming activities allowed people to free themselves from negative emotions and states (passivity, fatigue, fear) and infected them with new energy.

Further prerequisites and conditions for the emergence of leisure activities arose in the great cultures of the Ancient World - in Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Ancient India, Ancient China, in ancient culture Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. At that time, leisure was not a common phenomenon, because most of the population of the states of the Ancient World either had little or no free time for recreation, or the population was so poor that they constantly worked to survive. Despite this, some free citizens already had personal leisure, which was similar to modern forms of rest and recreation. Leisure activities were divided into those at home and those that took place in a public place, such as a street or town square. Women spent their free time most often at home and used it for amateur activities: handicrafts or communicating with relatives or children. The male part of the population could spend their free time both within the walls of the house and outside them - hunting, in public places, etc. Many home and extra-home activities were accompanied by traditional games and sports competitions. In the Ancient world, during the development of private property, society was subject to social and economic stratification, so leisure was class-based, and if the lower strata of society most often spent their free time at home, then the leisure of representatives of the upper classes was more individualized. It was among the privileged strata that long-term leisure first appeared, which a person could enjoy depending on personal preferences. Common forms of leisure became collecting valuables, spending the summer in country villas, walking in nature, doing creative work, reading and listening to original works, and going on visits. Leisure takes on its own forms, is filled with new content, and acquires value.

For the first time, the value of leisure was discussed in Ancient Greece by such great scientists and thinkers as Plato, Aristotle, and Epicurus. It was Plato who first outlined the social significance of leisure, and his follower Aristotle believed that “leisure is the divine principle for communication with God; a means of unlocking one’s potential.”

In the Middle Ages, leisure activities continued to develop, but due to the fact that the public and personal life of the people acquired spiritual content and was strictly regulated by religion and controlled by the church, leisure had to be spent meaningfully. In his free time, the believer sought to read canonical texts and reflect on the vital problems of Christian dogma. There were many amateurs who mastered the game in their free time. musical instruments, singing.

However, the life of society is not limited to religion and church frameworks; in the Middle Ages, folklore forms (myths, legends, fairy tales, parables, folk humor) and folk art in general received powerful development. The leisure of rich townspeople was noticeably prominent; it was mainly limited to hunting, feasts, military training and tournaments. Entertainment for the inhabitants of medieval cities was much simpler. Home forms of leisure were common among them: holidays, various games, playing music, handicrafts, and dancing. In the Middle Ages, such a form of leisure appeared as a mass holiday, which united entire classes, wide groups of people; such holidays acquired general cultural significance.

Throughout the XIV century. In the Russian state, conditions were created for expanding forms of cultural activity in the field of leisure. Strengthening power Russian state contributed to the development of the spiritual culture of society. In the Russian state, the emergence of leisure is associated with the transition of tribes to a sedentary lifestyle and farming, since under these conditions a system of holidays was born. Despite the fact that holidays are organically woven into the fabric of people’s daily lives and had, first of all, cultural significance for them, it is holidays, according to many scientists, that can be attributed to the original forms of leisure activity. During the holidays, members of the peasant community held feasts at a common table, called “brotherhood”, like holidays in general, they not only helped people restore mental and physical strength, but fulfilled the function of unity to confront enemies.

The spread of Christianity in Rus', which began in the 9th century and was officially introduced in Kievan Rus in 988, is associated with a huge influence on the life, way of life and culture, and therefore on the leisure of the people. Fighting against the pagan faith, the guardians of the Christian Church attacked popular holidays with particular harshness. Christianity divided the people and the priesthood. Paganism, as a cult, was undermined, but pagan rituals continued to exist on the basis of dual faith; it was on this basis that buffoonery arose in Rus'; it is the most important component in the development of leisure. It is not without reason that throughout their historical lives, buffoons were known as sorcerers and healers, people who “consorted” with evil spirits, capable of causing “damage” and causing all sorts of harm. The main area of ​​their initial activity was rituals associated with ritual laughter.

Throughout the XIV century. in the Russian state, conditions were created for expanding forms of cultural activity in the field of leisure; important components of leisure were: buffoonery, musical creativity, ancient folk songs, holidays, etc. Strengthening the power of the Russian state contributed to the development of the spiritual culture of society.

The word “leisure” with the meaning of free time or convenient time began to be used in the Russian state in the middle of the 15th century, so we can conclude that by the beginning of the 15th century in Rus' there was a system of leisure values, and the basis for cultural and leisure activities was laid. For a long time, both foreign and domestic researchers and specialists connected and almost identified the concepts of “free time” and “leisure”. Until now, researchers have not chosen a single concept and meaningful boundaries of the social and free time of society and the individual. Research approaches can be divided into several groups; we will focus on the approach where the concepts of “free time” and “leisure” are not identical. Representatives of this group are mainly philosophers; they believe that leisure is part of the free time that a person has and which he uses for his spiritual and physical development. Marx defined leisure as “the progressive process of restoration of human powers and their development,” and free time as time “representing leisure and time for higher activities.”

From these definitions we can identify the main methodological principles of leisure:

1. The conceptual meaning of the term “leisure” is based on the concept of “free time” as a space of leisure.
2. Introducing levels of leisure - from entertainment to the play of "creative forces".

Thus, we can draw some conclusions: firstly, leisure as a social phenomenon has deep historical roots that go far into the past, to primitive society, despite such a long development, the history of leisure has not stopped, but continues to develop and improve with each during the day.

Secondly, we realized that the concept of “free time” is much broader than the concept of “leisure”, and it is the sphere of its implementation. Throughout its development, leisure acquired such characteristics as volume, content and structure.

Thirdly, leisure is an important component of socio-cultural activity, and for its further development it is necessary to pay more attention, costs and time to its development as a sphere of human activity.

• AXIOLOGY OF LEISURE

Axiology is a philosophical doctrine of value that determines the property of an object or phenomenon. Value is a phenomenon that reflects the spiritual nature of a person, it is an expression of the spiritual values ​​and moral standards of humanity, it is an everyday guideline with the help of which a person adapts his thoughts and actions to social reality. This is what motivates him and what guides him in his life. Naturally, a person also has value orientations in relation to free time.

The axiological layer of leisure arises in the process of active development by children and youth of traditional and current universal and group values ​​and is closely connected with this process. In the field of leisure, the axiological approach to the essence of the culture of free time becomes fundamental, since it opens the way to expanding the functions of leisure activities and enriching them forms and content. The starting point of the axiological approach in the socio-cultural sphere is the values ​​of ancient leisure, the study of which is fruitful and, of course, significant for modern culture. There is a need to study the leisure traditions of antiquity, implying their understanding as one of the sides of the dialogue of cultures, during which the values ​​of ancient leisure had a significant impact on the formation of the socio-cultural sphere and the content of cultural and leisure activities of subsequent eras.

Since Antiquity, free activity has been considered as the highest manifestation human spirit, and leisure - as the highest good. All human life, wrote Aristotle, is divided into occupations and leisure..., and all human activity is directed partly to the necessary and useful, partly to the beautiful. Leisure, according to Aristotle, includes pleasure, happiness, and bliss, and all this falls to the lot of unemployed people, and in a state that wants to have a beautiful system, citizens should be free from worries about basic necessities.

The relevance of turning to the cultural experience of antiquity is proven by the effectiveness of the functioning of the revived in 1896 Olympic Games. Such initiatives are currently observed in the resumption of the Pythian (Delphic) Games and in the creation of the Delphic Movement. The above facts indicate the advisability of studying the values ​​of ancient leisure and determining ways of their rational use in the context of modern socio-cultural processes.

However, despite all the obvious importance of this problem, there is a clear underestimation of its significance by specialists. The absence of axiological concepts of ancient leisure is revealed, revealing the need to include historical experience in the development of modern cultural and leisure programs. The problems of leisure in antiquity, in fact, remained outside the scientific interest of scientists. This significantly impoverishes the social-cultural sphere, depriving it of invaluable historical experience, which is indispensable for understanding the global essence of leisure.

Thus, there is a clear contradiction between the objective interaction of ancient and modern leisure cultures and the lack of conceptual scientific research into the axiology of ancient leisure, which opens up the possibility of fully mobilizing the historical and cultural experience of antiquity to enrich the content, forms of leisure and modern techniques organization of socio-cultural activities, as well as to improve the quality of training of specialists - culturologists. The urgent problem of establishing the degree of significance of the values ​​of ancient leisure in the structure of general humanistic values ​​in modern stage social progress.

Currently, in the axiology of leisure, a concept has developed according to which free time is intended to satisfy human needs in culture, social aspirations, the needs for regeneration of the body and soul, which is carried out in recreation and entertainment. Today, the basis of the axiology of leisure is the universally recognized concept of the World Association for spending free time called “More Important than Survival”, according to which free time is intended to satisfy human needs in culture, social aspirations, needs, regeneration of body and soul, which is carried out in the field of leisure. It especially emphasizes that it is free time that determines the quality of life. Therefore, a person’s goal is not the desire to give his best at work, but the desire to feel a taste for life, to live life to the fullest based on the leisure hobby that he himself chose. It should also be noted that it is hardly legitimate to understand leisure as idleness. If “idleness is the mother of all vices,” then leisure, organized in a special way, carries a deep social, often pedagogical meaning, and fulfills a cultural, educational, developmental purpose.

To choose one form of leisure or another, one should have an idea of ​​the values ​​that a person is oriented towards in his free time, and the factors that determine this orientation.

Among these factors, the most significant are:

1. Age

This factor begins to manifest itself from the moment the child goes to school, since it is then that the division of time into free and busy begins. It should be remembered that depending on a person’s age, certain values ​​are formed, for example, in adolescence, some values, in old age, completely different ones.

1. Social status

Depending on what social group a person belongs to depends on the nature of his leisure needs and also determines the level of their satisfaction. We can say for sure that a person with great financial resources can afford any form of leisure, including expensive ones, and can also exercise his leisure time most often.

1. National traditions

Each nationality has its own leisure values. There are forms of leisure that they value more and which are in 1st place, and there may also be differences in time and place of leisure. If you want to relax in another country, then you need to study the customs and traditions of this people, as well as their leisure values.

Since leisure is an activity, this means that it is not an empty pastime, not simple idleness, and at the same time not according to the principle “I do what I want.” This is a developmental activity carried out in line with certain interests and goals that a person sets for himself. The assimilation of cultural values, learning new things, amateur work, creativity, physical education and sports, tourism, travel - this is what and many other things he can do in his free time. All these activities will indicate the achieved level of leisure culture. Leisure is a central element of culture, with deep and complex connections to general issues of work, family, and politics.

Thus we can draw several conclusions:

1. Firstly, leisure values ​​are one of the important components leisure activities.
2. Secondly, they began to talk about the values ​​of leisure since antiquity, and to this day this conversation is relevant.
3. Thirdly, the choice of leisure values ​​cannot be imposed; this choice depends only on the person, on his age, social status and national traditions.

1. CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEISURE SECTOR

The second chapter is devoted to the current state and prospects for the development of the leisure sector at the global, federal and regional levels. We will analyze foreign experience, determine the state of leisure in modern Russia, and study leisure in the Perm region in more detail.

