EGE Russian language. bank of arguments. philosophical problems

Two years ago, my students and I compiled these arguments for Option C.

1) What is the meaning of life?

1. The author writes about the meaning of life, and Eugene Onegin in the novel of the same name by A.S. Pushkin comes to mind. Bitter is the fate of those who have not found their place in life! Onegin is a gifted man, one of the best people of that time, but he did nothing but evil - he killed a friend, brought misfortune to Tatyana who loved him:

Having lived without a goal, without work

Until twenty-six years old,

Languishing in the inactivity of leisure,

No work, no wife, no business

I didn't know how to do anything.

2. People who have not found the purpose of life are unhappy. Pechorin in “Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov is active, smart, resourceful, observant, but all his actions are random, his activity is fruitless, and he is unhappy, none of the manifestations of his will has a deep purpose. The hero bitterly asks himself: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?..”

3.Throughout life path Pierre Bezukhov tirelessly searched for himself and the true meaning of life. After painful trials, he became able not only to think about the meaning of life, but also to perform specific actions that require will and determination. In the epilogue of L.N. Tolstoy’s novel, we meet Pierre, who is carried away by the ideas of Decembrism, protests against the existing social system and fights for the fair life of the very people of which he feels himself a part. According to Tolstoy, this organic combination of the personal and the national contains both the meaning of life and happiness.

2) Fathers and sons. Upbringing.

1. It seems like Bazarov - positive hero in the novel by I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”. Smart, brave, independent in judgment, advanced man of his time, but readers are confused by his attitude towards his parents, who love their son madly, but he is deliberately rude to them. Yes, Evgeny practically does not communicate with old people. How sad they are! And only Odintsova he said wonderful words about his parents, but the old people themselves never heard them.

2. In general, the problem of “fathers” and “children” is typical for Russian literature. In A.N. Ostrovsky’s drama “The Thunderstorm” it takes on a tragic sound, since young people who want to live by their own minds emerge from blind obedience to the domostroy.

And in the novel by I.S. Turgenev, the generation of children represented by Yevgeny Bazarov is already decisively going their own way, sweeping away established authorities. And the contradictions between two generations are often painful.

3) Impudence. Rudeness. Behavior in society.

1. Human incontinence, disrespectful attitude towards others, rudeness and rudeness are directly related to improper upbringing in the family. Therefore, Mitrofanushka in D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor” says unforgivable, rude words. In Mrs. Prostakova's house, rude language and beatings are a common occurrence. So mother says to Pravdin: “...now I scold, now I fight; This is how the house holds together.”

2. Famusov appears before us as a rude, ignorant person in A. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit.” He is rude to dependent people, speaks grumpily, rudely, calls the servants names in every possible way, regardless of their age.

3. You can cite the image of the mayor from the comedy “The Inspector General”. A positive example: A. Bolkonsky.

4) The problem of poverty, social inequality.

1. With stunning realism, F.M. Dostoevsky depicts the world of Russian reality in the novel “Crime and Punishment”. It shows the social injustice, hopelessness, and spiritual impasse that gave rise to Raskolnikov’s absurd theory. The heroes of the novel are poor people, humiliated by society, poverty is everywhere, suffering is everywhere. Together with the author, we feel pain for the fate of the children. Standing up for the disadvantaged is what matures in the minds of readers when they get acquainted with this work.

5) The problem of mercy.

1. It seems that from all the pages of F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” disadvantaged people ask us for help: Katerina Ivanovna, her children, Sonechka... The sad picture of the image of a humiliated person calls for our mercy and compassion: “Love your neighbor ..." The author believes that a person must find his way "to the kingdom of light and thought." He believes that a time will come when people will love each other. He claims that beauty will save the world.

2. In maintaining compassion for people, a merciful and patient soul, the moral height of a woman is revealed in A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor.” In all the trials that degrade human dignity, Matryona remains sincere, responsive, ready to help, capable of rejoicing in the happiness of others. This is the image of a righteous woman, a keeper of spiritual values. Without her, according to the proverb, “the village, the city, the whole land is not worth it.”

6) The problem of honor, duty, feat.

1. When you read about how Andrei Bolkonsky was mortally wounded, you feel horror. He did not rush forward with the banner, he simply did not lie down on the ground like the others, but continued to stand, knowing that the cannonball would explode. Bolkonsky could not do otherwise. He, with his sense of honor and duty, noble valor, did not want to do otherwise. There are always people who cannot run, remain silent, or hide from danger. They die before others because they are better. And their death is not meaningless: it gives birth to something in the souls of people, something very important.

7) The problem of happiness.

1. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace” leads us, the readers, to the idea that happiness is not expressed in wealth, not in nobility, not in fame, but in love, all-consuming and all-encompassing. Such happiness cannot be taught. Before his death, Prince Andrei defines his state as “happiness”, located in the intangible and external influences of the soul - “happiness of love”... The hero seems to be returning to the time of pure youth, to the ever-living springs of natural existence.

2. To be happy, you need to remember five simple rules. 1. Free your heart from hatred - forgive. 2. Free your heart from worries - most of them do not come true. 3. Lead simple life and appreciate what you have. 4.Give more. 5. Expect less.

8) My favorite work.

They say that every person in his life must raise a son, build a house, plant a tree. It seems to me that in spiritual life no one can do without Leo Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace. I think this book creates in the human soul the necessary moral foundation on which a temple of spirituality can be built. The novel is an encyclopedia of life; The fates and experiences of the heroes are relevant to this day. The author encourages us to learn from the mistakes of the characters in the work and live a “real life.”

9) The theme of friendship.

Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov in Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” are people of “crystal honest, crystal soul.” They constitute the spiritual elite, the moral core to the “marrow of the bones” of a rotten society. These are friends, they are connected by liveliness of character and soul. Both hate the “carnival masks” of high society, complement each other and become necessary for each other, despite the fact that they are so different. The heroes seek and learn the truth - such a goal justifies the value of their life and friendship.

10) Faith in God. Christian motives.

1. In the image of Sonya, F.M. Dostoevsky personifies the “man of God”, who has not lost his connection with God in a cruel world with a passionate desire for “Life in Christ”. IN scary world In the novel Crime and Punishment, this girl is a moral ray of light that warms the heart of a criminal. Rodion heals his soul and returns to life with Sonya. It turns out that without God there is no life. So Dostoevsky thought, so Gumilyov later wrote:

2. The heroes of F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” read the parable of the resurrection of Lazarus. Through Sonya, the prodigal son, Rodion, returns to real life and God. Only at the end of the novel does he see “morning”, and under his pillow lies the Gospel. Bible stories became the basis for the works of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol. The poet Nikolai Gumilyov has wonderful words:

There is God, there is peace, they live forever;

And people's lives are instantaneous and miserable,

But a person contains everything within himself,

Who loves the world and believes in God.

11)Patriotism.

1. True patriots in Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace do not think about themselves, they feel the need for their own contribution and even sacrifice, but do not expect rewards for this, because they carry in their souls a genuine holy feeling of the Motherland.

Pierre Bezukhov gives his money, sells his estate to equip the regiment. True patriots There were also those who left Moscow, not wanting to submit to Napoleon. Petya Rostov is rushing to the front because “The Fatherland is in danger.” Russian men, dressed in soldiers' greatcoats, fiercely resist the enemy, because the feeling of patriotism is sacred and inalienable for them.

2. In Pushkin’s poetry we find sources of the purest patriotism. His “Poltava”, “Boris Godunov”, all appeals to Peter the Great, “slanderers of Russia”, his poem dedicated to the Borodino anniversary, testify to the depth of popular feeling and the power of patriotism, enlightened and sublime.

12) Family.

We, the readers, arouse special sympathy for the Rostov family in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace,” whose behavior reveals high nobility of feelings, kindness, even rare generosity, naturalness, closeness to the people, moral purity and integrity. The sense of family, which the Rostovs take religiously in peaceful life, will turn out to be historically significant during the Patriotic War of 1812.

13) Conscience.

