What does the pseudonym of the poet Ivan homeless mean? Literature lesson based on M. Bulgakov's novel "What kind of house did Ivan Bezdomny find?"

Ivan Bezdomny (aka Ivan Nikolaevich Ponyrev) is a character in the novel “The Master and Margarita”, a poet who in the epilogue becomes a professor at the Institute of History and Philosophy. One of the prototypes of I.B. was the poet Alexander Ilyich Bezymensky (), whose pseudonym, which became a surname, was parodied in the pseudonym Bezdomny. The 1929 edition of The Master and Margarita mentioned the monument " famous poet Alexander Ivanovich Zhitomirsky, who was poisoned by sturgeon in 1933,” and the monument was located opposite the Griboyedov House. Considering that Bezymensky was from Zhitomir, the hint here was even more transparent than in the final text, where the Komsomol poet remained associated only with the image of I. B.

Having become a disciple of Yeshua, Levi threw money towards the journey, and Bezdomny refused the privilege of being a member of the writers' union. The meaning of the metamorphosis of both is obvious: the truth is not closed to anyone who has the courage to seek it. But just as the Master turned out to be less persistent than Yeshua, so the Master’s student Ivan Bezdomny is “weaker” than Levi Matvey and cannot be considered a true successor of the work of his teacher (as, indeed, is Levi Matvey). Ivan Bezdomny did not write a continuation of the novel about Yeshua, as the Master bequeathed to him. On the contrary, Homeless was “cured” from the damage cast on him by criminal hypnotists, and only “on the spring festive full moon” part of the Master’s truth is revealed to him, which he again forgets upon awakening.

One of the researchers, P. Palievsky, even considers Ivan Bezdomny to be the main character of the novel: he alone remains in this world after all the scandalous events, everything that happened in the novel led him to correction, to purification. This evolution of his is also expressed in the semantics of the name, in the change of name: in the Epilogue of the novel he is no longer Ivan Bezdomny, but professor-historian Ivan Nikolaevich Ponyrev. The motif of the house occupies a special place in the works of M. Bulgakov, as a symbol of a person’s moral stability, his involvement in cultural tradition, to the House and Family (remember the house and fortress of the Turbins in “The White Guard”). A person deprived of a home, a sense of home, is deprived of a lot in this world. Changing a character's name in this case indicates familiarization with cultural and moral origins.

Ivan Bezdomny’s bathing in the Moscow River near the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, where before the destruction of the temple there was a granite descent to the river and a granite font (“Jordan”) in memory of the baptism of Jesus Christ, this is like a sign of the new birth of the character, that is, we can talk about Homeless man's baptism. But it is also obvious that this bathing is of a parodic nature (like Satan’s anti-ritual ball in the novel), that is, it is at the same time a parody of the baptism arranged for the atheist Ivan Bezdomny by evil spirits.

The consequence of such an ambiguous “baptism” is the ambiguous epiphany of Ivan Bezdomny: he did not write a continuation of the novel, he forgot everything, and only once a year does he feel vague anxiety and anxiety as a reminder of what happened: “The same thing repeats with Ivan Ponyrev every year... Before before us is a bad infinity, a movement in a circle. So, then, this is the end, my student... With the departure of the Master, the integrity of his novel is lost; even reproduce it coherently... The master leaves the novel along with his word about the world, but no other word that follows it is heard in the epilogue.”

This idea of ​​namelessness, the desire to become one of many, the glorification of the masses to the detriment of the individual was presented in many works... Refusal of the experience of previous generations, according to Bulgakov, is undoubtedly disastrous, and M. Bulgakov leads to the understanding of this idea in the finale of his novel Ivanushka Bezdomny .

Ivan Bezdomny is the hero of the novel “The Master and Margarita,” whose fate was influenced by a meeting with Woland’s retinue that was more favorable than destructive. He ended up in a psychiatric hospital, later changed his occupation, stopped writing poetry, became interested in history, and became a professor.

Characteristic

Ivan Bezdomny is a member of MASSOLIT. Unlike his colleagues, he was initiated into the secret of the Master, aware of the torment of Pontius Pilate. Characteristic this hero is ignorance. He was punished for this. However, this punishment was not as cruel as what, for example, overtook Berlioz.

