Working professions

A wide group of professions.

A wide group of professions, including several hundred items, unites workers engaged in production and directly performing labor operations (as opposed, for example, to managerial workers involved in coordinating the work of other people). Here are some examples of blue-collar jobs in various industries.
• Metalworking: mechanic, turner, milling machine, driller, welder.

• Woodworking: joiner, carpenter, planer, furniture maker.

• Construction and repair: mason, concrete worker, crane operator, glazier, plasterer, painter (for more details, see the “Builder” section).
In addition to specialists in any specific labor operations, there are many so-called general workers - participants in the production process who perform any work that does not require in-depth training that is currently needed, or who work “in the wings” of experienced specialists.
The majority of workers are employed at various industrial enterprises: metallurgical, woodworking, shipbuilding, etc. In addition, their labor is in demand in any organizations where, at least occasionally, it is necessary to produce or repair any devices (for example, in housing and communal services, in car parks and even in schools). Many blue-collar professions (for example, mechanic or carpenter) are widespread, finding application in a wide variety of sectors of the national economy.
The work of workers differs significantly depending on the scale of production in which they are involved. In large enterprises, workers most often narrowly specialize in any specific labor operations: for example, a turner always works on the same machine, where he makes only a few types of parts. On the one hand, this allows you to master your work perfectly, perform it with maximum productivity and minimal effort, on the other hand, many people find such activities boring and uninteresting. In small-scale production, the worker is most often expected to be a “jack of all trades” and to master several professions at once.
The requirements that blue-collar professions place on abilities are relatively small and relate, first of all, not so much to psychological qualities themselves, but to psychomotor (related to the coordination of movements and the ability to voluntarily control them) qualities. Many of these professions require a high level of coordination of movements and their speed (often in combination with physical strength), the ability to determine by touch the inhomogeneity of the surface being treated, etc.
Desirable high level development of visual-spatial concepts, the ability to imagine any detail or structural element in volume, in different angles. In many cases, especially when working on a conveyor belt, resistance to monotony and uniformity of labor operations is important. Since production conditions often create an environment unfavorable for humans (dust or gas pollution, increased level noise, etc.), working professions place increased demands on health.
You can get working specialties in numerous colleges, vocational lyceums, vocational schools, and also by getting a job as an apprentice directly in production. To fill many job vacancies, primary vocational education is sufficient, but those who have a secondary specialized education (3-4 years of study after the 9th grade or 1-2 years after the 11th grade) quite rightly enjoy advantages in the labor market.
In recent years, Russia has seen a steady growth in industrial production, which ensures high demand for blue-collar professions. However, this applies, first of all, to highly qualified specialists: for example, many employers complain that modern Russia It is much more difficult to find a good welder or turner, even at a very high salary, than a manager, lawyer or accountant.
The demand for low-skilled workers in the labor market is relatively lower. This is due both to the massive influx of inexpensive labor from neighboring countries (the so-called guest workers), and to the redirection of part of industrial orders to those countries where production is cheaper than in Russia (for example, to China, where a significant part of the components for Russian industrial products).
Workers earn relatively well, but there is no reason to expect that as professionalism increases, the level of income will increase many times and approach the level of income of rich people; this increase is unlikely to be more than 50-70%. The advantages of working professions include the opportunity to start working and start earning decent money quite quickly, without spending many years on training and building a career.
Career growth of workers can be associated with an increase in the level of professionalism, mastering technically complex equipment (for example, computer-controlled machines), or with a gradual transition from performing actual labor operations to personnel management (for example, becoming a foreman of a production site). Most often, workers make so-called “horizontal” career growth: they master new specializations, which are currently more in demand and better paid, but do not fundamentally change their status.
In order to achieve “vertical growth”, move to the level of management work or become an engineer, additional training and higher education are required. Successful development own business for a worker who does not have any other professional experience besides his specialty, it seems difficult. However, some skilled workers are moving from permanent hired labor to fulfilling one-time orders, including private ones, which gives them certain advantages, both in terms of earnings and in terms of freedom to manage their time and energy (of course, provided that their services turn out to be in demand).

Auto Mechanic

A worker who performs vehicle maintenance and repair.

They diagnose faults and, if necessary, eliminate them (by replacing defective parts, adjusting any systems, mechanically straightening deformed parts of the body, etc.). As a rule, auto mechanics have a specialization related to the maintenance of certain vehicle systems: body work specialists, mechanics, tire fitters, auto electricians, etc. The profession is one of the mass ones. Corresponding vacancies are available in numerous auto repair shops and service centers, at automotive companies, as well as in garages various organizations having their own transport fleet.
To work in workshops that carry out semi-handicraft repairs of old domestic cars and foreign cars, you need not so much special education as golden hands and professional ingenuity, which allows you to find and fix a malfunction even in the absence of special equipment and spare parts. (Parts for many older cars are either no longer made or are difficult to source, and the associated costs can approach the cost of the car itself.) To work in modern service centers, especially those authorized by foreign automakers, they usually require specialized secondary or even higher technical education, since they use sophisticated equipment and computer programs for diagnosing vehicle malfunctions. The profession of a car mechanic can be obtained in colleges and vocational schools. On-the-job training is possible. Demand on the labor market exceeds supply; finding employment for a competent worker usually does not cause difficulties. The main criterion for selecting specialists is not so much educational documents or work experience, but actual skills that allow them to perform car repairs. Wages are relatively high, exceeding the average salary in industry by 10-30%, but the prospects for its further growth are insignificant.
Career prospects for workers who do not have a higher technical education are small (for example, having accumulated solid work experience, you can become a site foreman at a car service company). It is possible to start your own business in the field of car service (this area brings stable decent income), but for this the ability to repair cars is not enough; knowledge in the field of management, economics, and jurisprudence is required.

