The interests of society members are represented by a variety of organizations and institutions. The modern world, with the freedom of thought present in it, has allowed each individual to choose which opinion is closer to him. As a result of complete freedom, different opinions arose in all areas.
What is pluralism?
Culture, religion, politics, economics and other areas of life are subject to dissent. Pluralism is plurality different positions a person or group of people who are defined by a set of equal opinions. They are independent of each other, but they determine the basis of the forms of being, and as a result they differ in the method of cognition. The term "pluralism" (literal translation of the word "multiple") was coined by Christian Wolff and was first used in the 18th century.
What is pluralism in philosophy?
Ancient thinkers put forward different theories the emergence of any entity, everything was questioned and endlessly argued. The search for answers led to the emergence of three trends in philosophy.
- monism;
- dualism;
At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, pluralism became widespread not only in philosophical circles, but also far beyond their borders. Pluralism in philosophy is the recognition that there is a large number of opinions that arise from the interaction of a variety of factors. Pluralism manifests itself constantly and at every step; the existence of different opinions is not something reprehensible or unusual, being a natural component of human life.
Reasons for pluralism
For normal functioning social life people need different opinions and views on life. Groups of people with, for example, different ideological principles or different religions provide healthy criticism, and truth is born in a dispute. As a result of dissent, trends towards progress in science, politics, philosophy, economics and other areas begin to appear. Explaining pluralism and the reasons for its emergence is actually not difficult:
- It arises when diversity of reality appears.
- Often depends on the historical era.
- Represents a person’s integrity in the vision of any issue.
- Knowledge in a certain area arises due to personal nature.
Types of pluralism
Different options for assessing the world and a wide range of opinions in vital areas have given rise to disagreements in all significant types life activity. The concept of pluralism began to be used almost everywhere and entered into people’s everyday life different professions. Its widespread prevalence has made it possible to divide it into species.
- ideological pluralism;
- religious pluralism;
- cultural pluralism;
- spiritual pluralism.
Political pluralism
Present in a society where there is no united power, which, as a result of different opinions, is distributed among conflicting groups. Pluralism in politics is a democratic prerequisite; in its principle it is competition for state power, where members of different groups constantly defend their point of view. For the development of political pluralism in many states, certain conditions are created, which are expressed in freedom of funds mass media, the presence of opposition, the existence of a multi-party system, in elections. Signs of pluralism in politics:
- Deliberate stimulation of the diversity of life in society occurs to create conditions for the existence of competition and opposition.
- Elements of society are endowed with equality and independence.
- Dictatorship and violence are not allowed in the state.
- Any conflict is resolved peacefully.
- There is a multi-party system.
Ideological pluralism
Ideology is part of the principle of any state with a democratic bent. Ideological pluralism has incorporated a system of opinions of a wide variety of social ideas and relationships between people. The principle of pluralism in ideology implies that any person or group of people can freely develop and express views. Ideological pluralism provides the opportunity to put ideas into practice through their dissemination and protection, active practical work in legislative work, which can be submitted to government bodies for consideration.
Scientific pluralism
The paradox of scientific thinking is made up of people who accept only one thought, or those who consider many options and accept them all. The existence of alternatives, a multitude of very different assumptions and views, this is what pluralism means in science. This is a paradigm that is built on rational thinking, and as a result of this construction a certain logical system appeared. Pluralism allows that logical systems there may be several and is distinguished by the main features in scientific activity.
- polysemy;
- nonlinearity;
- variability of hypotheses;
- lack of strict conclusions;
- recognition of diversity: many beginnings, worlds, reasons, and so on.
In science, pluralism goes hand in hand with monism; these concepts cannot exist without each other in the sphere of scientific thinking. They mean “diversity in unity” or “unity of the diverse,” that is, “in general” a person needs to see “one,” and vice versa, “in one, the general.” Pluralism in science always finds its manifestations in recognition and objection.
Religious pluralism
Most countries in the world enjoy freedom of religion. Religions throughout the world are based on the teaching that the faith represented is the only one Right way. Pluralism in religion is understood as respect for the faith of others. The diversity of systems and views in religion has given rise to religious pluralism, but it is characterized by its own specific features:
- Not all, but some truths exist in other religions.