At the beginning of the novel “The Master and Margarita,” Ivan Bezdomny is an inconspicuous image. And in some ways unattractive. After all, he is not only “Homeless”, but also “thoughtless”. Ivan is the last student of Mikhail Berlioz, listening to his ideologically correct remarks.

The author treats this character with some degree of sympathy. And therefore allows him to correct himself, to get rid of stupidity and self-confidence. In the epilogue, several paragraphs are dedicated to Ivan. The reader sees that this is a completely different person. Let us recall the events that occurred in the poet’s life.

Meeting at the Patriarchal

In Bulgakov's novel there are two storylines. Each of them develops independently. The actions of both the first and second take place in May, but in different eras. Ivan Bezdomny in The Master and Margarita is the first resident of Moscow in the thirties to meet Woland, except for Berlioz, who died under the wheels of a tram.

Once a poet composed an anti-religious poem dedicated to Jesus Christ. At Patriarch's Ponds, Ivan Bezdomny met with Mikhail Berlioz to discuss the work. According to the chairman of MASSOLIT, the poem by the young writer required improvements. In it, the author ridiculed Jesus Christ, presented him to readers in the image negative hero. And he had to prove that this person did not exist at all.

The chairman of MASSOLIT gives a short lecture to a poorly educated colleague on the topic of world history and cultural studies. Meanwhile, he dreams of a trip to Kislovodsk, which, as we know, he is not destined to make. Suddenly intervenes in the dialogue between Berlioz and Ivan Bezdomny unknown foreigner, after which incredible events begin to happen in Moscow.

In "Griboyedov"

After meeting with Woland and his henchmen, Ivan tries to understand what happened. He makes a chaotic search for villains, which leads nowhere, then goes to “Griboyedov”. Ivan comes to a restaurant with a candle in his hands and an icon on his chest, says rude things to his colleagues, and shows aggression. Writers have the impression that after the tragic events that happened to Mikhail Berlioz, consciousness young man clouded.

Schizophrenia

After a story about a meeting with a professor who once talked with Pontius Pilate and later had breakfast with Kant, Bezdomny is mistaken by those around him for a madman and imprisoned in a psychiatric hospital. However, other heroes also end up here, including the chairman of the partnership.

Let's return to the first chapter of the novel. The reader knows that Ivan’s temporary madness is nothing more than a punishment for stupidity, insolence, and self-confidence. “If only we could take this Kant to Solovki,” Bezdomny shouts indignantly, not knowing that the philosopher has been dead for more than a hundred years. Then the badass poet asks the strange interlocutor a question, the audacity of which goes beyond any boundaries of decency provided for by the rules of communication with the forces of the other world.

“Have you ever been to a mental hospital?” asks Ivan. To which Woland calmly reports that he had to, but he forgot to ask the professor about what schizophrenia is. Ivan has to find out. A few hours later, Bezdomny finds himself in Stravinsky’s clinic.

Meet the Master

During the first days of his stay in a psychiatric hospital, Ivan begins to see clearly. At the clinic, the poet meets the Master, who ended up here because of Pontius Pilate. However, like Ivan Bezdomny. The only difference is that the young writer learned about the fifth Roman procurator of Judea from an eccentric consulting professor. Nobody told the master anything. Everything he wrote in the novel was his guesses and assumptions, which later turned out to be extremely reliable.

Master Ivan told about his life. The former poet learns that his new acquaintance knows five languages, is a historian by training, and once worked in one of the capital's museums. One day he won a large sum, after which he rented a room in a good area and began work on a novel about Pontius Pilate. Ivan, of course, also learns about the woman whom his night interlocutor once met on Tverskaya.

Ivan's split

The Master does not mention his name. But this is not so important. Meeting this man completely changed the life of Ivan Bezdomny. He realized that his works were monstrous and decided never to write again. The old Ivan did not distinguish good from evil, did not have his own point of view. Everything he did was dictated by society.