Security guard

Responsible for the safety of the facility, property or life and health of the client.

A security guard can work at a specific facility, protect the premises from the entry of strangers, and protect goods from theft. There are also such specialties as a GBR officer (rapid response team), a security driver, as well as a kind of security elite - personal bodyguards. The latter are responsible for the client’s life, constantly accompanying him on business and personal trips. The security guard interacts with the ward and his entourage, company personnel, work colleagues, and law enforcement agencies.
Can work constantly in the same place, or with the same client, or on call, providing security for the transportation of valuable cargo, security of a person during his movements. Activities can be organized either individually or collectively. A security guard can be on the staff of an enterprise, work for a specialized company providing such services, a security service, or privately.
Work can be either shift work (24 hours on duty, then a cable, sometimes two days of rest), or according to a schedule, depending on the place of work. The work of security varies depending on the characteristics of the objects: plants, factories, street parking lots, shops, offices, etc. Sometimes the requirements are low, there are few responsibilities, the working conditions are not very comfortable, although in some cases the requirements are much stricter, and the work may be related with real risk to life. Sometimes the security guard stands in plain sight more to “intimidate” and control visitors. Some places require a representative appearance(after all, a security guard is not just a watchman, but to a certain extent the face of a company or a VIP person).
You can master the profession at a security school or bodyguard school. Sometimes they hire you without special education and experience. Often, to work, a security guard must obtain a license for his activities. Often a permit is required to carry gas and firearms, ability to handle it. Candidates between the ages of 20 and 45, mostly men, are usually hired. Preference is given to persons who have served in the armed forces and have a sports background.
The security guard must know the basics of the legislative framework and medical training, and master self-defense and hand-to-hand combat techniques. You can’t do without knowledge of psychology. A professional must be able to prevent potential danger and avoid it, and know how to act in extreme situations. You must be able to react quickly, not give in to panic, analyze the situation, and make decisions instantly. In addition, the security guard must maintain the client's image. And, of course, have excellent physical shape.
People who are observant, persistent, and capable of maintaining high activity for a long time should take up such work. A well-developed long-term memory for the appearance and behavior of people and the environment will come in handy. A candidate for this position must have low suggestibility and the ability to take responsibility in difficult situations and, if necessary, show persistence. You will need developed visual-figurative and practical thinking, the ability to recreate a visual image using verbal description, ability to accept correct solution with a lack of necessary information and lack of time to comprehend it.
And, of course, you need emotional and volitional stability, because this work is associated with increased risk. Medical contraindications are diseases nervous system and musculoskeletal system, marked decrease in vision and hearing.
The demand for security guards in the labor market is consistently high, but those who want to get this job are always subject to strict professional selection to meet the qualities mentioned earlier. For those who have them, employment will not be a problem. The work of a security guard is considered predominantly male, but, nevertheless, women are also willingly hired in some places (as a rule, where the risk of robbery or other extreme situations is small, but the security guard should be the face of the company).
Quite often there is an option when a candidate is invited to the position of a security guard with the function of an administrator (for example, in trade organizations) - then he is required not only to monitor security, but also to answer questions from clients and resolve all conflict situations.
Salary depends on the place of work. If a security guard watches TV all night on the sofa in a closed office, the salary level is slightly lower than the average income in industry, and if, for example, he guards influential person, then the income can be several times higher. In terms of career growth, a security guard can open a private security company, a detective agency, etc. There are cases when a former security driver or bodyguard, having earned the trust of the protected person over time, moves to another, higher-paying position in his business.

Foreman

Construction progress manager.

The word "foreman" is an abbreviation for "work performer." He communicates with the customer, controls the workers and is the highest leader among those who act directly on the construction site. The profession of a foreman is close to engineering specialties and at the same time carries the responsibilities of a project manager. He monitors that workers conscientiously perform their duties, comply with construction or repair technologies, and contract requirements.
Ensures that what is done complies with the design and estimate documentation. This person is a professional who must know the intricacies of construction work, monitor compliance with technology and deadlines. The foreman needs to calculate the quantity of materials and control their quality, manage their purchase, monitor the safety of material assets, organize the work process, and comply with safety regulations.
The work schedule can be irregular; the day is often spent traveling. You can get a job at various construction sites. Sometimes a foreman works privately, for example, renovating apartments, while he himself looks for customers, as well as performers to perform certain types of work.
You can master the profession in secondary and higher construction educational institutions. Often, foremen become those who began their career as a laborer. A good foreman should know how to effectively organize the work of his subordinates, how to use various tools, how to distinguish high-quality building materials from fakes, etc. Be aware modern technologies construction, new products in building materials.
You will need knowledge of psychology, because the foreman constantly has to communicate with a huge amount people, negotiate, manage workers, negotiate with the customer (and sometimes this communication takes place in a very difficult environment, accompanied by acute conflicts). The foreman must be tactful and diplomatic in some situations, tough and decisive in others.
The work is associated with great emotional stress, so representatives of this profession must have a strong nervous system and high resistance to stress. People who are sociable, energetic, patient, responsible, and have organizational skills should master this profession. Medical contraindications may include serious respiratory diseases or allergies (since you have to be around construction debris and dust).
Due to the development of the construction industry, the profession of a foreman is in high demand and the demand for it is not falling, but there are not so many available vacancies (after all, they are required tens of times less than construction workers). Salaries are quite high and can be two to three times the average income in industry. In the future, the foreman may rise to the position of site manager, chief engineer construction company, open your own company.
Process engineer

A specialist involved in the creation, implementation and implementation of production technologies for various products.