1.Probably, the last thing we, readers, expected from Dolokhov in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” was an apology to Pierre on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. In moments of danger, during a period of general tragedy, conscience awakens in this tough man. Bezukhov is surprised by this. We seem to see Dolokhov from the other side and one more time we will be surprised when he, with other Cossacks and hussars, frees a party of prisoners, where Pierre will be, when he has difficulty speaking, seeing Petya lying motionless. Conscience is a moral category, without it it is impossible to imagine a real person.

2. Conscientious means decent, fair man endowed with a sense of dignity, justice, kindness. The one who lives in harmony with his conscience is calm and happy. The fate of one who missed it for the sake of momentary gain or renounced it out of personal egoism is unenviable.

3. It seems to me that issues of conscience and honor for Nikolai Rostov in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” are moral essence a decent person. Having lost a lot of money to Dolokhov, he promises himself to return it to his father, who saved him from dishonor. And one more time Rostov surprised me when he entered into an inheritance and accepted all his father’s debts. This is what people usually do with honor and duty, people with a developed sense of conscience.

4. The best features of Grinev from A.S. Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter”, conditioned by his upbringing, appear in moments of severe trials and help him get out of difficult situations with honor. In conditions of rebellion, the hero maintains humanity, honor and loyalty to himself; he risks his life, but does not deviate from the dictates of duty, refusing to swear allegiance to Pugachev and make compromises.

14) Education. His role in human life.

1. A.S. Griboyedov, under the guidance of experienced teachers, received a good initial education, which he continued at Moscow University. The writer's contemporaries were amazed by the level of his education. He graduated from three faculties (the verbal department of the Faculty of Philosophy, the Faculty of Science and Mathematics and the Faculty of Law) and received the academic title of candidate of these sciences. Griboyedov studied Greek, Latin, English, French and German, and spoke Arabic, Persian and Italian. Alexander Sergeevich was fond of theater. He was one of the excellent writers and diplomats.

We consider 2. M. Yu. Lermontov to be one of the great writers of Russia and the progressive noble intelligentsia. He was called a revolutionary romantic. Although Lermontov left the university because the leadership considered his stay there undesirable, the poet was distinguished high level self-education. He began to write poetry early, drew beautifully, and played music. Lermontov constantly developed his talent and left his descendants a rich creative heritage.

15) Officials. Power.

1. I. Krylov, N. V. Gogol, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in their works ridiculed those officials who humiliate their subordinates and pander to their superiors. Writers condemn them for rudeness, indifference to the people, embezzlement and bribery. It’s not for nothing that Shchedrin is called the prosecutor of public life. His satire was full of sharp journalistic content.

2. In the comedy “The Inspector General,” Gogol showed the officials inhabiting the city - the embodiment of the passions rampant in it. He denounced the entire bureaucratic system, portrayed a vulgar society plunged into universal deception. Officials are far from the people, they are only busy material well-being. The writer not only exposes their abuses, but also shows that they have acquired the character of a “disease.” Lyapkin-Tyapkin, Bobchinsky, Zemlyanika and other characters are ready to humiliate themselves before their superiors, but they do not consider simple petitioners to be people.

3. Our society has moved to a new level of management, so the order in the country has changed, the fight against corruption and inspections are underway. It is sad to recognize in many modern officials and politicians emptiness covered by indifference. Gogol's types have not disappeared. They exist in a new guise, but with the same emptiness and vulgarity.

16) Intelligence. Spirituality.

1. I evaluate an intelligent person by his ability to behave in society and by his spirituality. Andrei Bolkonsky in Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” is my favorite hero, whom young men of our generation can imitate. He is smart, educated, intelligent. He is characterized by such character traits that make up spirituality as a sense of duty, honor, patriotism, and mercy. Andrey is disgusted by the world with its pettiness and falsehood. It seems to me that the prince’s feat is not only that he rushed with a banner at the enemy, but also that he consciously abandoned false values, choosing compassion, kindness and love.

2. In the comedy “The Cherry Orchard,” A.P. Chekhov denies intelligence to people who do nothing, are not capable of work, do not read anything serious, only talk about science, and understand little about art. He believes that humanity must improve its strength, work hard, help the suffering, and strive for moral purity.

3. Andrei Voznesensky has wonderful words: “There is a Russian intelligentsia. Do you think no? Eat!"

17)Mother. Motherhood.

1. With trepidation and excitement, A.I. Solzhenitsyn remembered his mother, who sacrificed a lot for her son. Persecuted by the authorities because of her husband’s “White Guard” and her father’s “former wealth,” she could not work in an institution that paid well, although she knew foreign languages ​​perfectly and had studied shorthand and typewriting. Great writer I am grateful to my mother for doing everything to instill in him diverse interests, to give him higher education. In his memory, his mother remained an example of universal moral values.

2.V.Ya.Bryusov connects the theme of motherhood with love and composes an enthusiastic praise to the woman-mother. This is the humanistic tradition of Russian literature: the poet believes that the movement of the world, humanity comes from a woman - a symbol of love, self-sacrifice, patience and understanding.

18) Labor is laziness.

Valery Bryusov created a hymn to labor, which also contains the following passionate lines:

And the right to a place in life

Only to those whose days are in labor:

Glory to the workers only,

Only for them - a wreath for centuries!

19) Theme of love.

Every time Pushkin wrote about love, his soul became enlightened. In the poem: “I loved you...” the poet’s feeling is anxious, love has not yet cooled down, it lives in him. Light sadness is caused by an unrequited strong feeling. He confesses to his beloved, and how strong and noble his impulses are:

I loved you silently, hopelessly,

We are tormented by timidity and jealousy...

The nobility of the poet's feelings, tinged with light and subtle sadness, is expressed simply and directly, warmly and, as always with Pushkin, enchantingly musical. This is the true power of love, which resists vanity, indifference, and dullness!

20)Purity of language.

1.During its history, Russia has experienced three eras of contamination of the Russian language. The first happened under Peter 1, when there were over three thousand marine terms of foreign words alone. The second era came with the revolution of 1917. But the darkest time for our language was the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st centuries, when we witnessed the degradation of the language. Just look at the phrase heard on television: “Don’t slow down – grab a snicker!” Americanisms have overwhelmed our speech. I am sure that the purity of speech must be strictly monitored, it is necessary to eradicate bureaucracy, jargon, and abundance foreign words, which displace beautiful, correct literary speech, which is the standard of Russian classics.

2. Pushkin did not have the opportunity to save the Fatherland from enemies, but he was given the opportunity to decorate, elevate and glorify its language. The poet extracted unheard-of sounds from the Russian language and “hit the hearts” of readers with unknown force. Centuries will pass, but these poetic treasures will remain for posterity in all the charm of their beauty and will never lose their strength and freshness:

I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,

How God grant that your beloved be different!

21)Nature. Ecology.

1. I. Bunin’s poetry is characterized by a caring attitude towards nature, he worries about its preservation, about its purity, therefore his lyrics contain many bright, rich colors of love and hope. Nature feeds the poet with optimism; through her images he expresses his philosophy of life:

My spring will pass, and this day will pass,

But it's fun to wander around and know that everything passes,

Meanwhile, the happiness of living will never die...

In the poem “Forest Road,” nature is the source of happiness and beauty for humans.

2.V. Astafiev’s book “The Fish Tsar” consists of many essays, stories and short stories. The chapters “Dream of the White Mountains” and “King Fish” talk about the interaction of man with nature. The writer bitterly names the reason for the destruction of nature - this is the spiritual impoverishment of man. His duel with the fish has a sad outcome. In general, in his discussions about man and the world around him, Astafiev concludes that nature is a temple, and man is part of nature, and therefore is obliged to protect this common Home for all living things, to preserve its beauty.

3.Accidents at nuclear power plants affect the inhabitants of entire continents, even the entire Earth. They have long-term consequences. Many years ago, the worst man-made disaster occurred - the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia suffered the most. The consequences of the disaster are global. For the first time in human history, an industrial accident has reached such a scale that its consequences can be found anywhere in the world. Many people received terrible doses of radiation and died painful deaths. Chernobyl contamination continues to cause increased mortality among people of all ages. Cancer is one of the typical manifestations of the effects of radiation. The accident at the nuclear power plant resulted in a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in mortality, genetic disorders... People must remember Chernobyl for the sake of the future, know about the dangers of radiation and do everything to ensure that such disasters never happen again.