• ANALYSIS OF WORLD EXPERIENCE IN DEVELOPMENT OF LEISURE FORMS

In foreign countries, leisure is taken very seriously. It is one of the key dominants of cultural policy. The problem of leisure abroad is considered both theoretically and practically; this is due to the fact that the role of leisure will continue to increase in the foreseeable future. Problems of leisure in advanced Western countries began to come to the fore at the end of the 20th century, when the level of industrial production sharply increased and there was a clear division of working and non-working time. The question of how free time will be spent began to have a pronounced social and socio-pedagogical aspect.

In foreign leisure studies, two main concepts are used: “leisure” and “recreation”. More often, these concepts are combined into one: leisure and recreational sphere. At the same time, the concept of “leisure” has a more commercial and entertainment meaning, and the concept of “recreation” has a social meaning, i.e. This refers to its non-profit nature and focus on socially significant goals.

As already noted, much attention in the West is paid to the theoretical and practical aspects of the problem of leisure. To date, the concept of leisure of Western civilization has been developed, its main models have been tested.

In accordance with the modern concept of leisure, in the West, leisure is a set of activities that a person can engage in of his own free will in order to relax, have fun, develop his knowledge or education, his voluntary participation in socio-cultural creativity, being free from performing his direct duties .

All Western models of leisure perform functions: physiological, psychological, cognitive, aesthetic, communicative, compensatory and creative. In this case, three most important functions are usually distinguished: recreation, entertainment, physical and spiritual development of the individual.

The leisure model of each country has its own characteristics. We are talking about the real meaning of a particular function, or their relationship. What matters here is geographical position countries, historical and cultural traditions of the people, availability of material and financial opportunities. In this regard, we can talk about the presence of several main models of leisure: American, European, former Soviet, etc.

Thus, in the American model, attention is drawn to the bias towards the entertainment function. In the European model, the balance of functions is more balanced and much attention is paid to the functions of spiritual education and personal development. It was in European countries that such a phenomenon as socio-cultural animation arose and developed, the essence of which is to give a pedagogical orientation to leisure activities. The Soviet model of leisure had undoubted advantages. She was characterized by such qualities as the desire for spiritual development of the individual and a pronounced educational aspect. The disadvantages of the Soviet model can be considered the underestimation of recreational and entertainment elements of leisure and its excessive ideologization.

The presence of differences and shortcomings in foreign leisure models does not negate the positive things that they have. What should be considered positive in the theory and practice of foreign leisure is the development and analysis of such concepts as “leisure pedagogy”, “socio-cultural animation”, “leisure qualification” (development of a system of attitudes, skills and habits for rational spending of time) and such phenomena as leisure qualifications, leisure career. Noteworthy is the attempt of Western leisure studies to give a certain gradation to leisure phenomena: serious and ordinary leisure (serious is a substitute for work), quality of free time, optimal leisure style, etc.

In most European countries, the main support for culture, and therefore the main cultural activities, takes place at the local level. Let us briefly consider the specific features of foreign cultural and leisure institutions. This specificity greatly influences the nature of the organization of leisure and recreational activities at all levels.

Of the specific features, the main one is: the absence of strict functional differentiation of cultural and leisure institutions and the increasing unification of leisure functions in the activities of each institution (the desire for multifunctionality: a museum, a library is at the same time a club, i.e. a leisure center). In many cultural and leisure institutions (primarily museums), much attention is paid to solving recreational problems (special recreation areas are created, including outdoor ones, food stations, children's playrooms, etc.).

The recreational function permeates the activities of most foreign cultural and leisure institutions. However, it does not cancel the main function of a particular institution. Given the presence of a strong recreational background, foreign museums (England) are paying more and more attention to the development of the intellectual and cognitive abilities of students. Libraries that actively use club forms consider their main task to be expanding user access to information (books, audio, video, computer tools). In recent years, a new type of library has appeared in a number of countries (France) - media libraries specializing in information about works of art.

The search for new forms of organizing cultural and leisure activities is carried out in all areas: purely recreational (a wide variety of types of parks, artificial recreation areas), cultural and educational (museums, libraries), creative and compensatory (various studios and amateur associations). In foreign countries, one of the most common types of leisure activities is urban or suburban leisure parks. In a number of countries, recreational and park work is brought to the level of national (state) policy. There are a wide variety of types of parks. National parks (USA, Canada), the main purpose of which is to provide citizens with the opportunity to relax in living, “untouched” nature.

In recent years, so-called artificial recreation areas have become widespread in the West. These zones can be created both in the open air, in which case they become a kind of theme parks, for example, an amusement park, and under the roof - an imitation, for example, of some exotic corner of the globe. Mixed options are also possible: part of the artificial zone is in the open air, the other is under the roof, etc.

New forms of cultural life are emerging in other areas as well. In a number of foreign countries, many banks become collectors, custodians and popularizers of works of modern painting. In this case, the bank acts both as an art gallery and, no less important, as a sponsor and patron of new types of art.

Foreign experience in tourism activities, working with children, organizing leisure activities with the least socially protected groups of the population (poor, disabled, representatives of risk groups), etc. deserves attention.

As already noted, a solid financial basis and significant independence of local authorities allows the cultural needs of the main categories of the population to be taken into account to the greatest extent. It is work at the place of residence that makes up the main part of leisure and recreational activities in the West. And here there is a lot in common between different countries, including Russia. This applies to both the functioning of various types of cultural and leisure centers on the ground, as well as the holding of various kinds of cultural events.

Almost every resident of Europe, the USA and Canada has the opportunity to use the services of local cultural institutions and take part in ongoing events. However, most services are provided free of charge. The bulk of local cultural and leisure institutions and the events they conduct are financed from funds allocated from local budgets.

Free provision of services in the service sector at the local level is one of the achievements of social policy in Western countries. In fact, every citizen today has equal opportunities to use the basic means of culture. This wine is especially important during various kinds of celebrations at the regional or municipal level, when almost all residents of a city or district, be they adults or children, healthy or people with disabilities, can appear on the street and take part in the celebrations.

According to the established stereotype, Europeans approach all aspects of their lives competently and thoroughly, including recreation. It is believed that after work everyone occupies fitness clubs and park paths, on weekends they always go out into nature, and spend their vacations in endless travel or other active activities for the benefit of their health. As it turns out now, this is all just a beautiful story. The first study, conducted by Brussels-based GfK Ad Hoc Research Worldwide and commissioned by The Wall Street Journal Europe, surveyed 22,000 people from 21 European countries.

The subject of interest was how often do residents of these countries go to restaurants and how much do they spend there? Are they ready to travel more or less far to get to, say, some festival or other interesting event? And how do they generally prefer to spend their free time?

The results revealed both common preferences among all Europeans and some interesting differences. As it turned out, most of all Europeans like to stay at home. Going out, by which the researchers meant going to a restaurant, pub, dance hall or other place of public pastime, invariably held second place in the ranking. However, representatives of different countries have different opinions about which places exactly.

Consider some features of the leisure of large European countries: England, France, Germany, and also turn to the leisure of the United States.

In 2010, for the fifth time in a row, analysts from International Living recognized France as " the best country for living." The study was conducted in 194 countries according to nine criteria: cost of living, culture and leisure, economic and environmental conditions, degree of freedom, level of health and infrastructure development, security and climate. One of the priority areas of leisure in France is sports. France has an impressive number of venues for competitions in various sports. One of the most famous competitions held in France is the prestigious Tour de France cycling race, whose history goes back more than a hundred years.

France played an important role in reviving the tradition of hosting the Olympic Games: in the 19th century, it was the French Baron Pierre de Coubertin (French Pierre de Frédy, baron de Coubertin) who took this initiative.

Sport is an important component of leisure time in the UK as well. Today, a variety of sports are popular in the UK, which involve great amount participants and spectators. Some sports appeal to a minority or only certain classes of society, while others appeal to the vast majority of Britons. The number of people participating in sports has increased in recent years, as have sports centers in both the private and public sectors. This has coincided with greater concern for health and exercise among the majority of Britons. Around a third of UK adults regularly exercise outdoors, and a quarter in gyms. Spending on sports, attending sports competitions and purchasing sports equipment takes up a significant part of the budget of British families.

You should also remember about the extensive system of holidays and the traditions of holidays in Great Britain, but once you get to England, you will be surprised at how differently the attitude of the British themselves, especially young people, to such regional data is seen. In England, perhaps the only holiday that is truly celebrated widely and unites everyone is Christmas. Here, indeed, religious and family traditions are fully observed. Monarchical ceremonies and events inspire and unite the subjects of the British Crown. Otherwise, business and strict Protestant ethics give preference to work rather than endless weekends.

Residents of Germany also lead an active sports life. In Germany there are voluntary and also commercial sports clubs for almost any kind of sport. Information about this can be obtained from the sports union at your place of residence. Inexpensive fitness classes after work are also popular here. You can also sign up for a private sports section or fitness studio, where all equipment, courses or amenities, for example, a sauna, are at your disposal.

Football is widespread because... football is the German national sport and, in the words of one Bundesliga television commentator, "the only truly living folk culture".

In Germany, cultural life is very diverse, and both government and commercial structures participate in it. Almost all drama and opera theatres, museums and libraries are subsidized by the state, and therefore ticket prices, as a rule, remain affordable. Announcements about cultural events are regularly published in daily newspapers. Libraries are most often called “Stadtbibliothek”, “Stadtische Leihbucherei” (city library) or “Staatsbibliothek” (state library). Often in them you can take not only literature in German, specialized literature, newspapers or magazines, but also books in foreign languages. Many libraries also provide videos, music and educational computer programs.

Much attention is paid to cinema; Germans are considered moviegoers. The film program usually changes on Thursdays. You can find out what's going to the cinema today from the local newspapers. Many cinemas have a so-called “movie day”, when ticket prices are significantly lower than on other days of the week. In some cities there are special cinemas with a special program, where mainly thematic screenings are held, sometimes in the original language with German subtitles.
A widespread custom in Germany is to meet with relatives and friends on weekends, for example at home in the afternoon for coffee and cake or in the evening in a pub or restaurant. If you have come to a new job, you can invite your colleagues to a kind of acquaintance evening - “Einstand”. Usually he is settled in the company at the end of the working day. You can also treat your colleagues on their birthday. There are also so-called meetings of regulars. A regular meeting is a regular meeting with friends or acquaintances in the same restaurant or pub. Invitations from various organizations, such as parties or trade unions, to meet at a specific time to discuss political topics in a wide circle are called a “political round table”.

In a country like the USA, leisure is so developed that it can only be limited by your imagination and wallet. The USA is distinguished by a high level of organization of one or another form of leisure. It doesn’t matter where you decide to go: bar, club, cinema, golf, etc., rest assured that you will receive excellent service. You will never experience difficulties in buying tickets for this or that event, the prices for which are almost always more reasonable than in Russia. In the USA you can buy almost everything online. Sports in America are also one of the priority areas of leisure activity. Americans, in principle, love sports very much, so American football and baseball championships are held everywhere and always, where you can become a spectator. It's also not a problem to go and do yoga, kickboxing, jiu-jitsu or something like that. Gyms are very popular among locals; some are giant complexes with running tracks, swimming pools and cinema theaters.

