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Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (1799-1837) Not only the poems and verses of the great poet and playwright enjoy the well-deserved love of people, but also wonderful fairy tales in verse. Alexander Pushkin began writing his poetry back in early childhood, he received a good education at home, graduated from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum (privileged educational institution), was friends with others famous poets, including the “Decembrists”. The poet’s life had both periods of ups and downs and tragic events: accusations of freethinking, misunderstanding and condemnation of the authorities, and finally, a fatal duel, as a result of which Pushkin received a mortal wound and died at the age of 38. But his legacy remains: the last fairy tale, written by the poet, became “The Tale of the Golden Cockerel.” Also known is “The Tale of Tsar Saltan”, “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish”, The Tale of dead princess and the seven heroes", "The Tale of the Priest and the Worker Balda."
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Pavel Petrovich Bazhov (1879-1950) Russian writer and folklorist, who was the first to carry out a literary treatment of Ural legends, left us an invaluable legacy. He was born in simple working family, but this did not stop him from finishing seminary and becoming a teacher of the Russian language. In 1918, he volunteered for the front, and when he returned, he decided to turn to journalism. Only on the author’s 60th birthday was the collection of short stories “The Malachite Box” published, which brought Bazhov people’s love. It is interesting that fairy tales are written in the form of legends: folk speech, folklore images make each piece special. The most famous fairy tales: “Mistress of the Copper Mountain”, “Silver Hoof”, “Malachite Box”, “Two Lizards”, “Golden Hair”, “Stone Flower”.
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Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1882-1945) Alexey Tolstoy wrote in many genres and styles, received the title of academician, and was a war correspondent during the war. As a child, Alexey lived on the Sosnovka farm in his stepfather's house (his mother left his father, Count Tolstoy, while pregnant). Tolstoy spent several years abroad studying literature and folklore different countries: this is how the idea arose to rewrite it in new way fairy tale "Pinocchio". In 1935, his book “The Golden Key or the Adventures of Pinocchio” was published. Alexey Tolstoy also released 2 collections own fairy tales, called “Mermaid Tales” and “Magpie Tales”. The most famous “adult” works are “Walking in Torment”, “Aelita”, “Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin”.
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Alexander Nikolaevich Afanasyev (1826-1871) This is an outstanding folklorist and historian, who was fond of folk art and studied it from his youth. He first worked as a journalist in the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, at which time he began his research. Afanasyev is considered one of the most outstanding scientists of the 20th century, his collection of Russian folk tales is the only collection of Russian East Slavic tales that can be called “ folk book“, after all, more than one generation has grown up with them. The first publication dates back to 1855, since then the book has been reprinted several times.
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Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875) More than one generation of people grew up on the works of the Danish writer, storyteller and playwright. From early childhood, Hans was a visionary and a dreamer, he adored puppet theaters and began writing poetry early. His father died when Hans was not even ten years old, the boy worked as an apprentice at a tailor, then at a cigarette factory, and at the age of 14 he was already playing minor roles at the Royal Theater in Copenhagen. Andersen wrote his first play at the age of 15; it was a great success; in 1835, his first book of fairy tales was published, which many children and adults read with delight to this day. The most famous of his works are “Flint”, “Thumbelina”, “The Little Mermaid”, “Steady tin soldier», « Snow Queen», « Ugly duckling", "The Princess and the Pea" and others.
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Charles Perrault (1628-1703) The French writer, storyteller, critic and poet was an exemplary excellent student as a child. He received good education, made a career as a lawyer and writer, he was admitted to the French Academy, wrote a lot scientific works. He published his first book of fairy tales under a pseudonym - the name of his eldest son was indicated on the cover, since Perrault feared that his reputation as a storyteller could harm his career. In 1697, his collection “Tales of Mother Goose” was published, which brought Perrault world fame. Based on the plot of his fairy tales famous ballets and opera works. As for the most famous works, few people did not read in childhood about Puss in Boots, Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, Little Red Riding Hood, Gingerbread House, Thumb, Bluebeard.
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Brothers Grimm: Wilhelm (1786-1859), Jacob (1785-1863) Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm from their youth to coffin board They were inseparable: they were connected by common interests and common adventures. Wilhelm Grimm grew up as a sickly and weak boy; only in adulthood did his health more or less return to normal. Jacob always supported his brother. The Brothers Grimm were not only experts in German folklore, but also linguists, lawyers, and scientists. One brother chose the path of a philologist, studying ancient German literature, the other became a scientist. It was the fairy tales that brought the brothers world fame, although some works are considered “not for children.” The most famous are “Snow White and the Scarlet Flower”, “Straw, Ember and Bean”, “Bremen Street Musicians”, “The Brave Little Tailor”, “The Wolf and the Seven Little Goats”, “Hansel and Gretel” and others.