22) The role of art.

My contemporary, poet and prose writer Elena Taho-Godi, wrote about the influence of art on people:

You can live without Pushkin

And without Mozart's music too -

Without everything that is spiritually dearer,

Without a doubt, you can live.

Even better, calmer, simpler

Without absurd passions and worries

And more carefree, of course,

But how can this deadline be met?..

23) About our little brothers.

1. I immediately remembered the amazing story “Tame Me,” where Yulia Drunina talks about an unfortunate animal trembling from hunger, fear and cold, an unwanted animal in the market, which somehow immediately turned into a household idol. The whole family of the poetess joyfully worshiped him. In another story, the title of which is symbolic, “Responsible for everyone I have tamed,” she will say that the attitude towards “our smaller brothers,” towards creatures who are completely dependent on us, is a “touchstone” for each of us .

2. In many of Jack London’s works, humans and animals (dogs) go through life side by side and help each other in all situations. When, for hundreds of kilometers of snowy silence, you are the only representative of the human race, there is no better and more devoted assistant than a dog, and, moreover, unlike a person, it is not capable of lies and betrayal.

24) Homeland. Small Motherland.

Each of us has our own small homeland- the place from which our first perception of the world around us begins, the comprehension of love for the country. The poet Sergei Yesenin's most cherished memories are associated with the Ryazan village: with the blue that fell into the river, a raspberry field, a birch grove, where he experienced “lake melancholy” and aching sadness, where he overheard the cry of an oriole, the conversation of sparrows, the rustle of grass. And I immediately imagined that beautiful dewy morning that the poet encountered in his childhood and which gave him a holy “sense of homeland”:

Woven over the lake

Scarlet light of dawn...

25) Historical memory.

1. A. Tvardovsky wrote:

The war has passed, the suffering has passed,

But pain calls to people.

Come on people, never

Let's not forget about this.

2. The works of many poets are dedicated to the people's feat in the Great Patriotic War. The memory of what we experienced does not die. A.T. Tvardovsky writes that the blood of the fallen was not shed in vain: the survivors must maintain peace so that descendants live happily on earth:

I bequeath in that life

You should be happy

Thanks to them, the war heroes, we live in peace. Lit Eternal flame, reminding us of the lives given for our homeland.

26)Theme of beauty.

Sergei Yesenin glorifies everything beautiful in his lyrics. Beauty for him is peace and harmony, nature and love for the homeland, tenderness for his beloved: “How beautiful the Earth is and the people on it!”

People will never be able to overcome the feeling of beauty, because the world will not change endlessly, but what pleases the eye and excites the soul will always remain. We freeze with delight, listening to eternal music born of inspiration, admiring nature, reading poetry... And we love, idolize, dream of something mysterious and beautiful. Beauty is everything that gives happiness.

27) Philistinism.

1. In the satirical comedies “The Bedbug” and “Bathhouse” V. Mayakovsky ridicules such vices as philistinism and bureaucracy. There is no place in the future for the main character of the play “The Bedbug”. Mayakovsky's satire has a sharp focus and reveals the shortcomings that exist in any society.

2. B story of the same name A.P. Chekhov Jonah is the personification of the passion for money. We see the impoverishment of his spirit, physical and spiritual “detachment.” The writer told us about the loss of personality, the irreparable waste of time - the most valuable asset of human life, about personal responsibility to oneself and society. Memories of the loan notes he had with him With such pleasure he takes it out of his pockets in the evenings, it extinguishes the feelings of love and kindness in him.

28) Great people. Talent.

1. Omar Khayyam is a great, brilliantly educated man who lived an intellectually rich life. His rubai is the story of the ascent of the poet’s soul to the high truth of existence. Khayyam is not only a poet, but also a master of prose, a philosopher, truly great person. He died, and in the "firmament" human spirit His star has been shining for almost a thousand years, and its light, alluring and mysterious, does not dim, but on the contrary, becomes brighter:

Be I the Creator, the Ruler of the heights,

It would incinerate the old firmament.

And I would pull on a new one, under which

Envy does not sting, anger does not scurry around.

2. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn is the honor and conscience of our era. He was a participant in the Great Patriotic War and was awarded for heroism shown in battle. For disapproving statements about Lenin and Stalin, he was arrested and sentenced to eight years in forced labor camps. In 1967, he sent an open letter to the USSR Writers' Congress calling for an end to censorship. His, famous writer, were persecuted. In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. The years of recognition were difficult, but he returned to Russia, wrote a lot, his journalism is considered to be moral sermons. Solzhenitsyn is rightly considered a fighter for freedom and human rights, a politician, ideologist, and public figure who served the country honestly and selflessly. His best works- this is “The Gulag Archipelago”, “Matryonin Dvor”, “Cancer Ward”...

29) The problem of material support. Wealth.

Unfortunately, the universal measure of all values ​​of many people has become Lately money, passion for hoarding. Of course, for many citizens this is the personification of well-being, stability, reliability, security, even a guarantor of love and respect - no matter how paradoxical it may sound.

For people like Chichikov in N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” and many Russian capitalists, it was not difficult to first “curry favor”, flatter, give bribes, be “pushed around”, so that later they themselves could “push around” and take bribes, and live luxuriously .

30)Freedom-Unfreedom.

I read E. Zamyatin’s novel “We” in one breath. Here we can see the idea of ​​what can happen to a person and society when, submitting to an abstract idea, they voluntarily give up freedom. People turn into an appendage of the machine, into cogs. Zamyatin showed the tragedy of overcoming the human in a person, the loss of a name as the loss of one’s own “I”.

31) Time problem.

During his long creative life, L.N. Tolstoy was constantly short of time. His working day began at dawn. The writer absorbed the morning smells, saw the sunrise, awakening and... created. He tried to get ahead of his time, warning humanity against moral catastrophes. This wise classic either kept pace with the times, or was one step ahead of it. Tolstoy’s work is still in demand all over the world: “Anna Karenina”, “War and Peace”, “The Kreutzer Sonata”...

32) Theme of morality.

It seems to me that my soul is a flower that guides me through life so that I live according to my conscience, and the spiritual power of man is that luminous matter that is woven by the world of my sun. We must live according to the commandments of Christ in order for humanity to be humane. To be moral, you need to work hard on yourself:

And God is silent

For a grave sin

Because they doubted God,

He punished everyone with love

So that in pain we learn to believe.

33) Space theme.

Hypostasis of T.I.’s poetry Tyutchev is the world of Copernicus, Columbus, a daring personality reaching out to the abyss. This is what makes the poet close to me, a man of the century of unheard-of discoveries, scientific daring, and the conquest of space. He instills in us a feeling of the boundlessness of the world, its greatness and mystery. The value of a person is determined by the ability to admire and be amazed. Tyutchev was endowed with this “cosmic feeling” like no other.

34) The theme of the capital is Moscow.

In the poetry of Marina Tsvetaeva, Moscow is a majestic city. In the poem “Over the blue of the groves near Moscow .....” the ringing of Moscow bells sheds a balm on the soul of the blind. This city is sacred for Tsvetaeva. She confesses to him the love that she absorbed, it seems, with her mother’s milk, and passed on to her own children:

And you don’t know what will dawn in the Kremlin

It’s easier to breathe than anywhere on earth!

35) Love for the Motherland.

In the poems of S. Yesenin we feel complete unity lyrical hero with Russia. The poet himself will say that the feeling of the Motherland is the main thing in his work. Yesenin has no doubt about the need for changes in life. He believes in future events that will awaken dormant Rus'. Therefore, he created such works as “Transfiguration”, “O Rus', Flap Your Wings”:

O Rus', flap your wings,

Put up another support!

With other names

A different steppe is emerging.

36)Theme of war memory.