Leisure in America for extreme sports enthusiasts it will be just a holiday. Here you will find real rock climbing, mountain biking, off-road jeep safaris and a bunch of other things. Flight in a wind tunnel deserves special attention - you are lifted off the floor by 2 meters, and you soar in the air, while staying in one place. It feels similar to a parachute jump, which is also available everywhere. Those who find it a little challenging can jump from a bungee jump (you are thrown from a tower with a rubber rope tied to your feet).

Active recreation is common in the United States, especially recreation in amusement parks. Water parks and roller coasters are a separate issue. There are several giant networks of this type of entertainment throughout the United States. One of the most famous is Six Flags. In general, such types of recreation are traditional for Americans, and as a result, they are found in every state and in every major city. You can also go out of town with a tent to a special camp and spend a day or night at fresh air. It’s fashionable these days to ride bicycles and roller skates. Again, in New York, for this purpose, a special path has been allocated along the entire Broadway for lovers of such types of movement. In many states, real mountains are just a stone's throw away, where you can practice all types of skiing.

Almost all significant settlements have zoos, aquariums, theaters and museums. However, American museums are not so interesting because... the country is still very young, with the exception of the “Natural History Museum” in New York, where you can see more than 100 real dinosaur skeletons, also in New York there is a Madame Tusaud wax museum, an exhibition of ancient statues from China, etc. . US megacities are interesting in themselves and you can always just go to the embankment, at least in New York, and forget about everything in the world - it’s so beautiful there.

Thus we can draw conclusions:

1. Leisure in foreign countries is a step higher than in Russia.
2. Abroad, leisure is developing at a faster pace and is financed to a much greater extent.
3. In foreign countries, traditional forms of leisure are developed and supported, and new ones appear and are improved.
4. Leisure abroad is more accessible, leisure can be spend in millions of different ways, and the best part is that no matter which one you choose, you will always experience amazing service and comfort.
   • LEISURE IN MODERN RUSSIAN SOCIETY: REALITIES AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS

Leisure as the most important sphere of human life is one of the popular subjects of modern sciences. In Russia, the study of free time as a “space” of leisure in the context of a survey of free time budgets has a history of more than a century, originating in the 1870s - 1880s.

For a long time, Soviet science was dominated by a purely objective approach to the study of free time, which interpreted the latter as part of non-working time and studied it through a range of activities aimed at personal development. Within the framework of this concept, the view of leisure existed almost unchanged, maintaining continuity with the definition given by V. Dahl, who described leisure as “free, unoccupied time, partying, leisure time, space from work.”

The modern Russian socio-cultural situation is characterized by complexity and inconsistency, because, on the one hand, we see positive changes in its development, which consist in the activation of socio-cultural creativity of various groups of the population, the expansion of the genre-species composition artistic activity, the creation of public organizations and movements, amateur associations and interest clubs aimed at developing the cultural and educational space. Today we see especially close attention to Russian folk culture, which is explained by the loss of part of the national traditions in a society that lived according to ideological guidelines that were introduced into the life and consciousness of the masses through the artificial creation of new traditions, rituals and holidays.
On the other hand, the level of spirituality of society is decreasing, there is a stratification of the population in the way of life and lifestyle, the process of socio-cultural adaptation of young people is becoming extremely complicated, and negative trends in the functioning of educational and leisure institutions are growing.

Thus, global socio-cultural changes in the modern world, filled with contradictions and tensions, increasingly raise the question of the place and significance of education and culture in the life of society. But, nevertheless, the processes of democratization and spiritual and moral renewal of society force us to take a new approach to the problem of developing the socio-cultural sphere and organizing leisure time for people of all ages.

Changes in theoretical, empirical research and realities in the sphere of free time are due to a number of general civilizational factors: de-ideologization and humanization of interstate relations; recognition of the priorities of universal human interests; free communication between young people from different countries; the development of forms of political and cultural cooperation, international tourism, as well as indirect forms through the Internet, audiovisual and television and radio channels.

The leisure situation in our country was largely determined by the social changes and upheavals experienced by society - the processes of urbanization and industrialization, collectivization, war, post-war trends, during which there was a significant break in traditional ties. The subject of leisure, leisure activities represented by a specific community (society), and, above all, the family, has also changed significantly. Social institutions today have largely lost their capabilities in such an important matter as the preservation and development of culture and art, the enhancement of national and local socio-cultural, including leisure traditions.

Today in Russia the traditional concept of leisure remains dominant, considering it as free time and a set of activities aimed at satisfying the various (physical, spiritual, social) needs of people in their free time. The traditional understanding of leisure must be constantly correlated with the lifestyle characteristics and orientations of various social groups. There are enough reasons for this, if only because, firstly, a significant part of people (for example, pensioners) do not work at all, secondly, for some, leisure seems to be a more important and significant matter than work, thirdly, there are types of leisure , which are closely intertwined with work.

The choice of leisure activities is significantly influenced by a person’s social background, hence the large differences in this choice among different socio-demographic groups. Some prefer active sports, excursions, trips out of town, cultural events, while others prioritize television, attending sports shows, caring for a garden, etc. Factors influencing the choice of leisure forms. Are material security, cultural differences, historically national characteristics layers and groups, local conditions.

We will study the leisure activity of Russians, based on the main types of activities to which people devote their free time, and their typology, as well as the role of leisure in a person’s life.

And although work and rest are two necessary and completely equivalent components of a healthy and happy human life, personal free time today is clearly sacrificed to work. Scientists have conducted a study, on the basis of which we can conclude that free time for our fellow citizens is almost half as valuable an area of ​​their lives as work: if work is considered very important to them by the majority of respondents (55%), then free time answers “very important” are much less (30%). Much more (46%) turn out to be those who put free time in the background, giving it a rating of “rather important.” Moreover, every fourth person does not consider free time to be an important area at all own life- it is “rather not important” for them, or “not important at all” (24%).

The “second-class status” of free time and leisure in relation to work is a persistent stereotype of Russian public consciousness. Unlike developed countries In Russia, the trend of introducing leisure has not taken root. In other countries, an increase in the amount of free time has always been accompanied not only by an increase in its importance, but also by the emergence of leisure as the main value of human existence. .

Almost all social groups of the Russian population currently underestimate the essence and importance of free time. To a greater extent, the importance of free time is underestimated by young people under 21, of whom only 47% consider free time “very important” for themselves, i.e. less than half of respondents (for complete data, see Appendix 1). The older people are, the less attention they pay to personal free time, which is increasingly pushed aside by work, worries about family, etc. At retirement age, the importance of free time is “eroded” by its excess, along with a feeling of one’s own uselessness and lack of demand. As a result, the assessment of the importance of free time drops even more; it is increasingly characterized as a “rather unimportant” area of ​​life (34%).

So, the value of free time for Russians in general is quite high, although it is far from an absolute priority. But even this rather moderate need for free time is not fully satisfied. Real life conditions significantly adjust people’s needs, forcing them to spend more time on doing obligatory tasks than they would like. It is the availability of free time that is of great importance when Russians assess their leisure opportunities, which are given in Appendix 2.

From the data presented, we see that only 16% of Russians can claim that the line “free time” occupies a worthy place in the schedule of their real life. Approximately the same number (19%) cannot yet boast of having a sufficient amount of free time, but believe that they will have it in the future. On the other side of the scale are more than a third of Russians, for whom having free time is an important, but practically unattainable life goal.

Thus, the total number of optimistic and pessimistic assessments by Russians of their leisure opportunities is approximately the same - the needs of Russians for free time are satisfied or can only be satisfied by half today.

The research company Romir conducted a nationwide public opinion poll on how Russians spend their leisure time.

As the results of the study showed, there were not too many lovers of recreation outside the home among Russians. Thus, out of one and a half thousand survey participants, only a quarter (24%) turned out to be lovers of cultural pastime and have visited a theater, concert, museum or exhibition at least once over the past three months. Even fewer among the survey participants were fans of nightclubs, casinos, bowling alleys and karaoke bars. Only 20% of respondents responded that they had visited the listed establishments in the last three months. The most popular way of cultural leisure among Russians is still going to the cinema. But even film fans are losing ground under the pressure of economic problems. Less than a third (31%) of study participants had seen a movie in theaters in the past three months, compared with twice as many in 2008—66%. If we compare the results of the study with the data of a similar survey conducted in 2008, it is clear that during this time the attendance of Russians at all designated leisure venues has noticeably decreased, the number of visitors to cinemas, theaters, museums, concerts, nightclubs and so on has fallen by an average of third.

It is obvious that both among visitors to so-called “highly cultural” recreational places (theatres, museums, exhibitions, etc.) and among fans of club life, the overwhelming majority are young people under the age of 34. In general, the older the respondent, the less often he visits recreational places outside the home. The frequency of visits is also influenced by the type of settlement: the larger it is, the more often its residents visit the above-mentioned places of leisure. As for gender preferences, the overall picture here is smooth, with the possible exception of visiting entertainment venues. A quarter of men (24%) versus 16% of women - this is the percentage among regulars and fans of these establishments.

Despite the fact that most Russians spend their leisure time at home, there are at least 160 thousand organizations in Russia that help them spend their free time. 100 thousand of them are for those who like to make things with their own hands, those who are interested in crafts, dance and musical activity modeling or photography, etc. Most of these organizations are located in Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and Khabarovsk (see Appendix 3). About 60 thousand more are places related to sports or active leisure activities: gyms and equipment stores, campsites, tourist centers, active entertainment clubs, etc. The largest number of such organizations is in the Novosibirsk region, with Khabarovsk Territory in second place. The worst situation is in the Krasnodar Territory and the Irkutsk Region (see Appendix 4).

“Highly cultural” holiday destinations are now becoming more popular, people are trying to get involved in culture and art. There are about 940 theaters in Russia, they differ in the type of art (puppet theater, drama theater, pantomime theater, etc.) and in the audience. Data on theaters in Russia can be found in the directory “Theater Russia”. Despite the age information technologies Museum and exhibition activities remain one of the most promising forms of pastime. There are about 3,000 museums in Russia, and this is not the limit, old museums are developing and improving, new ones are opening, for example Museums contemporary art etc. Art and culture still remain integral components of leisure activities.

Having analyzed the state of leisure in Russia, we can draw the following conclusions:

1. Free time and leisure, despite their undeniable medical and social significance, remain “secondary” in relation to work in the Russian mass consciousness.
2. There is a developing tendency towards the “domestication” of leisure, displacing its active type due to the growing share of traditional and especially simple leisure.
3. The process of “simplification”, “banalization” of leisure is taking place in Russia, therefore, today the formation of a new attitude towards leisure, awareness of the opportunities that it gives to a modern person - as a source of a wide variety of skills and abilities, as an opportunity to make a career outside the “world” is of particular importance work”, as a channel for inclusion in social interactions and networks, as a reason for searching for a new identity.

• FORMS AND CONTENT OF LEISURE IN THE REGION

The Perm region in many of its manifestations has every right to claim uniqueness, and this uniqueness is represented in almost all spheres of culture and leisure. The Perm region is a territory rich in cultural traditions and talents. In recent years, not only in Russia, but also abroad, the Perm region has acquired a well-deserved reputation as a region of innovative initiatives in the field of management and self-government.

Today in the Perm region we can identify the prerequisites for a post-industrial society, despite the fact that post-industrial innovative features are not visible in the structure of the economic activity of the region, we can see significant advances in the field of culture, education and leisure.