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Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) Famous writer, poet and reformer. Rudyard Kipling was born in Bombay (India), at the age of 6 he was brought to England; he later called those years “years of suffering”, because the people who raised him turned out to be cruel and indifferent. The future writer received an education, returned to India, and then went on a trip, visiting many countries in Asia and America. When the writer was 42 years old, he was awarded Nobel Prize– and to this day he remains the youngest writer laureate in his category. Kipling's most famous children's book is, of course, “The Jungle Book”, the main character of which is the boy Mowgli. It is also very interesting to read other fairy tales: “The cat that walks by itself”, “Where does a camel get its hump?”, “How the leopard got his spots,” they all tell about distant lands and are very interesting.
Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875)
More than one generation of people has grown up with the works of the Danish writer, storyteller and playwright. From early childhood, Hans was a visionary and a dreamer; he adored puppet theaters and began writing poetry early. His father died when Hans was not even ten years old, the boy worked as an apprentice at a tailor, then at a cigarette factory, and at the age of 14 he already played minor roles at the Royal Theater in Copenhagen. Andersen wrote his first play at the age of 15; it was a great success; in 1835, his first book of fairy tales was published, which many children and adults read with delight to this day. The most famous of his works are “Flint”, “Thumbelina”, “The Little Mermaid”, “The Steadfast Tin Soldier”, “The Snow Queen”, “The Ugly Duckling”, “The Princess and the Pea” and many others.
Charles Perrault (1628-1703)
The French writer-storyteller, critic and poet was an exemplary excellent student as a child. He received a good education, made a career as a lawyer and writer, he was admitted to the French Academy, and wrote many scientific works. He published his first book of fairy tales under a pseudonym - the name of his eldest son was indicated on the cover, since Perrault feared that his reputation as a storyteller could harm his career. In 1697, his collection “Tales of Mother Goose” was published, which brought Perrault world fame. Famous ballets and operas have been created based on the plot of his fairy tales. As for the most famous works, few people did not read in childhood about Puss in Boots, Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, Little Red Riding Hood, Gingerbread House, Thumb, Bluebeard.
Sergeevich Pushkin (1799-1837)
Not only the poems and verses of the great poet and playwright enjoy the well-deserved love of people, but also wonderful fairy tales in verse.
Alexander Pushkin began writing his poetry in early childhood, he received a good education at home, graduated from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum (a privileged educational institution), and was friends with other famous poets, including the “Decembrists.” The poet’s life had both periods of ups and downs and tragic events: accusations of freethinking, misunderstanding and condemnation of the authorities, and finally, a fatal duel, as a result of which Pushkin received a mortal wound and died at the age of 38. But his legacy remains: the last fairy tale written by the poet was “The Tale of the Golden Cockerel.” Also known are “The Tale of Tsar Saltan”, “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish”, “The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights”, “The Tale of the Priest and the Worker Balda”.
Brothers Grimm: Wilhelm (1786-1859), Jacob (1785-1863)
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were inseparable from their youth until their graves: they were bound by common interests and common adventures. Wilhelm Grimm grew up as a sickly and weak boy; only in adulthood did his health more or less return to normal. Jacob always supported his brother. The Brothers Grimm were not only experts in German folklore, but also linguists, lawyers, and scientists. One brother chose the path of a philologist, studying ancient German literature, the other became a scientist. It was the fairy tales that brought the brothers world fame, although some works are considered “not for children.” The most famous are “Snow White and the Scarlet Flower”, “Straw, Ember and Bean”, “Bremen Street Musicians”, “The Brave Little Tailor”, “The Wolf and the Seven Little Goats”, “Hansel and Gretel” and others.
Pavel Petrovich Bazhov (1879-1950)
The Russian writer and folklorist, who was the first to carry out literary adaptations of Ural legends, left us an invaluable legacy. He was born into a simple working-class family, but this did not stop him from finishing seminary and becoming a teacher of the Russian language. In 1918, he volunteered for the front, and when he returned, he decided to turn to journalism. Only on the author’s 60th birthday was the collection of short stories “The Malachite Box” published, which brought Bazhov people’s love. It is interesting that fairy tales are made in the form of legends: folk speech and folklore images make each work special. The most famous fairy tales: “The Mistress of the Copper Mountain”, “The Silver Hoof”, “The Malachite Box”, “Two Lizards”, “The Golden Hair”, “The Stone Flower”.
Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)
Famous writer, poet and reformer. Rudyard Kipling was born in Bombay (India), at the age of 6 he was brought to England; he later called those years “years of suffering”, because the people who raised him turned out to be cruel and indifferent. The future writer received an education, returned to India, and then went on a trip, visiting many countries in Asia and America. When the writer was 42 years old, he was awarded the Nobel Prize - and to this day he remains the youngest writer laureate in his category. Kipling's most famous children's book is, of course, “The Jungle Book”, the main character of which is the boy Mowgli. It is also very interesting to read other fairy tales: “The cat that walks by itself”, “Where does a camel get its hump?”, “How the leopard got his spots,” they all tell about distant lands and are very interesting.
Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (1776-1822)
Hoffmann was a very versatile and talented man: composer, artist, writer, storyteller. He was born in Koeningsberg, when he was 3 years old, his parents separated: his older brother left with his father, and Ernst stayed with his mother; Hoffman never saw his brother again. Ernst was always a mischief-maker and a dreamer; he was often called a “troublemaker.” It’s interesting that there was a women’s boarding house next to the house where the Hoffmanns lived, and Ernst liked one of the girls so much that he even started digging a tunnel to get to know her. When the hole was almost ready, my uncle found out about it and ordered the passage to be filled up. Hoffmann always dreamed that after his death a memory of him would remain - and so it happened; his fairy tales are read to this day: the most famous are “The Golden Pot”, “The Nutcracker”, “Little Tsakhes, nicknamed Zinnober” and others.
Alan Milne (1882-1856)
Who among us does not know a funny bear with sawdust in his head - Winnie the Pooh and his funny friends? – the author of these funny tales and is Alan Milne. The writer spent his childhood in London, he was a well-educated man, and then served in the Royal Army. The first tales about the bear were written in 1926. Interestingly, Alan did not read his works to his own son Christopher, preferring to raise him on more serious topics. literary stories. Christopher read his father's fairy tales as an adult. The books have been translated into 25 languages and are very popular in many countries around the world. In addition to stories about Winnie the Pooh famous fairy tales “Princess Nesmeyana”, “ An ordinary fairy tale", "Prince Rabbit" and others.
Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1882-1945)
Alexey Tolstoy wrote in many genres and styles, received the title of academician, and was a war correspondent during the war. As a child, Alexey lived on the Sosnovka farm in his stepfather's house (his mother left his father, Count Tolstoy, while pregnant). Tolstoy spent several years abroad, studying the literature and folklore of different countries: this is how the idea arose to rewrite the fairy tale “Pinocchio” in a new way. In 1935, his book “The Golden Key or the Adventures of Pinocchio” was published. Alexey Tolstoy also released 2 collections of his own fairy tales, called “Mermaid Tales” and “Magpie Tales”. The most famous “adult” works are “Walking in Torment”, “Aelita”, “Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin”.
Alexander Nikolaevich Afanasyev (1826-1871)
He is an outstanding folklorist and historian, who has been interested in folk art and researched it since his youth. He first worked as a journalist in the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, at which time he began his research. Afanasyev is considered one of the most outstanding scientists of the 20th century, his collection of Russian folk tales is the only collection of Russian East Slavic fairy tales that can well be called a “folk book”, because more than one generation has grown up with them. The first publication dates back to 1855, since then the book has been reprinted several times.
Guardians of Russian antiquity, bearers historical memory The people were Russian storytellers (performers of epics) and storytellers. They conveyed originality to the listeners folk poetry, were the soul, the source of bright, cheerful moods of the person listening to them. Each of them had his own performing style. Each of them had their own individual characteristics. Among the storytellers there are richly gifted poetic natures with enormous creative imagination. Some folk storytellers were prone to fantastic images, others to everyday images, and still others to jokes and buffoonery. We present brief information about individual oral performers folk art.
Krivopolenova Marya Dmitrievna(1843-1924) - known as a performer of epics and fairy tales. Folklorists note “her hot temperament,” childlike gaiety, “wit, passion for everything she is now dreaming about, amazing command of language.” A.D. met her for the first time in 1900. Grigoriev, wrote down 13 epics and 5 spiritual poems from her, and a year later another epic. However, the texts recorded from her in the scholarly collection did not change her beggarly fate, but in 1915 she was “discovered” by O.E. Ozarovskaya 1, brings her to Moscow, to Petrograd... Numerous performances begin, which are a great success, now she is expected in her homeland as a celebrity. Artists and sculptors meet with the storyteller. S.T. Konenkov creates the sculpture “Prophetic Old Woman”. Later, trips followed from Ozarovskaya to Ukraine and the Caucasus. Many recruit songs and fairy tales were recorded from Marya Dmitrievna. The famous folklorist B.M. Sokolov recalled her performance: “She sings a “fable”... and so imperiously orders everyone to pull themselves up that the crowd of a thousand, forgetting their age and position, at that moment is full of one desire: to please the old woman from the forest. The charm of her personality, firm, bright and joyful, forged by the marvelous north, is reflected in her performance, and the cry of the crowd, the same in all cities, is clear: “Thank you, grandmother!” So understandable is the desire of thousands of people to shake an old, wrinkled hand, which has been sadly stretched out for alms all their lives, to shake it with a feeling of love and respect for their grandmother, as for the image of our people.”