ABOUT future fate Ivan Bezdomny, or rather, Ponyrev (that’s exactly what real name our hero) the author talks only in passing. The epilogue says that he became a historian and is not interested in poetry. True, once a year the professor’s soul is tormented by vague anxiety and worry, as if a reminder of what happened.

"Melmoth the Wanderer"

Mikhail Bulgakov's novel, like his other works, is filled with reminiscences. This does not mean at all that the work of the Russian writer was reduced to rehashes of traditional literary motives. His works were relevant and touched on the most painful points of his contemporary society. They have not lost their relevance today. In the image of Ivan Bezdomny, literary scholars see similarities with the character in the novel “Melmoth the Wanderer,” written by Charles Maturin.

The hero of this work also ends up in a psychiatric hospital. Unlike the Homeless Man, he also sells his soul to the devil. Maturin's character is sent to an insane asylum, and this happens after a reckless pursuit of the messengers of Satan and a series of strange actions. In the hospital, he first goes on a rampage, then becomes submissive, believing that this will make it easier for him to escape.

Professor Ivan Ponyrev

It is worth saying that in the early edition of Bulgakov’s novel, it is not the Master who appears to Ivan in a psychiatric hospital, but Woland himself. Homeless man has common features with the hero English writer. But his image is deeper. After the meeting at the Patriarch's, Ivan seems to be cleansed. He had fame, position in society. He abandoned all this after he learned from the Master the story of Pontius Pilate.

The truth is open to everyone who has the courage to seek it. Perhaps this idea became the main one when creating the image of Ivan Bezdomny. The former poet, of course, did not write a continuation of the novel about Yeshua. Moreover, he later conveniently forgot about what he heard from the Master. However, he improved, became better, sincere.

Alexander Bezymensky

There are many prototypes of Ivan Bezdomny. Some researchers even saw in his image a hint of Sergei Yesenin, believing that the scandalous scene in the Griboedov restaurant was based on a very real episode. Many critics consider the prototype of Bezdomny to be Alexander Bezymensky, a poet popular in the twenties. This writer actively opposed the “Days of the Turbins” and even wrote a parody of Bulgakov’s work. Bezymensky's work, in turn, was ridiculed more than once by Vladimir Mayakovsky.

The role of the character in the plot

According to some literary critics, it is Ivan Bezdomny who is the main character of Bulgakov’s novel. After all, in it the author expressed the hope that a person who is part of Soviet society is capable of being reborn. However, Bezdomny believes in the Savior only on the days when events directly related to the appearance of Satan and his minions take place in Moscow.

The nugget poets raised by the revolution, according to Bulgakov, were too far from understanding the connection between man and Christian ideas. And the fact that they will someday become the creators of a new national culture is nothing less than a utopia.

Ivan Bezdomny

MASTER AND MARGARITA
Novel (1929-1940, published 1966-1967)

»Shvan Bezdomny / Ponyrev Ivan Nikolaevich, Ivan, Ivanushka - poet, then professor at the Institute of History and Philosophy. In the image of the character, the “fairytale” element is essential (cf.: Ivanushka the Fool). The pseudonym Bezdomny imitates the real pseudonyms of writers of the 20s: Poor, Pribludny, Hungry, etc. At the beginning of the novel, I. is a 23-year-old poet who wrote an anti-religious poem about Jesus Christ. At the Patriarch's Ponds he listens to Berlioz explaining his propaganda miscalculations. Together with Berlioz, I. talks with Woland, listens to the story of Pilate and Yeshua. Then he witnesses the death of Berlioz, after which he makes an unsuccessful attempt to catch up with Woland, who predicted this death. The hero is in a state of passion and commits illogical actions. When I. is bathing in the river, his clothes are stolen, and he, dressed only in long johns and a torn shirt, to which a paper icon is pinned, appears at the writer's restaurant with a lit candle in his hands. The hero is mistaken for a madman and, despite resistance, is taken to Stravinsky’s psychiatric hospital, where a preliminary diagnosis of “schizophrenia” is made (also predicted by Woland). I. is not able to state in writing everything that happened to him; at the same time, he feels a desire to know the continuation of the story of Pilate and Yeshua. Late in the evening, his neighbor, the foreman, makes his way to I. through the balcony. I. promises him never to write poetry again and tells about what happened, and the master tells his story. Having fallen asleep at dawn, I. in a dream sees the “continuation” of Woland’s story - the execution of Yeshua. He is more and more interested in the history of Pilate and less and less in the surrounding reality. To the master, who flew in with Margarita to say goodbye to him, I. says: “I won’t write any more poems. I’m interested in something else now.” In the finale, I. appears as a professor-historian; he is married, but every year on the night of the spring full moon he feels bouts of “homelessness”: obeying an unconscious desire, he goes to the Patriarch’s Ponds, and then finds himself near the house where Margarita once lived. Here I. watches a man unknown to him - Margarita’s neighbor Nikolai Ivanovich, also tormented by memories; the characters appear as unique “doubles” (cf. the similarity of names: Ivan Nikolaevich - Nikolai Ivanovich). Returning home, after an injection of sleeping pills, I. sees in a dream Pilate and Yeshua, and then the master and Margarita, leaving for the moon.