- Mutually exclusive demands for truth can be equally valid for two, three or more religions. This manifests itself in the form of tolerance.
- A person’s recognition that the requirements of another religion, if you look closely, are somewhat modified truths of ancient times.
- Creating harmonious coexistence and improving understanding between representatives of religions.
- Society's acceptance of religious diversity.
Cultural pluralism
Touching upon various spheres of human life, this concept also manifests itself in the social life of people. Implying that humanity in all its diversity and multinationality has the right to its own culture. The right to be realized and satisfy one’s cultural needs, that’s what cultural pluralism is. Every person has the right to freedom of expression, their beliefs and value orientations he can defend in all legal ways.
Pluralism of opinions
When communicating, a person encounters not only like-minded people, but also people whose opinions may differ from his own. What is pluralism of opinions and how is it expressed? The social activity of an individual is observed in pluralism and is expressed through discussions and disputes of any kind joint activities, and more often when there is a need to make a collective decision. This is interpersonal constructive communication.
The diversity of opinions, the existence of the most different points opinions, disputes and agreements during any joint activity lead to the implementation of the most difficult tasks. At the same time, divergence of opinions does not imply conflict, but detailed discussions not only confront and compare opinions, but lead to the emergence of a common group tactic. Thanks to the pluralism of opinions, intellectual breakthroughs occur and discoveries are made.
Spiritual pluralism
A person’s genuine search and growth is expressed in playing with himself, his subconscious. The essence of pluralism presupposes its penetration into all areas of people's spiritual life. touches on many aspects: social, religious, patriotic, and even political. A person embraced by it sees more and more widely than one who recognizes only one true truth. The search for truth is common to many people, but only pluralists can see one side of the coin and admit the presence of the other.
The concept of “spirituality” cannot be separated from the needs of both the individual and society. This is the accumulation of spiritual values and social consciousness, which implies the presence of diverse ideas, theories, and concepts. Pluralism of spirituality is the recognition of other people's traditions and feelings. Undisguised pluralism and own liberal views encourage a person to have an active social life and activity.
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The meaning of the word pluralism
pluralism in the crossword dictionary
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
pluralism
pluralism, plural no, m. (from Latin pluralis - numerous) (philosophy). An idealistic philosophical system that believes that the world and its phenomena are based on several principles (as opposed to monism).
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.
pluralism
Philosophical doctrine, according to which there are several (or many) independent spiritual principles of being (special).
Diversity and freedom of views, ideas, forms of activity (book). P. opinions. P. forms of ownership.
adj. pluralistic, -aya, -oe.
New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
pluralism
A philosophical doctrine that asserts that the world is based on many independent, independent spiritual entities (opposite: monism).
One of the fundamental principles of the structure of a legal society, which asserts the need for diversity of economic, political and cultural life society.
Plurality of opinions, judgments, views, etc. as one of the principles of social order.
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
pluralism
PLURALISM (from Latin pluralis - multiple)
a philosophical doctrine according to which there are several (or many) independent principles of being or foundations of knowledge. The term "pluralism" was introduced by H. Wolf (1712).
Characteristics of a democratic political system of society, in which social groups have organic (institutional) opportunities to express their interests through their representatives ( political parties, trade unions, church and other organizations).
Large legal dictionary
pluralism
(from Latin pluralis - multiple) - in political and legal theory, a concept meaning one of the fundamental principles of the structure of civil society and the rule of law, according to which the diversity of forms and subjects of economic, political and cultural life should be ensured. Using the Russian synonym P., the Constitution of the Russian Federation in Art. 13 speaks of ideological and political diversity. The term "P." used only in the Federal Law “On Education” of July 10, 1992, which enshrines the freedom and freedom of education.