Most things around modern man, are created in the most complex factories and factories; their production involves a lot of machines and other equipment. The time of artisans who worked in small cooperatives and passed on the secrets of craftsmanship from fathers to sons is long gone.
To make a modern product (especially a technically complex one - such as, say, a car, a computer or a digital camera), you need to have a huge amount of information about exactly how it is created, have unique equipment and a staff of specially trained workers. The set of methods and means of producing a product is called technology (or, to put it simply, it is information about exactly how to make it, and the means by which it is done). This word is translated from ancient Greek as

"knowledge of craftsmanship."
A process engineer develops and implements processes and modes of production, establishes work procedures, the sequence of labor operations, determines the main methods of quality control, and maintains technical documentation. He can be involved in both the creation of technology (development of a particular production process, participation in experimental work) and its implementation (installation, adjustment and operation of equipment, various measures to improve production efficiency).
Ordinary specialists are most often engaged in servicing existing production lines, setting them up for the production of certain products, and eliminating any malfunctions that arise. More qualified specialists are assigned to install and set up production lines, as well as improve existing technologies and develop fundamentally new technologies. First of all, a process engineer works with information (schemes, graphs, programs, etc.); In addition, he comes into contact with technical devices and communicates with other people involved in production.
The profession is one of the most common in industry; such vacancies exist in almost all plants and factories, in various workshops, in research and production laboratories (although the specific names of vacancies in these organizations may vary, the essence of the work remains similar). With technological progress, the importance of these specialists increases.

Let's say, a conveyor belt, on which previously hundreds of low-skilled workers manually assembled some products, is being replaced by an automated production line, which is serviced by 2-3 process engineers.
The profession requires higher education, which can be obtained at various technical universities. It is divided into a number of specialties related to various branches of production (for example, industrial engineer Food Industry). This profession is characterized by a high degree of specialization: for example, a kefir production technologist will not be able to move to the ice cream production workshop of the same dairy without special training, and to engage in, for example, the production of automobile parts, he will have to learn almost all over again.
During the training process, students receive detailed general technical, physico-mathematical and other natural science training, and also study the specifics of production technologies for relevant products. For those involved in the development of new technologies, mastery of the methodology is also important. scientific work. To become a good industrial engineer, you need to have a high level of intelligence and analytical skills.
The demand for industrial engineers in the labor market is quite high, and the income of experienced specialists can be one and a half to two times higher than the average salary in industry. Employees who know how to maintain modern foreign production equipment are especially valued. Almost mandatory requirement Professional computer skills have become a part of the labor market - not only as a user, but sometimes also as a programmer.
Career growth is possible both through the administrative line (for example, becoming the chief engineer of a large plant), and without obtaining management positions, through the development of more complex equipment or the transition from servicing an already established production process to creating a new one.

Electrician

A specialist involved in the installation, repair and maintenance of household and industrial electrical equipment.

Most people are somehow familiar with the work of an electrician: he is the one who is called when an outlet sparks or a switch does not work. However, the work of representatives of this profession is by no means limited to this area: most of them work not in housing and communal services, but in production and construction.
An electrician performs assembly and disassembly, adjustment and repair, maintenance of electric motors, generators, teleautomation circuits and other electrical appliances. Engaged in the installation and repair of overhead power lines and contact network, lighting installations, cable laying. Conducts internal electrical networks in residential and industrial premises and performs their repairs. An electrician cleans parts, contacts, draws up drawings and sketches, diagnoses faults and repairs electrical circuits in various devices. Works on a schedule, indoors or outdoors (sometimes at height), individually or as part of a team.
The profession is one of the mass ones; there are vacancies in almost all industrial enterprises, construction organizations, electric transport, large farms, etc., as well as, of course, in housing and communal services. Many organizations whose type of activity has nothing to do with industry also employ their own electricians: office complexes, schools and institutes, large stores, etc. After all, in the buildings where they are located there are many internal electrical networks, and for their maintenance and repairs it turns out to be easier and more convenient to maintain your own specialist rather than regularly inviting him from somewhere else.
You can master a profession in vocational schools and courses. An electrician must have basic knowledge of physics, mathematics and drawing, and applied mechanics. Know the design, technical characteristics and principles of operation of the serviced devices and sensors. Understand the types and causes of damage, equipment repair rules. An electrician will need good vision, developed technical practice-oriented thinking, fine motor skills. It is recommended to master the profession for people who are physically resilient, neat, attentive, and have a good reaction.
The profession implies increased responsibility, because an electrician’s mistake can result in a short circuit, fire, electrical injury and other serious consequences. Medical contraindications are diseases of the musculoskeletal system, in some cases also severe diseases of the heart, lungs, eyes, and nervous system.
The demand for representatives of this profession is consistently stable. The income level is approximately equal to the average salary in industry. In terms of career growth, you can engage in advanced training (the result of which may be, for example, access to servicing electrical installations under higher voltage). However, in order to significantly improve your professional status, you need to obtain a higher technical education.

Painter-plasterer

Performs various types of finishing and painting work.