All characteristics in alphabetical order:

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Literature lesson in 11th grade

“What kind of house did Ivan Bezdomny find?”

(Based on the novel “The Master and Margarita” by M. Bulgakov)

And I saw a new sky and new land, because

the former heaven and the former earth have passed away.

Apocalypse.

Or maybe you will understand through the torments of hell,

Through all your bloody paths

That you don’t need to blindly trust anyone.

And a lie cannot lead to the truth.

Naum Korzhavin

The purpose of the lesson:

Show the stages of spiritual healing of Ivan Bezdomny, a student of the Master (the idea of ​​continuity).

Based comparative analysis draw up a diagram of the life path options for the characters in the novel (the idea of ​​freedom of choice and responsibility for it).

Equipment e: - portrait of M. Bulgakov,

A diagram that is built during the lesson.

Group assignments for the lesson:

Analyzing chapters 1 and 3 of the novel, characterize the way of thinking and range of interests of the aspiring poet. Why did Woland spare Ivan and cruelly punish Berlioz?

Analyzing chapters 4 and 5, explain what role the episode of visiting house No. 13 and swimming in the Moscow River plays in the story about Ivan. How does the writer show that Ivan's madness contains an epiphany?

Analyzing chapters 8 and 11, prove that in the duel between the professor and the poet, common sense wins. How did the hero’s “recovery” begin?

Analyzing chapters 13 and 30, trace the content of the conversation between Ivanushka and the Master. What did Ivan understand when he learned that the guest calls himself not a writer, but a Master? Why did the Master immediately recognize Satan, while Ivan was deluded about this for a long time? How is Ivan reborn after meeting Woland and the Master?

Image of Pilate. Its significance in the novel.

Questions for the whole class:

Trace the significance of the image of Ivan Bezdomny at the compositional level.

How does the character's name change throughout the novel and why?

During the classes:

Teacher's introduction. You and I, reading M. Bulgakov’s extraordinary novel, not only experience aesthetic pleasure, but also strive to comprehend its moral depth. I. Sukhikh, one of the critics, called the novel “The Gospel of Michael.” This says a lot. But it is quite fair to ask: what gives the right to such a high assessment? Critics have different opinions. For example, at the end of the novel. M. Chudakova believes that the epilogue does not give reason for optimism: “The Master leaves the novel along with his word about the world, but no other word that follows him is heard in the epilogue.” Another point of view E. Sidorova: “The master could not win. By making him a winner, Bulgakov would have violated the laws of artistic truth and betrayed his sense of realism. But does the final pages of the book really emanate pessimism? Let's not forget: there remains a romance on earth that is destined long life" So, let's shorten the question: is the winner the Master or the loser? To do this, let's try to find among the heroes those who understood the Master, because the novel was written for those who understand...

- What do the epigraphs say about this? He who understands something important is able to change

- Are there such heroes in the novel?

Let's compare 3 heroes: Ivan Bezdomny, Ryukhin and Berlioz

2 -At home, you determined the significance of Homeless by the composition. What happened?