Pluralism
(from Latin pluralis ≈ multiple), a philosophical position according to which there are several or many independent and irreducible principles or types of being (P. in ontology), foundations and forms of knowledge (P. in epistemology). The term "P." was proposed by the German philosopher H. Wolf in 1712. P. is the opposite of monism and has various forms: 1) dualism, according to which there are two principles - material and ideal; 2) extreme options, where there are not two, but many, and where the idea of the unity of the world is generally rejected. The history of philosophy can be considered not only as a struggle between P. and monism, but also as a clash different forms P., for example, materialistic and idealistic P. Thus, ancient atomism is a materialistic version of P., since the atoms of Democritus are qualitatively different and irreducible to each other. This is opposed by the idealistic version of P., presented in the philosophy of G. Leibniz, according to which the world consists of a countless number of spiritual substances - monads. A qualitative description of reality, which constituted one of the features of knowledge before the emergence of exact natural science (classical mechanics, quantitative chemistry), was associated with the promotion of many heterogeneous principles (“four elements” ≈ earth, water, air and fire, etc.), each of which characterizes in its specificity a certain sphere of reality. The science of modern times, which sought to identify the internal connections of phenomena and reduce the qualitative diversity of phenomena to quantitatively measurable, unified foundations, rejected P. in principle. Classical philosophy of the 17th and 18th centuries. in general, it was monistic, because it tried to comprehend being as something unified and integral, coinciding in this with the orientation of classical natural science, which turned mechanics into a universal and the only true way of explaining reality. Development of idealistic philosophy at the end of the 19th–20th centuries. characterized by increased tendencies toward personalism, which is expressed primarily in personalism, based on the idea of the uniqueness of each individual, in the philosophy of life, pragmatism (W. James), existentialism, and the “critical” ontology of N. Hartmann. In epistemology, the appeal to P. was associated with the revolution in physics and the crisis of previous ways of explaining the world at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the overcoming of mechanism and the formation of new systems of concepts, which at first seemed independent of each other. The transformation of philosophy into a conscious methodological position is characteristic of such areas of idealistic “philosophy of science”, such as, for example, the conventionalism of A. Poincaré (France), the concept of “critical methodology” proposed by the English philosopher K. Popper and his students (P. Feyerabend and others .) and what they call “theoretical P.”, etc. At the same time, the opposite tendency is intensifying in science - towards the integration of knowledge and the construction of a unified picture of the world. In modern bourgeois sociology, psychology as a methodological orientation is presented in a number of concepts: in the so-called. theory of factors, theory of political psychology, interpreting the mechanism political power as confrontation and balance between interested groups (see “Pluralistic democracy” theory). A number of ideologists of right and “left” revisionism argue that there is a P. within Marxism, expressed in various equal interpretations of it (scientist, anthropological, etc.), in the existence of many “models” of socialism that have nothing in common with each other. These anti-scientific concepts reject the international character of Marxism-Leninism and the general laws of building a socialist society. Dialectical materialism overcomes the limitations of both vulgar monism and philosophy and, emphasizing the material unity of the world, simultaneously develops the doctrine of qualitative various forms the movement of matter, about the diversity and complex interrelation of different spheres and levels of existence. Lit.: James W., The Universe from a Pluralistic Point of View, M., 1911; Tsekhmistro I.Z., Dialectics of the Multiple and the Single, M., 1972; Laner P., Pluralismus oder Monismus, B., 1905; Jakowenko B., Vom Wesen des Pluralismus, Bonn, 1928; Der Methoden und Theorien-pluralismus in den Wissenschaften, Meisenheim am Glan, 197
A. P. Ogurtsov.
Wikipedia
Pluralism
Pluralism- a position according to which there are several or many independent and irreducible principles or types of being, foundations and forms of knowledge, styles of behavior, etc.
The term pluralism may refer to:
- Ideological pluralism
- Cosmic pluralism
- Pluralism
- Political pluralism
- Religious pluralism
Pluralism (philosophy)
Pluralism- a philosophical position according to which there are many different equal, independent and irreducible foundations or forms of being (ontological pluralism), and therefore forms of knowledge and methodologies of knowledge (epistemological pluralism). Pluralism takes an opposing position in relation to monism.
The term “pluralism” was introduced at the beginning of the 18th century. Christian Wolff, a follower of Leibniz, to describe teachings opposed to Leibniz's theory of monads, primarily various varieties of dualism.
Examples of the use of the word pluralism in literature.
Isn't it more humane pluralism Levinas or Hannah Arendt, cultivating communication between equal citizens?
Having postulated pluralism as an attribution of the subject, postmodernism refuses to consider transcendentalistically formulated questions about whether such an attribution is possible and what are the conditions of this possibility.
Rybakitin did not expect an answer to the questions posed and would have talked in this spirit for a long time, but he was interrupted by the military commissar, rumbled in an offended bass voice: - Oh pluralism let's not, he's on your side.
