Finno-Ugrians, their place in the history of the Russian nation and the Russian state is an academic question. However, in the last twenty years, at the level of the yellow press, the question of Finns and Ugrians began to discuss the delitants. I do not consider myself an expert in anthropology, but I am able to identify the main problematic junctions that do not allow Ukrainians and Russians to find common language and stick to the thread of the discussion.
The main problems in the issue of the history of the Finno-Ugric peoples, standing on the way to mutual understanding, are the following
Low level of education in the Internet era. Unfortunately, the majority of people do not strive for knowledge of academic ( scientific) parts of the question Slavs (including their appearance, jewelry, myths, tales, religion and culture) in the history of Russia. Unfortunately, reading academic literature is difficult because of the way the material is presented. And so it is! Read the yellow press on the topic " Slavs"(or similar) with loud anti-Ukrainian phrases and extreme statements is very simple and, most importantly, remembered easily and quickly! Unfortunately! Moreover, having access to the Internet does not help solve the issue, but on the contrary, it complicates it. Exciting prospects for "shut up “the opponent’s mouth on the forum and mixing everything into one pile outweighs common sense and - one’s own mythology and zombification about the Finno-Ugric people began... 
Reluctance of the authorities to meet people halfway. The Russian authorities have this position Russian citizens extremely profitable: no expenses on the part of Russia for the publication and promotion of academic literature; publish yellow press not at the expense of the state, naturally, and it spreads like lightning. Lots of literature on the topic Finno-Ugrians(and not only) was published back in the last century and the century before last, and today new-fangled smart people haven’t come up with anything new on this issue, but rebroadcast those old sources, without even bothering to review them for refutations. In addition, it is much easier to control stupid and embittered people - point your finger and say: “Fass!”
As a result, the following problem emerges: looking for himself and can't find him(or afraid). However, Karamzin had already “found” Russia at one time. Since then that Karamzin’s story influenced to some extent another Russian historian, Klyuchevsky. This is how it has happened since then - the main advantageous provisions history Russian state Karamzin from one textbook to another, forgetting about the population and equating it with the state, which is extremely incorrect! In fact, Karamzin’s story became the first custom-made political version of Russian history, after which history moved from the plane of science to the plane of politics. It is possible that in Russia no one had studied history as a science before Karamzin. Otherwise, Karamzin would not have had to write it to the Tsar’s order.
What can help in resolving the issue of the Finno-Ugric peoples?
Separate the issues of language and DNA. It turns out that according to DNA (roots, clan), the population of Russia really consisted mostly of Finno-Ugric peoples ( read below). However, who said that Finno-Ugric people cannot master the Slavic language and, being essentially Finno-Ugric people, speak Russian and beat themselves in the chest with their fists?
Having read all sorts of things about the Ukrainians from the times of Tsar Gorokh, the Russians, for some reason, accuse the Ukrainians of dislike for the Finno-Ugric people. We (Ukrainians) do not show dislike towards the Finno-Ugrians. We oppose the fact that the Russians themselves show dislike for the Finno-Ugrians, trying to disown kinship with them. As a result, the Russians are trying renounce a large part of yourself, and fill in this part, which is not relevant. I'm not saying that the Russians don't have nothing to do with, but the Russians pose the question this way that we (Ukrainians) remain out of work. As a result, the Russians themselves, with their behavior and lack of education, cause negativity on the part of Ukrainians, calling them names. Guys, Ukrainians by definition cannot! The question is, why do Russians disown their part of the Finno-Ugric heritage???
Lack of information gives rise to rumors and fabrications. In question with Finno-Ugric heritage on Russian territory the situation is similar. actively opposes filling in the blank spots in their Finno-Ugric history and this “forces” the Ukrainians (giving every reason and reason) to fill in these blank spots for the Russians, while stating, of course, your vision of the issue. But for all this responsibility The Russians themselves bear it - don’t be silent! Actively analyze yourself (and don’t invent) and thereby you will deprive your opponents of arguments. Who's stopping?
Additional information on the Finno-Ugric topic...
According to a successful comparison by academician Orest Borisovich Tkachenko, world famous Meryanist (a discipline in Finno-Ugric studies that deals with the study of the Meri people): " The Russian people, connected on the maternal side to the Slavic ancestral home, had a Finn as their father. On the paternal side, Russians go back to the Finno-Ugric peoples". This explanation makes clear many cultural facts in the life and development of the Russian nation. In the end, both Muscovite Rus' and Novgorod developed precisely on the lands inhabited by the Finno-Ugric tribes Chud, Meri and Meshchera, as well as on the Mordovian, Vepsian, Vodian-Izhora , Karelian and Permian territories.