Engaged in repairs of external and internal surfaces of buildings. First, the painter prepares wooden, concrete, and metal surfaces for work - he cleans and primes them. Selects compositions of suitable quality and color. Prepares solutions, works with various types of plaster, and tiles walls.
Engaged in painting and wallpapering. A highly qualified painter (5-6th grade) performs artistic finishing and painting of walls and ceilings, molding design, decorative varnishing and gilding of surfaces. Shift work can take place indoors or outdoors, sometimes at heights - from cradles or scaffolding, in an uncomfortable position. Works alone or as part of a team. Working conditions of increased complexity: you have to breathe cement and other dust, solvent vapors, and work in polluted conditions.
You can master a specialty in vocational schools, colleges, training centers and specialized centers. A painter-plasterer must know the main types of modern paints and enamels, materials for performing plastering work, their properties and features. Understand how to prepare various surfaces, process them, be able to wallpaper, tile, and repair painted surfaces. Keep track of new products in paint and varnish production.
To work, you will need knowledge of drawing techniques, artistic creativity, color formation, basics of physics and chemistry. The painter must be able to use special equipment and tools. A representative of this profession needs to be physically hardy, have a sense of balance, have developed joint-muscular and tactile sensitivity, good vision, an eye, creative imagination, developed aesthetic taste, visual-figurative thinking and memory. It is worth choosing this profession for yourself if you are patient, careful, and attentive. Work is contraindicated for people with diseases of the respiratory system, nervous system, or musculoskeletal system.
The profession is in high demand today, and there is reason to believe that it will remain so in the future. Earnings are comparable to average incomes in industry, and may even be slightly higher (depending on qualifications, types and level of work performed). Possible work on individual orders of private clients, entrepreneurial activity. The profession can be classified as one of those that, although it does not allow one to count on a dizzying career, provides an opportunity to start earning money relatively quickly, without spending many years on special training, and provides a guarantee that a person will not be left without a piece of bread.

Builder

A specialist involved in the construction of buildings and structures.

Construction is one of the oldest professions. Many archaeological sites, thanks to which we learn about the past of mankind, are ancient buildings. Many buildings still stand today, although their age is measured in millennia. The secrets of the construction craft have been accumulated for centuries, carefully preserved and passed on from generation to generation, from masters to students. Qualified “stone masons” and carpenters were in short supply and were highly valued. When St. Petersburg began to be built, experienced masons came from all over Rus', and for several years the construction of stone buildings was prohibited in all other cities of the country.
The work of a construction worker varies significantly depending on whether he works on large production, where the functions of various workers are clearly separated, or in a small multidisciplinary team performing various types of construction work. In the first case, most of the time he is busy performing a small number of rather monotonous actions (applying mortar, laying bricks, etc.), depending on his construction specialty. There are quite a lot of these specialties within the “builder” profession - masons, installers, plasterers, concrete workers, carpenters, tilers, etc. But working as part of a small multidisciplinary team, builders, as a rule, do not have the opportunity to narrowly specialize in one thing, and They combine several specialties and are “jacks of all trades.” Their work turns out to be more varied and, accordingly, the requirements for the level of their professional training are higher.
You can get construction specialties in secondary specialized educational institutions: colleges, technical schools, vocational schools. In some cases, short-term courses or on-the-job training are sufficient. It is possible to obtain higher education, for example, in the specialty “Industrial and civil engineering”. You need to know the materials and technologies used in the construction of knowledge and structures, and be able to apply them in practice.
You should know the rules of construction work, the specifics of using tools and equipment, and safety precautions. Anyone who works as part of large teams and specializes in a particular type of activity should perfectly master their type of work and have a general idea of ​​what other people working on construction sites do. A builder who works in a small team that carries out turnkey orders (for example, building cottages or renovating apartments) must be able to perform several types of work at once.
Anyone who wants to become a builder needs to have good physical health, well-developed motor skills, endurance, and an accurate eye. Developed spatial thinking will allow the builder to quickly and clearly work with architects' drawings and designers' drawings. The employee's diligence and punctuality are highly valued. A builder’s achievements depend not only on his own professional skills, but also on his ability to work in a team and maintain relationships with colleagues.
Construction is a widespread and in-demand profession; its representatives are in stable demand in the labor market. The work pays well; the salaries of these specialists are slightly higher than the industry average. Career prospects: become a low-ranking manager (foreman, foreman) or engage in individual entrepreneurship, providing construction services.

The term “professionalism” comes from the Latin. “professional” is a permanent specialty that serves as a source of livelihood, and Greek. “grapho” - I write. The concept of “professiography” includes vocational research and its result – a professiogram. Professionography is a branch of two sciences – professionology and labor psychology. The subject of professionography is scientific research, description and design of professions. The result of the professional research is documented in a document - a professional chart. Depending on the purposes of the study, a professionography (and a professionogram) contains data about a projected or existing profession (or, in an intermediate version, about an existing profession with projected changes and improvements in professional activity).

Professionographic research and drawing up a vocational chart are necessary stages of all research and applied work in labor psychology, engineering psychology, ergonomics and in other cases of studying labor in order to humanize it. The object of professionography is all the “simple moments of the labor process” (K. Marx) - the purposeful activity of the subject of labor, the subject and means of labor - in their integrity, qualitative and quantitative certainty and specific relevance to a given profession, specialty, work post and workplace.

WITH general questions professionography, psychological classification of professions and career guidance can be found in the works of K.K. Platonov, E.A. Klimov, I.P. Titova, E.M. Ivanova and others.

1. The essence of professionography

In the second half of the 1920s. Soviet psychotechnicians intensively developed principles and methods for analyzing professional activity. The generalization of these studies led to the formulation of a special approach in psychotechnics - professionography. The essence of this approach is reflected in the name itself (“description of professions”). In general, the concept of “professionalism” includes the process of studying, psychological characteristics and design of a profession. When professionalizing, the characteristics of objects that are the central components of any labor process are always studied: the subject of labor, the subject, tasks, tools and working conditions.

One of the fundamental principles of professional development has become the principle of a differentiated approach to the study of professional activities. The essence of this principle is the subordination of professionalization to the solution of specific practical problems. For example, for the purposes of professional consultation and selection, it is necessary to identify those professionally important features that allow the differentiation of subjects according to their professional suitability. To determine the level of qualification, the characteristic becomes of great importance labor functions, professional knowledge, skills and abilities. To study professional fatigue, signs are identified that reveal the factors that initiate professional fatigue.

