“Poets of the Silver Age” - Mayakovsky entered the school of painting, sculpture and architecture. V. Ya. Bryusov (1873 – 1924). D. D. Burliuk. Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilev was born on April 15, 1886. Acmeists. O. E. Mandelstam. From 1900-1907 Mandelstam studied at the Tenishevsky Commercial School. O. E. Mandelstam (1891 – 1938). Acmeism. V. V. Mayakovsky.
“About front-line poets” - From the first days of the war, Kulchitsky was in the army. Simonov gained fame even before the war as a poet and playwright. Sergei Sergeevich Orlov (1921-1977). In 1944, Jalil was executed by Moabit executioners. Surkov's poem "beats in cramped stove fire" was written in 1941. Simonov’s poem “Wait for Me,” written during the war, became widely known.
“On Poetry” - Indian Summer has arrived - Days of farewell warmth. Your wonderful sunshine plays with our river. And at dawn the cherry glue hardens in the form of a clot. And all around, azure flowers bloomed in spicy waves... A journey along a poetic path. The idea ended badly - An old rope broke... The face of a birch tree is under a wedding veil and transparent.
“Romanticism in literature” - Lesson - lecture. Lermontov Mikhail Yurievich 1814-1841. Romanticism in Russian literature, late 18th and early 19th centuries. The theme is “humiliated and insulted.” Philosophical tale. The romantic personality is a passionate personality. Historical novel; "Mtsyri". Passion. Walter Scott 1771-1832. The reasons for the emergence of romanticism.
“On Romanticism” - Larra. A.S. Pushkin. The Eternal Jew. Sacrifice yourself to save others. "The Legend of the Eternal Jew." Compositional features stories. "The Legend of Moses". M. Gorky. Which of the heroes is close to Old Woman Izergil: Danko or Larra? If you do nothing, nothing will happen to you. The basis of the romanticism style is the depiction of the inner world of man.
“Poets about nature” - Alexander Yesenin (father) and Tatyana Titova (mother). BLOK Alexander Alexandrovich (1880, St. Petersburg - 1921, Petrograd) - poet. A.A. Block. Russian writers of the 20th century native nature. Creative work. Landscape lyrics. Artistic and expressive means. S.A. Yesenin. The boy's grandmother knew many songs, fairy tales and ditties.
There are a total of 13 presentations in the topic
The basis of romanticism literary direction represents the idea of the superiority of spirit over matter, the idealization of everything mental: romantic writers believed that the spiritual principle, also called truly human, must necessarily be higher and more worthy than the world around it, than the tangible. The society around the hero is usually considered to be the same “matter”.
The main conflict of the romantic hero
Thus, main conflict romanticism is the so-called conflict between “individual and society”: romantic hero As a rule, he is lonely and misunderstood, he considers himself superior to the people around him who do not value him. From classic look romantic hero later formed two very important archetypes of world literature, superman and extra person(often the first image smoothly turns into the second).
Romantic literature does not have clear genre boundaries; in the romantic spirit one can maintain a ballad (Zhukovsky), a poem (Lermontov, Byron) and a novel (Pushkin, Lermontov). The main thing in romanticism is not the form, but the mood.
However, if we remember that romanticism is traditionally divided into two directions: “mystical” German, originating from Schiller, and freedom-loving English, the founder of which was Byron, we can trace its main genre features.
Features of the genres of romantic literature
Mystical romanticism is often characterized by a genre ballads, which allows you to fill the work with various “otherworldly” elements that seem to be on the verge of life and death. It is this genre that Zhukovsky uses: his ballads “Svetlana” and “Lyudmila” are largely dedicated to the dreams of the heroines, in which they imagine death.
Another genre used for both mystical and freedom-loving romanticism poem. The main romantic writer of poems was Byron. In Russia, his tradition was continued by Pushkin’s poem “ Caucasian prisoner" and "Gypsies" are usually called Byronic, and Lermontov's poems "Mtsyri" and "Demon". There are many possible assumptions in a poem, which is why this genre is especially convenient.
Pushkin and Lermontov also offer the public a genre novel, maintained in the traditions of freedom-loving romanticism. Their main characters, Onegin and Pechorin, are ideal romantic heroes. .
Both of them are smart and talented, both consider themselves superior to the surrounding society - this is the image of a superman. The goal of such a hero’s life is not the accumulation of material wealth, but serving the high ideals of humanism and developing one’s capabilities.
However, society does not accept them either; they turn out to be unnecessary and misunderstood in a false and deceitful high society, they have nowhere to realize their abilities; thus, the tragic romantic hero gradually becomes a “superfluous person.”