Vinokurova Natalya Osipovna(1860-1930) - first met and recorded her fairy tales M.K. Azadovsky, who subsequently thoroughly studied creative manner Siberian storyteller (image of the Verkhnelensky region, rafting, carts, hunting, hiring scenes, etc.). Her tales are consistent, complete, and do not contain unnecessary details. She brings to the fore the characters’ experiences, which determine their actions. The episodes are designed truthfully and convincingly. The psychologism of fairy tales is also characteristic, manifested in fast-paced, intense dialogues, which are accompanied by a description of the characters’ gestures and facial expressions; songs and landscape play a significant role in fairy tales. All fairy tales show gentleness, gentleness, and delicacy. Her tales are known here and abroad.
Sorokovnikov Egor Ivanovich(Magai) (1868-1948). Fairy tales by E.I. Sorokovnikov was recorded, studied by many folklorists, and “Tales of Magai” with an article by Azadovsky were repeatedly published. His tales are permeated with features of Siberian life. In them, a lot of space is given to pictures of nature: harsh taiga, majestic snowy loaches, enchanting snowy valleys, in a word, everything that his homeland - the Tunkinskaya Valley - is so generous and rich in. And in the appearance of the main characters of Sorokovnikov’s fairy tales, the outlines of his fellow countrymen clearly appear. Sorokovnikov's ancestors are Buryats, hence the family name Magai, added to his Russian surname. Yegor Ivanovich's father was a famous hunter and storyteller, an expert on Russian and Buryat fairy tales. It is no coincidence that Sorokovnikov began telling fairy tales from childhood: at work, at the mill, at home and with neighbors. In fairy tales, he usually preserved fairy-tale ritual: his works are richly decorated with beginnings, endings, transitional formulas, such as: “soon the fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done,” they contain many fairy-tale details and everyday details.
Abram Novopoltsev(1820-1885). In the 1870s, D.N. Sadovnikov recorded 72 fairy tales. They formed the main content of D.N.’s collection. Sadovnikov "Tales and legends of the Samara region." Abram Novopoltsev, according to the memoirs of his contemporaries, was a tall old man with broad shoulders. He was a shepherd, lived poorly, had four sons, loved to drink, joke around and “tell tales.” He spoke masterfully and fairy tales, and witty everyday novels, and children's tales about animals, and historical legends, and funny jokes. Fairy tales (25 texts) predominated in Novopoltsev’s repertoire. The storyteller was fluent in all the techniques of a classic fairy tale, using commonplaces, repetitions, fairy tale formulas, constant epithets. No matter what Novopoltsev told, he always tried to amuse and make his audience laugh. What he has in common with buffoons is a penchant for satire, irony, and a wide knowledge of various folklore genres. The storyteller repeatedly introduced songs, numerous proverbs and jokes into fairy tales. Significant place His repertoire included satirical anti-pop and anti-lord tales. Novopoltsev's mastery lies in the richness of the vocabulary of his language, and the emphasized vernacular increases the dynamism of the narrative and gives his tales an unusually intense pace.
Gospodarev Philipp Pavlovich(1865-1938) - originally from the Mogilev province, where in the poor village of Zababie he spent his childhood and teenage years. As a child, I loved listening to the men who gathered in the evening on the rubble of Grandfather Shevtsov’s house, their wonderful fairy tales, especially the “story books” that he told. “For the first time,” he recalled, “I heard “Soldier’s Sons” from Shevtsov on a holiday, on logs. The sun did not set - he began to talk, and it became dark - the old man did not finish speaking. The next day in the morning I deliberately came to him: “Grandfather, tell me the story!” And grandfather finished the story.”
Due to the poverty of his parents, the boy could not attend school. Songs and fairy tales were the only light in a dark, hungry and painful life. At the age of fifteen, Philip went into public life, later worked for a merchant, took part in the uprising, and was imprisoned (in 1903). Since 1917, he has worked at a plant in Petrozavodsk as a blacksmith, driver, welder, stamper, and watchman. To the question of folklorist N.V. Novikov in 1937, asking how many fairy tales he knew, answered: “I know so much that you can’t carry it in a bag. And if you write down three fairy tales per evening, you’ll sit for a month, or even more.” 106 fairy tales were recorded from Gospodarev.
He successfully performed his fairy tales in Leningrad. All the tales of his repertoire by F.P. Gospodarev divided them into four groups: fairy tales “where everything is done by magic”, fairy tales “where everything is done with the head”, fairy tales “with animals”, fairy tales “tricky”. The first place in his repertoire is occupied by unusually long fairy tales, in which he combines several plots. In these tales, he zealously observes traditional fairy tale beginnings, endings, formulas, triple repetitions, constant epithets, etc.