The novel begins and ends with him, the Master told him about his fate, the pages of the book about Yeshua come to life in the poet’s mind’s eye. Leaving this life, the Master sees in him his student, a follower who is imbued with the same images of world culture, the same philosophical ideas and moral categories.

- This idea requires proof. 1 message: why did Woland spare Ivan and cruelly punish Berlioz?

At the beginning of the book, Ivan Bezdomny is depicted as a typical representative of Soviet society. He has a democratic appearance and corresponding habits. His speech is simple and replete with vulgarisms: “What the hell does he want?”, “Here is a foreign goose”, “One hundred percent!” His consciousness reflects the features of mass hypnosis of those years. He seethes with righteous anger against dissidents: “If only this Kant could be taken to Solovki for three years for such evidence,” he sees spies everywhere, political vigilance is his leading quality. Ivan's ignorance is combined with militant disbelief and aggressiveness. To Woland’s question about “who controls human life and all order on earth in general,” a hasty and angry answer follows: “It’s the man himself who controls.” Behind this phrase one can guess the well-known thesis: “Everything is permitted,” from which impunity begins. Having accepted the ideology of the ruling class, many Ivans then believed that the whole world was given to them as their undivided possession.

Exploring the new category of people born of the revolution, the writer convincingly showed that in conditions when Orthodoxy was compromised, society condemned the individual to soul-devastating hatred of class enemies and merciless atheism, leaving him to do whatever he wanted in the name of some higher goals.

“What do you have, no matter what you’re missing, there’s nothing!” - Woland pronounces his verdict. And yet, he turned out to be more merciful to Ivan than to Mikhail Berlioz, whom he executed with a terrible execution, whom he mocked evilly by making a cup for wine from his head.

Addressing Berlioz’s severed head, Woland uttered significant words: “Everyone will be given according to his faith.” But the trouble is that the head of Moscow writers does not believe in anything. His credo is “This cannot be!” Behind him is the inflexibility of a dogmatist, when erudition turns into pseudo-learning, and good manners - high school hypocrisy. Berlioz receives according to his faith - nothing, non-existence. The author allowed him to be dealt with because he saw how such “generals” in literature bred evil spirits. He is an ideologist who fools aspiring writers and poets, such as Ryukhin, Bezdomny, and others. For this, the responsibility is higher. None of his subordinates

(and there are 3111 of them!) are not busy with literature: these are regulars of Griboyedov’s restaurant, “engineers human souls”, who are only interested in the division of material wealth and privileges. Bulgakov parodies " last supper“(more precisely, this is what Berlioz is blasphemously trying to parody): he is sure that “at ten o’clock in the evening there will be a meeting at MASSOLIT” and “he will preside over it.” However, 12 writers will not wait for their chairman.

And Ivan deserves leniency, since he was “hypnotized” by a teacher who was authoritative for him. Much can be forgiven for Ivan because there is a spark of God in him - talent: “It is difficult to say what exactly let Ivan Nikolaevich down - whether the visual power of his talent or complete unfamiliarity with the issue on which he was going to write - but Jesus in his portrayal turned out well absolutely as if alive.”

The beginning of the diagram is drawn up: I. Bezdomny (disbelief of the student, talent) – >

Ryukhin (student’s disbelief) – >

Berlioz (teacher's disbelief)

Let's trace the beginning of I. Bezdomny's journey. Message 2.

The meeting of two writers with the devil on the Patriarch's Ponds takes place during Holy Week, namely on Holy Thursday, on the eve of Easter. Christians call this day Maundy Thursday. Is this why Bulgakov conducted his hero through a kind of baptismal ceremony (visiting house No. 13 and swimming in the river). Ivan's initiation into the Christian faith occurs in an ugly and comical way, so that he calls into question the seriousness and significance of the events. But at the same time, we must not overlook some

important details. He emerges from the “bathroom” changed; his MASSOLIT ID disappears along with his clothes, and along with it the feeling of belonging to the guild of writers. Now, for some reason, Ivan is convinced that Satan has certainly settled down in Griboedov’s house, there, among Beskudnikov and Dvubratsky, Abakov and Deniskin, Glukharev and Bogokhulsky, where “literaryism” flourishes and there is no place for creativity, where dacha, apartment, and food issues are resolved , where, basically, unconditionally perceiving reality, they fulfill a social order. A place about which the author said quite clearly: “In a word, hell.”