The Slavs did not assimilate the Finnish tribes A. This Finno-Ugrians adapted to new language and accepted part of the Byzantine spiritual culture. Therefore, Russians have a choice. Realize your roots in this land, discern in your ancestors not only and not so much Slavs, feel that culture Russian people based on Finno-Ugric basis.
Who are the Finno-Ugrians (literature on the topic)
Finno-Ugrians- an ethno-linguistic community of peoples numbering more than 20 million people. All Finno-Ugric peoples are indigenous to their territories. Ancestors of the Finno-Ugric peoples lived in Eastern Europe and in the Urals since Neolithic times (new Stone Age). From Baltic Sea to Western Siberia, from the forest-steppes of the Russian Plain to the coast of the Arctic Ocean - primordial Finno-Ugric lands and the Samoyed peoples close to them.
Linguistically Finno-Ugrians are divided into several subgroups. The Permo-Finnish subgroup consists of the Komi, Udmurts and Besermyans. Volga-Finnish group: Mordovians (Erzyans and Mokshans) and Mari. The Baltic Finns include: Finns, Ingrian Finns, Estonians, Setos, Kvens in Norway, the mysterious Vod, Izhorians, Karelians, Vepsians and descendants of the Meri. The Khanty, Mansi and Hungarians belong to a separate Ugric group. The descendants of the medieval Meshchera and Murom most likely belong to the Volga Finns.
Anthropologically Finno-Ugric peoples heterogeneous. Some scientists highlight a special Ural race, transitional between Caucasians and Mongoloids. All peoples of the Finno-Ugric group have both Caucasoid and Mongoloid characteristics. The Ob Ugrians (Khanty and Mansi), part of the Mari, and the Mordovians have more pronounced Mongoloid features. For the rest, these traits are either equally distributed, or the Caucasoid component dominates. But this is not in favor Indo-European origin Finno-Ugric peoples, Indo-European anthropological features should be distinguished from the linguistic Indo-European community.
Finno-Ugrians all over the world are united by a common material and spiritual culture. All true Finno-Ugric people live in harmony with nature, with the world around them and with neighboring peoples. Only the Finno-Ugric peoples, even at the beginning of the third millennium, retained the most in full traditional culture, including, paradoxically, Russian culture. However, this paradox can be explained. Unlike many peoples, Finno-Ugric people try to preserve as many customs and traditions as possible in their culture, including (perhaps in Russia this explains the rather large number of preserved ancient traditions and elements from the times of Rus').
The Karelian-Finnish epic "Kalevala" was preserved for history by the White Sea Karelians, and not by the urbanized Finns; almost all Russians ancient tales, epics and legends (epic folklore is the most ancient of all forms of oral folk culture) were recorded by ethnographers at the end of the 19th century in the areas inhabited by Karelians, Vepsians and descendants of Finno-Ugric peoples in the Arkhangelsk province. Most of the ancient Russian monuments wooden architecture we inherited from the Finno-Ugric lands. Several years ago, the epic of the Erzya people “Mastorava” was recorded and restored, which in itself is unique.
The spiritual life of the Finno-Ugric people is impossible without folk beliefs. Even peoples who were baptized long ago retained a huge layer of culture associated with pre-Christian beliefs. And some, like the Mari, still adhere mainly to the traditional faith. These beliefs should not be confused with paganism. The Mari, Erzyans, part of the Udmurts, and the Ob Ugrians have national religions.
Finno-Ugric question– this is without a doubt a Russian question. The question of ethnic identification of the Great Russian ethnos. In all the territories of the Russian Plain, where Russians now live, Finno-Ugric peoples used to live. Big problem what was the nature of Slavic colonization. After all, Russians preserve the same material and spiritual traditional culture precisely with the Finno-Ugric peoples, and not with the southern Slavs or Turks. Psychological characteristics population, its national character, especially in the north, northwest and northeast of the European part of Russia (the most indigenous part of Russia), Russians and Finno-Ugric peoples also have common ones.
I hope that the information presented above on the topic of Finno-Ugric peoples and Russia will help to find problem areas in the history of Russia and understand in which direction the history of Russia itself should be built, putting politics aside.
Also on topic:
- Crisis of national and ethnic identity as a diagnosis
- Fables about right and wrong nations. The Birth of Nations.
- Nationality: how to mean the nationality of a person (child) in our time
- Turning points in the formation of the Ukrainian nation: traditions, Ivan Franko
- Sheet to the Youth of Ivan Frank "The Sheet to the Galician Ukrainian Youth"
- Life of the nation. Vykoristanny of toponyms Rus', Muscovy, Ukraine, Russia
- Russian and Ukrainian historiography. Politics and history as science - how to tease out?