1. “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, “Sotnikov” and “Obelisk” by V. Bykov - all these works are united by the theme of war, it bursts into an inevitable disaster, dragging into a bloody whirlpool of events. Its horror, senselessness, and bitterness were clearly demonstrated by Leo Tolstoy in his novel “War and Peace.” The writer’s favorite heroes realize the insignificance of Napoleon, whose invasion was only the entertainment of an ambitious man who found himself on the throne as a result palace coup. In contrast to him, the image of Kutuzov is shown, who was guided in this war by other motives. He fought not for the sake of glory and wealth, but for the sake of loyalty to the Fatherland and duty.

2. 68 years of the Great Victory separate us from the Great Patriotic War. But time does not reduce interest in this topic; it draws the attention of my generation to the distant years at the front, to the origins of the courage and feat of the Soviet soldier - a hero, liberator, humanist. When the guns thundered, the muses were not silent. While instilling love for the Motherland, literature also instilled hatred of the enemy. And this contrast carried within itself the highest justice and humanism. The golden fund of Soviet literature includes such works created during the war years as “Russian Character” by A. Tolstoy, “The Science of Hate” by M. Sholokhov, “The Unconquered” by B. Gorbaty...

Where does the search for the meaning of life begin? What is the purpose of man on earth? Exactly these

Questions arise when reading the text by K.G. Paustovsky.

Revealing the problem of finding the meaning of life, the author introduces us to a short episode from life. The narration comes from the first person. The narrator graduates from high school, plans to go to university, and dreams of becoming a writer. Having learned about this, the village pharmacist Lazar Borisovich advises the young man to think about himself, about life, about his place in life, about what he would like to do for people.

The author's position is expressed in the words of an old pharmacist: the search for the meaning of life begins, first of all, with a person’s desire to do something important and useful for people, with reflections about himself, about life, about his place in life.

Let us confirm the correctness of our judgments by referring to literary examples. The heroes of Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Pierre Bezukhov and Andrei Bolkonsky are in a constant search for the meaning of life.

Their moral quest associated with the desire to be quite good, to engage useful activity. In the war of 1805, Prince Andrei showed himself to be an honest officer who saw the meaning of his service in the success of the common cause. Pierre Bezukhov, after meeting with the freemason Bazdeev, is engaged in philanthropy and tries to improve the situation of his peasants.

In the short story “Student” by A.P. Chekhov, the main character, a student at the Theological Academy, returning from a hunt, experiences a gloomy mood. It seems to him that life is meaningless, there is poverty, hunger, cold, ignorance, darkness all around, just like a thousand years ago. But when Ivan Velikopolsky tells two widows, Lukerya and Vasilisa, by the fire in a potato field, the Gospel story about Peter’s threefold denial of Jesus and sees how touching this eternal story women, he comes to an important discovery. He understands that truth and beauty have always been the meaning human existence, and joy suddenly stirred in his soul. He is young, healthy, full of energy and has a lot to do.

Let's summarize. We are convinced that people are constantly in search of the meaning of life, strive for good and good, and try to comprehend their purpose. (325 words)

Effective preparation for the Unified State Exam (all subjects) -

Antoine Marie Jean-Baptiste Roger de Saint-Exupéry(1900, Lyon, France - July 31, 1944) - famous French writer, poet and professional pilot.

A. de Saint-Exupery " A little prince». The Old Fox taught the Little Prince to comprehend the wisdom of human relationships. To understand a person, you need to learn to peer into him and forgive minor shortcomings. After all, the most important thing is always hidden inside, and you can’t see it right away.

This is the story of the accidental landing of the writer himself and his mechanic Prevost in the desert.
The symbol of life is water, it quenches the thirst of people lost in the sands, the source of everything that exists on earth, the food and flesh of everyone, the substance that makes rebirth possible.
The dehydrated desert is a symbol of a world devastated by war, chaos, destruction, human callousness, envy and selfishness. This is a world in which man dies of spiritual thirst.

A rose is a symbol of love, beauty, and femininity. The little prince did not immediately discern the true inner essence of beauty. But after a conversation with the Fox, the truth was revealed to him - beauty only becomes beautiful when it is filled with meaning and content.

“Loving does not mean looking at each other, it means looking in the same direction” - this thought determines the ideological concept of the fairy tale.

He examines the theme of Evil in two aspects: on the one hand, it is “micro-evil,” that is, evil within an individual person. This is the deadness and inner emptiness of the inhabitants of the planets, who personify all human vices. And it is no coincidence that the inhabitants of the planet Earth are characterized through the inhabitants of the planets seen by the Little Prince. By this, the author emphasizes how petty and dramatic the modern world is. He believes that humanity, like the Little Prince, will comprehend the mystery of existence, and each person will find his own guiding star, which will illuminate his path in life. The second aspect of the theme of evil can be conditionally called “macroevil”. Baobabs are a spiritualized image of evil in general. One interpretation of this metaphorical image is associated with fascism. Saint-Exupéry wanted people to carefully uproot the evil “baobab trees” that threatened to tear the planet apart. “Beware of the baobabs!” - the writer conjures.

Saint-Exupéry encourages us to treat everything beautiful as carefully as possible and try not to lose the beauty within ourselves on the difficult path of life - the beauty of the soul and heart.
The Little Prince learns the most important thing about beauty from the Fox. Outwardly beautiful, but empty inside, roses do not evoke any feelings in a child-contemplator. They are dead to him. Main character reveals the truth for himself, the author and readers - only that which is filled with content and deep meaning is beautiful.

Misunderstanding and alienation of people is another important philosophical theme. The deadness of the human soul leads to loneliness. A person judges others only by their “outer shell”, without seeing the main thing in a person - his inner moral beauty: “When you tell adults: “I saw a beautiful house made of pink brick, there are geraniums in the windows, and pigeons on the roof,” they do not can't imagine this house. They must be told: “I saw a house for a hundred thousand francs,” and then they exclaim: “What a beauty!”
People must take care of the purity and beauty of their planet, together protect and decorate it, and prevent all living things from perishing. So, gradually, unobtrusively, another important theme arises in the fairy tale - environmental, which is very relevant for our time. The Little Prince's journey from star to star brings us closer to today's vision of cosmic distances, where the Earth, due to the carelessness of people, can disappear almost unnoticed.
Love And the Fox reveals one more secret to the baby: “Only the heart is vigilant. You can’t see the most important thing with your eyes... Your Rose is so dear to you because you gave her your whole soul... People have forgotten this truth, but don’t forget: you are forever responsible for everyone you have tamed.” To tame means to bind oneself to another creature with tenderness, love, and a sense of responsibility. To tame means to destroy facelessness and indifference towards all living things. To tame means to make the world significant and generous, because everything in it reminds of a beloved creature. The narrator comprehends this truth, and the stars come to life for him, and he hears the ringing of silver bells in the sky, reminiscent of the laughter of the Little Prince. The theme of “expansion of the soul” through love runs through the entire tale.

Only friendship can melt the ice of loneliness and alienation, since it is based on mutual understanding, mutual trust and mutual assistance.
“It's sad when friends are forgotten. Not everyone has a friend,” says the hero of the fairy tale. At the beginning of the fairy tale, the Little Prince leaves his only Rose, then he leaves his new friend Fox on Earth. “There is no perfection in the world,” the Fox will say. But there is harmony, there is humanity, there is a person’s responsibility for the work entrusted to him, for the person close to him, there is also responsibility for his planet, for everything that happens on it.
Exupery wants to say that each person has his own planet, his own island and his own guiding star, which a person should not forget about. “I would like to know why the stars glow,” said the Little Prince thoughtfully. “Probably so that sooner or later everyone can find theirs again.”

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy ---1828 --- 1910 Novel "War and Peace"

Pierre (Tolstoy's "V. and the World") was helped to survive in captivity by the wisdom of Platon Karataev, who taught him to live simply and appreciate what you have: the sun is shining, the rain is falling - all is good. There is no need to rush around in search of happiness - live and rejoice, be happy that you live. He found a common language with everyone, even the French.