“Poets of the Silver Age” - Mayakovsky entered the school of painting, sculpture and architecture. V. Ya. Bryusov (1873 – 1924). D. D. Burliuk. Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilev was born on April 15, 1886. Acmeists. O. E. Mandelstam. From 1900-1907 Mandelstam studied at the Tenishevsky Commercial School. O. E. Mandelstam (1891 – 1938). Acmeism. V. V. Mayakovsky.
“About front-line poets” - From the first days of the war, Kulchitsky was in the army. Simonov gained fame even before the war as a poet and playwright. Sergei Sergeevich Orlov (1921-1977). In 1944, Jalil was executed by Moabit executioners. Surkov’s poem “fire beats in a cramped stove” was written in 1941. Simonov’s poem “Wait for Me,” written during the war, became widely known.
“On Poetry” - Indian Summer has arrived - Days of farewell warmth. Your wonderful sunshine plays with our river. And at dawn the cherry glue hardens in the form of a clot. And all around, azure flowers bloomed in spicy waves... A journey along a poetic path. The idea ended badly - An old rope broke... The face of a birch tree is under a wedding veil and transparent.
“Romanticism in literature” - Lesson - lecture. Lermontov Mikhail Yurievich 1814-1841. Romanticism in Russian literature, late 18th and early 19th centuries. The theme is “humiliated and insulted.” Philosophical tale. The romantic personality is a passionate personality. Historical novel; "Mtsyri". Passion. Walter Scott 1771-1832. The reasons for the emergence of romanticism.
“On Romanticism” - Larra. A.S. Pushkin. The Eternal Jew. Sacrifice yourself to save others. "The Legend of the Eternal Jew." Compositional features of stories. "The Legend of Moses". M. Gorky. Which of the heroes is close to Old Woman Izergil: Danko or Larra? If you do nothing, nothing will happen to you. The basis of the romanticism style is the depiction of the inner world of man.
“Poets about nature” - Alexander Yesenin (father) and Tatyana Titova (mother). BLOK Alexander Alexandrovich (1880, St. Petersburg - 1921, Petrograd) - poet. A.A. Block. Russian writers of the 20th century about their native nature. Creative work. Landscape lyrics. Artistic and expressive means. S.A. Yesenin. The boy's grandmother knew many songs, fairy tales and ditties.
There are a total of 13 presentations in the topic
The word "romanticism" is sometimes used as a synonym for the concept of "romance". For example, when talking about youthful romanticism, they mean a tendency towards an idealistic, optimistic outlook on life, activity life position. Here we will talk about the second, cultural and literary meaning of the term “romanticism”.
Romanticism- last " big style"in the history of art, that is last direction, who has demonstrated himself in all areas of spiritual activity and artistic creativity: V fine arts, music, literature. Its emergence was preceded by two centuries of the unconditional dominance of rationalism in art. The literary embodiment of rationalism is classicism; it has accumulated significant aesthetic fatigue, and the external event that accelerated the change of literary eras was the French Revolution. Romanticism is a reaction to the rationalism of the Enlightenment, but it does not reject classicism recklessly, out of a single spirit of contradiction. The relationship between romantics and educators is a relationship between different generations in a family, when children refute the values of their fathers, without themselves realizing to what extent they are a product of their father’s upbringing.
Romanticism - highest point in the development of humanistic art, begun during the Renaissance, when man was proclaimed the measure of all things. The youth before whose eyes the drama unfolded French Revolution, experienced all its ups and downs, oscillating between delight, enthusiasm for the fall of the monarchy and horror at the execution of King Louis XVI and the Jacobin Terror. The revolution showed the utopianism of the Enlightenment ideal of reason as a natural basis human existence, exposed the unpredictability of history. Contemporaries recoiled from its violent methods, from the magnificent demagoguery of the leaders of the revolution, from France, which under Napoleon turned into an enslaver of peoples. Disappointment with the results of the French Revolution called into question the ideology of the Enlightenment that gave rise to it, and in the art of the post-revolutionary era - in romanticism - there was a complete change in ideological and aesthetic guidelines.
To replace the materialism and rationalism of the Enlightenment as philosophical basis creativity comes subjective idealism; socio-political issues, which occupied a central place in educational literature, are replaced by interest in the individual, taken outside the system public relations, because this traditional system collapsed, and on its ruins the outlines of a new, capitalist system only began to appear.