Thus, the principle of differentiated professionography determines the methods of studying a profession, the content of its characteristics, as well as the area of ​​use, i.e. The specifics of conducting a professionography are determined by its goals. Goals may be related to the following areas of activity:

• certification of employees;

• designing new professions and specialties;

• professional consultation of optants and selection of specialists;

• improving vocational education, training and advanced training;

• scientific research into professional development of the individual.

The results of vocational testing are documented in a vocational chart, which includes a description of working conditions, the rights and responsibilities of the employee, the necessary knowledge, abilities and skills, professionally important qualities, as well as contraindications for health reasons. An important component of a professionogram is a psychogram - a characteristic of motivational, volitional and emotional sphere specialist Psychogram - psychological picture profession, represented by a group of psychological functions updated by a specific profession.

The development of professiograms is based on the following principles:

• integrated approach in the study of professional activities;

• purposeful preparation of a professionogram, subordinated to the achievement of a specific practical goal;

• typification and differentiation of professional characteristics, reflecting typical and specific signs professions;

• real reflection of the state of the profession in specific socio-economic conditions;

• taking into account prospects for professional growth and career;

•reliability, which involves describing professions in extreme and non-standard conditions;

•scientific (professiogram should be developed on the basis of systemic, personal and activity-based approaches)

Professionograms differ in the purpose for which they are compiled, the time of compilation, the degree of generality and volume. The most interesting, in my opinion, are the following classifications:

According to the purpose of compilation:

Information - - intended for career counseling work with optants - people facing the need to choose a profession - involves a brief, general description of the necessary characteristics for a given position.

Diagnostic - carried out in cases of identifying the causes of low labor productivity, unsatisfactory product quality, accidents, injuries, staff turnover, etc. - ensures the organization of professional psychodiagnostics, is focused on the study of technical, legal, psychological, hygienic and social psychological characteristics labor important for the final result of the work.

Predictive occupational mapping is used for the purpose of issuing informed recommendations for improving professional activities or designing the professional growth and career of employees

1. General characteristics of the profession - history and prospects for the development of the profession, socio-economic conditions for carrying out professional activities, professional environment

3. Vocational education, training and advanced training – level of vocational education, professional training, advanced training

4. Professional mobility of an employee – breadth of a specialist’s profile, level of key qualifications, opportunities to change specialty and profession

5. Assessment of the prospects of the profession - professional and psychological potential of the individual, professional activity of the employee, professional self-improvement and career

Methodological professionography allows you to select or develop adequate methods for studying professionally significant qualities and states of the subject of labor to study the dynamics of their change and the nature of functioning

2. Working conditions - sanitary and hygienic environment, physical environment, working regime, form of remuneration and incentives.

Educational-oriented vocational training, specialized vocational training

1. Passport of a profession - type of profession and its industry affiliation; level of education and level (category) of qualifications; related specialties and professions; social and professional restrictions

2. Personnel training - form and levels of professional education and training; level of qualification received; prospects for professional growth and career

3. Characteristics of leading activities at each stage of professional development - functions, specific types of activities, typical professional tasks, professional skills

4. Prospected professiogram at each stage of professional development

Leading activity, main substructures of the subject of activity - professional orientation, professional competence, personal protective skills, professionally significant psychophysiological properties - psychological characteristics of each personality substructure

5. Sanitary and hygienic working conditions - work regime, neuropsychic tension, sensorimotor and perceptual spheres, medical contraindications

By the way of generality:

General – describes the general basics of profession mapping for all or a group of professions and, as a rule, is of a scientific nature, not applied.

Group - explores and describes a group of professions identified on the basis of a common characteristic.

Monographic - describes one specific profession, which in my opinion is most interesting and applicable within my field of study.

The study of behavior, its external picture naturally turns into the study of its internal psychological mechanisms - the internal picture of work, i.e. that which constitutes the content of the consciousness of the subject of labor, the working person. In the internal plan, work activity is a set of tasks, usually solved sequentially, in accordance with chosen or perceived priorities.

VCT is a process of continuous reflection in consciousness of a changing situation, one’s own activity and its regulation over time based on feedback and sensory-motor or intellectual corrections. All mental processes - cognitive - transformative, emotional and volitional - participate in the formation of CGT.

Consequently, a professional description is an attempt to reflect both the internal and external picture of work, a description of all the subjective and objective characteristics of work. A comparison of the internal and external pictures of work occurs in the psychogram, which is the main part of the professiogram. Sometimes a psychogram is understood as a graphic correlation of technological operations and the psychological qualities of a professional necessary for their implementation. The external picture of labor is divided into three main blocks, the internal one is presented as the structure of the human psyche - from mental processes to personality traits.

Stage 1– carrying out expert assessments. A survey of people who understand this profession about the profession, the qualities required for this profession.

Stage 2– select tools that would measure these qualities and adapt them for success and failure.

The analysis of the psychological characteristics of labor activity (profession) is based on its comprehensive study and a certain systematization of the obtained quantitative and qualitative data. The goal is to establish the characteristics of the relationship between the subject of labor and the components of the Activity (its content, means, conditions, organization) and its functional support. A comprehensive method of studying and describing the content and structural characteristics of a profession is called professiography. The result of studying the Activity should be its professionogram - a description of the various objective characteristics of the profession, and a psychogram - a description of the psychological characteristics of the Activity.

The preparation of a professional profile is carried out in accordance with the following principles:

1. Specificity (concreteness) of the description of a certain Activity.

2. Comprehensiveness of study.

3. Dynamic learning (taking into account development, changes in Activities).

4. Systematicity (study of relationships and mutual influences of individual characteristics of the Activity).

5. Identity of techniques (for correct comparison of professions).

6. Use of qualitative and quantitative characteristics.

The professional profile must contain the following characteristics:

• - general information about the profession (name, purpose, personnel responsibilities, performance indicators, etc.);
• - content of the Activity (analysis of main tasks, features of information flows, error analysis, etc.);
• - means of Activity (type of means of displaying information and controls, their placement, visibility, reach to handles, etc.).