Korguev Matvey Mikhailovich(1883-1943) was born into the family of a poor Pomor in the village of Keret, Arkhangelsk province, was orphaned early, wandered around the world, and at the age of nine began working: he was a shepherd, sawed wood, served as a cook on a local merchant’s ship, then became a fisherman.
In 1936, he met with folklore collector A.N. Nechaev. Korguev's gift of speech came by inheritance: his mother and her brother knew many fairy tales and sang Karelian runes (songs). 115 texts were recorded from Korguev; in 1939, a two-volume book of his fairy tales was published, which included 78 fairy tales. He tells tales of all kinds, even anecdotes; he was especially good at fairy tales and magically heroic ones. While telling the story, Korguev skillfully conveyed the characters’ experiences with his voice, gestures, and facial expressions. His tales are distinguished by an abundance of details, convincingness, descriptions of the working and living conditions of Pomors, and depictions of sea storms.
Kovalev Ivan Fedorovich(1885-1966) - lived almost his entire life in the village of Shadrina, Gorky Region, not far from Lake Svetloyar, into which, according to legend, the city of Kitezh sank. As a child, he listened to the tales of his grandmother and mother - wonderful storytellers. There were no girls in the family, and the boy had to spin with his mother - for fairy tales he spun extra bundles of flax. Trading simple goods, he went to many places and listened and told stories everywhere. During the imperialist war, in captivity in Germany, I listened to German fairy tales and told Russian ones. In his village he entertained collective farmers with fairy tales during lunch breaks and young people in the reading hut.
In 1931, he met folklorists, began to come to Moscow to record, and was accepted into the Writers' Union. His largest collection was published in Moscow in 1941. Kovalev draws detailed portraits of his heroes and the landscape. Love is a favorite theme of his fairy tales. His tales contain an abundance of epithets and fairy-tale formulas; the characters are characterized by caring for the poor and disadvantaged.
Skazkin Mikhail Ananyevich(1883-1967) - lived in the Gorky region in the village of Klimovo, born in the village of Temta in the family of a farm laborer Anania Lebedev. As a ten-year-old boy he went to work in a mill. In my free time from work I listened to fairy tales. The miller cruelly ridiculed the boy's passion for fairy tales. One day a boy invited the miller to listen to a fairy tale and received the answer: “Look, how you are attracted to fairy tales; What are you like after this Lebedev? You are a fairy tale - be a fairy tale.” Subsequently, this nickname took root for Mikhail Ananyevich and replaced his previous surname.
As a child, he not only listened to the tales of his fellow villagers, but also read them avidly. His repertoire includes magical, adventurous, everyday, satirical, and fairy tales about animals.
Baryshnikova-Kuprianikha Anna Kupriyanovna(1868-1954) - Voronezh storyteller, occupying one of the first places among Russian storytellers. She lived almost her entire life in the village of Vereika, Zemlyansky district. Voronezh region. As a child, she tended cattle, got married early and, having become a widow, was left with four children. I had to work backbreakingly and even beg. Her tales have been recorded since 1925. Kuprianikha also visited Moscow, where she performed her fairy tales. Was accepted into the Writers' Union. Her tales use beginnings, endings, repetitions, details, satirical characteristics, sometimes there is a rhythm, a rhyme. Every time she creates a fairy tale.
Korolkova Anna Nikolaevna- native of the village of Staraya Toida, Voronezh region. Her homeland is rich in songs and fairy tales. She lived a long and difficult life. Her grandfather, orphaned at the age of six, became the guide of a blind singer, from whom he learned many songs and poems. Grandmother was famous as a storyteller and an outstanding singer. From the age of nine, Anyuta became a social worker - she nursed and rocked her daughter-in-law’s children, then she became a servant, rocked other people’s children, and recalled nursery rhymes and stories that she heard from her grandmother and mother. I remembered many fairy tales from the beekeeper Stepan Ivanovich Rastrygin, who lived to be 116 years old. At the age of twenty she was married off as the “tenth daughter-in-law” in big family. Life was difficult, her husband worked as a groom, Anna Nikolaevna worked as a cook for a merchant. In 1930 they moved to Voronezh, where Anna Nikolaevna quickly gained fame thanks to her fairy tales, songs, and ditties. V. Tonkov wrote down 32 fairy tales from her, many of which were included in the book “Fairy Tales of A.N. Korolkova”, and the collection “Songs and Tales of the Voronezh Region”. Her repertoire includes fairy tales about heroes, about Eruslan Lazarevich, etc. There are a variety of types of fairy tales, told by her with humor. ( book “Russian storytellers”, comp. E.V. Pomerantseva.)
Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875)
More than one generation of people has grown up with the works of the Danish writer, storyteller and playwright.
From early childhood, Hans was a visionary and a dreamer; he adored puppet theaters and began writing poetry early.
His father died when Hans was not even ten years old, the boy worked as an apprentice at a tailor, then at a cigarette factory, and at the age of 14 he already played minor roles at the Royal Theater in Copenhagen.
Andersen wrote his first play at the age of 15; it was a great success; in 1835, his first book of fairy tales was published, which many children and adults read with delight to this day.
The most famous of his works are “Flint”, “Thumbelina”, “The Little Mermaid”, “The Steadfast Tin Soldier”, “The Snow Queen”, “The Ugly Duckling”, “The Princess and the Pea” and many others.
Charles Perrault (1628-1703)
The French writer-storyteller, critic and poet was an exemplary excellent student as a child. He received a good education, made a career as a lawyer and writer, he was admitted to the French Academy, and wrote many scientific works.
In 1697, his collection “Tales of Mother Goose” was published, which brought Perrault world fame. Famous ballets and operas have been created based on the plot of his fairy tales.
As for the most famous works, few people did not read in childhood about Puss in Boots, Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, Little Red Riding Hood, Gingerbread House, Thumb, Bluebeard.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (1799-1837)
Not only the poems and verses of the great poet and playwright enjoy the well-deserved love of people, but also wonderful fairy tales in verse.
Alexander Pushkin began writing his poetry in early childhood, he received a good education at home, graduated from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum (a privileged educational institution), and was friends with other famous poets, including the “Decembrists.”
The poet’s life had both periods of ups and downs and tragic events: accusations of freethinking, misunderstanding and condemnation of the authorities, and finally, a fatal duel, as a result of which Pushkin received a mortal wound and died at the age of 38.
But his legacy remains: the last fairy tale written by the poet was “The Tale of the Golden Cockerel.” Also known are “The Tale of Tsar Saltan”, “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish”, “The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights”, “The Tale of the Priest and the Worker Balda”.
Brothers Grimm: Wilhelm (1786-1859), Jacob (1785-1863)
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were inseparable from their youth until their graves: they were bound by common interests and common adventures.
Wilhelm Grimm grew up as a sickly and weak boy; only in adulthood did his health more or less return to normal. Jacob always supported his brother.
The Brothers Grimm were not only experts in German folklore, but also linguists, lawyers, and scientists. One brother chose the path of a philologist, studying ancient German literature, the other became a scientist.
It was the fairy tales that brought the brothers world fame, although some works are considered “not for children.” The most famous are “Snow White and the Scarlet Flower”, “Straw, Ember and Bean”, “Bremen Street Musicians”, “The Brave Little Tailor”, “The Wolf and the Seven Little Goats”, “Hansel and Gretel” and others.
Pavel Petrovich Bazhov (1879-1950)
The Russian writer and folklorist, who was the first to carry out literary adaptations of Ural legends, left us an invaluable legacy. He was born into a simple working-class family, but this did not stop him from finishing seminary and becoming a teacher of the Russian language.
In 1918, he volunteered for the front, and when he returned, he decided to turn to journalism
It is interesting that fairy tales are made in the form of legends: folk speech and folklore images make each work special. The most famous fairy tales: “The Mistress of the Copper Mountain”, “The Silver Hoof”, “The Malachite Box”, “Two Lizards”, “The Golden Hair”, “The Stone Flower”.
Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)
Famous writer, poet and reformer. Rudyard Kipling was born in Bombay (India), at the age of 6 he was brought to England; he later called those years “years of suffering”, because the people who raised him turned out to be cruel and indifferent.
The future writer received an education, returned to India, and then went on a trip, visiting many countries in Asia and America.
When the writer was 42 years old, he was awarded the Nobel Prize - and to this day he remains the youngest writer laureate in his category. Kipling's most famous children's book is, of course, “The Jungle Book”, the main character of which was the boy Mowgli; it is also very interesting to read other fairy tales: -
- “The cat that walks by itself”, “Where does a camel get its hump?”, “How the leopard got its spots”, they all tell about distant countries and are very interesting.
Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (1776-1822)
Hoffmann was a very versatile and talented man: composer, artist, writer, storyteller.
He was born in Koeningsberg, when he was 3 years old, his parents separated: his older brother left with his father, and Ernst stayed with his mother; Hoffman never saw his brother again. Ernst was always a mischief-maker and a dreamer; he was often called a “troublemaker.”