It rather denotes radical recognition pluralism and the heterogeneity of forms of life, language games, modes of orientation and connections of meaning.
The second method is a definition that indicates characteristic properties countries considered Western - democracy, private initiative and property, market economy, pluralism and other signs.
Thus, one famous Sovietologist convinced himself that in the Soviet Union during the Brezhnev years there was an effective form pluralism-- simply because the Soviet Union had reached a certain level of urbanization, education, per capita income, secularization, and so on.
Postmodern versatility cannot be identified with the assertion of a plurality of individualities or confused with flatness. pluralism permissiveness and confusion.
Our position is pluralism opinions, complete freedom to defend one’s views, the possibility of putting forward alternative platforms, promoting and defending them even after the majority opinion has been determined and a binding decision has been made on its basis.
In the short term, America is interested in strengthening and preserving the existing geopolitical pluralism on the map of Eurasia.
Here we are pronouncing new words-slogans: glasnost, perestroika, pluralism, but in reality we do nothing to move from slogans to action - this is the conclusion of Boris Nikolaevich.
In philosophy he gives equally convincing reasons for monism, pluralism and any doctrine that occupies an intermediate position between them, faith in Being or faith in Becoming, optimism and pessimism, active life and quietism.
Having undermined the country's economy under the guise of economic reforms, breaking the union bonds of the republics with the Center under the guise of transformation Soviet Union, weakening the CPSU under the slogan of party renewal, weakening state power under the pretext of its democratization, unleashing an ideological war against the Russian people under the slogan of glasnost and pluralism, opening up to all kinds of dodgers the possibility of permissiveness under the veil of attractive-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Yeltsin B.
Following him, naturally, other words began to be established: parliamentarian, parliamentarian, pluralism, consensus, mentality and so on and so forth.
Most importantly, it irrevocably put an end to the myth about the monolithic ranks of the CPSU, revealing the real pluralism and the unexpected multi-party system of the Soviet political elite, which until that time had been confined to the cramped space of a one-party regime.
They decide what films to make, what programs to write for television, what and how to propagate, what spectacles and mass actions with ideological overtones to organize, what campaigns to conduct, how to select and dissect information. These people give unity and continuity to the ideological pluralism, form a coherent ideological environment.
- (from Latin pluralis - multiple) philosophical position, according to which there are several or many independent and irreducible principles or types of being (P. in ontology), foundations and forms of knowledge (P. in epistemology). The term "P. Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Throughout human history, thoughts about the possibility of there being only one “correct” point of view or many options for assessment have competed in the minds and ideas of people. Even in the ancient world the possibility of various and equal points of view was recognized as an official philosophical movement and received the name “pluralism”.
Definition of a philosophical concept
At the moment, official science understands as the definition of this philosophical concept recognition of the fact of existence many different, independent and irreducible bases and concepts of forms of being. This concept also takes into account the possibility of equal existence of methodological knowledge and forms of knowledge. Pluralism in philosophy is an opponent of monism.
But for the purpose of proper use this concept It is worth understanding in advance which specific options for the development of events can be considered as a classical type of independent and irreducible foundations and forms of being.
As a philosophical concept, term received official justification in 1712, when it was described by the German philosopher Christian Wolf.
As a political philosophy, pluralism finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century and was substantiated by British liberals. This philosophical direction became the basis of the political system.
Ideological rationale
In the modern world, in which dictatorships are becoming a thing of the past, ideological pluralism becomes and is officially recognized as one of the foundations of successful civil life. It is this concept that is accepted in modern stage development of civil society discussing socio-political issues from different angles. Discussions, with sufficient understanding of the issue by all opponents, are conducted uncensored.
Based on this, an approach to minimizing conflicts is formed modern world, which is based on pluralistic consciousness. In essence, this means, with the proper level of understanding of the processes taking place on all sides, accepting the structure of a non-violent cultural-ecological world. At this stage, pluralism is successfully transformed into ideology of self-knowledge of society and turns it into a nation.
This ideology is not static. It includes new foundations and concepts as society develops and new historical factors emerge. Economic, political and ideological position influence the formation.