IN general view professiogram is defined as“descriptive and technological characteristics of various types of professional activities”, made according to a certain scheme and to solve certain problems.

Concept professiograms in labor psychology– identification and description of the human qualities necessary for the successful performance of this work activity. These qualities are called PVC - professionally important qualities.

There are different approaches to identifying the order and levels of analysis of professional activity, and different types of professiograms (for solving specific professional tasks):

1. Information vocational plans (used in career counseling and career guidance).

2. Tentative diagnostic occupational charts (to identify the causes of failures, accidents, low labor efficiency).

3. Constructive (to improve the ergatic system based on the design of new types of equipment).

4. Methodological (for the selection of adequate methods for studying a given ergatic system).

5. Diagnostic.

There are various vocational schemes. The simplest one was proposed by Klimov - the “profession formula”:

• - types of professions in basic subjects and human interaction with these subjects:
• man - nature
• man - technology
• man – man
• man – sign systems
• a person is an artistic image;
• - classes (the purpose of labor);
• - departments (use of means of activity);
• - groups (preferential working conditions).

How to create a professional profile? In order to highlight and designate the qualities that are necessary for a given profession, labor activity is divided into operations. Klimov has a macroanalysis of labor activity - an analysis of technological processes and properties that are involved in professional activity; ultimately, it is necessary to determine professionally important qualities.

When drawing up a professional profile, you need to answer the following questions:

1. What does a person do? (essay, description of equipment, use observation and self-observation).

2. How does a person do? (action analysis).

3. Why does a person do this?

4. What's involved? (you need to reflect those characteristics that a person must have in order to properly perform his job).

A scientific description of a profession involves analysis of both the external picture of labor ( labor behavior), and internal, i.e. mental processes and integral psychological formations, which are internal means of activity of the subject of labor. In professional studies, many different methods are used:

• sociological (questionnaires, surveys, participant observation);

• psychological (conversation, observation, experiment and derivatives from them: interviews, personality questionnaires, tests, psychobiographies, analysis of activity products, etc.);

• physiological (registration of ECG, GSR, measurement of blood pressure, anthropometric and technical data);

• description of technological processes, etc.

From the variety of methods, it is necessary to choose those that allow, with minimal time, effort and money, to obtain reliable answers to the questions to be studied in this professional study.

When developing a set of methods, the role of a system-forming factor is played by the purpose of the research. If a professional study is carried out to develop engineering and psychological measures to optimize and humanize the machine part of the ergatic system, then the focus will be on assessing the dimensions of the work station, its organization, the structure of the information model, the structure and operation of controls, issues of maintenance and maintainability, typical equipment failures , abnormal and emergency situations due to design and manufacturing defects or erroneous actions of personnel.

When developing professiograms for career guidance, much attention is paid to the general professional and socio-psychological characteristics of the profession. Working conditions, both technical and technological, and socio-psychological, are examined in sufficient detail. An important area of ​​research is the assessment of professionally important personality traits, professionally significant character traits, general and special abilities, psychophysiological properties of the employee.

When developing professionograms for the purposes of career guidance and selection, psychodiagnostic studies are especially important. Other studies become important for determining the conditions in which students and professional students will study and work. educational institutions, persons hired. However, they are also important, since without knowledge of specific production responsibilities and working conditions, it is impossible to organize career guidance, professional selection and determine the candidate’s professional suitability for work. The next direction of professional research is the study of working conditions and regimes in order to prevent overwork, monotony, and other unfavorable conditions, combat injuries, and reduce morbidity. The main goal of the research is to study the working conditions and regime and diagnose normal and pathological conditions in this regard, as well as individual reactions to the professional environment and activities. This complex includes professional techniques: hygienic, medical, psychological and physiological. When selecting methods in accordance with the chosen hierarchy of goals (system of priorities), you should remember the need for a comprehensive study of the profession. The fulfillment of this requirement is helped by the use of a professionogram diagram, reflecting the following main directions of professional research:

• general familiarity with the production process; its more detailed study and description;

• description of specific jobs; psychological analysis of activities at a specific workplace;

• psychological, physiological and anthropometric analysis of working movements;

• operational analysis labor activity;

• photograph of the working day, timekeeping;

• study of individual style of activity;

• analysis of erroneous actions;

• assessment of sanitary and hygienic working conditions;

• dynamics of performance over a shift, a week, or a longer period.

Professionograms have different contents depending on the purposes for which they are compiled. Based on the principles of system analysis and the study of professional literature, we have developed a generalized professional diagram. When determining the content of the professiogram, the normative-parametric description of work, the morphological and functional structure of activity, the professionally oriented structure of activity, working conditions, professional contraindications and restrictions were taken into account.

Formalized diagram of the professional program

Social and professional characteristics of the profession:

1. The name of the profession and specialty according to the officially accepted nomenclature.

2. Taxonomic information: form, type, class, group, specialty.

3. The name of the work position (specific in relation to this form of professionogram).

4. Prestige, image, status of the profession in a given industry, region, professional group.

5. Job salary and its rating (below average, average and above average in the region).

6. a brief description of basic qualifications and job responsibilities.

7. Required education.

8. Range of qualifications (ranks, classes, etc.), as well as prospects for administrative, professional, scientific and other types of advancement and career.

9. Main features of communication: constant or episodic, with a narrow or wide circle of people, direct or mediated by technical means, the nature of communication (narrowly professional, with visitors, clients, in conditions of serving people and managing subordinates, etc.).