It’s interesting that there was a women’s boarding house next to the house where the Hoffmanns lived, and Ernst liked one of the girls so much that he even started digging a tunnel to get to know her. When the hole was almost ready, my uncle found out about it and ordered the passage to be filled up. Hoffmann always dreamed that after his death a memory of him would remain - and so it happened; his fairy tales are read to this day: the most famous are “The Golden Pot”, “The Nutcracker”, “Little Tsakhes, nicknamed Zinnober” and others.
Alan Milne (1882-1856)
Who among us does not know a funny bear with sawdust in his head - Winnie the Pooh and his funny friends? – the author of these funny tales is Alan Milne.
The writer spent his childhood in London, he was a well-educated man, and then served in the Royal Army. The first tales about the bear were written in 1926.
Interestingly, Alan did not read his works to his own son Christopher, preferring to raise him on more serious literary stories. Christopher read his father's fairy tales as an adult.
The books have been translated into 25 languages and are very popular in many countries around the world. In addition to the stories about Winnie the Pooh, the fairy tales “Princess Nesmeyana”, “An Ordinary Fairy Tale”, “Prince Rabbit” and others are known.
Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1882-1945)
Alexey Tolstoy wrote in many genres and styles, received the title of academician, and was a war correspondent during the war.
As a child, Alexey lived on the Sosnovka farm in his stepfather's house (his mother left his father, Count Tolstoy, while pregnant). Tolstoy spent several years abroad, studying the literature and folklore of different countries: this is how the idea arose to rewrite the fairy tale “Pinocchio” in a new way.
In 1935, his book “The Golden Key or the Adventures of Pinocchio” was published. Alexey Tolstoy also released 2 collections of his own fairy tales, called “Mermaid Tales” and “Magpie Tales”.
The most famous “adult” works are “Walking in Torment”, “Aelita”, “Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin”.
Alexander Nikolaevich Afanasyev (1826-1871)
He is an outstanding folklorist and historian, who has been interested in folk art and researched it since his youth. He first worked as a journalist in the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, at which time he began his research.
Afanasyev is considered one of the most outstanding scientists of the 20th century, his collection of Russian folk tales is the only collection of Russian East Slavic fairy tales that can well be called a “folk book”, because more than one generation has grown up with them.
The first publication dates back to 1855, since then the book has been reprinted several times.
“Here a fairy tale began, a pampering began from the siwka and from the burka, and from the wine-wort hen, from the rough-legged rough-legged piglet.”
It began with a beginning, was accompanied by sayings and jokes, fantastic and magical, followed the formulas of “fairytale rituals” or, on the contrary, neglected the canon, without a beginning or ending, became close to reality, the everyday environment, depending on whose lips it sounded from, how told by the storyteller...
Abram Kuzmich Novopoltsev
The storyteller-joker, storyteller-entertainer Abram Novopoltsev is a typical representative of the heritage of buffoons. His repertoire is surprising in its diversity: there are fantastic fairy tales, everyday novels, and tales about animals, as well as anecdotes, edifying tales, and historical legends. However, even the classic traditional fairy tale in Novopoltsev’s transmission, with all its formal fidelity to the canon, is rethought and reworked due to the unique style of the storyteller. Main feature This style is a rhyme that subjugates any fairy tale told by Novopoltsev, makes it amusing, light, carefree and cannot but amuse and entertain the listener. “This is the end of the fairy tale,” the fellow said to us, well done, a glass of beer, for the end of the fairy tale a glass of wine.
Egor Ivanovich Sorokovikov-Magai
A fairy tale eased the hard work of a peasant, lifted his spirit, gave him strength to live on; storytellers were always known and appreciated among the people. Often storytellers enjoyed privileges, for example, in fishing cooperatives on Lake Baikal, the storyteller was given an extra share and exempted from a number of difficult jobs. Or, for example, as Sorokovikov, an outstanding Russian storyteller, recalls, most of the tales had to be told at the mill, when it was time to grind bread. “When you come to the mill, they even accept bags to help me. "He will tell fairy tales!" And they let us through the line. “We dare you, just tell us fairy tales!” This is the way we had to tell a lot of fairy tales.” Sorokovikov is distinguished from many storytellers by his knowledge of literacy and passion for books, hence the peculiarity of the tales he tells: they bear the imprint of book influences and urban culture. The cultural elements introduced by Yegor Ivanovich into the fairy tale, such as the special book style of speech of the heroes or household accessories (telephone in the princess’s mansion, clubs and theaters, notebook, which is taken out by a peasant peasant, and many others), transform the fairy tale and permeate it with a new worldview.