Perm is known as a unique center of civic activity in Russia (Perm Civil Chamber, Perm Memorial, Institute of Civic Engagement, Museum of the History of Political Repressions "Perm - 36", annual forum "Pilorama", etc.), as well as the largest in Russian center for youth and social volunteer movement (National Association of Volunteer Associations (NADO); Center for Promoting the Development of Culture, Art, Science, Education; Center for Support of Youth Political Initiatives; organization "Vector of Friendship", etc.). All these are the most important resources not only for cultural renewal, but also for the sphere of leisure.

The sphere of leisure and free time in the Perm region is increasingly coming to the fore, as people began to think about their pastime. Despite the fact that in the Perm region the leisure sector is not heavily funded, there is a huge range of services and activities for Perm residents where they can spend their free time.

In the Perm region there are a huge number of forms of leisure activities, as well as a large number of cultural and leisure institutions. For many years in Perm, such forms of leisure as we are already accustomed to have continued to develop, such as going to the theater, cinema, museum, cinema, etc.

Perm is famous for its theatrical activities, and once again in the fall new theater seasons will begin in Perm theaters. Perm Opera and Ballet Theater named after. P.I. Tchaikovsky awaits you for the 142nd season; during the season, viewers will find several more pleasant surprises. A total of four premieres are planned for the 142nd season. Two of them are the restoration of performances that have already been performed on the Perm stage. Thus, for the New Year holidays, the children's opera by composer Banevich “Twelve Months” will be restored. Children will be able to see the performance during the winter holidays. In addition, there will be a series of “Nutcrackers” - traditional New Year's performances. The ballet company will work to restore the two one-act ballets that will make up the Jerome Robbins Evening of Choreography, “The Four Seasons” and “The Concerto.” Another joint project - a performance to the music of Adan “The Blue Bird and Princess Florina” - is being prepared by the theater’s ballet troupe and the Perm Choreographic College. Major global projects are scheduled for the end of the season. In April there will be a competition for young ballet dancers “Arabesque”, which takes place in Perm every two years. The Diaghilev Festival, which over the ten years of its existence has become a brand of the Kama region, will be held in June. Its program is currently being developed. Much attention is still paid to working with the audience - the theater organizes backstage tours and meetings with artists. Also, new seasons began in the “At the Bridge” theater, in the Theater - Theater, in the “Stage Hammer” theater and other theaters, many of them prepared new productions and prepared surprises for theater visitors.

Museum activities do not stand still; the Perm Art Gallery, the Museum of Local Lore, and the exhibition hall continue to actively operate in Perm. They invite you to various exhibitions, and are also involved in the introduction of new forms of leisure: meetings with writers, artists, conduct various master classes, events such as “Museum Night”, etc. In connection with the project “Perm Region - Territory of Culture,” the PERMM Museum of Contemporary Art was opened in Perm, which positions itself as a producer providing Perm with the latest artistic product. It hosts world-class exhibitions and an extensive research and educational program, which has become a model for all regions of Russia.

Going to the cinema, as a form of leisure, originated in Perm a very long time ago. For the first time, cinema in Perm was shown in the private house of V. Kovalsky on Sibirskaya Street in 1896, the same time when its premiere took place in the capitals and other cities of Russia. The film shows attracted a select few audiences interested in the technical innovation. However, the bourgeoisie soon became disillusioned with an imperfect technical trifle, and cinema was saved by the owners of mobile booths and panopticon museums, who regarded the “invention of the century” as a “curiosity” and began to demonstrate it for the amusement of the people. Currently, the network of cinemas in Perm is at a decent level. In Perm cinemas you can watch the latest in world and domestic cinema, and cinemas also specialize in new forms of leisure: discussions of films, meetings with actors and directors.

Also to this day, the Perm Zoo actively continues its leisure activities - one of the favorite vacation spots for children and their parents. Here you can not only meet representatives of the animal world. The zoo has a free playground throughout the summer. And in the children's petting zoo, children can interact with rabbits, lambs, Cameroonian goats, and chickens. Every year the zoo holds interesting events, competitions and festivals for visitors.

For many years, permanent forms of leisure for Perm residents have been going to the circus, the planetarium, and cultural and recreation parks, where new forms of leisure are currently being introduced: various themed days, festivals and forums, just holidays, etc.

Our city has a widespread network of restaurants and cafes where Perm residents like to spend their free time. People choose this particular way of spending their leisure time because this vacation does not require physical and mental expenditure, family or friends can communicate in a relaxed atmosphere. In our region, we increasingly come across the concept of “anti-cafe.” An anti-cafe is a public establishment with a social orientation that has recently gained popularity in Russia and the CIS countries. “Anti-cafe” is a place for meetings and pastime, decorated in the format of a cafe or club, “rented” by visitors for a while. This is an establishment for socializing, not for eating, where you can, however, also drink hot tea or coffee. The anti-cafe guarantees drinks and desserts, games with friends and strangers, co-working space, and watching movies. There is no charge for all services provided; only the minutes spent inside are paid for. In almost all establishments of this format, you can bring food with you.

The main specificity of leisure in the Perm region is that certain ages have their own forms of leisure.

Leisure institutions for young people are more popular - these are nightclubs, billiards, bowling alleys, karaoke - clubs, they have recently become widespread in Perm, but have already won over the public. Recreation in these leisure institutions allows young people to take a break from family worries and studies, throw out their emotions and experiences, and also make new acquaintances, and it is precisely this type of leisure that is more accessible to young people.

Leisure and recreation for older people is mainly aimed at rehabilitation by achieving goals that are vital for them. Cultural institutions of the Perm region carry out multifaceted work with veterans. The work is being carried out in close contact with district and city veterans’ councils and is aimed at involving older people in active cultural and creative activities, further improving the organization of leisure time and satisfying the spiritual needs of older people, and maximizing the coverage of people with cultural events retirement age. Over the past 20 years, cultural work among older people has noticeably intensified. Organization of leisure time for veterans and elderly people is one of the important areas in the activities of cultural institutions.

The main forms of cultural work with veterans are: the organization of festivals, competitions, exhibitions, creative meetings and evenings, the work of clubs, amateur associations and amateur art groups. Every year, cultural and leisure, cultural and entertainment centers, cultural centers, libraries, museums, etc. The Perm region organizes events dedicated to the Day of the Elderly. Many cultural institutions hold recreational evenings for veterans every month. In rural settlements, Visits of Honor organized by cultural workers are very popular among veterans and disabled people. Congratulations, concert performances, souvenirs create a festive mood among people who, due to some circumstances, cannot attend events held in cultural institutions. It is worth noting that visiting elderly people at home is not a one-time event.

Children's leisure also does not stand still, but develops every day, forms that have existed for a long time are developing - these are various clubs, studios, sports sections, etc. They are needed not only for early career guidance, but also so that the child can be creative, make his dreams come true, meet like-minded friends, and communicate with wise and talented teachers. In the leisure time of little Perm residents we can also find innovations - for example, Primary Business School, Sunday Computer School, Children's Federation of Eastern Arts, studio Indian dance"Shakuntala", Children's pantomime school, Capoeira - Brazilian martial art, etc.

Leisure is usually divided into active and passive, and we can divide the leisure of Perm residents into active and passive. Passive leisure is not an interesting subject to study and mainly consists of “doing nothing,” watching TV and using the Internet. And in the active recreation of the Perm region, we can meet a lot of new things that were not there before - skiing and snowboarding, horse riding, paintball, wind tunnel, parachute jumping, river rafting, darving and much more.

Ski centers in the Perm region are intensively preparing for the opening of the season. Artificial snowmaking of the slopes begins, new trails are being prepared for opening, and snow parks are being built. A cozy and comfortable holiday among the snow in the lap of nature... Some people can only dream about this, but residents of Perm can make this dream a reality on any weekend by traveling just a couple of tens of kilometers outside the metropolis. Perm residents can go to numerous tourist centers in the Perm region. Tourist centers of the Perm region offer their guests entertainment for a wide variety of tastes. Those who prefer an active holiday can enjoy skiing and horseback riding, ice skating and paintball battles. Well, for lovers of snow and speed - a snowmobile. Almost all recreation centers offer to rent this vehicle and drive around the snowy expanses to your heart's content. Vacationers can enjoy cozy rooms, billiard rooms, as well as hot Finnish saunas or traditional Russian baths - whichever you like best! Whatever type of winter active recreation you are interested in, at modern camp sites and ski resorts you will find everything for a good rest with your family or a friendly company.

Paintball is becoming more and more popular in Perm, this is due to the fact that this type of leisure opens up many perspectives and promotes a surge of adrenaline. Residents of Perm are not only offered paintball sites; a large scenario paintball game “Resident Evil” has been held in Perm for three years now. The game “Resident Evil” has already become a popular and anticipated event in our city, and not only ours. Players from Moscow, Kirov, Tyumen, Chusovoy and Berezniki took part in past games. An atmosphere of real celebration awaits all participants. “Resident Evil” is a grand event where you will have the opportunity to communicate with your brothers in arms after the game, discuss your current success and future victories. To do this, the organizers encourage everyone to plan the day in such a way as to stay after the game until late in the evening. All participants will enjoy photography, a hot and tasty lunch, a performance by a musical group, as well as a drawing of valuable prizes, including paintballs, sets of paintball grenades and smoke bombs, camouflage and paintball masks. After the game, all participants will be able to organize their own picnic: barbecue, have a good rest and chat with friends.

Not so long ago, such a form of leisure as a wind tunnel settled in Perm. The wind tunnel is a new, fashionable and modern entertainment for all residents and guests of our city. Experience one of the most unusual sensations in life! Anyone can fly in a tube, even children over 7 years old in the presence of their parents. Flying in a wind tunnel will become in an original way hold a corporate event or celebrate a birthday with friends.

Leisure in the Perm region performs not only an entertaining and hedonistic function, but also a developmental one, and also contributes to the level of cultural development. For this purpose, evenings of instrumental music, music salons, and evenings dedicated to memorable dates are held in the region.

Information about events, activities, and leisure activities is open to every resident of the city; it is posted on websites, on posters, and there are also many magazines, such as “Leisure”, “Useful”, “Formula of Beauty”, “Smart”, etc.

Having studied and analyzed leisure time in the Perm region, we can draw several conclusions:

1. Leisure in the region is at a fairly high level, as evidenced by the numerous and varied forms of leisure.
2. Leisure in the Perm region is considered quite accessible, which allows all segments of the population to spend their free time profitably.
3. The good news is that in addition to the entertaining and hedonistic function, Perm leisure remains educational and cognitive, and leisure in the region will reach its greatest flourishing if the state allocates funds for the development and improvement of such an area of ​​society as leisure.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, I would like to say that leisure is still not a priority area of ​​socio-cultural activity both in foreign countries and in Russia. But every day more and more attention is paid to it, since leisure is simply necessary for normal life. New types of leisure are emerging: for example, extreme leisure; in addition, the number of new forms of leisure activities is growing every day. A modern person should pay great attention to the use of his free time, because usefully spent leisure time is the key to success in work and educational activities. As a conclusion to this work, we can draw several conclusions:

1. Modern man needs to remember the importance of leisure in modern life, since leisure allows one to reveal the physical, spiritual, moral, and aesthetic potential of a person. This is also the path of his active advancement towards culture, the development of social cultural heritage.
2. In the modern socio-cultural situation, leisure is a socially conscious necessity, society is interested in the effective use of its free time, for this it is necessary to be able to combine work and rest in one’s life, in the harmonization of these two poles.
3. The modern Russian socio-cultural situation is characterized by complexity and inconsistency, since on the one hand, we see positive changes in its development, which consist in the intensification of socio-cultural creativity of various groups of the population, on the other hand, the level of spirituality of society, there is a stratification of the population in the way and style of life.
4. The leisure situation in the region is characterized by a variety of forms of leisure activities in the city of Perm, as well as their accessibility. Leisure in the Perm region performs not only an entertaining and hedonistic function, but also a developmental one, and also contributes to the level of cultural development.