What is pluralism of opinions
It is on the basis of society’s acceptance of such a concept that it becomes possible for each participant in the discussion to express their well-founded point of view on equal rights.
All opinions are heard without pre-judgment and opinions are expressed only after informed discussion.
An important part of the ideology is the willingness of the parties to consider all arguments, including completely opposing points of view. Discussions and disputes are carried out on the basis of the presented argumentation. Unfounded propaganda statements and assurances in this trend have no right to exist.
Historical figures who adhered to pluralism
This philosophical movement took shape in ancient times. Probably appearing earlier than the recognized understanding of his actual slogan: truth is born in a dispute. Many thoughts of philosophers Ancient world are based precisely on the acceptance and consideration of all points of view.
IN modern history among significant adherents can be called:
- American psychologist and philosopher William James, born in the USA in 1842 and died in 1910.
- Austrian and British sociologist and philosopher Karl Raymund Popper (1902-1994), his theory of critical rationalism is based on the principles of pluralism: “I may be wrong and you may be right; make an effort, and we may get closer to the truth.”
- American Paul Karl Firebend (1924-1994), who developed “a free society.”
Examples of philosophical movements
In fact, the most a shining example of pluralism is a model of modern civil society of any developed state. Each area of activity modern man involves the possibility of considering different points of view and choosing the one that is recognized by a particular individual as the most acceptable for him in a particular situation. That is, accepting, without external encouragement, the optimal option out of many, justified ones.
One of the most striking examples is politic system developed countries, based on a multi-party system.
Examples include the equal right of different religious faiths to exist in one secular state, if they do not belong to to the category of destructive.
An opportunity that is clear to every student is to choose the optimal educational institution, in which knowledge will be acquired for further employment and development of life path.
An offer to choose a private or public clinic for treatment, including the opportunity to contact proven professional representatives of traditional and alternative medicine, which does not harm health and is recognized at the official level.
Important! Examples include any conscious action that is taken on the basis of consideration of various opinions and proposals, confirmed by its effectiveness.
Pluralistic model of the world
Over the millennia of development of human society, pluralism became one of the leading models social development. They also admit:
- Idealistic;
- Naturalistic;
- Materialistic.
The modern world, in the course of the development of civil society, has chosen to follow, to a greater extent, a pluralistic model of the world.
What is a pluralistic society
It is to the development of a pluralistic society that the world has come at the present stage of existence. This model of society involves accepting different points of view without unreasoned denial.
But it does not go into the stage of idealization, pluralism assumes the existence of different groups supporters of various ideas who are ready to defend their own position. This concept is united under the name “ideological pluralism”.
For example, we can return to the multi-party system adopted in the development of countries. state system. It clearly shows the complementary existence of different views and political worldviews, which in complementary to each other contribute to the development modern society in a democratic manner. Wherein different groups in the struggle for power they can conflict with each other, unite in alliances and coalitions, literally being in constant Brownian motion.
Types of pluralism
The development of modern society has so confidently followed the path of pluralism that this concept is even officially enshrined in the Constitution of many countries. Including in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. This official document states two leading types this trend in the development of a democratic society:
- Political;
- Ideological.
Important! The combination of these concepts forms a developed civil pluralistic society in which each representative has the right to express his well-founded point of view and defend it. At the same time, he undertakes a moral obligation to consider the reasonable point of view of his opponent or opponents.
What does a pluralistic approach mean?
It is this idea of one’s own position that forms the pluralistic approach. This concept was defined by Robert Dahl and Joseph Schumpetter in the twentieth century. Their opinion is based on the certainty of the distribution of such wide range resources in the modern world, that this completely eliminates the prospect of monopoly influence on any aspect of life: from politics and, to the media and finance.
Is there a problem of pluralism in philosophy?
The entire philosophy of the modern world due to millennia of human development accepted pluralism. After all, already the ancient representatives of this science recognized the movement of opinions in the form of many lines, allowing each problem to be considered from an infinite number of points of view. This determined the theoretical understanding of the approach to being, helping to identify the most essential and common during the crystallization of a single approach of many, taking into account the point of view of each. Therefore, pluralism in philosophy has the right to exist.