For romantics, the world is a mystery, a riddle, which can only be understood by the revelation of art. Fantasy, banished by the Enlightenment, returns to romantic literature, and the fantastic among the romantics embodies the idea of the fundamental unknowability of the world. They experience the world of romance like children - with all their senses, through play, they look at it through the prism of the heart, through the prism of the subjective emotions of the individual, and this perceiving consciousness is equal to everything else. to the outside world. Romantics exalt the individual and put him on a pedestal.
A romantic hero is always an exceptional nature, unlike the people around him; he is proud of his exclusivity, although it becomes the cause of his misfortunes, his incomprehensibility. The romantic hero challenges the world around him; he is in conflict not with individual people, not with socio-historical circumstances, but with the world as a whole, with the entire universe. Since a single personality is equal in size to the whole world, it must be as large-scale and complex as the whole world. Romantics therefore focus on depicting the spiritual, psychological life heroes, and inner world The romantic hero is entirely composed of contradictions. Romantic consciousness, in rebellion against everyday life, rushes to extremes: some heroes of romantic works strive for spiritual heights, becoming like the creator himself in their search for perfection, others in despair indulge in evil, not knowing the extent of the depth of moral decline. Some romantics look for an ideal in the past, especially in the Middle Ages, when direct religious feeling was still alive, others - in the utopias of the future. One way or another, the starting point of romantic consciousness is the rejection of dull bourgeois modernity, the affirmation of the place of art not just as entertainment, relaxation after working day dedicated to making money, but as an urgent spiritual need of man and society. The protest of the romantics against the self-interest of the “Iron Age” is expressed in the poem by E. A. Baratynsky “The Last Poet” (1835):
The age moves on its iron path, There is self-interest in the hearts, and the common dream is hour by hour more clearly and shamelessly occupied with the urgent and useful. In the light of enlightenment, Poetry's childhood dreams have disappeared, And generations are not concerned about it, Devoted to industrial concerns.
That's why the favorite hero romantic literature becomes an artist in in a broad sense words - writer, poet, painter and especially musician, because music, which directly affects the soul, was considered by the romantics to be the highest of the arts. Romanticism gave rise to new ideas about the tasks and forms of existence of literature, which we generally adhere to to this day. In terms of content, art henceforth becomes a rebellion against alienation and the transformation of a person, great in his calling, into a private individual. For the romantics, art became the prototype of creative work and pleasure, and the artist and the image of the romantic hero became the prototype of that integral, harmonious person who has no limit either on earth or in space. Romantic “escape from reality,” escape into the world of dreams, the world of the ideal, is the return to man of the consciousness of that true fullness of being, that calling that was taken from him by bourgeois society.
The most important achievements of romanticism were the discovery of the categories of historicism and nationality, as well as the development of the theory of romantic irony by the German theorist Friedrich Schlegel (1775-1854). He was a member of the earliest circle of German romantics - the Jena School, and his main work— “Fragments” (1797-1798). Here Schlegel expresses the idea that the era of a completely new art has arrived, which will not be aimed at repeating the ideal of antiquity, not at achieving perfection, but the meaning of its existence will lie in continuous search, in development: “Romantic poetry can never be completed, it is always in the making." For the first time, the criterion of perfection for Schlegel is not the degree of approximation to ancient models, but the degree of intensity of creation, not beauty, but aesthetic energy. Schlegel put forward the idea of universal art as the only perfect instrument for cognition and transformation of the world; he considered the artist to be the deputy of God, the creator on earth. But already the early romantics understood that such a high idea of art and the artist is utopian, that the artist is essentially just a person, and therefore any of his judgments are relative, and not absolute. The category of romantic irony is an awareness of the contradiction between romantic ideal and reality.
According to Friedrich Schlegel, romantic irony is the highest of liberties, the extreme degree of freedom, a captivating series of contradictions, a skillfully organized disorder. The artist must take an ironic position not only in relation to the world, but in relation to himself, to his creative process and to his work. That is, in the category of romantic irony, the artist voluntarily and openly admits his powerlessness in realizing the ideal. The difference between romantic irony and traditional irony is that in irony the artist makes fun of what lies outside him, and in romantic irony he makes fun of himself. In this category, a romantic break with reality takes revenge, romantic irony arises from the inability to solve the world's riddle, from the recognition of the limits of the embodiment of the ideal, from the emphasis on playful nature artistic creativity. Romantic irony turned out to be the most important discovery of romantic aesthetics.
The development of romanticism in different national literatures followed different paths. It depended on the cultural situation in specific countries, and not always those writers who were preferred by readers at home turned out to be significant on a pan-European scale. Yes, in history English literature Romanticism is embodied primarily by the Lake School poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, but for European romanticism the most important figure among English romantics there was Byron.