Ivan Bezdomny, losing his mind, at the same time begins to see clearly, realizing that Satan must be driven out by faith in God. He takes a miraculously preserved icon and a candle (symbols of purification) from a dusty corner. He notices the mediocrity of his fellow writers - Ryukhin, who carefully disguises himself as a proletarian. In his calls to “Soar!” yes “Get unwind!” Ivan rightly sees political chatter, false strain. Ryukhin admits to himself the truthfulness of what Ivan said: “Yes, poetry... He is thirty-two years old! Really, what's next? - And he will continue to compose several poems a year. - Until old age? - Yes, until old age. - What will these poems bring him? Fame? What nonsense! Don't at least deceive yourself. Fame will never come to someone who writes bad poetry. Why are they bad? He told the truth, he told the truth!” But “Sashka, the mediocrity,” is destined to take the path of revival: “nothing can be corrected in his life, but one can only forget.” And instead of doing something to change his fate, he envies Pushkin (!)

The story about Nikolai Ivanovich, who regretfully recalls in the epilogue the missed opportunity to live an authentic life, also hints at the same thing, albeit in a reduced level.

Yes, Ryukhin did not succeed in his “ascent”, although an attempt was made.

(working with the circuit)

Mstislav Rastropovich once rightly said that our life is a staircase from earth to heaven. And if for some reason a person stumbles today, then he needs to climb 2 steps tomorrow. This thought from the Patristic heritage lives on.

4. How did Ivan Bezdomny’s “recovery” begin? Message 3.

The poet's madness as a reaction after meeting Woland was fraught with spiritual insight.

After all, we often call those who express unusual opinions crazy. And how often we make mistakes...

In the chapter “The Split of Ivan,” the hero is transformed, an inquisitive, searching thought awakens in him: “And instead of raising the stupidest fuss against the Patriarchs, wouldn’t it have been smarter to politely ask about what happened next with Pilate and this arrested Ha-Nozri?” Ivan is annoyed with himself: “... why am I, explain, furious at this mysterious consultant, magician and professor with an empty and black eye? Why all the ridiculous pursuit of him in his underpants and with a candle in his hands, and then the wild parsley in the restaurant.” It becomes clear that Ivan’s mental shock is a sign of liberation from stereotypical thinking, from dogmas that fetter the mind.

Recognition of the existence of miraculous powers is nothing more than the awakening of consciousness. The saving icon from God and the Master's manuscript from Woland, brought back to life, appeared to Ivan as objects of the same order: they are phenomena spiritual world.

(working with the circuit)

5. How is Ivan reborn after meeting Woland and the Master? Message 4:

Ivanushka’s meeting with the Master finally freed him from the obsessive thought of “summoning five motorcycles with a machine gun to capture a foreign consultant.” He finally understands that all efforts should be directed not against an external “enemy”, but to look carefully at himself. It is no coincidence that the author now calls him Ivanushka. He is a fool only by analogy with the fairytale Ivanushka the Fool, but in reality he gains wisdom. Having made sure that at the Patriarch's Ponds he “had the pleasure of talking with Satan,” Ivan, having come to his senses, realizes his ignorance and delusions. He now evaluates his work differently, considering his own poems “monstrous.”

The story of the Master, his tragic fate led Ivanushka to the understanding that he lives in a country of arbitrariness and lawlessness, where all violence is perceived as a reasonable, expedient necessity. A society of unfreedom and inequality, a society of prohibition, breaking with tradition, abandoning Christian morality and culture of the past, destroys talent, conscience, and truth. Thus, plunging into the whirlpool of ideas in the Master’s novel, Ivan comprehends the dialectics of life.