- The right of nations to self-determination. Bashkir experience in the Russian Federation
- A real state-forming nation has been formed in Ukraine and there is no place in it for the voters of Crimea and Donbass
- Development strategy of Ukraine - why is there no state development strategy in Ukraine?
- Russian friendship and its longevity as a kind of commercial project
- Finno-Ugric people and Russian culture. Finno-Ugrians are in the blood of Russians
- Russia is rewriting the history of neighboring peoples and states - why?
- Inheritance Birulevo - guest worker in Russia - support of Russia
- In Sochi, workers are not paid wages for three months - evidence from Roman Kuznetsov
- Unrest in Biryulyovo - redistribution of the land market and political raiding against the vegetable supply
The Komi language is part of the Finno-Ugric language family, and with the closest Udmurt language it forms the Perm group of Finno-Ugric languages. In total, the Finno-Ugric family includes 16 languages, which in ancient times developed from a single base language: Hungarian, Mansi, Khanty (Ugric group of languages); Komi, Udmurt (Perm group); Mari, Mordovian languages - Erzya and Moksha: Baltic and Finnish languages - Finnish, Karelian, Izhorian, Vepsian, Votic, Estonian, Livonian languages. A special place in the Finno-Ugric family of languages is occupied by the Sami language, which is very different from other related languages.
Finno-Ugric languages and Samoyed languages form the Uralic family of languages. The Samodian languages include Nenets, Enets, Nganasan, Selkup, and Kamasin languages. Peoples speaking Samoyed languages live in Western Siberia, except for the Nenets, who also live in northern Europe.
The question of the ancestor of the ancient Finno-Ugric peoples has long been of interest to scientists. They searched for the ancient ancestral home in the Altai region, on the upper reaches of the Ob, Irtysh and Yenisei, and on the shores of the Arctic Ocean. Modern scientists, based on studying the vocabulary of the flora of the Finno-Ugric languages, have come to the conclusion that the ancestral homeland of the Finno-Ugric peoples was located in the Volga-Kama region on both sides of the Ural Mountains. Then the Finno-Ugric tribes and languages separated, became isolated, and the ancestors of the current Finno-Ugric peoples left their ancient homeland. The first chronicle mentions of the Finno-Ugric peoples already find these peoples in the places of their current residence.
Hungariansmore than a thousand years ago they moved to the territory surrounded by the Carpathians. The self-name of the Hungarians Modyor has been known since the 5th century. n. e. Writing in the Hungarian language appeared at the end of the 12th century, and the Hungarians have a rich literature. Total number There are about 17 million Hungarians. In addition to Hungary, they live in Czechoslovakia, Romania, Austria, Ukraine, Yugoslavia.
Mansi (Voguls)live in the Khanty-Mansiysk district of the Tyumen region. In Russian chronicles, they, together with the Khanty, were called Yugra. The Mansi use a written language based on Russian graphics and have their own schools. The total number of Mansi is over 7,000 people, but only half of them consider Mansi their native language.
Khanty (Ostyaks)live on the Yamal Peninsula, lower and middle Ob. Writing in the Khanty language appeared in the 30s of our century, but the dialects of the Khanty language are so different that communication between representatives of different dialects is often difficult. Many lexical borrowings from the Komi language have penetrated into the Khanty and Mansi languages. The total number of Khanty people is 21,000. The traditional occupation of the Ob Ugrians is reindeer herding, hunting, and fishing.
Udmurtsleast advanced from the territory of the Finno-Ugric ancestral home; they live on the lower reaches of the Kama and Vyatka rivers, in addition to the Udmurt Republic, they live in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Mari El, and the Vyatka region. There were 713,696 Udmurts in 1989; writing arose in the 18th century. The capital of Udmurtia is Izhevsk.
Marilive on the territory of the Volga left bank. About half of the Mari live in the Republic of Mari El, the rest live in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan and Udmurtia. Writing in the Mari language arose in the 18th century; there are two variants of the literary language - meadow and mountain, they have the main difference in phonetics. The total number of Mari is 621,961 people (1989). The capital of Mari El is Yoshkar-Ola.
Among the Finno-Ugric peoples, it ranks 3rd in numberMordovians. There are more than 1,200 thousand people, but the Mordovians live very widely and fragmented. Their more compact groups can be found in the basins of the Moksha and Sura rivers (Mordovia), in the Penza, Samara, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk, Nizhny Novgorod regions. There are two closely related Mordovian languages, Erzya and Moksha, but the speakers of these languages communicate with each other in Russian. Writing in the Mordovian languages appeared in the 19th century. The capital of Mordovia is Saransk.