The concept of legal pluralism
Types of pluralism - political, ideological
PLURALISM(from Latin pluralis - multiple). - In philosophy, a concept opposed to monism, based on the recognition of many independent, irreducible types or principles of being (ontological P.), principles and forms of knowledge (epistemological P.). The term "P." introduced into philosophy at the beginning of the 18th century. (X. Wolf). A special form of philosophical philosophy is dualism, which postulates the independent existence of the material and the ideal (Descartes, Cartesians). Historically, most large philosophical systems past, trying to reveal internal relationship phenomena, to reduce their diversity to a single basis, had a monistic orientation. From the end of the 19th century. there is an increasing tendency towards a pluralistic interpretation of being and knowledge. Ontological philosophy affirms a view of the world as a nonlinear, nonstationary, nonequilibrium, polyvariant, self-organizing diversity, modeled through the prism of the principles of synergy, complementarity, relativity, dialogicity, and symphony. The tendency towards pluralization of the ontological picture of being is clearly detected in all those branches of modern scientific knowledge, in which there is an intention to take into account the interaction of many principles - in the physics of elementary particles, synergetics, global evolutionism, ethnopolitical science, sociology, structural linguistics, poetics. In this case, there is a noticeable shift in attention from the problem of the original beginning(s) of the universe to the problems of epistemology. Positions of P. in epistemology and philosophy of science advocated by a number of doctrines or schools modern philosophy, including some representatives of the domestic philosophical thought. Epistemological knowledge bases the theory of knowledge on the idea of the existence of many equal forms and sources of knowledge that are independent from each other, functioning according to their own laws (science, artistic creativity, religion, magic, myth, Mystic etc.) and embodied in mutually exclusive (“incommensurable”) pictures of the world. Epistemology and methodology of P., striving to overcome the extremes of the classical rationalism, empiricism And transcendentalism, placing all the richness and diversity of human cognitive attitudes in a Procrustean bed of rigid, uniquely determined schemes descriptions And explanations, explanations focus on creating a more flexible theory of knowledge that avoids the absolutization of one or another historically established conceptual system, style of thinking or picture of the world, one or another specific model of the structure of knowledge (hypothetico-deductive model of scientific theory, cumulative concepts of the growth of science, etc.), affirming the multivariate development of knowledge, stimulating competition between various theoretical, epistemological and methodological programs. In a number of respects, philosophical philosophy comes into contact with political and ideological philosophy, which is the theoretical foundation of tolerant thinking. It focuses on the refusal to recognize any ideology or belief system as the only true one, asserts the need for the existence in society of a diversity of ideological and ideological preferences and orientations, recognition of the right of everyone to their own opinion and the possibility of expressing and defending it, and respect for the opponent. V.V. Ilyin, V.I. Kuraev
In modern philosophy, philosophy is most clearly represented in personalism, which proceeds from the uniqueness of each individual, its irreducibility to anthropological and social forces, and connects the individual with free will and creativity (N. Berdyaev, Mounier). Personalistic P. and P. in axiology, emphasizing the diversity of values, avoiding relativism and nihilism, affirm the enduring value of Christianity and the religious community as a unifying principle of social life.
In modern epistemology, the turn from fundamentalism to fallibilism, from monism to P. was carried out in Popper’s critical rationalism, Feyerabend’s “methodological anarchism” and “methodological P.” X. Spiner. They put forward the so-called proliferation principle, which calls for the creation and development of theories that are incompatible with accepted points of view, even if the latter are in highest degree confirmed and generally accepted. In epistemology and methodology, psychology presupposes the assumption of the simultaneous existence of competing theories, “pictures of the world,” research programs, and the rivalry of various methodological strategies. Methodological pedagogy places emphasis on the diversity of intertheoretical relations, on mutual criticism and competition of theories that are incommensurable with each other, and puts forward a new model for the progress of scientific knowledge. Popper's critical rationalism served as a philosophical justification for ethical and democratic philosophy, which presupposes the principle of legitimizing diversity both in society and in science, orients society towards the common good (just as science focuses on truth), recognizes the need to resolve conflicts and achieve consensus in both science and in society. Methodological P. emphasizes the importance of competitive democracy, considering it as a political form that allows for the existence of rational competition among alternatives. Feyerabend expands the idea of pluralism of theories to pluralism of traditions, seeing the equality and equal access to power of all traditions existing in society as the main feature of pluralistic democracy.
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