As an artist, he is captivated by the riot of fantasy, the plastic expressiveness of images, and the psychological authenticity of the Master’s creation. Now Ivan will never come to Griboyedov’s house, he has learned the essence of creativity, the measure of truly beauty has been revealed to him. Finally, Ivan Bezdomny finds his home. The acquisition of faith occurred as a result of enormous internal work. An employee of the Institute of History and Philosophy, Ivan Nikolaevich Ponyrev, becomes the ideological successor and spiritual heir of the Master. “He turned out to be a very receptive student of the Master. And at least once a year, when this May full moon comes, everything that the Master awakened with his stories comes to life in him, his soul opens towards the eternal - the mysterious, the unknown; without which human life is empty and a meaningless vanity of vanities.”

(working with the circuit)

6. Teacher: Healing comes from the concept of the whole. You must understand that this path is not easy, but what a pleasure it is to feel your connection with the world, to feel harmony in your own soul.

(Read the final pages of the book to once again feel the magic of Bulgakov’s words, to feel the special charm of the lunar flood, the whimsical unique beauty nights, flight calling to the soul.)

This is an amazingly uplifting force; even once a year was enough for the hero to feel its presence. He acquired a new name (possession, something that a person has). It costs a lot. But it is necessary for the memory to retain everything. Therefore, Bulgakov consistently introduces through all three novels the motif of an “injection”, real and symbolic, an injection in the heart and an injection of memory. Berlioz feels a dull needle lodged in the heart (premonition of death) at the very beginning, before Koroviev’s appearance. A dull pinprick of anxiety (an ironic reduction in motive) tingles Barefoot before receiving the bribe. Acute pain, like a needle, pierces Margarita during the great ball. It ends with a quiet prick of a spear in the heart. earthly life Yeshua. They deal with Judas with a powerful blow of a knife to the heart. “A restless memory, punctured by needles” was given to the Master in the last lines of the novel. In the epilogue, she is transferred to Ponyrev.

Now let's go back to the beginning of the lesson: winner or loser Master?

The Master has a student, which means that the chain of communication between generations is not interrupted, i.e. life goes on, the continuity of spiritual values ​​is not broken, because a person can create not only in the literary field. And the moment of human transformation is also creative act, when we continue the act of Divine creation, we improve our sinful nature, heal ourselves, striving upward, towards God.

- What qualities did he show?

A debate is possible, but the conclusion will most likely be the same: courage. All other qualities are derived from it. A. Ariev believes that for Bulgakov, courage is the beginning of creativity, and cowardice destroys it.

let's talk about courage.

-What do you call courage?(overcoming cowardice, self-preservation instinct)

It is well known that two novels - The Master and about the Master - are mirror images of each other. From here one interesting feature books are a system of reflections and parallels. In this regard, the following parallel seems possible: Levi Matvey And Ivan Homeless. What do they have in common and how do they differ?

(Levi is an image of endless devotion and fidelity, selflessness, and the Homeless One is just beginning this path of service).

Ivan Nikolaevich Ponyrev sees the same dream on the night of the full moon before Easter: they are walking along the lunar road Yeshua And Pontius Pilate. “Those who are walking are talking passionately about something, arguing, wanting to agree on something.” What ethical tensions are focused in their argument? Why does Ivan Nikolaevich see this particular dream? Message 5.

Getting acquainted with the writer's biography, we realized how difficult it was for him life path. But it is surprising that at the same time he never justified himself, on the contrary, he was merciless to himself. He wrote: “In the past I made 5 fatal mistakes. And the sun itself would shine differently, and I would write, not silently moving my lips at dawn in bed, but as it should be, at my desk. But now there’s nothing to do, you won’t get it back. I only curse those two attacks of unexpected timidity that came on like a faint, because of which I made 2 mistakes out of 5. I have an excuse: this timidity was accidental - the fruit of fatigue. I'm tired over the years literary work. There is justification, but there is no consolation.”

With Pilate, the novel includes the theme of cowardice, mental weakness, compromise, and involuntary betrayal. The Apostle Peter, the first disciple, also betrays Christ three times, renouncing him. The difference between similar actions is great. Peter - ordinary weak person, he is under pressure from circumstances, his life is in immediate danger. In the case of Pilate, these external reasons are absent or almost absent (there is still a hint of fear of the emperor in the text). Pilate, unlike Peter, can save Yeshua, he even tries to do this, but timidly, hesitantly - and in the end washes his hands (in the novel, unlike the Gospel of Matthew, this gesture is absent, however), gives up.