Baltic-Finnish languages and peoples are so close that speakers of these languages can communicate with each other without an interpreter. Among the languages of the Baltic-Finnish group, the most widespread isFinnish, it is spoken by about 5 million people, the self-name of the Finnssuomi. In addition to Finland, Finns also live in Leningrad region Russia. Writing arose in the 16th century, and in 1870 the period of the modern Finnish language began. The epic "Kalevala" is written in Finnish, and a rich original literature has been created. About 77 thousand Finns live in Russia.
Estonianslive on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, the number of Estonians in 1989 was 1,027,255 people. Writing existed from the 16th century to the 19th century. Two literary languages developed: southern and northern Estonian. In the 19th century these literary languages became closer based on the Central Estonian dialects.
Karelianslive in Karelia and the Tver region of Russia. There are 138,429 Karelians (1989), a little more than half speak their native language. The Karelian language consists of many dialects. In Karelia, Karelians study and use the Finnish literary language. The most ancient monuments of Karelian writing date back to the 13th century; in Finno-Ugric languages, this is the second oldest written language (after Hungarian).
IzhoraThe language is unwritten and is spoken by about 1,500 people. Izhorians live on the southeastern coast of the Gulf of Finland, on the river. Izhora, a tributary of the Neva. Although the Izhorians call themselves Karelians, in science it is customary to distinguish an independent Izhorian language.
Vepsianslive on the territory of three administrative-territorial units: Vologda, Leningrad regions of Russia, Karelia. In the 30s there were about 30,000 Vepsians, in 1970 there were 8,300 people. Due to the strong influence of the Russian language, the Vepsian language is noticeably different from other Baltic-Finnish languages.
Vodskythe language is on the verge of extinction, because there are no more than 30 people who speak this language. Vod lives in several villages located between the northeastern part of Estonia and the Leningrad region. The Votic language is unwritten.
Livslive in several seaside fishing villages in northern Latvia. Their number has sharply decreased over the course of history due to the devastation during World War II. Now the number of Livonian speakers is only about 150 people. Writing has been developing since the 19th century, but currently the Livonians are switching to the Latvian language.
Samithe language forms a separate group of Finno-Ugric languages, since there are many specific features in its grammar and vocabulary. The Sami live in the northern regions of Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. There are only about 40 thousand people, including about 2000 in Russia. The Sami language has much in common with the Baltic-Finnish languages. Sami writing develops on the basis of different dialects in Latin and Russian graphic systems.
Modern Finno-Ugric languages have diverged so much from each other that at first glance they seem completely unrelated to each other. However, a deeper study of sound composition, grammar and vocabulary shows that these languages have many common features, which prove the former single origin of the Finno-Ugric languages from one ancient proto-language.
ABOUT THE CONCEPT OF "KOMI LANGUAGE"
Traditionally, the Komi language refers to all three Komi dialects: Komi-Zyryan, Komi-Permyak and Komi-Yazvinsky. Many foreign Finno-Ugric scholars do not distinguish between the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak languages separately. However, in Soviet ethnography, two ethnic groups are distinguished - Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks, and in linguistics, accordingly, two languages. Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks communicate freely among themselves in their own languages, without resorting to Russian. Thus, the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak literary languages are very close.
This closeness is clearly visible when comparing the following two sentences:
1) Komi-Zyryan literary language -Ruch vidzodlis gogorbok and ydzhyd koz vylys addzis uros, kodi tov kezhlo dastis tshak .
2) Komi-Permyak literary language -Ruch vidzotis gogor and ydzhyt koz yilis kazyalis urokos, koda tov kezho zaptis tshakkez .
“The fox looked around and at the top of a tall spruce saw a squirrel who was storing mushrooms for the winter.”.
Studying the Komi-Zyryan literary language, in principle, makes it possible to read everything written in the Komi-Permyak literary language, as well as freely communicate with the Komi-Permyaks.
LOCATION AND NUMBER OF KOMI
A special ethnographic group of Komi are the Komi-Yazvintsy, whose language is very different from the modern Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak dialects. Komi-Yazvintsy live in the Krasnovishersky district Perm region along the middle and upper reaches of the river. Yazva, the left tributary of the river. Vishera, flowing into the Kama. Their total number is about 4,000 people, but currently there is a rapid Russification of the Komi-Yazvintsy.
In the Afanasyevsky district of the Kirov region live the so-called “Zyuzda” Komi, whose dialect stands, as it were, between the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak dialects. In the 50s, there were over 5,000 people from Zyuzda, but then their numbers began to decrease.