Anna Kupriyanova Baryshnikova
Poor, illiterate peasant woman Anna Baryshnikova, better known by the nickname “Kupriyanikha” or “Aunt Anyuta,” inherited most of her fairy tales from her father, who loved to insert a catchy word and make the audience laugh. In the same way, Kuprianikha’s fairy tales - perky, often poetic - like Novopoltsev’s fairy tales, inherited the tradition of buffoons and specialist amusing bahari. Baryshnikova's fairy tales are replete with colorful beginnings, endings, sayings, jokes and rhymes. Rhyming determines the entire tale or its individual episodes, introduces new words, names, and creates new provisions. And some of the storyteller’s beginnings are independent sayings that migrate from one fairy tale to another: “The bread was not good, it was lying around the counter, on the stove? They put me in the corner, they put me in boxes, not in the town. No one can buy bread, no one can take it for free. The pig Ustinya came up and stained her entire snout. She was ill for three weeks, in the fourth week the pig writhed, and in the fifth week she was completely dead.”
Fedor Ivanovich Aksamentov
A fairy tale, like a piece of plasticine in your hands, is remade and changed under the influence various factors (individual characteristics storyteller, the place where the fairy tale exists, social environment, to which the performer belongs). Thus, a fairy tale told among soldiers absorbs the realities of camp and military life, the barracks, and appears before us in a completely different way, a new fairy tale. A soldier's tale is characterized by its own special repertoire, a special range of themes and selection of episodes. Aksamentov, the Lena storyteller, one of the best representatives of the soldier’s fairy tale, carefully treats the fairy tale tradition, but at the same time his fairy tale is modernized, subordinated to the realities of soldier’s life (sentries, guards, dismissal notes, guardhouses, etc.). IN soldier's tale you won’t find fantastic “in a certain kingdom” or “far away lands”, the action is confined to a specific place and even time, it takes place in Moscow or St. Petersburg, and the characters are often given the names of historical figures, the hero’s exploits are now also confined to the geographical area. For Aksamentov, this is most often France and Paris. Main character his fairy tales - the Russian soldier. The narrator also introduces drunkards into the story, card games, hotels, parties, sometimes these pictures of drunkenness even turn into some kind of apotheosis of a drunkard, which gives a specific shade to fairy-tale fiction.
Natalia Osipovna Vinokurova
For the storyteller Vinokurova, a poor peasant woman who has struggled with poverty all her life, the main interest in a fairy tale is the everyday details and psychological situation; in her fairy tales you will not find beginnings, endings, sayings and other attributes classic fairy tale. Often her story is a purely enumeration of facts, and rather crumpled and confused, so, jumping from one episode to another, Vinokurova uses the formula “in short.” But at the same time, the storyteller may suddenly stop at detailed description the simplest everyday scene, which in principle is not typical of a fairy tale. Vinokurova strives to bring the fairy-tale environment closer to reality, hence her attempts to analyze psychological state heroes, describe their gestures, facial expressions, sometimes the storyteller even gives descriptions of the appearance of the characters in her fairy tales (“suddenly a boy comes running to him, in a short frock coat and a Chornen cap”).
Dmitry Savelievich Aslamov
An important role in the perception of a fairy tale is played by the way the storyteller narrates it: emotionally and accompanying the story with gestures, comments, addresses to the listeners, or, conversely, quietly, smoothly, without flashes. For example, Vinokurova is one of the calm storytellers, like Sorokovikov, whose speech is sedate, somewhat solemn and in an upbeat tone. Their complete opposite is the master storyteller Aslamov. He is all in motion, constantly gesticulating, raising and lowering his voice, pausing, playing, laughing, using his hands to indicate dimensions if, for example, he has to talk about the size, height, or general size of something or someone. And the more listeners, the more he appears in all his glory. Individual exploits and adventures fairy-tale heroes Aslamov notes with exclamations and questions: “Aha!”, “Good!”, “Clever!”, “That’s how!”, “Cleverly done!” etc. or, on the contrary, with remarks: “What a fool!”, “Well, what, I don’t have enough ingenuity!”, or he interrupts his story with remarks: “Are my fairy tales interesting?!”, “My fairy tales are very interesting.”
Matvey Mikhailovich Korguev
“In which kingdom, in which state, namely in the one in which you and I live, there lived a peasant,” - this is how Korguev begins his fairy tale “About Chapai”, in which the White Sea storyteller manages to embody historical material and events Civil War, in the images of folk art. Playfully, Korguev combines fabulous traditional motifs with contemporary reality, brings into them life with all its everyday details, humanizes fairy tale characters, individualizes them. Thus, the heroes and heroines of the fairy tales they tell are called Tanechka, Lenochka, Elechka, Sanechka, Andreyushko. Elechka took out a “golden bristle pig” for Andrei, “stuck it in a drawer and went to bed. I slept a little, got up at six o’clock, warmed up the samovar and began to wake up Andrei.” Due to such details, fairy tales become realistic and entertaining, which certainly sets Korguev’s fairy tales apart from others.