10. Brief description of the profession’s requirements for error-freeness and reliability: consequences of errors, special requirements for labor safety.

11. Frequency of cases of disqualification due to professional incompetence, separately during periods of vocational training, vocational adaptation and professional activity.

12. Brief description of the main features of the dynamics of labor activity (age restrictions, high turnover of personnel in a given specialty and other circumstances that deserve attention from the point of view of the general characteristics of a given profession, specialty or job position).

Conclusion

Scientifically based selection of personnel begins with the preparation of a professiogram - a list of requirements imposed by a given profession, specialty and position on a person. In other words, before selecting people, it is necessary to have a detailed and precise idea of ​​what they should be like. The list of required characteristics is compiled based on the results of a special scientific research professionography.

Professionography is a technology for studying the requirements of a profession for personal qualities, psychophysiological characteristics, socio-psychological indicators, natural inclinations and abilities, business qualities, professional knowledge and skills, and the state of human health.

Professionography is used to develop information, diagnostic, correctional and formative practical recommendations in order to increase the efficiency of professional work. Professionography covers different aspects of specific professional activities:

* social,

* socio-economic,

* historical,

* technical,

* technological,

* legal,

* hygienic,

* psychological,

* psychophysiological,

* socio-psychological.

The volume, depth, and detail of their study depend on the order of the company’s management.

Vocational studies are carried out by specialists at the request of HR managers. The personnel manager receives the finished result in the form of a professiogram.

The success of any organization in modern conditions of an accelerating scientific and technological process and increasing competition depends, first of all, on its ability to select personnel as efficiently as possible and use the resources already at its disposal to achieve its goals. In turn, this ability largely depends on the competence of managers and personnel management specialists, and knowledge of modern personnel management methods. Selection of the best personnel is a complex and multi-layered process, including scientifically based principles and methods of work, without which it is impossible to select the best personnel. Only a systematic, scientifically and methodically developed approach allows you to quickly and efficiently solve the problem of personnel selection.

Bibliography

1. Figlin L.A. “professiogram” // Sociology of labor. Theoretical and applied dictionary./resp. ed. V.A. Yadov, St. Petersburg: “Science”, 2006, pp. 230-231.

2. Garber E.I., Kozacha V.V. Professionography methodology. Saratov: Publishing house Saratov. Univ., 1992.

3. Organizational personnel management: Textbook / Ed. AND I. Kibanova. - M.: INFRA-M, 1997, p. 285.

Introduction.

1. The essence of professionography

1.1. Types of professionograms

1.2. General principles drawing up a professional profile

2. Methods of professional research

2.1 Differentiated professionalization

Conclusion

Bibliography

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

S A M A R S K I N S T I T U T U R A V L E N I

Test in the discipline “Psychophysiology of professional activity”

Topic: “Professiogram and principles of their preparation”

Completed.

/Professiogram

2.8 The concept of a professional program.

In essence, it should be a set of scientifically based standards and requirements of the profession for the psycho-physical characteristics of a specialist, his personality, professional knowledge, skills and abilities. Unfortunately, we can say that at present there is no complete and high-quality set of professiograms, even in relation to the most widespread professions, which is caused by a number of objective reasons.

The first of them is the high cost of such work, since the creation of even one high-quality professiogram requires the hard work of a whole team of specialists - both psychologists and experts in this profession.

The second reason is the huge variety of specialties within one profession, which results in the need to create a whole range of professiograms for many professions. We have already given an example above that the professional profile of a truck driver and a taxi driver will differ significantly in terms of the requirements for their attention indicators. There will also be significant differences in relation to their communication qualities, reaction speed, temperament, etc. The same can be said about the profession “manager”, “doctor”, etc. It turns out that there should be several thousand professional notes, and with high labor costs it becomes unprofitable to create them.

Previously, in the USSR, efforts to create vocational programs were coordinated and financed by the Ministry of Labor, but now vocational programs, as a rule, are created either within the framework of regional Career Guidance Centers or by personnel managers of large enterprises. The fact is that when conducting professional selection for important positions, you simply cannot do without a professionogram. In order to hire the best one out of several candidates for a position, you need to clearly understand what qualities a given specialty and a given workplace require of an employee. Therefore, even a sketchy professional chart is better than none. Another question is that the HR manager has to regularly improve the bank of professions and make the necessary adjustments to it until he determines the most important requirements of the profession for the person who is engaged in it.

Using the accountant profession as an example, we will give approximate diagram professional program that can be created by a personnel service employee for effective selection and training of personnel (Table 2.6).

Components professionograms
1. Contents of work:	An accountant carries out accounting of the enterprise's financial assets, audits and financial control, verifies the accuracy of the information received, and monitors compliance with the law when spending financial resources.
2. Professionally important qualities of an employee
2.1 Psychophysiological parameters:	Stability and concentration; highperformance and resistance to monotony; good short-term memory performance.
2.2 Personal qualities:	Introversion, organization, d integrity, with seriousness, conservatism, internal locus of control, caution, vigilance.
2.3 Intellectual qualities	Logical thinking, verbal intelligence, calculation ability
3. Knowledge, abilities, skills	An accountant must know statistics, finance, credit, technology of a specific area of ​​the organization, reporting methods, regulations. Must be able to count quickly and correctly in your head (to control possible errors calculator).
4. Working conditions	In room; social contacts are limited; working position - sedentary work; computer work; most often work one shift, but overtime is possible; The work is strictly regulated by instructions and is individual in nature.
5. Medical contraindications:	Poor eyesight; diseases of the autonomic nervous system (vascular dystonia, hypertension, migraine, headaches of other nature); borderline mental disorders (excessive suspiciousness, anxiety).
6.Requirements for professional training	Requirements for preliminary professional training: good preparation in mathematics. Training and qualification requirements: f financial, economic and trade technical schools, colleges and universities, economic departments of universities, accounting courses.
7. Occupied segment in the labor market
7.1 Related professions	Tax inspector, economist, financier, auditor, teacher in these specialties at an educational institution.
7.2 Range of positions	Accountant - department head - chief accountant
7.3 Possibility of entrepreneurial and self-employment activities	An accountant can serve as an auditor in an audit firm or be contracted by commercial entities to prepare reports and balance sheets.
7.4 Demand for the profession in the labor market	The demand is high, but mainly chief accountants and specialists with experience in working with computers and 1C-accounting programs and other automated accounting systems are required.