Komi-Zyryanslive in the Komi Republic in the basins of the Luza, Vychegda and its tributaries Sysola, Vym, in the basins of the Izhma and Pechora rivers, which flow into the White Sea. Mezen and its tributary Vashka. Accordingly, they are divided by rivers ethnographic groups Komi - Luzsky Komi, Sysolsky, Vychegda, Vymsky, Udorsky, Izhemsky, Verkhne-Pechora Komi, etc. About 10% of the Komi-Zyryans live outside the republic: in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug of the Arkhangelsk region, in the north of the Tyumen region, in many villages of the lower Ob and along its tributaries, on the Kola Peninsula in the Murmansk region in Omsk, Novosibirsk and other regions of Siberia.
Komi-PermyaksThey live in isolation from the Komi-Zyryans, to the south, in the Perm region, in the Upper Kama region, on its tributaries Kose and Inve. The capital of the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Region is the city of Kudymkar.
The total number of the Komi population (Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks), according to population censuses, was constantly increasing: 1897 - 254,000; 1970 - 475,000; 1926 - 364,000; 1979 - 478,000; 1959 - 431,000; 1989 - 497,081.
Demographers have noticed a trend of sharp decline in Komi population growth in last decades. If for 1959-1970. the increase was 44,000 people, then in 1970-1979. - only 3,000 people. As of 1979 in the USSR there were 326,700 Komi-Zyryans and 150,768 Komi-Permyaks. There were 280,797 Komi-Zyryans living in the Komi SSR, which amounted to 25.3% of the republic’s population.
In 1989, among the population of the Komi SSR, Komi made up 23%. According to the 1989 census, 345,007 Komi-Zyryans and 152,074 Komi-Permyaks lived in the USSR. However, the number of people who speak the Komi language is decreasing. Thus, in 1970, 82.7% of Komi-Zyryans and 85.8% of Komi-Permyaks called the Komi language their native language. In 1979, 76.2% of Komi-Zyryans and 77.1% of Komi-Permyaks named the Komi language as their native language. Over 10 years, the Komi language community has decreased by 33,000 people. The number of Komi language speakers continues to decline. According to the 1989 population census, among all the Komi in the USSR, 70% called the Komi language their native language, i.e. now every third Komi no longer speaks their mother’s language.
From the book "KOMI KYV: Self-teacher of the Komi language" E. A. Tsypanov 1992 (Syktyvkar, Komi book publishing house)
1. Title
The Finno-Ugric people were an autochthonous population between the Oka and Volga rivers; their tribes, the Estonians, All, Merya, Mordovians, and Cheremis, were part of the Gothic kingdom of Germanaric in the 4th century. The chronicler Nestor in the Ipatiev Chronicle indicates about twenty tribes of the Ural group (Ugric Finians): Chud, Livs, Vodi, Yam (Ӕm), all (also Severo ѿ of them on Belya ѡzerѣ sѣdѧt Vѣs), Karelians, Yugra, caves, Samoyeds, Permyaks (Perm ), Cheremis, casting, Zimgola, Cors, Norom, Mordovians, Meria (and on the Rostov ѡzere, and on the tick -blessed and ѡzer - the same), Murom (and ѡ ѡ ѡ ѡ ѡ ѡ ѡ ѡ ѡ ѡ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕs The Muscovites called all local tribes Chud from the indigenous Chud, and accompanied this name with irony, explaining it through the Muscovite weird, weird, strange. Now these peoples have been completely assimilated by the Russians, they have disappeared from the ethnic map of modern Russia forever, adding to the number of Russians and leaving only a wide range of their ethnic geographical names.
These are all the names of rivers from ending-wa: Moscow, Protva, Kosva, Silva, Sosva, Izva, etc. The Kama River has about 20 tributaries, the names of which end in na-va, means "water" in Finnish. From the very beginning, the Muscovite tribes felt their superiority over the local Finno-Ugric peoples. However, Finno-Ugric place names are found not only where these peoples today make up a significant part of the population, form autonomous republics and national districts. Their distribution area is much larger, for example, Moscow.
According to archaeological data, the settlement area of the Chud tribes in Eastern Europe remained unchanged for 2 thousand years. Beginning in the 9th century, the Finno-Ugric tribes of the European part of what is now Russia were gradually assimilated by Slavic colonists who came from Kievan Rus. This process formed the basis for the formation of modern Russian nation.
The Finno-Ugric tribes belong to the Ural-Altai group and a thousand years ago they were close to the Pechenegs, Cumans and Khazars, but were at a significantly lower level of social development than the others; in fact, the ancestors of the Russians were the same Pechenegs, only forest ones. At that time, these were the primitive and culturally most backward tribes of Europe. Not only in the distant past, but even at the turn of the 1st and 2nd millennia they were cannibals. The Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BC) called them androphages (eaters of people), and the chronicler Nestor, already during the period of the Russian state, called Samoyeds (Samoyed) .