Thus, the leisure system of people in our country is currently still in the stage of modernization, slowly but steadily turning into a qualitatively new, independent, multi-disciplinary sector of the national economy, gradually approaching in its quality and efficiency the standards of European and other economically developed countries.

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APPLICATIONS

Annex 1

Population group	Very important	Rather important	Probably doesn't matter	Doesn't matter at all
Up to 21 years old

The life activity of society is multi-sphere (labor, politics, economics, ethics, aesthetics, law, family, religion, etc.) Each sphere of society’s life corresponds to a certain level of culture achieved by it as a qualitative characteristic of its life activity. Culture plays an important role in human life and society, which consists, first of all, in the fact that culture acts as a means of accumulation, storage and transmission of human experience. It is culture that makes a person an individual. An individual becomes a member of society, a personality as he socializes, i.e. mastering knowledge, language, symbols, values, norms, customs, traditions of one’s people, one’s social group and all humanity. The level of a person’s culture is determined by his socialization - familiarization with the cultural heritage, as well as the degree of development of individual abilities. Personal culture is usually associated with developed creative abilities, erudition, understanding of works of art, fluency in native and foreign languages, accuracy, politeness, self-control, high morality, etc. All this is achieved through the process of upbringing and education.

Culture brings people together, integrates them, and ensures the integrity of the community. But while uniting some on the basis of some subculture, it contrasts them with others, separating wider communities and communities. Cultural conflicts may arise within these broader communities and communities. Thus, culture can and often does perform a disintegrating function. During the socialization of values,

ideals, norms and patterns of behavior become part of the individual’s self-awareness. They shape and regulate her behavior. We can say that culture as a whole determines the framework within which a person can and should act. Culture regulates human behavior in the family, school, at work, at home, etc., putting forward a system of regulations and prohibitions. Violation of these regulations and prohibitions triggers certain sanctions that are established by the community and supported by the power of public opinion and various forms of institutional coercion. Culture, which is a complex sign system, transmits social experience from generation to generation, from era to era. Apart from culture, society does not have other mechanisms for concentrating the entire wealth of experience that has been accumulated by people. Therefore, it is no coincidence that culture is considered the social memory of humanity.

Culture, concentrating the best social experience of many generations of people, acquires the ability to accumulate rich knowledge about the world and thereby create favorable opportunities for its knowledge and development. It can be argued that a society is intellectual to the extent that it fully utilizes the wealth of knowledge contained in the cultural gene pool of humanity. All types of society that live on Earth today differ significantly, primarily on this basis. In the sphere of work, everyday life, and interpersonal relationships, culture, one way or another, influences the behavior of people and regulates their actions, and even the choice of certain material and spiritual values. The regulatory function of culture is supported by such normative systems as morality and law.

Representing a certain sign system, culture presupposes knowledge and mastery of it. Without studying the corresponding sign systems, it is impossible to master the achievements of culture. Thus, language (oral or written) is a means of communication between people. Literary language acts as the most important means of mastering national culture. Specific languages ​​are needed to understand the world of music, painting, and theater. Natural sciences also have their own sign systems. Culture as a certain value system forms in a person very specific value needs and orientations. By their level and quality, people most often judge the degree of culture of a person. Moral and intellectual content, as a rule, acts as a criterion for appropriate assessment.

Thus, the cultural system is not only complex and diverse, but also very mobile. It is a living process, the living destiny of peoples, constantly moving, developing, changing. Culture is an integral part of the life of both society as a whole and its closely interconnected subjects: individuals, social communities, social institutions.

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Society, culture and people are inextricably, organically linked. Neither society nor a person can exist outside of culture, the role of which has always been and remains fundamental. However, the assessment of this role has undergone a marked evolution.

Until relatively recently, the high assessment of the role and importance of culture was not in doubt. Of course, in the past there were crisis periods in the history of a particular society, when the existing way of life was questioned. Thus, in Ancient Greece, the philosophical school of Cynics arose, which came out from the position of complete denial of generally accepted values, norms and rules of behavior, which was the first form of cynicism. However, such phenomena were still the exception, and in general the culture was perceived positively.

Criticism of culture

The situation began to change significantly in the 18th century, when a stable trend of a critical attitude towards culture arose. At the origins of this trend was the French philosopher J.-J. Rousseau, who put forward the idea of ​​the moral superiority of the “natural man”, uncorrupted by culture and civilization. He also proclaimed the slogan of “return to nature.”

For other reasons, but assessed even more critically Western culture F. Nietzsche. He explained his attitude by the fact that in his contemporary culture science and technology dominate, leaving no room for art. He declared: “in order not to die from science, we still have art.” At the beginning of the 20th century. Austrian psychologist 3. Freud finds new grounds for criticizing culture. He looks at human life through the prism of two basic, in his opinion, instincts - sexual (instinct of Eros, or continuation of life) and destructive (instinct of Thanatos, or death). Culture, according to Freud's concept, suppresses the sexual instinct with its norms, restrictions and prohibitions and therefore deserves critical assessment.

In the 1960-70s. has become widespread in the West counterculture movement, which united in its ranks radical layers of youth and students, based on the ideas of Rousseau, Nietzsche, Freud and his followers, especially on the ideas of the philosopher G. Marcuse. The movement opposed the spreading values ​​of mass culture and mass society, against the fetishization of science and technology, as well as against the basic ideals and values ​​of traditional bourgeois culture. One of the main goals of the movement was proclaimed a “sexual revolution”, from which a “new sensuality” should emerge as the basis of a truly free person and society.

Some totalitarians demonstrate a sharply negative attitude towards culture. An example in this regard is fascism. The phrase of one of the heroes of the Nazi writer Post, who declared: “When I hear the word “culture”, I grab my pistol,” became widely known.” To substantiate such a position, the already familiar reference to the fact that culture allegedly suppresses healthy human instincts is usually used.

Basic functions of culture

Despite the above examples of a critical attitude towards culture, it plays a huge positive role. Culture fulfills several vital functions, without which the very existence of man and society is impossible. The main one is socialization function, or human creativity, i.e. formation and education of a person. Just as the separation of man from the kingdom of nature went along with the emergence of ever new elements of culture, so the reproduction of man occurs through culture. Outside of culture, without mastering it, a newborn cannot become a human being.

This can be confirmed by cases known from literature when a child was lost by his parents in the forest and for several years grew up and lived in a pack of animals. Even if he was later found, these few years were enough for him to be lost to society: the found child could no longer master either the human language or other elements of culture. Only through culture does a person master all accumulated social experience and become a full member of society. Here, a special role is played by traditions, customs, skills, rituals, ceremonies, etc., which form a collective social experience and way of life. In this case, culture really acts as "social heredity”, which is transmitted to a person and the significance of which is no less than biological heredity.

The second function of culture, closely related to the first, is educational, informational. Culture is capable of accumulating a variety of knowledge, information and information about the world and transmitting it from generation to generation. It acts as the social and intellectual memory of humanity.

No less important is regulatory, or normative, function culture, with the help of which it establishes, organizes and regulates relationships between people. This function is carried out primarily through systems of norms, rules and moral laws, as well as rules, the observance of which constitutes necessary conditions for the normal existence of society.

Closely intertwined with those already mentioned communication function, which is carried out primarily through language, which is the main means of communication between people. Along with natural language, all areas of culture - science, art, technology - have their own specific languages, without which it is impossible to master the entire culture as a whole. Knowledge of foreign languages ​​opens access to other national cultures and the entire world culture.

Another function - value, or axiological, is also of great importance. It contributes to the formation of a person’s value needs and orientation, allows him to distinguish between good and bad, good and evil, beautiful and ugly. The criterion for such differences and assessments are primarily moral and aesthetic values.

Deserves special mention creative, innovative function culture, which finds expression in the creation of new values ​​and knowledge, norms and rules, customs and traditions, as well as in the critical rethinking, reform and renewal of existing culture.

Finally, playful, entertaining, or compensatory function culture, which is associated with the restoration of a person’s physical and spiritual strength, leisure time, psychological relaxation, etc.

All these and other functions of culture can be reduced to two: the function of accumulating and transmitting experience, or adaptation (adaptation) and the critically creative function. They are also closely and inextricably linked, since accumulation includes a critical selection of the most valuable and useful from everything available, and the transfer and assimilation of experience does not occur passively and mechanically, but again presupposes a critical, creative attitude. In turn, the creative function means, first of all, the improvement of all mechanisms of culture, which inevitably leads to the creation of something new.

It is impossible to recognize as justified the judgment that culture is only traditions, conservatism, conformism, stereotypes, repetition of what is already known, that it impedes creativity, the search for something new, etc. Traditions in culture do not exclude renewal and creativity. A striking example of this is Russian icon painting, which was based on a strong tradition and strict canons, and yet all the great icon painters - Andrei Rublev, Theophanes the Greek, Daniil Cherny. Dionysius - have a unique creative personality.

The thesis about that seems just as unfounded. that culture suppresses healthy human instincts. This can be confirmed by the prohibition of incest or incest. It is believed that this was the first clear divide between nature and culture in human history. However, being a purely cultural phenomenon, this prohibition is an indispensable condition for the reproduction and survival of people. The most ancient tribes that did not accept this ban doomed themselves to degeneration and extinction. The same can be said about the rules of hygiene, which are inherently cultural, but protect human health.

Culture is an integral property of a person

However, ideas about who should be considered a cultured person may vary. The ancient Romans called a cultured person who knows how to choose worthy travel companions among people, things and thoughts - both in the past and in the present. The German philosopher Hegel believed that a cultured person is able to do everything that others do.

History shows that all outstanding personalities were highly cultured people. Many of them were universal personalities: their knowledge was encyclopedic, and everything they did was distinguished by exceptional skill and perfection. As an example, we should mention, first of all, Leonardo da Vinci, who was at the same time a great scientist, engineer and a brilliant artist of the Renaissance. Today it is very difficult and, apparently, impossible to become a universal person, since the volume of knowledge is too vast. At the same time, the possibility of being cultured person increased unusually. The main characteristics of such a person remain the same: knowledge and competencies, the volume and depth of which must be significant, and skills marked by high qualifications and skill. To this we must add moral and aesthetic education, adherence to generally accepted norms of behavior and the creation of one’s own “imaginary museum”, in which the best works of all world art would be present. Today a cultured person should know foreign languages and own a computer.