Using the example of Pierre Bezukhov and Platon Karataev L. N. Tolstoy showed two completely different types of Russian characters, two different social heroes.
The first of them is the count, who was captured by the French as an “arsonist” and, miraculously, escaped execution. The second is a simple, experienced, patient soldier. Nevertheless, the soldier Platon Karataev managed to play an extremely important role in the life of Pierre Bezukhov.
After the execution of the “arsonists,” of which Pierre became an eyewitness, “it was as if the spring on which everything was held was pulled out in his soul, and everything fell into a heap of meaningless rubbish. Faith in the improvement of the world, and in the human soul, and in God."
A meeting in a booth with Platon Karataev helped Pierre’s spiritual revival: “He felt that the previously destroyed world was now being erected in his soul with new beauty, on some new and unshakable foundations.” Karataev made a huge impression on Pierre with his behavior, common sense, expediency of actions, and ability to “do everything not very well, but not badly either.” For Pierre, he became “an incomprehensible, round and eternal personification of the spirit of simplicity and truth.”
Bezukhov, having endured severe suffering and fear of death, finds himself in another world. He sees how Karataev carefully arranged all his “household” in the corner, how a little dog ran up to him and began to caress him. The soldier started talking about something very simple, began muttering prayers. All these everyday words and actions in those conditions seemed to Pierre a miracle, a great discovery of the truth of life. Pierre felt new beauty of the recently destroyed world, received “peace and self-satisfaction”: “And he, without thinking about it, received this peace and this agreement with himself only through the horror of death, through deprivation and through what he understood in Karataev.”
Karataev feels like a part of the people: ordinary soldiers, the peasantry. His wisdom is contained in numerous proverbs and sayings, each of which reveals an episode of Plato’s life. For example, “where there is justice, there is untruth.” He suffered from an unfair trial and was forced to serve in the army. However, Plato takes any twists of fate calmly; he is ready to sacrifice himself for the well-being of his family. Karataev loves every person, every living creature: he is affectionate with an ordinary stray dog, helps other prisoners, sews shirts for the French and sincerely admires his work.
Platon Karataev becomes for Pierre an example of the perception of another world, where simplicity and truth, love for humanity reign.
The relationship between Platon Karataev and Pierre Bezukhov developed very briefly in the novel. Due to the worsening illness, Karataev was shot by the French.
The soldier passed away unnoticed, and Pierre took Karataev’s death calmly, as a matter of course.
Plato appeared next to Pierre, like a savior, at the most difficult moment of his life and left casually. But, despite this, his personality is so extraordinary and his influence on Pierre’s fate is so great that Karataev cannot simply be counted among the episodic heroes of the novel.
It was not for nothing that years later Pierre often remembered him, thought about what Plato would say about this or that event, “would he approve or not approve.” The meeting of these two heroes largely determined future fate Count Pierre Bezukhov and showed the greatest wisdom of the Russian people, embodied in the guise of the soldier Platon Karataev