Finno-Ugric tribes of a primitive gathering-hunting culture were the ancestors of the Russians. Scientists claim that the Moscow people received the greatest admixture of the Mongoloid race through the assimilation of the Finno-Ugric people, who came to Europe from Asia and partially absorbed the Caucasoid admixture even before the arrival of the Slavs. A mixture of Finno-Ugric, Mongolian and Tatar ethnic components contributed to the ethnogenesis of the Russians, which was formed with the participation of the Slavic tribes of the Radimichi and Vyatichi. Due to ethnic mixing with the Ugrofinans, and later with the Tatars and partly with the Mongols, Russians have anthropological type, different from Kiev-Russian (Ukrainian). The Ukrainian diaspora jokes about this: “The eyes are narrow, the nose is plus - completely Russian.” Influenced by Finno-Ugric language environment the Russian phonetic system was formed (akanye, gekanyya, ticking). Today, “Ural” features are inherent to one degree or another in all the peoples of Russia: average height, wide face, a nose called “snub-nosed”, a sparse beard. The Mari and Udmurts often have eyes with the so-called Mongolian fold - epicanthus; they have very wide cheekbones and a thin beard. But at the same time she has blond and red hair, blue and gray eyes. The Mongolian fold is sometimes found among Estonians and Karelians. Komi are different: in those places where there are mixed marriages with adults, they are dark-haired and slanted, others are more reminiscent of Scandinavians, but with a slightly wider face.
According to the research of Meryanist Orest Tkachenko, “In the Russian people, connected on the maternal side with the Slavic ancestral home, the father was a Finn. On the paternal side, Russians descended from the Finno-Ugric peoples.” It should be noted that according to modern research halotypes of the Y-chromosome, in fact the situation was the opposite - Slavic men married women of the local Finno-Ugric population. According to Mikhail Pokrovsky, Russians are an ethnic mixture, in which Finns belong to 4/5, and Slavs -1/5. Remnants of Finno-Ugric culture in Russian culture can be traced in such features that are not found among other Slavic peoples: women's kokoshnik and sundress , men's shirt-shirt, bast shoes (bast shoes) in national costume, dumplings in dishes, style of folk architecture (tent buildings, porch), Russian bathhouse, sacred animal - bear, 5-tone singing scale, a-touch and vowel reduction, paired words like stitches-paths, arms-legs, alive and well, so-and-so, turnover I have(instead of I, characteristic of other Slavs) a fairytale beginning “once upon a time,” the absence of a rusal cycle, carols, the cult of Perun, the presence of a cult of birch rather than oak.
Not everyone knows that there is nothing Slavic in the surnames of Shukshin, Vedenyapin, Piyashev, but they come from the name of the Shuksha tribe, the name of the war goddess Vedeno Ala, and the pre-Christian name Piyash. Thus, a significant part of the Finno-Ugrians was assimilated by the Slavs, and some, having converted to Islam, mixed with the Turks. Therefore, today Ugrofins do not make up the majority of the population even in the republics to which they gave their name. But, having dissolved in the mass of Russians (Rus. Russians), Ugrofins have retained their anthropological type, which is now perceived as typically Russian (Rus. Russian ) .
According to the vast majority of historians, the Finnish tribes had an extremely peaceful and gentle disposition. This is how the Muscovites themselves explain the peaceful nature of colonization, declaring that there were no military clashes, because written sources do not remember anything like that. However, as the same V.O. Klyuchevsky notes, “in the legends of Great Russia, some vague memories of the struggle that broke out in some places survived.”