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Romantic hero- one of artistic images literature of romanticism. Romantic - exceptional and often mysterious person, which usually resides in exceptional circumstances. Collision external events transferred to the inner world of the hero, in whose soul there is a struggle of contradictions. As a result of this reproduction of character, romanticism extremely highly raised the value of the individual, inexhaustible in its spiritual depths, revealing its unique inner world. Man in romantic works also embodied with the help of contrast, antithesis: on the one hand, he is the crown of creation, and on the other, a weak-willed toy in the hands of fate, forces unknown and beyond his control. Therefore, he often turns into a victim of his own passions. The romantic hero is lonely. Either he himself is running away from a familiar, comfortable world for others, which seems to him like a prison. Or he is an exile, a criminal. He is driven on a dangerous path by a reluctance to be like everyone else, a thirst for a storm. Freedom for the Romantic Hero more valuable than life. To achieve this, he is capable of anything if he feels inner rightness. A romantic hero is an integral personality; one can always identify a leading character trait in him.
Romanticism as a movement in literature and art began to take shape at the end of the 18th century as a result of the crisis of the ideas of rationalism that dominated the Enlightenment. Unlike the rationalists, the romantics appealed not to reason, but to feelings, giving priority to the personal over the social, the ordinary over the unusual, and often the supernatural. Romantics placed the individual, her aspirations and experiences at the center of attention. It should be noted that the romantics introduced into literature the image of a person endowed with extraordinary abilities and strong passions, misunderstood and persecuted by society. The hero of romanticism, as a rule, defiantly opposes himself to other people, the crowd, and often challenges more powerful forces, even God. The adventures of the romantic hero unfold against a background that is quite consistent with his originality: this or an exotic landscape distant countries, or sinister ancient castle, or fantastic circumstances.
Byron's heroes are romantics, an example is Conrad from the poem "The Corsair". The name itself speaks about the occupation of the main character of the work: Conrad is a pirate, a sea robber. He is a pirate acting at his own peril and risk. the first correspondence with the canons of romanticism: the hero of the work is an outcast, an outlaw. We may have different attitudes to the poeticization of the image of a sea robber, but we should remember that it is precisely such individuals, who have broken with society, challenging it with all their behavior, that are the object of attention of a romantic writer who is absolutely not interested in the righteous life of the average person. In addition, the hero of Byron's poem is by no means some bandit ready to cut his throat for a couple of gold coins. Severe discipline reigns in Conrad's squad; he himself not only does not drink wine, but is also unshakably faithful to his only beloved. In relation to women, Conrad is generally a true knight: during a raid on the pasha's palace, he saves the wives of his enemy from a burning building. This is the image of a “noble robber”. It should be noted that such heroes are found in the legends of many nations. a few more characteristic features romanticism: the hero of the poem is an exceptional person in his organizational, ethical and ethical qualities. In addition, a certain rapprochement with the legendary " noble robbers"is also a feature of romanticism - an appeal to folklore traditions and myths are not uncommon for romantic writers. The scene is a picturesque island. corsair fights with Muslim warriors in the background oriental nature and magnificent palaces. The poem ends suddenly: we don’t know where Byron’s hero will go, how his further fate, And this is also in the tradition of romanticism.
Emily Brontë - "Wuthering Heights"- not just a golden classic of world literature, but a novel that revolutionized ideas about romantic prose. a story of stormy, passionate, tragic love Heathcliff and Catty are still interesting. Heathcliff is a rebel, rising against the established order, against hypocritical morality, against God and religion, against evil and injustice. Heathcliff and Catherine could only be happy until money, prejudices, and conventions came between them. However, nothing could kill their love, their passionate attraction to each other. About the heroes of Wuthering Heights, W. Pater wrote: “These figures, filled with such passions, but woven against the backdrop of the discreet beauty of the heather expanses, are typical examples of the spirit of romanticism.”
In English poetry of the Renaissance, lyrical heroes are remarkable and colorful. In Wordsworth's cycle of "Sonnets on Liberty", in particular in the sonnet "London, 1802" lyrical hero says that England needs people like Milton, the poet asks Milton to give his contemporaries strength, valor and freedom. The titanic figure of Milton is opposed to the petty, selfish people of our time.
Coleridge's romantic art is characterized by the unfinished poem "Christabel". Medieval castle, moonlit night, the striking of the clock, an incident full of mystery - this is the background against which the contradictory feelings and experiences of the heroes are revealed - the old Baron Leolain, his daughter Christabel, Geraldine. The plot of the poem ends at the beginning of the action, but already in the very beginning the tragic loneliness of Christabel is revealed, faced with the cruel inconstancy of the people around her.