1) The problem of historical memory (responsibility for the bitter and terrible consequences of the past)
The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central issues in literature in the mid-20th century. For example, A.T. Tvardovsky in his poem “By Right of Memory” calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism. The same theme is revealed in A.A. Akhmatova’s poem “Requiem”. Sentence state system based on injustice and lies, A.I. Solzhenitsyn makes in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”
2) The problem of preserving ancient monuments and caring for them .
Problem careful attitude To cultural heritage always remained the center of everyone's attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when a change in the political system was accompanied by the overthrow of previous values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospect from being built up with standard high-rise buildings. The Kuskovo and Abramtsevo estates were restored using funds from Russian cinematographers. Tula residents also take care of ancient monuments: their appearance is preserved historical center cities, churches, Kremlin.
The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.
3) The problem of attitude to the past, loss of memory, roots.
“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (A.S. Pushkin). Chingiz Aitmatov called a man who does not remember his kinship, who has lost his memory, mankurt (“Stormy stop”). Mankurt is a man forcibly deprived of memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he comes from, does not know his name, does not remember his childhood, father and mother - in a word, he does not recognize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous to society, the writer warns.
Quite recently, on the eve of the great Victory Day, young people were asked on the streets of our city whether they knew about the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, about who we fought with, who G. Zhukov was... The answers were depressing: the younger generation does not know the dates of the start of the war, the names of the commanders, many have not heard about the Battle of Stalingrad, the Kursk Bulge...
The problem of forgetting the past is very serious. A person who does not respect history and does not honor his ancestors is the same mankurt. I just want to remind these young people of the piercing cry from the legend of Ch. Aitmatov: “Remember, whose are you? What is your name?"
4) The problem of a false goal in life.
“A person needs not three arshins of land, not an estate, but the entire globe. All of nature, where in the open space he could demonstrate all the properties of a free spirit,” wrote A.P. Chekhov. Life without a goal is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story “Gooseberry”. Its hero, Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Himalayan, dreams of purchasing his own estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. In the end, he reaches her, but at the same time almost loses his human appearance (“he has become plump, flabby... - just behold, he will grunt into the blanket”). A false goal, an obsession with the material, narrow, and limited, disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life...
I. Bunin in the story “Mr. from San Francisco” showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.
5) The meaning of human life. Searching for a life path.
The image of Oblomov (I.A. Goncharov) is the image of a man who wanted to achieve a lot in life. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams.
M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths” showed the drama of “former people” who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.
N. Gogol, an exposer of human vices, persistently searches for a living human soul. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become “a hole in the body of humanity,” he passionately calls on the reader entering adulthood to take with him all “human movements” and not to lose them on the road of life.
Life is a movement along an endless road. Some travel along it “for official reasons,” asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others are afraid of this road, they run to their wide sofa, because “life touches you everywhere, it gets you” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual self. One of them is Pierre Bezukhov, the hero of the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
At the beginning of his journey, Pierre is far from the truth: he admires Napoleon, is involved in the company of the “golden youth”, participates in hooligan antics along with Dolokhov and Kuragin, and too easily succumbs to rude flattery, the reason for which is his enormous fortune. One stupidity is followed by another: marriage to Helen, a duel with Dolokhov... And as a result - a complete loss of the meaning of life. “What's wrong? What well? What should you love and what should you hate? Why live and what am I?” - these questions scroll through your head countless times until a sober understanding of life sets in. On the way to him, there is the experience of Freemasonry, and observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the national philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and man lives - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual self.
6) Self-sacrifice. Love for one's neighbor. Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity.
In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, a former siege survivor recalls that his life, as a dying teenager, was saved during a terrible famine by a neighbor who brought a can of stew sent by his son from the front. “I’m already old, and you’re young, you still have to live and live,” said this man. He soon died, and the boy he saved retained a grateful memory of him for the rest of his life.
The tragedy occurred in the Krasnodar region. A fire started in a nursing home where sick old people lived. Among the 62 who were burned alive was 53-year-old nurse Lidiya Pachintseva, who was on duty that night. When the fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them escape. But I didn’t save myself - I didn’t have time.
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man.” It talks about tragic fate a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.
7) The problem of indifference. Callous and soulless attitude towards people.
“People satisfied with themselves,” accustomed to comfort, people with petty proprietary interests are the same heroes of Chekhov, “people in cases.” This is Doctor Startsev in “Ionych”, and teacher Belikov in “The Man in the Case”. Let us remember how “chubby, red” Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides “in a troika with bells,” and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red,” shouts: “Keep it right!” “Keep the law” - this is, after all, detachment from human troubles and problems. There should be no obstacles on their prosperous path of life. And in Belikov’s “no matter what happens” we see only an indifferent attitude towards the problems of other people. The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals, but simply philistines, ordinary people who imagine themselves to be “masters of life.”
8) The problem of friendship, comradely duty.
Front-line service is an almost legendary expression; There is no doubt that there is no stronger and more devoted friendship between people. Literary examples there is plenty of that. In Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba” one of the heroes exclaims: “There are no brighter bonds than comradeship!” But most often this topic was discussed in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. In B. Vasilyev’s story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet...” both the anti-aircraft gunner girls and Captain Vaskov live according to the laws of mutual assistance and responsibility for each other. In K. Simonov’s novel “The Living and the Dead,” Captain Sintsov carries a wounded comrade from the battlefield.
9) The problem of scientific progress.
In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns around dire consequences: bipedal creature with " with a dog's heart“- this is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.
The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be completely defeated. But for many people this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. How will this immortality turn out for a person?
10) The problem of the patriarchal village way of life. The problem of beauty, morally healthy beauty
village life.
In Russian literature, the theme of the village and the theme of the homeland were often combined. Rural life has always been perceived as the most serene and natural. Pushkin was one of the first to express this idea, calling the village his office. ON THE. In his poems and poems, Nekrasov drew the reader’s attention not only to the poverty of peasant huts, but also to how friendly peasant families are and how hospitable Russian women are. Much is said about the originality of the farm way of life in Sholokhov’s epic novel “Quiet Don”. In Rasputin’s story “Farewell to Matera,” the ancient village is endowed with historical memory, the loss of which is tantamount to death for the residents.
11) The problem of labor. Enjoyment from meaningful activity.
The theme of labor has been developed many times in Russian classical and modern literature. As an example, it is enough to recall I.A. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”. The hero of this work, Andrei Stolts, sees the meaning of life not as a result of work, but in the process itself. We see a similar example in Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor.” His heroine does not perceive forced labor as punishment, punishment - she treats work as an integral part of existence.
12) The problem of the influence of laziness on a person.
Chekhov's essay “My “she”” lists all the terrible consequences of the influence of laziness on people.
13) The problem of the future of Russia.
The topic of the future of Russia has been touched upon by many poets and writers. For example, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol in lyrical digression The poem “Dead Souls” compares Russia with a “brisk, irresistible troika.” “Rus', where are you going?” he asks. But the author does not have an answer to the question. The poet Eduard Asadov in his poem “Russia did not begin with a sword” writes: “The dawn is rising, bright and hot. And it will be so forever and indestructibly. Russia did not begin with a sword, and therefore it is invincible!” He is confident that a great future awaits Russia, and nothing can stop it.
14) The problem of the influence of art on a person.
Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have various effects on the nervous system and human tone. It is generally accepted that Bach's works enhance and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music awakens compassion and cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.
Dmitri Shostakovich's seventh symphony is subtitled "Leningrad". But the name “Legendary” suits her better. The fact is that when the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the residents of the city were greatly influenced by Dmitry Shostakovich’s 7th Symphony, which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.
15) The problem of anticulture.
This problem is still relevant today. Nowadays there is a dominance of “soap operas” on television, which significantly reduce the level of our culture. As another example, we can recall literature. The theme of “disculturation” is well explored in the novel “The Master and Margarita”. MASSOLIT employees write bad works and at the same time they dine in restaurants and have dachas. They are admired and their literature is revered.
16) The problem of modern television.
A gang operated in Moscow for a long time, which was particularly cruel. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior and their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by the American film “Natural Born Killers,” which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the heroes of this picture in real life.
Many modern athletes watched TV when they were children and wanted to be like the athletes of their time. Through television broadcasts they became acquainted with the sport and its heroes. Of course, there are also the opposite cases, when a person became addicted to TV and had to be treated in special clinics.
17) The problem of clogging the Russian language.
I believe that the use of foreign words in one's native language is only justified if there is no equivalent. Many of our writers fought against the contamination of the Russian language with borrowings. M. Gorky pointed out: “It makes it difficult for our reader to insert foreign words into a Russian phrase. There is no point in writing concentration when we have our own good word- condensation."
Admiral A.S. Shishkov, who for some time held the post of Minister of Education, proposed replacing the word fountain with the clumsy synonym he invented - water cannon. While practicing word creation, he invented replacements for borrowed words: he suggested saying instead of alley - prosad, billiards - sharokat, replaced the cue with sarotyk, and called the library a bookmaker. To replace the word galoshes, which he did not like, he came up with another word - wet shoes. Such concern for the purity of language can cause nothing but laughter and irritation among contemporaries.
18) The problem of destruction of natural resources.
If the press began to write about the disaster threatening humanity only in the last ten to fifteen years, then Ch. Aitmatov spoke about this problem back in the 70s in his story “After the Fairy Tale” (“The White Ship”). He showed the destructiveness and hopelessness of the path if a person destroys nature. She takes revenge with degeneration and lack of spirituality. The writer continues this theme in his subsequent works: “And the day lasts longer than a century” (“Stormy Stop”), “The Block”, “Cassandra’s Brand”.
The novel “The Scaffold” produces a particularly strong feeling. Using the example of a wolf family, the author showed death wildlife from human economic activity. And how scary it becomes when you see that, when compared with humans, predators look more humane and “humane” than the “crown of creation.” So for what good in the future does a person bring his children to the chopping block?
19) Imposing your opinion on others.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. “Lake, cloud, tower...” The main character, Vasily Ivanovich, is a modest employee who has won a pleasure trip to nature.
20) The theme of war in literature.
Very often, when congratulating our friends or relatives, we wish them a peaceful sky above their heads. We don't want their families to suffer the hardships of war. War! These five letters carry with them a sea of ​​blood, tears, suffering, and most importantly, the death of people dear to our hearts. There have always been wars on our planet. People's hearts have always been filled with the pain of loss. From everywhere where the war is going on, you can hear the groans of mothers, the cries of children and deafening explosions that tear our souls and hearts. To our great happiness, we know about the war only from feature films and literary works.
Our country has suffered many trials during the war. IN early XIX century, Russia was shocked by the Patriotic War of 1812. The patriotic spirit of the Russian people was shown by L.N. Tolstoy in his epic novel “War and Peace.” Guerrilla warfare, the Battle of Borodino - all this and much more appears before us with our own eyes. We are witnessing the terrible everyday life of war. Tolstoy talks about how for many, war has become the most commonplace thing. They (for example, Tushin) perform heroic deeds on the battlefields, but they themselves do not notice it. For them, war is a job that they must do conscientiously. But war can become commonplace not only on the battlefield. The whole city can get used to the idea of ​​war and continue to live, resigning himself to it. Such a city in 1855 was Sevastopol. L. N. Tolstoy tells about the difficult months of the defense of Sevastopol in his “ Sevastopol stories" Here the events taking place are described especially reliably, since Tolstoy is an eyewitness to them. And after what he saw and heard in a city full of blood and pain, he set himself a definite goal - to tell his reader only the truth - and nothing but the truth. The bombing of the city did not stop. More and more fortifications were required. Sailors and soldiers worked in the snow and rain, half-starved, half-naked, but they still worked. And here everyone is simply amazed by the courage of their spirit, willpower, and enormous patriotism. Their wives, mothers, and children lived with them in this city. They had become so accustomed to the situation in the city that they no longer paid attention to shots or explosions. Very often they brought dinners to their husbands directly to the bastions, and one shell could often destroy the entire family. Tolstoy shows us that the worst thing in war happens in the hospital: “You will see doctors there with their hands bloody to the elbows... busy around the bed, on which, with their eyes open and talking as if in delirium, senseless, sometimes simple and touching words, lies wounded under the influence of chloroform.” War for Tolstoy is dirt, pain, violence, no matter what goals it pursues: “...you will see war not in a correct, beautiful and brilliant system, with music and drumbeats, with fluttering banners and prancing generals, but you will see war in its real expression - in blood, in suffering, in death...” The heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855 once again shows everyone how much the Russian people love their Motherland and how boldly they come to its defense. Sparing no effort, using any means, he (the Russian people) does not allow the enemy to capture native land.