3. Toponymy
Toponyms of Meryan-Erzyan origin in Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Vologda, Tver, Vladimir, Moscow regions account for 70-80% (Vexa, Voksenga, Elenga, Kovonga, Koloksa, Kukoboy, lekht, Melexa, Nadoxa, Nero (Inero), Nux, Nuksha, Palenga, Peleng, Pelenda, Peksoma, Puzhbol, Pulokhta, Sara, Seleksha, Sonokhta, Tolgobol, otherwise, Sheksheboy, Shekhroma, Shileksha, Shoksha, Shopsha, Yakhrenga, Yakhrobol(Yaroslavl region, 70-80%), Andoba, Vandoga, Vokhma, Vokhtoga, Voroksa, Lynger, Mezenda, Meremsha, Monza, Nerekhta (flicker), Neya, Notelga, Onga, Pechegda, Picherga, Poksha, Pong, Simonga, Sudolga, Toekhta, Urma, Shunga, Yakshanga(Kostroma region, 90-100%), Vazopol, Vichuga, Kineshma, Kistega, Kokhma, Ksty, Landeh, Nodoga, Paks, Palekh, Parsha, Pokshenga, Reshma, Sarokhta, Ukhtoma, Ukhtokhma, Shacha, Shizhegda, Shileksa, Shuya, Yukhma etc. (Ivanovo region), Vokhtoga, Selma, Senga, Solokhta, Sot, Tolshma, Shuya and others. (Vologda region),"" Valdai, Koy, Koksha, Koivushka, Lama, Maksatikha, Palenga, Palenka, Raida, Seliger, Siksha, Syshko, Talalga, Udomlya, Urdoma, Shomushka, Shosha, Yakhroma etc. (Tver region), Arsemaki, Velga, Voininga, Vorsha, Ineksha, Kirzhach, Klyazma, Koloksha, Mstera, Moloksha, Mothra, Nerl, Peksha, Pichegino, Soima, Sudogda, Suzdal, Tumonga, Undol etc. (Vladimir region), Vereya, Vorya, Volgusha, Lama,
If you pay attention to the map of the Russian Federation, you can find in the Volga and Kama basins the names of rivers where the syllables “ga” and “va” occur. This confirms that Finno-Ugric tribes lived here. In their language, such syllables mean “river.” Despite the fact that they had a fairly wide distribution area, many historians still cannot say exactly what their way of life was.
Description of the Finno-Ugric tribes
Since Finno-Ugric tribes lived in a significant part of Russia, their names are very diverse. They can be divided into five main groups:
- Karelians living in the Republic of Karelia. They communicate in several dialects, but the main language is Finnish. They also speak Russian.
- Lapps or Sami living in Northern Scandinavia. Previously, their numbers were much larger, but over time they were pushed to the north, as a result of which poor living conditions began to steadily reduce the numerical composition of the people.
- Mordovians and Mari living on the territory of Mordovia, as well as in many Russian regions. Of all the groups, this is the one that is considered to have quickly Russified; the nationalities immediately adopted the Christian faith and the corresponding language.
- Komi and Udmurts inhabiting the Komi Republic. This group is the most educated; they had no equal in terms of literacy until the revolution.
- Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi, living in the Northern Urals and the lower reaches of the Ob. But initially the banks of the Danube were considered the capital of this nation.
Thus, the Finno-Ugric tribes throughout their history marched in the same ranks with the Russians. This means that their cultures were intertwined, they learned new things from each other.
Where did the Finno-Ugrians come from?
Speaking about where the Finno-Ugric tribes settled, let’s delve into the question of the origin of the nationality. The fact is that their place of residence covers large territories, but there is no exact information about where it all began.
It is believed that they represent the primordial In the IV-III millennium BC. e. They not only occupied Russian territories completely, but also spread to Europe. There are two opinions about why the tribes went West. Firstly, it could be normal migration. Secondly, the possibility of their being pushed back by the conquerors is allowed.
Historians consider the second option more probable, since in the 2nd millennium BC. e. Tribes from Turkey, India, Asia Minor, and so on began to penetrate into Russian territory. However, what we can say for sure is that the Finno-Ugrians played far from last role in the formation of the Slavic people.
Pre-Slavic population
The Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes are considered the indigenous population of the Russian land before the Slavs. They began to develop these territories 6 thousand years ago. Gradually they moved to the west of the Ural Mountains, then to the East European Plain, and then reached the coast of the Baltic Sea. However, the Urals have always been considered the homeland of these peoples.
Unfortunately, most of the Finno-Ugric tribes did not survive until today. Their current numbers are minimal. But what we can say for sure is that the descendants of such a vast and numerous people in the past live throughout the entire planet.
Habitat
The settlement of Finno-Ugric tribes cannot be called unambiguous. This is due to the fact that the process began in but subsequently captured other territories. IN to a greater extent they were attracted to the north and west.
By the 1st millennium, virtually the entire Baltic territory was occupied by Finno-Ugric tribes. The place of settlement is not the only one, as some ethnic groups went towards Northern Scandinavia.
But excavations show that all these peoples had much in common with the Slavs, from farming, religion to appearance. Consequently, although most of the tribes went north, some of them remained on the territory of modern Russia.
First meetings with Russians
IN XVI-XVIII centuries Russian settlers began to rush to the territories where Finno-Ugric tribes lived. The list of military skirmishes was minimal, since for the most part settlement was carried out completely peacefully. Only rarely did the annexation of new lands to the Russian state meet with resistance. The Mari were the most aggressive.
Religion, writing and the language of the Russians quite quickly began to displace the local culture. But also from the Finno-Ugric side, some words and dialects entered the language. For example, part Russian surnames, like Shukshin, Piyasheva and others, have nothing in common with our culture. They go back to the name of the tribe “Shuksha”, and the name “Piyash” is generally pre-Christian. Thus, the combination of two cultures takes place harmoniously, complementing each other.