Culture and society are very close, but not identical systems, which are relatively autonomous and develop according to their own laws.

Types of society and culture

Modern Western sociologist Per Monson has identified four main approaches to understanding society.

First approach comes from the primacy of society in relation to the individual. Society is understood as a system that rises above individuals and cannot be explained by their thoughts and actions, since the whole is not reduced to the sum of its parts: individuals come and go, are born and die, but society continues to exist. This tradition originates in the concept of E. Durkheim and even earlier - in the views of O. Comte. Of the modern trends, it includes primarily the school of structural-functional analysis (T. Parsons) and the theory of conflict (L. Kose and R. Dahrendorf).

Second approach, on the contrary, will shift the focus of attention towards the individual, arguing that without studying the inner world of a person, his motivations and meanings, it is impossible to create an explanatory sociological theory. This tradition is associated with the name of the German sociologist M. Weber. Among modern theories, corresponding to this approach, can be called: symbolic interactionism (G. Blumer) and ethnomethodology (G. Garfinkel, A. Sicurel).

Third approach focuses on studying the very mechanism of the process of interaction between society and the individual, taking a middle position between the first two approaches. The early P. Sorokin is considered one of the founders of this tradition, and among modern sociological concepts one should name the theory of action, or the theory of exchange (J. Homans).

Fourth approach- Marxist. In terms of the type of explanation of social phenomena, it is similar to the first approach. However, there is a fundamental difference: in line with the Marxist tradition, the active intervention of sociology in the transformation and change of the surrounding world is assumed, while the first three traditions consider the role of sociology rather as advisory.

The debate between representatives of these approaches is about how to understand society: as a supra-individual objective social structure or as a human world of life filled with culture.

If we proceed from the systematic approach inherent in the works of E. Durkheim, we should consider society not just as a collection of people, but also as an objectively existing set of conditions for their coexistence. Social life is a reality of a special kind, different from natural reality and not reducible to it - social reality, and the most important part of this reality is collective ideas. They are the foundation of culture, which is interpreted as a way of organizing social life, society as a social organism. Like any organisms that are complex systems, society has integrative properties. which are inherent in the entire social whole, but are absent in its individual elements. Among the most important properties is the ability for a historically long autonomous existence, based on the fact that only society is associated with a change of generations. Thanks to this, societies are self-sufficient systems that provide, maintain and improve their way of life. The way to realize this self-sufficiency is culture, and its intergenerational transmission allows society to reproduce itself.

Humanity has never been a single social collective. Different groups (populations) of people exist in a variety of local social groups (ethnicities, classes, social strata, etc.). The foundation of these local groups are cultures, which are the basis for the integration of people into such groups. Therefore, on Earth there is no society at all, no culture at all - these are abstractions. In reality, local cultures and societies existed and still exist on our planet. Cultures in relation to these societies (social groups) perform the tasks of integration, consolidation and organization of people; regulation of the practice of their joint life activities with the help of norms and values; ensuring knowledge of the surrounding world and storage of information significant for the survival of people; implementation of communication between people, for which special languages ​​and methods of information exchange are developed; development of mechanisms for the reproduction of society as a social integrity.

In historical development, several types of society and associated cultures are distinguished.

First type- primitive society and culture. It is characterized by syncretism - the non-separation of the individual from the main social structure, which was the blood family. All mechanisms of social regulation - traditions and customs, rites and rituals - found justification in myth, which was a form and way of existence primitive culture. Its rigid structure did not allow deviations. Therefore, even in the absence of special controlling social structures, all rules and regulations were observed very precisely. Adjacent to primitive society and culture archaic society and culture- modern peoples living at the Stone Age level (about 600 tribes are known today).

Second type society is associated with the processes of social stratification and division of labor, which led to the formation

states where hierarchical relations between people were legalized. The birth of the state occurred in the countries of the Ancient East. With all the diversity of its forms - eastern despotism, monarchy, tyranny, etc. they all singled out a supreme ruler, whose subjects were all other members of society. In such societies, the regulation of relations, as a rule, was based on violence. Within this type of society it is necessary to distinguish pre-industrial society and culture, where class-ideological and political-confessional forms of life prevailed, and the violence used received religious justification. Another form became industrial society and culture, where the leading role was played by national-state entities and specialized social groups in society, and the violence was economic.

Third type society originated in Ancient Greece and Rome, but became widespread since modern times, especially in the 20th century. In a democracy that forms a civil society, people perceive themselves as free citizens who accept certain forms of organizing their lives and activities. It is a society of this type that is characterized by the highest form of manifestation of economic, political and legal culture, ideologically justified by philosophy, science, and art. In such a society, citizens have equal rights based on the principles of cooperation, communication, trade exchange and dialogue. Of course, this is still an ideal, and in real practice it is still impossible to do without violence, but the goal has already been set. In many ways, this became possible with the formation of a new society of the post-industrial type with the ongoing processes of globalization and the formation of mass culture.

Social cultural institutions

Real connections between society and culture are provided by social cultural institutions. The concept of “social institution” is borrowed by cultural studies from sociology and jurisprudence and is used in several senses:

• a stable set of formal and informal rules, principles, guidelines that regulate various spheres of human activity and organize them into a single system;
• a community of people playing certain social roles and organized through social norms and goals;
• a system of institutions through which certain aspects of human activity are ordered, conserved and reproduced.

In different types of cultures, social institutions are formed differently, however, several can be identified general principles their appearance. Firstly, it requires awareness of the need for this type of cultural activity. Many peoples and cultures managed without museums, libraries, archives, concert halls, etc. precisely because there was no corresponding need. The withering away of a need leads to the disappearance of the cultural institution associated with it. Thus, today the number of churches per capita is much lower than in the 19th century, when the bulk of people attended services weekly.

Secondly, socially significant goals must be set that form the motives for visiting the relevant institutions for the majority of people in a given culture. At the same time, norms and rules will gradually appear that will regulate this type of cultural activity. The result will be the creation of a system of statuses and roles, the development of performance standards that will be approved by the majority of the population (or at least the ruling elite of society).

Social cultural institutions perform a number of functions in society Features:

• regulation of the activities of society members; o creating conditions for cultural activities;
• enculturation and socialization - introducing people to the norms and values ​​of their culture and society;
• conservation of phenomena and forms of cultural activity, their reproduction.

There are five main human needs and related cultural institutions:

• the need for reproduction of the family - the institution of family and marriage; o the need for security and social order - political institutions, the state;
• need for means of subsistence - economic institutions, production;
• the need for knowledge acquisition, inculturation and socialization of the younger generation, personnel training - institutions of education and upbringing in a broad sense, including science;
• the need to solve spiritual problems, the meaning of life - an institution of religion.

Basic institutions contain non-basic ones, which are also called social practices or customs. Each major institution has its own systems of established practices, methods, procedures, and mechanisms. For example, economic institutions cannot do without such mechanisms as currency conversion, protection of private property, professional selection, placement and evaluation of workers, marketing, market, etc. Within the institution of family and marriage are the institutions of motherhood and paternity, family revenge, twinning, inheritance social status parents, etc. Unlike the main institution, the non-basic institution performs a specialized task, serving a specific custom or satisfying a non-fundamental need.”

SOCIAL IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION CULTURE

1. The problem of employment

Use of network technologies

Access to information resources

Electronic government

Healthcare and social protection population

Literature

1. The problem of employment

In the context of the global financial and economic crisis, which today has affected almost all countries of the world, the social significance of the development of information culture increases significantly. The crisis has exacerbated the problems of employment and retraining of specialists to acquire new professions that are more in demand in the labor market. Therefore, many countries such as Australia, Ireland, Singapore, France, South Korea and Japan are increasing their investments in the development of broadband Internet access. They view this as an important anti-crisis measure in the national economy.

In Russia, with its colossal territory, these problems can only be solved through the wider use of open education and distance learning based on modern information and communication technologies (ICT).

Unfortunately, both require increased development of computer teaching aids, as well as their legal and financial support at the federal and regional levels. The state program for the development of the information society in Russia is intended to help solve these problems.

The economic crisis has significantly increased the number of unemployed. For many countries this is a big social problem, which authorities are working to solve state power. However, the capabilities of ICT are poorly used, although they can provide a significant socio-economic effect. First of all, it is necessary to increase employment in the information sphere, the development of which is a pressing problem for many countries. Therefore, training specialists for this area is the most important task of the education system, which must be restructured accordingly.

The problem of employment of disabled people, pensioners and women with children is also relevant today. According to the first official World Report on Disability (WHO/World Bank, 2011), the number of people with some form of disability in the world is growing and now amounts to 1 billion people or 15% of the total population. According to the Ministry of Social Development , there are more than 11 million disabled people in Russia, and their number increases annually by almost 1 million people. Every tenth Russian citizen receives a disability pension, which already poses a threat to national security.

At the same time, many people with disabilities, although they have limited mobility, could easily work from home. Modern ICTs provide the necessary opportunities for this, which are still little used. A personal computer with Internet access, a laser printer and a scanner - this is the minimum set of computer science tools that can provide work to several tens of millions of disabled people. For many of them, this is the only opportunity to feel useful to society and earn the necessary funds for their existence. However, Russian social services do not properly use this opportunity and do not take effective actions in this direction.

For our country, the problem of disabled children is of particular social importance. According to the Russian Ministry of Social Development, the number of such children under the age of 18 has increased by 40% over the past decade and amounts to more than 500 thousand people. In recent years, the number of children with chronic diseases has increased by 15-20%. This category of Russian citizens requires special attention and care from authorities and civil society.

In 2009, within the framework of the National Project “Education”, the implementation of a federal project on distance learning for children with disabilities began. It is expected that about 20 thousand children will be covered by such training from grades 1 to 11. The cost of the project is 8.5 billion rubles. for four years.

Telework is a new solution to the problem of employment. The development of a system of “information homeworking” (telework) could provide work not only for people with disabilities, but also for pensioners who, to the extent of their capabilities, can also participate in labor activities. For many of them, this is not only additional income, but also an important moral and psychological factor. It is obvious that many retirees who have extensive industrial, scientific and pedagogical experience could pass it on to the younger generation, raising the intellectual level of society.

Telework using modern information technologies is also a promising occupation for women who are forced to interrupt their work activities due to pregnancy or the need to raise small children at home. Their qualifications, knowledge and experience can also be used more effectively.

2. Use of network technologies

employment population social information

The use of the Internet, which today represents both a global system of information communications and a fairly powerful information system, occupies a special place in the development of the information society. According to sociological research, the number of subscribers of this network in the world currently exceeds 3 billion people and continues to grow. It is important to note that the share of Internet users among the population with low incomes is also increasing. Although the overall level of network usage in this population group is still low, which is mainly due to high tariffs for network services.

According to sociological research, the number of subscribers of this network in Russia by the beginning of the 4th quarter of 2014 reached 76.3 million people among the adult population (60%) and continues to grow.

At the same time, in small towns among young people aged 18-24 years old there is an increased increase in users mobile Internet which is higher than the national average. Among the low-income population, the share of Internet users also increased by more than 60%. However, the overall level of network usage in this population group is still low (around 20%).

According to experts, this is due to high tariffs for Internet services in the regions. It is expected that with the development of technologies for wirelessly connecting users to the network, the situation can significantly change for the better.