In 1941-1942, the defense of Sevastopol will be repeated. But this will be another Great Patriotic War - 1941 - 1945. In this war against fascism Soviet people will accomplish an extraordinary feat that we will always remember. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, B. Vasiliev and many other writers dedicated their works to the events of the Great Patriotic War. This hard times It is also characteristic that women fought in the ranks of the Red Army along with men. And even the fact that they are representatives of the weaker sex did not stop them. They fought the fear inside themselves and did such heroic deeds, which seemed completely unusual for women. It is about such women that we learn from the pages of B. Vasiliev’s story “And the dawns here are quiet...”. Five girls and their combat commander F. Basque find themselves on the Sinyukhina Ridge with sixteen fascists who are heading to the railway, absolutely confident that no one knows about the progress of their operation. Our fighters found themselves in a difficult situation: they couldn’t retreat, but stay, because the Germans were eating them like seeds. But there is no way out! The Motherland is behind you! And these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. How carefree was the life of these girls before the war?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Planes, tanks, guns, shots, screams, moans... But they did not break and gave for victory the most precious thing they had - life. They gave their lives for their Motherland.
But there is a civil war on earth, in which a person can give his life without ever knowing why. 1918 Russia. Brother kills brother, father kills son, son kills father. Everything is mixed in the fire of anger, everything is devalued: love, kinship, human life. M. Tsvetaeva writes: Brothers, this is the last rate! For the third year now, Abel has been fighting with Cain...
People become weapons in the hands of power. Dividing into two camps, friends become enemies, relatives become strangers forever. I. Babel, A. Fadeev and many others talk about this difficult time.
I. Babel served in the ranks of Budyonny’s First Cavalry Army. There he kept his diary, which later turned into the now famous work “Cavalry.” The stories of “Cavalry” talk about a man who found himself in the fire of the Civil War. The main character Lyutov tells us about individual episodes of the campaign of Budyonny’s First Cavalry Army, which was famous for its victories. But on the pages of the stories we do not feel the victorious spirit. We see the cruelty of the Red Army soldiers, their composure and indifference. They can kill an old Jew without the slightest hesitation, but what is more terrible is that they can finish off their wounded comrade without a moment's hesitation. But what is all this for? I. Babel did not give an answer to this question. He leaves it to his reader to speculate.
The theme of war in Russian literature has been and remains relevant. Writers try to convey to readers the whole truth, whatever it may be.
From the pages of their works we learn that war is not only the joy of victories and the bitterness of defeats, but war is harsh everyday life filled with blood, pain, and violence. The memory of these days will live in our memory forever. Maybe the day will come when the moans and cries of mothers, volleys and shots will cease on earth, when our land will meet a day without war!
The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the Battle of Stalingrad, when “the Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone from the skeleton and go with it to the fascist” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people in the “time of grief”, their resilience, courage, daily heroism - this is the true reason for the victory. In the novel by Yu. Bondarev “ Hot Snow“reflects the most tragic moments of the war, when Manstein’s brutal tanks rush towards the group encircled in Stalingrad. Young artillerymen, yesterday's boys, are holding back the onslaught of the Nazis with superhuman efforts. The sky was blood-smoked, the snow was melting from bullets, the earth was burning underfoot, but the Russian soldier survived - he did not allow the tanks to break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, disregarding all conventions, without award papers, presented orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What I can, what I can…” he says bitterly, approaching the next soldier. The general could, but what about the authorities? Why does the state remember the people only in tragic moments of history?
The problem of the moral strength of a common soldier
The bearer of folk morality in war is, for example, Valega, Lieutenant Kerzhentsev’s orderly from V. Nekrasov’s story “In the Trenches of Stalingrad.” He is barely familiar with reading and writing, confuses the multiplication table, will not really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a rickety shack in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - with fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And when it comes down to it, he will show these Germans where the crayfish spend the winter.
Expression " folk character” most of all corresponds to Valega. He volunteered for the war and quickly adapted to the hardships of war, because his peaceful peasant life was not all that pleasant. In between fights, he doesn’t sit idle for a minute. He knows how to cut hair, shave, mend boots, make a fire in the pouring rain, and darn socks. Can catch fish, pick berries and mushrooms. And he does everything silently, quietly. A simple peasant guy, only eighteen years old. Kerzhentsev is confident that a soldier like Valega will never betray, will not leave the wounded on the battlefield and will beat the enemy mercilessly.
The problem of the heroic everyday life of war
The heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoronic metaphor that connects the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. You get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze you with its suddenness. There is such an episode from V. Nekrasov (“In the Trenches of Stalingrad”): a killed soldier lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a still smoking cigarette butt is stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now there was death. And it’s simply unbearable for the hero of the novel to see this...
But even in war, soldiers do not live by “one bullet”: in short hours of rest they sing, write letters and even read. As for the heroes of “In the Trenches of Stalingrad,” Karnaukhov is a fan of Jack London, the division commander also loves Martin Eden, some draw, some write poetry. The Volga foams from shells and bombs, but the people on the shore do not change their spiritual passions. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not manage to crush them, throw them beyond the Volga, and dry up their souls and minds.
21) The theme of the Motherland in literature.
Lermontov in the poem “Motherland” says that he loves his native land, but cannot explain why and for what.
You can't help but start with this greatest monument ancient Russian literature, such as “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” All thoughts and all feelings of the author of “The Lay...” are directed to the Russian land as a whole, to the Russian people. He talks about the vast expanses of his Motherland, about its rivers, mountains, steppes, cities, villages. But the Russian land for the author of “The Lay...” is not only Russian nature and Russian cities. These are, first of all, the Russian people. Narrating about Igor's campaign, the author does not forget about the Russian people. Igor undertook a campaign against the Polovtsians “for the Russian land.” His warriors are “Rusichs”, Russian sons. Crossing the border of Rus', they say goodbye to their Motherland, to the Russian land, and the author exclaims: “Oh Russian land! You’re already over the hill.”
In the friendly message “To Chaadaev” there is a fiery appeal from the poet to the Fatherland to dedicate “the beautiful impulses of the soul.”
22) The theme of nature and man in Russian literature.
The modern writer V. Rasputin argued: “To talk about ecology today means to talk not about changing life, but about saving it.” Unfortunately, the state of our ecology is very catastrophic. This is manifested in the impoverishment of flora and fauna. Further, the author says that “a gradual adaptation to danger occurs,” that is, the person does not notice how serious the current situation is. Let us remember the problem associated with the Aral Sea. The bottom of the Aral Sea has become so exposed that the shores from the sea ports are tens of kilometers away. The climate changed very sharply, and animals became extinct. All these troubles greatly affected the lives of people living in the Aral Sea. Over the past two decades, the Aral Sea has lost half its volume and more than a third of its area. The exposed bottom of a huge area turned into a desert, which became known as Aralkum. In addition, the Aral Sea contains millions of tons of toxic salts. This problem cannot but worry people. In the eighties, expeditions were organized problem solvers and the reasons for the death of the Aral Sea. Doctors, scientists, writers reflected and studied the materials of these expeditions.
V. Rasputin in the article “In the fate of nature is our destiny” reflects on the relationship between man and environment. “Today there is no need to guess “whose groan is heard over the great Russian river.” It is the Volga itself that is groaning, dug up length and breadth, spanned by hydroelectric dams,” the author writes. Looking at the Volga, you especially understand the price of our civilization, that is, the benefits that man has created for himself. It seems that everything that was possible has been defeated, even the future of humanity.
The problem of the relationship between man and the environment is also raised by the modern writer Ch. Aitmatov in his work “The Scaffold”. He showed how man destroys the colorful world of nature with his own hands.
The novel begins with a description of the life of a wolf pack that lives quietly before the appearance of man. He literally demolishes and destroys everything in his path, without thinking about the surrounding nature. The reason for such cruelty was simply difficulties with the meat delivery plan. People mocked the saigas: “The fear reached such proportions that the she-wolf Akbara, deaf from the gunshots, thought that the whole world had gone deaf, and the sun itself was also rushing about and looking for salvation...” In this tragedy, Akbara’s children die, but this is her grief doesn't end. Further, the author writes that people started a fire in which five more Akbara wolf cubs died. For the sake of their own goals, people could “gut the globe like a pumpkin,” not suspecting that nature would also take revenge on them sooner or later. A lone wolf is drawn to people, wants to transfer her maternal love to a human child. It turned into a tragedy, but this time for the people. A man, in a fit of fear and hatred for the incomprehensible behavior of the she-wolf, shoots at her, but ends up hitting his own son.
This example speaks of the barbaric attitude of people towards nature, towards everything that surrounds us. I wish there were more caring and kind people in our lives.
Academician D. Likhachev wrote: “Humanity spends billions not only to avoid suffocation and death, but also to preserve the nature around us.” Of course, everyone is well aware of the healing power of nature. I think that a person should become its master, its protector, and its intelligent transformer. A beloved leisurely river, a birch grove, a restless bird world... We will not harm them, but will try to protect them.
In this century, man is actively invading natural processes shells of the Earth: extracts millions of tons of minerals, destroys thousands of hectares of forest, pollutes the waters of seas and rivers, releases toxic substances into the atmosphere. One of the most important environmental problems of the century has been water pollution. A sharp deterioration in the quality of water in rivers and lakes cannot and will not affect human health, especially in areas with dense populations. The environmental consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants are sad. The echo of Chernobyl swept across the entire European part of Russia, and will affect people’s health for a long time.
Thus, as a result of economic activities, people cause great damage to nature, and at the same time to their health. How then can a person build his relationship with nature? Each person in his activities must treat every living thing on Earth with care, not alienate himself from nature, not strive to rise above it, but remember that he is part of it.
23) Man and the state.
Zamyatin “We” people are numbers. We only had 2 free hours.
The problem of the artist and power
The problem of the artist and power in Russian literature is perhaps one of the most painful. It is marked with particular tragedy in the history of twentieth-century literature. A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, O. Mandelstam, M. Bulgakov, B. Pasternak, M. Zoshchenko, A. Solzhenitsyn (the list goes on) - each of them felt the “care” of the state, and each reflected it in their work. One Zhdanov decree of August 14, 1946 could have crossed out the biography of A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko. B. Pasternak created the novel “Doctor Zhivago” during a period of brutal government pressure on the writer, during the period of struggle against cosmopolitanism. The persecution of the writer resumed with particular force after he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his novel. The Writers' Union excluded Pasternak from its ranks, presenting him as an internal emigrant, a person discrediting the worthy title of a Soviet writer. And this is because the poet told the people the truth about the tragic fate of the Russian intellectual, doctor, poet Yuri Zhivago.
Creativity is the only way for the creator to become immortal. “For the power, for the livery, do not bend either your conscience, your thoughts, or your neck” - this is the testament of A.S. Pushkin (“From Pindemonti”) became decisive in the choice of the creative path of true artists.
Emigration problem
There is a feeling of bitterness when people leave their homeland. Some are expelled by force, others leave on their own due to some circumstances, but not one of them forgets their Fatherland, the house where they were born, their native land. There is, for example, I.A. Bunin's story "Mowers", written in 1921. This story is about a seemingly insignificant event: Ryazan mowers who came to the Oryol region are walking in a birch forest, mowing and singing. But it was precisely in this insignificant moment that Bunin was able to discern something immeasurable and distant, connected with all of Russia. The small space of the story is filled with radiant light, wonderful sounds and viscous smells, and the result is not a story, but a bright lake, some kind of Svetloyar, in which all of Russia is reflected. It is not for nothing that during the reading of “Kostsov” by Bunin in Paris at a literary evening (there were two hundred people), according to the recollections of the writer’s wife, many cried. It was a cry for lost Russia, a nostalgic feeling for the Motherland. Bunin lived in exile for most of his life, but wrote only about Russia.
An emigrant of the third wave, S. Dovlatov, leaving the USSR, took with him a single suitcase, “an old, plywood, covered with fabric, tied with a clothesline,” - he went with it to the pioneer camp. There were no treasures in it: a double-breasted suit lay on top, a poplin shirt underneath, then in turn a winter hat, Finnish crepe socks, driver's gloves and an officer's belt. These things became the basis for short stories-memories about the homeland. They have no material value, they are signs of priceless, absurd in their own way, but the only life. Eight things - eight stories, and each is a kind of report on past Soviet life. A life that will remain forever with the emigrant Dovlatov.
The problem of the intelligentsia
According to Academician D.S. Likhachev, “the basic principle of intelligence is intellectual freedom, freedom as a moral category.” An intelligent person is not free only from his conscience. The title of intellectual in Russian literature is deservedly borne by the heroes of B. Pasternak (“Doctor Zhivago”) and Y. Dombrowski (“Faculty of Unnecessary Things”). Neither Zhivago nor Zybin compromised with their own conscience. They do not accept violence in any form, be it Civil War or Stalinist repressions. There is another type of Russian intellectual who betrays this high title. One of them is the hero of Y. Trifonov’s story “Exchange” Dmitriev. His mother is seriously ill, his wife offers to exchange two rooms for a separate apartment, although the relationship between the daughter-in-law and mother-in-law was not the best. At first, Dmitriev is indignant, criticizes his wife for lack of spirituality and philistinism, but then agrees with her, believing that she is right. There are more and more things in the apartment, food, expensive furniture: the density of life is increasing, things are replacing spiritual life. In this regard, another work comes to mind - “Suitcase” by S. Dovlatov. Most likely, the “suitcase” with rags taken by journalist S. Dovlatov to America would only cause Dmitriev and his wife a feeling of disgust. At the same time, for Dovlatov’s hero, things have no material value, they are a reminder of his past youth, friends, and creative searches.
24) The problem of fathers and children.
The problem of difficult relationships between parents and children is reflected in the literature. L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, and A.S. Pushkin wrote about this. I would like to turn to A. Vampilov’s play “The Eldest Son,” where the author shows the attitude of children towards their father. Both son and daughter openly consider their father a loser, an eccentric, and are indifferent to his experiences and feelings. The father silently endures everything, finds excuses for all the ungrateful actions of the children, asks them only for one thing: not to leave him alone. The main character of the play sees how someone else's family is being destroyed before his eyes, and sincerely tries to help the kindest man-father. His intervention helps to overcome a difficult period in the relationship of children with a loved one.
25) The problem of quarrels. Human enmity.
In Pushkin’s story “Dubrovsky,” a casually thrown word led to enmity and many troubles for former neighbors. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the family feud ended with the death of the main characters.
“The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” Svyatoslav pronounces the “golden word”, condemning Igor and Vsevolod, who violated feudal obedience, which led to a new attack of the Polovtsians on Russian lands.
26) Caring for the beauty of the native land.
In Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans”