Colonization
The ancient Finno-Ugric tribes lived over large territories, which was the reason for their displacement. It should be noted that not all of them could defend themselves from armed colonialists. But this did not need to be done, since many lands joined Rus' quickly and without resistance.
However, the places where Finno-Ugric tribes lived attracted not only Russians. The Turks were also interested in expanding their territories. Therefore, part of the people accepted not the Christian, but the Muslim faith.
It should be noted that, despite the fact that the Finno-Ugrians literally dissolved in the cultures that appeared on their lands, they retained their anthropological type. These are blue eyes, blond hair and a wide face. Also, many words were borrowed from their language, for example, tundra or sprat.
Farm
In fact, it is impossible to highlight any features economic activity, which was led by Finno-Ugric tribes. Their occupations were mostly reindeer herding, fishing and hunting. Only some of the tribal subgroups had differences.
For example, the Mari, who had a negative attitude towards joining the Russian state, resisted until the revolution. This had a negative impact on them. They could not trade, and few of them could carry out craft activities. Living in villages and hamlets forced them to earn a living only through cattle breeding and agriculture.
The Komi subgroup, which is distinguished by education, could earn money in a different way. Among them there were many merchants and entrepreneurs, which made it possible to abandon hard work.
Religion
Orthodoxy was the religion of most of the peoples who made up the Finno-Ugric tribes. The religion of some of them differs quite strongly due to the fact that during the colonization of the territories, some were conquered by the Turks. Therefore, individual settlements were forced to turn to Islam and Islam.
But not all Finno-Ugric tribes profess Orthodoxy. The list of nationalities that have turned to other religions is minimal, but it still exists.
The Udmurts adopted Orthodoxy, but this did not become the reason for following Christian traditions. Many of them were baptized only so that the Russian nobility would leave them alone. Their main religion is paganism. They worship deities and spirits. Many of the Komi people retained their former faith and remained Old Believers.
The Khanty and Mansi also did not perceive Christianity as their main religion. They turned to the old faith, and did not even try to hide it; baptism was alien to them. But due to the fact that they lived far from the Russian princes, no one could force them to accept Orthodoxy. Probably for this reason, the old faith remained the only one for the Khanty and Mansi that they knew about. They simply had nothing to compare with.
Writing
Unfortunately, the Finno-Ugric tribes include those groups of people who considered the transmission of written information to be sinful. As a result of this, any literary sources are simply excluded. Transmission of information in written form is prohibited.
However, the use of hieroglyphs was available. It began in the 4th millennium BC. e. and continued until the 14th century. Only then did the Metropolitan of Perm appropriate his own letter to the Komi tribe. It is likely that this is why they became more educated than their blood brothers.
Finno-Ugric tribes, unlike the Slavs, did not have a specific language. Each settlement used its own dialect. Often, within the same nationality, people could not understand each other. This was probably also the reason for the lack of writing.
Literature and languages
All Finno-Ugric tribes, whose names cannot be counted due to their large numbers, spoke their own dialects. Moreover, even one nationality often could not understand its blood neighbor without an interpreter. But, contrary to popular belief, the most common languages have not disappeared.
On the territory of modern Russia, you can find schools where they teach in two languages - Russian and their native language - the one spoken by their ancestors many thousands of years ago. For example, in Mordovia there is a study of Russian and
Before the reign of Peter I modern Russia was not distinguished by forcing the entire population to speak exclusively Russian. It was used only in large cities or large administrative institutions (tax offices and so on). The Russian language penetrated into villages and small settlements gradually; at first, it was used to communicate only with landowners and bailiffs.
The Moksha, Meryan and Mari languages were considered the main literature. Moreover, they were spoken in them even with cab drivers, market traders, and so on. That is, various people involved entrepreneurial activity, it was simply unprofitable not to know the dialects of their clients.
Conclusion
Literature was also enriched by the culture of this people. Finno-Ugrians always buried their dead in oak coffins. They needed to be guarded. The role of guards was taken on by cats, which, according to legend, were inhabited by the soul of a sorcerer or sorcerer of the tribe. Chains were also hung on the oak if it was intended for quick cutting and processing. Accordingly, even such a great Russian classic as Pushkin could not abandon Finno-Ugric culture. And, probably, his learned cat represents none other than a shaman who came from the afterlife.
The people living in the Cheptsa basin (a tributary of the Vyatka) within the Balezinsky, Glazovsky, Yukamensky, Yarsky districts of the Udmurt Republic, as well as in the adjacent regions of the Kirov region of the Russian Federation. The Besermyan language is a dialect of the Udmurt language.