Broadband Internet access as a critical technology for the development of the information society. The capabilities of subscribers to use Internet information resources are determined mainly by the speed of data transmission at the final section of the information exchange path, at the user’s access point. The minimum speed that allows you to search for text and graphic information is about 1-2 Mbit/s. Working at a lower speed creates significant psychological discomfort, and at speeds less than 128 Kbps it becomes practically useless. Therefore, in order to use the new opportunities of the information society, it is necessary to solve the problem of broadband access of users to the Internet throughout Russia. Today, broadband access is provided only in large cities of Russia, but even there its cost is still too high for the mass user.

A fundamental solution to this problem is possible through the development of a space communications system and broadband access technologies using already existing wired radio broadcast networks and power supply networks for industrial and residential premises. The latter requires the use of so-called PLC technologies. Industrial developments of these technologies are used in a number of European countries, for example, in Switzerland. At the same time, the socio-economic effect of their use turns out to be very significant. Recently, reports have appeared on the Internet that such technologies are beginning to be used in Russia. Moreover, these are domestically produced means and technologies.

PLC technologies. Currently, the vast majority of end connections connection of users to the Internet is carried out by laying a cable from a high-speed line to the user’s apartment or office. This is the cheapest and most reliable solution. But if laying a cable is not possible, then you can use the power electrical communications system available in each building. In this case, any electrical outlet in the building can become an exit point to

Internet. The user is only required to have a special PowerLine modem to communicate with a similar device, installed, as a rule, in the electrical panel of the building and connected to a high-speed channel.

Practice has shown that the use of PLC technologies is an effective solution to the “last mile” problem in cottage villages and low-rise buildings due to the fact that the use of traditional wires for these purposes is 4 or more times more expensive than the use of PLC. technologies. These technologies can also be used to implement the idea of ​​a “smart home”, where all consumer electronics are connected into a single information network with the possibility of centralized control.

Russian socio-technological project “Social Outlet”. The modern understanding of quality of life presupposes a person’s free access to the information he needs. In many countries, there are government support programs for technologies for public access to national and global information resources. For example, in the United States, government support measures for connecting users to the Internet have been in place for more than 10 years. To provide these services, tax incentives have been established, and the connection of users from low-income segments of the population is subsidized by the state.

In the period 2010-2015, it was planned to implement a new socio-technological project “Social Outlet” in Russia. Its essence is that every apartment in 39 Russian cities should have a device that will provide the following information capabilities: free Internet connection, 8 main television channels, 9 wired radio broadcasting channels (with the ability to notify the population about emergency situations), as well as direct connection with emergency services

-the so-called “panic button”.

The technological feature of this project is that for its implementation it was supposed to use the means of an already existing urban radio broadcast network, which was created in the USSR taking into account wartime requirements and is therefore non-volatile and has multiple equipment redundancy. Therefore, it can function even during emergency power outages.

It was assumed that the installation of “social outlets” in apartments would be carried out at the expense of the city budget, and the use of such an outlet would cost the same as residents pay for a regular radio point. The Moscow government planned to install social sockets in all apartments of newly built residential buildings, as well as in buildings that have undergone major renovations. As for other apartments, they should also be equipped with “social sockets” free of charge at the request of residents.

As a result of this project the problem of “social access” to the Internet could be solved in Moscow and St. Petersburg within two years, and in the period 2013-2015. this project was planned to be implemented in another 37 cities of Russia. However, due to the financial and economic crisis, the implementation of this project was postponed indefinitely.

3. Access to information resources

In the modern world, there is significant inequality in the access of different groups of the population to socially significant information resources. It slows down the processes of social and economic development of society and improving the quality of life of the population. Research shows that the formation of a unified information space in the world is happening too slowly and does not compensate for the “digital divide” between various groups population. This increases the social stratification of society and is one of the threats to national and global security.

To solve this problem, first of all, it is necessary to achieve a significant reduction in the cost of broadband Internet access for low-income segments of the population. It seems to us that for certain groups of the population, for example, for the disabled and pensioners, it should become free in the information society.

4. Electronic government

The implementation of the concept of “electronic government” is one of the priority areas for the development of the information society in Russia. This implementation should have a significant socio-economic effect and create the basis for the development of civil society. In the State Program “Information Society (2011-2020)” the creation of “electronic government” is considered as an integral part of the problem of forming an electronic state in Russia.

At the same time, the task is to increase the efficiency of management at all levels of state, regional and municipal authorities. This is the first time a task of this magnitude has been undertaken in our country. Therefore, its solution is associated with great difficulties, mainly of a psychological and regulatory nature.

The most difficult problem seems to be the psychological one, since it is necessary to train a large number of officials in the use of modern information technologies and convince them of the need to switch to new methods of work. Discussion of this problem showed that in many regions it is not yet considered as strategically important and a priority. However, the main standard solutions for the architecture of “electronic government” have been developed and tested in some regions of Russia: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Murmansk and Nizhny Novgorod regions, Karelia and Tatarstan.

The creation of an electronic state involves the comprehensive use of information technologies, which will lead to a new quality of interaction between people through electronic communications and the Internet. This interaction opens up new opportunities for individual development and the development of all forms of economic entities and government bodies and, as a result, should increase labor productivity, efficiency and competitiveness of the economy.

The greatest economic and social effect should be expected, first of all, from significant savings in social time spent by the population on obtaining necessary government services. According to available estimates, the amount of time resources that Russian citizens spend on receiving government services is about 25 million hours. At the same time, more than 10 percent of the goods and services produced by small business organizations are costs associated with administrative barriers. For the domestic economy, these costs turn into lost opportunities.

It is expected that as a result of the implementation of the Program activities, any citizen of Russia will be provided with the following opportunities:

receive a government service. To do this, it will be enough to fill out the request form remotely once, and after a certain time you will receive the necessary document in your mailbox or check for changes about your person in the corresponding database;

pass tax reporting. To do this, you will not need to visit the tax office;

start execution individual species professional activity. To do this, it will be enough to turn on the computer, log into the corporate network and not waste time on the road;

conclude an agreement with a partner from another region. To do this, you will not need to send your representative - it is enough to certify the documents with your electronic digital signature;

buy a train ticket. To do this, you will not need to go to the ticket office, just select and pay for a ticket remotely, and when boarding, tell the controller your last name - this opportunity is already available in a number of regions of Russia;

get specialist advice. To do this, the patient does not need to go to the medical center - just leave your documents on the appropriate portal and get in touch with a specialized doctor at the appointed time;

get help in an emergency. To do this, it will be enough to use a single emergency number via a payphone located within walking distance;

select literature on the topic of interest. To do this, it is enough to use the electronic catalog of any library in the country;

get the student ready for school. To do this, it will be enough to download a set of textbooks and related materials from the regional educational portal and save them in an e-book;

express your opinion on a particular issue or form a group of like-minded people to implement any initiative. To do this, it will be enough to go to the appropriate website on the Internet.

It is assumed that the practical implementation of the above new opportunities for the country's population can be carried out using home computers connected to the Internet, or using means of collective access to the network.

Such facilities are available or installed in all post offices. Since 2010, Russia began installing collective terminals of a new type - the so-called “infophones”, which are designed to connect the population with municipal authorities to obtain reference information and government information services in places accessible to the population. It should be noted that this practice has been used in the USA for more than 15 years and has shown to be highly effective.

5. Healthcare and social protection of the population

A project is being discussed to create a unified electronic medical record, which should accompany a person throughout his life and contain data not only about his illnesses, but also other information, including data from preventive examinations. And this is a fundamentally new approach to ensuring the health of the nation.

In the coming years, in the field of healthcare and social assistance to the population of Russia, it is planned to expand the use of information technologies, which will improve the quality of diagnostics and rehabilitation and, as a result, will ensure a reduction in mortality and disability. This measure should help increase the share of the working-age population and life expectancy throughout the country.

Telecommunications tools make it possible to organize the provision of high-tech medical care to people living far from scientific and treatment centers. In the Russian Federation, new software and hardware systems are being created that, based on electronic technology, provide registration for treatment, booking appointments for patients with specialists, determining the treatment budget, maintaining electronic medical records, automatic calculation of remuneration for specialists and financial costs of medical institutions, depending on a comprehensive assessment of the results their activities.

Electronic social cards. For 15 years, certain categories of Moscow residents have been using electronic cards called the “Muscovite Social Card.” With their help, pensioners and disabled people are provided with free travel on public transport, on suburban electric trains and buses, as well as discounts on the purchase of certain medicines and food products in Moscow stores. At present, a decision has been made to extend this practice to other cities of Russia, which seems very desirable and appropriate, since this is one of the effective forms of targeted support for low-income segments of the population.

At the same time, the project planned by the Russian government for the creation and mass implementation of the so-called Universal Electronic Card (UEC) for all citizens of our country receives a mixed assessment from its public. In March 2015, this project was specifically discussed at Round table in the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of Russia. In the speeches of the participants of this event, it was shown that the concentration and storage in the UEC of detailed information about the personal data of its owner is very dangerous, as it creates opportunities for unauthorized use of this data.

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15.Karmin A.S. Culturology. Uch. village - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009. - 240 p.

The civic initiatives and movements in the cultural and leisure sphere discussed in the previous chapter can now be assessed from the standpoint of their pedagogical significance.

Systemic civic cultural and leisure activity. As we know, we include civil initiatives, movements born in the bowels of state cultural institutions. The most widespread systemic civic cultural and leisure activity is in state club institutions. Unlike other types of cultural institutions, clubs potentially target the widest groups of the population, offering a wide variety of mass cultural activities. In terms of the number of visits and the breadth of services offered in the field of culture and leisure, the club network has no competitors in the system of cultural services to the population. Already in this feature of the activities of these institutions there are prerequisites for the implementation of cultural and leisure activities of club visitors in various forms.

For these movements and initiatives, as an analysis of the trends in their activities in the field of culture shows, the following relationship is most organic: “the development of social values ​​- the production of cultural values.” In club institutions, this ratio manifests itself as the dominance of such activities as the organization of amateur performances and mass theatrical and recreational programs. Participation in amateur artistic groups of the population is based on the mastery of technologies and social norms of collectivity, group interaction, set by the leaders of the amateur group as representatives of the “systemic world” (“mastering social values”), but at the same time intensive practice of rehearsal and concert work (“production of cultural values"). An objection may arise here related to the obvious fact that amateur performance participants are taught “cultural values” in the field of performing arts. But in this case we are talking about the pedagogical potential of amateur creativity, and not about the widespread practice of authoritarian leadership of amateur groups by their leaders. by the team amateur creativity, by and large, can be called those in which the development of cultural values ​​is still of an auxiliary nature for the creative self-realization (“production of cultural values”) of amateur participants in accordance with certain accepted guidelines, technologies, reflecting the nature of the social environment of these participants , their image and lifestyle. Examples: the nature of performing activities and mastered cultural values ​​will be different in an amateur song club, folklore and student group. Moreover, this development itself is subordinated to the task of creative interpretation, the creation of new cultural products (amateur performance) within the framework of the mastered corporate image of its “official” (systemic) role in the performance process: “bard”, “peasant”, “student”, etc.