The problem of the meaning of life.

Alexander Mikhailovich Adamovich raises the problem of the meaning of life.

Involving readers in a difficult conversation about the meaning of life, the author asks the question: “What is the meaning of human existence?” Answering this question, the publicist recalls the words of Albert Schweitzer, who said that thinking about the meaning of life “has value in itself.”

Each of us must answer the question about the meaning of life, because it is one of the “eternal” questions of existence. The author’s goal is to draw readers’ attention to the fact that the value of life is in life itself (pr. 30-31). Man is an inextricable link in the chain of generations. Each of us is responsible for the future of the planet, for preserving life on Earth.

From the author’s point of view, the meaning of life lies in self-knowledge, self-improvement and constant development. It is difficult to disagree with this, because without searching for an answer to the question about the meaning of life, the spiritual development of the individual, the search for one’s place in the world, is impossible.

The problem of the meaning of life has been raised by many Russian writers.

One of them is V. Bykov, whose works make you think about the spiritual needs of man. Let's turn to the work "Obelisk".

The story takes place during the Great Patriotic War. The main character is the village teacher Ales Ivanovich Moroz. His students were seized by police and promised to be released if the teacher came to them. Moroz voluntarily surrenders and remains with the children until the last minutes of their lives.

In my deep conviction, the teacher saw the meaning of life in selfless service to his work, in educating students and helping them. In difficult life situation, he sacrificed his life for the sake of his children. Only a real person could do this.

The problem of the meaning of life is raised by M. A. Sholokhov in the story “The Fate of Man.” Andrei Sokolov was captured during the Great Patriotic War, went through all the horrors of war, and lost his family. It would seem that there is no one to live for, life has lost all meaning.

During his wanderings, he meets an orphaned boy who, like him, was deprived of his family and home. In this child he found the meaning of his life. Vanyusha gave the soldier back the opportunity to love and be happy.

The question of the meaning of life is complex issue, which sooner or later every person asks himself. What is a sense of life? In search of your life path, your place in the world, in the continuous development and improvement of yourself.

Effective preparation for the Unified State Exam (all subjects) -