"All? – Pilate silently whispered to himself. - All. Name!"

After the cry in the square, saving Barrabas and finally sending Yeshua to execution, “The sun, ringing, burst above him and filled his ears with fire. In this fire roars, squeals, groans, laughter and whistles raged».

This is not only a howling crowd, but the voice of the abyss, darkness, “another department”, triumphant at this moment in victory. Then you can kill the traitor (in the episode with Judas, it is more likely that the Old Testament “an eye for an eye” is realized rather than the Gospel “turn the other cheek”), as in a mirror, see your cruelty in the actions of a subordinate (“You also have a bad position, Mark. You are a soldier maim..."), save the disciple Yeshua ("You, as I see, are a bookish person, and there is no need for you, lonely, to walk around in poor clothes without shelter. I have a large library in Caesarea, I am very rich and I want to take you into the service. You will sort and store the papyri, you will be fed and clothed”) - you can do as much good as you like, but you can no longer do what happened that never happened.

There is an excuse, but there is no consolation. And he will be gone for two thousand years.

Not the triumph of strength, but its weakness, the fatal irreversibility of an act - that’s what Bulgakov’s Pilate is . (Poem by Z. Gippius)

Ivan Ponyrev managed to overcome his fear, he changes, the name Bezdomny is no longer mentioned. Remember how important the theme of the House is for Bulgakov and say:

- Which house found a hero?

This is internal harmony, loyalty to eternal truths, this is self-respect, freedom of creativity and freedom of choice, this is awareness of responsibility for one’s choice... this is a firm belief that “everything will be right.” Man is a temple, the purity of which must be maintained.

The teacher can expand these reflections by referring to the book “Words of Consolation”, where Elder Joseph of Vatopedi notes how “it is important to recognize the most crafty cunning of the enemy, who, especially in our time, tirelessly encroaches on a person who has convinced people that he does not exist, but This is his greatest achievement." The author, having created a living image of Woland, warns us of danger, but this would not be enough. It is more important to learn “the ways of practical success concerning the meaning and purpose of human life" The Apostle Paul instructs: “Be sober, be vigilant, for your adversary the devil, like a roaring lion, goes about seeking whom he may devour” (1 Pet. 5:8). In other words, in the constant struggle against the invisible and insidious enemy, you need to be fully armed (see Eph. 6:11). What is the essence of this struggle? It consists of confronting the passions and lusts of Old Testament man. This is the internal and most difficult struggle, in which the very first and important step- this is a good intention. “The grace of God cordially rewards such good intentions, always praising the good part, which will never be taken away from those who preferred it (see Luke 10:42). Ivan Bezdomny made his choice - this is the path upward (see diagram), the path to overcome sin, the path to God. “Have peace and holiness with everyone, for no one else will see the Lord (Heb. 12:14). And this, of course, is a victory... over oneself. Are victories more important?

8. Homework .

Note that Bulgakov does not philosophize. He paints, depicts, describes. Philosophy is compressed into a maxim, into an aphorism. A dozen and a half immediately went into the language, became “ folk wisdom».

What words from the novel do you think can be used in a discussion about Pilate?

“Never be afraid of anything. This is unreasonable." or “Cowardice is the most serious vice»

These words sound aphoristic, they resemble in their categorical nature the commandments of Jesus Christ, which Christians believe and fulfill. What other “Bulgakov’s commandments” can be found in the novel?

So, write out 5-10 “commandments” at home, and reflect on one (optional) in writing (1-2 pages)

Literature.

1. Bulgakov M.A. “The Master and Margarita” Tomsk book publishing house, 1989

2. Boborykin V.G. Michael Bulgakov. M., Education, 1991.

3.Yagupova N.P. “What kind of house did Ivan Bezdomny find? “Literature at school” No. 2/1998

Search evil spirits in Griboedov

Baptism

I. Homeless

(disbelief of the student, talent)

Honesty ("bad poems")

Ryukhin (disbelief of the student) envy of Pushkin(!) Spiritual illness

Berlioz (teacher's disbelief)