The situation is similar when organizing mass theatrical and recreational programs in club institutions. Participants in these programs master the norms and technologies of the social behavior offered to them (“rules” of theatrical, festive, gaming, recreational behavior) - “mastering social values” and create new cultural products in the form of new examples of demonstrating gaming, festive, performing activity (improvisational performance, for example, in dance) in the process of participation in the proposed programs - “creation of cultural values”. Ultimately, this type of cultural and leisure activity can contribute to the development of one’s own sociocultural identity and the realization of the rights to this identity of individuals, as well as the demonstration of one’s social position in a predominantly aesthetic form (civic behavior “according to the laws of beauty”).

The legitimacy of classifying this type of cultural and leisure activity as an independent social activity can be justified by the absence of strict restrictions on joining club groups and communities (holiday, gaming, recreational) on socio-demographic and cultural grounds. This demonstrates the high level of democracy in club-type government institutions, which are potentially focused on working with a wide variety of population groups, regardless of their cultural and educational level, social status, standard of living, and age.

To participate in one or another club activity, the presence of joint cultural and leisure interests in the process of interaction between participants is most often sufficient. At the same time, there are no unambiguously interpreted criteria for a unified assessment of cultural activity from the standpoint of the contribution of this activity to professional creativity, but unambiguous social assessments of it are possible, associated with the influence on the lifestyle of participants in amateur groups (for example, it is possible to participate in the activities of an amateur club group mainly for the purpose of expanding circle of acquaintances, but not to improve your performing skills). Let's make a reservation right away. In those club institutions where the main goal is to achieve a high level of performance by club groups, and in the name of this goal all others are sacrificed (for example, social, educational, animation, recreational, general pedagogical goals), we are dealing with an imitation of club activities, and in essence, with professionalized performing activities borrowed from other types of cultural institutions and organizations (for example, professional musical and theatrical groups). A typical example is the transformation of many club amateur groups in fact, into professional performing groups with strict rules of participation and authoritarian management methods. Without detracting from the importance of creating groups and communities of this type for the cultural life of society, we nevertheless note that in fact these groups as a whole, even if often forced, occupy someone else’s niche of amateur performances, “squeezing out” the most diverse groups of the population from the latter, which is a serious obstacle for the development of mass systemic cultural and leisure activity through participation in club activities.

The social and pedagogical significance of club groups and communities is manifested, first of all, in the form of fixing the feeling of “We” as a special social community that distinguishes it from other groups and associations. This is often expressed both at the information-symbolic level (coats of arms, emblems, badges, membership cards, branded clothing, club costumes, the ritual of accepting new members, etc.) and at the normative level (for example, admission rules, the presence of a club charter, programs). In this case, their activities reflect the corresponding type of social behavior.

Participation in club activities also leads to the formation of a common semantic field of culturally significant activities, which, along with the general rules of social behavior, is an important integration factor in the club community, one of the main conditions for the sustainability of its functioning. Intersubjectivity itself arises as a result of cultural consensus, achieved in the process of interaction between members of the club community. Accordingly, any imposition of cultural semantics “from above” on the club community by certain professionals, leaders or administrators from the sphere of professional creativity is unacceptable here.

An important feature of club communities as a “school of democracy” is their polycentrism. The latter is expressed in the absence of a rigid vertical hierarchy of management of these communities both within them and between them. No less important for the development of pedagogically significant cultural and leisure activity of club communities is the possibility of self-realization as a leader of any member of the community, depending on a particular social, leisure situation (for example, a leader in the field of organizing club activities, a leader in solving creative problems, a leader in the field of advertising).

At the same time, one cannot help but note the fact of a significant divergence in sociocultural orientations between spontaneous club communities and the activities of many state club institutions, which significantly reduces the pedagogical potential of these institutions. The latter, in their activities, are not yet able to adequately rely on the cultural and leisure initiatives of the population, which have not received their approval from the “official” society. It is club institutions that are closest to the everyday cultural needs of various population groups and have enormous opportunities for developing a variety of cultural and leisure activities of people.

In club institutions, this activity manifests itself primarily as amateur creativity. At the same time, club activities are also in demand, aimed at a variety of educational work among the population, initiating their cultural and leisure activities. Unlike the media, which exert a one-sided impact on their audience, club institutions are able to organize live, dialogic forms of full participation of visitors in the discussion of various pressing problems of social and cultural life.

Let us now consider the pedagogical potential of the following type of civic activity - systemic civic activity gravitating towards culture "life world".

This activity, as noted above, is most fully manifested in the activities of non-profit organizations (NPOs). In the field of leisure, these are mainly officially registered amateur associations with a stable legal status and equal to voluntary public organizations. In the practice of the amateur movement, the following most common associations have developed, in which, one way or another, the state could be interested: collecting amateur associations, socially oriented amateur associations (voluntary public organizations, associations solving various social problems: first of all, providing assistance to socially vulnerable and disadvantaged groups of the population); various interest clubs created on the basis of cultural institutions or as an addition to the latter (for example, clubs for lovers of arts, science, certain types of recreation). Ultimately, amateur associations contribute to expanding the cultural horizons of their members, the development of diverse cultural and educational activities of the population, and the development of civic activity that supports the constructive initiatives of the “official” society in various spheres of sociocultural activity. It is in this capacity that amateur associations can be in demand by state cultural policy.

The main pedagogical potential of these associations is associated with their ability to participate in the preservation of social and cultural values ​​with the participation of various groups of the population. Acting as a kind of accumulators of social and cultural experience of society, officially registered amateur associations tend to “master social and cultural values” and, to a lesser extent, to create them. These associations also contribute to the development of these values ​​by people who are not fans of this type of sociocultural activity (through exhibitions, educational, informational and festive events, etc.). Amateur associations are especially in demand as entities that contribute to the preservation of social and cultural heritage and its development by various groups of the population through a variety of educational programs and the popularization of “hobbies” (especially collecting and local history). In the case when amateur associations participate in certain social programs (for example, working with “difficult” teenagers), they also do not so much pretend to create new social and cultural values, but rather preserve the traditions of social charity and help their wards master existing ones social and cultural values ​​of society.

Amateur associations also display their own specific pedagogy. The composition of their participants is determined mainly by the presence of general amateur interest, but not by cultural or socio-demographic differences. In this regard, these associations are even more democratic in comparison with the type of cultural and leisure associations discussed above (leisure communities of club institutions), since they are formed on the basis of not only a wide variety of institutions, but also outside of any institutions, and therefore are independent in the recruitment of its members, their composition, depending on the requirements of a particular department or cultural institution. It is enough to give an example of the famous citywide family club (Pushchino), which at one time did not even have its own permanent premises.

Since the basis of interaction between officially registered amateurs is, first of all, a common subject of interest, the presence or absence of unambiguous value criteria for the interaction of their members becomes unimportant. People of various beliefs, social positions, and values, united by a socially significant goal, can take part in certain initiatives and amateur activities.

The boundaries of participation in officially registered amateurism are clearly fixed in the legal field, which makes them full-fledged subjects in expressing their civic activity. The official legal boundaries of the activities of amateur associations indicate a single value-normative requirement for them, regardless of the subject of amateurism - the desire to implement their initiatives outside of personal gain, mercantilism, and the desire to satisfy their interests at the expense of others. In this regard, the sphere of officially registered amateurism potentially provides a school of civil altruism and healthy collectivism for many members of society. Some exceptions to this rule (for example, the hidden commercialization of a number of amateur associations) do not cancel the whole this requirement to amateurism.

Polycentrism in these associations manifests itself in the form of various schemes of self-government and self-organization, eliminating the very possibility of authoritarian centralized leadership and stimulating the presence of various informal leaders and groups within the amateur association itself. This ensures the stability, dynamism and viability of most amateur associations.

Let us note that the sphere of officially registered amateurism, with certain state support, can develop to the level of national voluntary societies, becoming a full-fledged partner of cultural bodies and institutions in solving development problems national culture(during the Soviet period, many associations were part of all-Union organizations of lovers of one or another profile).

Cultural and leisure activity of the “life world”, gravitating towards the culture of the “system world”. This type of activity, as noted in the previous chapter, mainly includes political parties, national-cultural movements and confessions. These associations are the most innovative in relation to state policy, creating their own social and cultural values, often not mastered by the state. Political parties, one way or another, claim to create and implement programs for the social transformation of society and the corresponding subculture of such transformation. National-cultural associations defend their right to national-cultural autonomy (creation of their own system of cultural values) and the production of their own value guidelines in social life to win their own social space in the “big” society (the principle of “diaspora”). Confessional associations build their own system of social and cultural values, which are constantly developing in dialogue with official systemic, state structures (of course, where this dialogue is present, and there is no sectarian isolation of a particular religious community).

This type of association also has its own characteristics of pedagogically significant initiatives.

In all these associations, as a rule, there is no homogeneous socio-demographic and socio-cultural composition. Even in the case when one or another of these associations claims to be selective in its composition (the predominance in it of a certain social layer, nationality or people sharing a certain creed), this formation is actually filled with people from different social strata, with different understandings of national interests, and different ideas about the corresponding creed. The corresponding cultural and leisure communities are more often formed on the basis of common social and cultural problems than on the basis of a common sociocultural identity. These associations, as a rule, need to attract more and more new members, but at the same time do not want a harsh confrontation with the systemic world. This or that criticism of the “system”, opposition to it is more often carried out in legitimate, legal forms. The general socio-cultural meanings and meanings developed in these associations are a kind of indicator of the demand by society, its various social and cultural layers, for new ideas about the world, innovations in a variety of socio-cultural spheres. Thus, these associations are a kind of testing ground, experimental platforms for testing new ideas, concepts, socio-cultural technologies that have a pedagogical impact on the participants.

These associations are of particular importance in the development of the political and legal culture of society. These are: political and legal opposition to the state, addition of its human rights functions, compensation for the underdevelopment of civil society institutions. These associations are most effective if they also display a tendency toward polycentrism, which presupposes the maximum development of “horizontal” connections and public leadership based on the nomination of a wide variety of activists and enthusiasts, often acting on own initiative, guided by the general political, social, moral and legal norms of this association.

Cultural and leisure activities of the “life world”. This type of activity includes those manifestations that are a reflection everyday look life of the population and the implementation of norms and traditions of the “culture of everyday life”. The latter is recorded in local cultural traditions, customs, widespread rituals and celebrations supported by the population, customary norms of environmental management, authentic folklore, trades, crafts, mass cultural stereotypes in the sphere of everyday life and leisure. The cultural and leisure activity of the “life world” combines the development of values ​​already established in the culture of everyday life by various groups of the population (local cultural traditions, everyday culture, leisure time, etc.) and social experimentation (“production of social values”) - the formation of a variety of informal communities, primarily in the leisure sector. It is in the life world of informal leisure communities (from children’s and adolescent spontaneous leisure groups to situational leisure communities based on common hobbies) that basic models of leisure behavior of many socio-demographic groups of the population are formed, which are not yet fully taken into account in the activities of cultural institutions, in the state cultural politics.

When assessing the pedagogical potential of spontaneous cultural and leisure orientations of the “life world”, it is necessary to base not only on already established types of activities in the system of cultural institutions, but also on real patterns of everyday leisure behavior of the population, including the most extravagant groups and communities (“Goths”, “Emi”, “flash mob”, etc.).