At the end of the 80s of the last century, the author of this book took part in the creation of professiograms for blue-collar occupations as an expert at the USSR Ministry of Labor.

Methods describing the content of the profession

The analysis of the psychological characteristics of work activity (profession) is based on its comprehensive study and a certain systematization of the obtained quantitative and qualitative data. Such a comprehensive method of studying and describing the content and structural characteristics of a profession, in order to establish the characteristics of the relationship between the subject of labor and the components of the activity (its content, means, conditions, organization) and its functional support is called professionography. The result of studying the activity should be its professiogram – a description of the various objective characteristics of the profession, and psychogram – description of the psychological characteristics of the activity.

The preparation of a professional profile is carried out in accordance with the following principles:

specificity (concreteness) of the description of a certain activity;

complexity of study;

dynamic learning (taking into account development, changes in activity);

systematicity (study of interrelations and mutual influences of individual characteristics of activity);

identity of techniques (for correct comparison of professions);

use of qualitative and quantitative methods.

The professional profile must contain the following characteristics:

general information about the profession (name, purpose, personnel responsibilities, performance indicators, etc.);

means of activity (type of means of displaying information and controls, their placement, visibility, reach to handles, etc.);

operating conditions (sanitary and hygienic, socio-psychological, aesthetic, etc.);

organization of activities (type and amount of workload, work and rest schedule, etc.);

subject of activity (function loading, functional states, communication features, etc.)

The psychogram of activity should reflect the requirements and characteristics of motivational, cognitive, emotional-volitional, characterological and other professionally important qualities of the subject of labor.

The main directions of professional research are:

general familiarity with the production process; its more detailed study and description;

description of specific jobs; psychological analysis of activities at a specific workplace;

psychological, physiological and anthropometric analysis of working movements;

operational analysis of work activity;

photograph of the working day, timekeeping;

studying individual style of activity;

analysis of erroneous actions;

assessment of sanitary and hygienic working conditions;

dynamics of performance over a shift, a week, or a longer period.

Psychological characteristics of the profession

Professionogram

Instructions. Make a detailed professional chart according to the following scheme:

1. Name of profession.

2. Type of profession (see E.A. Klimov)

Types of professions - person-person, person-technology, person-sign system,

man is an artistic image, man is nature.

3. Goals (see E.A. Klimov)

Gnostic (auditor, weather forecaster, investigator).

Transformative (teacher, seamstress, cook).

Research (screenwriter, researcher, artist).

4. Means of labor (see E.A. Klimov)

Manual labor professions (potter, cabinetmaker).

Mechanical professions manual labor(weaver, driver).

Professions related to the use of automated systems (operator, system administrator).

Professions associated with the predominance of functional means of labor (scientist, psychologist).

5. Working conditions (see E.A. Klimov)

Professions associated with working in a microclimate close to domestic (jeweler, piano tuner).

Professions related to working outdoors in any weather (janitor, surveyor).

Professions related to work in unusual and extreme conditions (firefighter, test pilot).

Professions associated with work in conditions of increased responsibility for the life and health of people (doctor, teacher).

6. Dominant activities.

7. Personality type corresponding to a given profession (see J. Holland).

realistic type;

intellectual type;

social type;

conventional type;

entrepreneurial type;

artistic type. (see Appendix 1)

8. Qualities that ensure the safety and success of professional activities.

9. Qualities that hinder the effectiveness of activities and safe professional activities.

10. Areas of application of professional knowledge.

11. History of the profession.

12. Educational institutions teaching this profession

The next stage of studying the profession is drawing up a psychogram.

The psychogram examines A) tasks associated with receiving information; B) tasks related to the process of storing and processing information; C) tasks related to the transfer of processed information, etc. As well as the requirements imposed by the profession on the human psyche, on his abilities and other properties and qualities of the individual.

Requirements for sensory and perceptual properties; requirements for attentional properties; requirements for mnemonic properties; requirements for mental properties; requirements for psychomotor properties; requirements for speech and communication properties; emotional-volitional properties.

As an example, we can consider the psychograms of a marker and an air traffic controller (Appendices 2 and 3).

Annex 1:

Classification of professions by J. Holland. The author proceeds from the recognition of orientation as the most significant substructure of personality. The success of an activity is determined by such qualities as value orientations, interests, attitudes, relationships, and motives. Based on the establishment of the main components of orientation: interests and value orientations, J. Holland identifies six professionally oriented personality types. Each personality type is focused on a specific professional environment:

realistic type - for the creation of material things, maintenance of technological processes and technical devices,

intellectual - for mental work,

social – interaction with the social environment,

conventional – for clearly structured activities,

entrepreneurial - for managing people and business,

artistic – for creativity.

The model of any personality type is constructed according to the following scheme: goals, values, interests, abilities, preferred professional roles, possible achievements and career.

Appendix 2:

PSYCHOGRAM OF MARKER 1

Modern mechanical engineering places high demands on the precision of processing machine parts. But a significant part of the workpieces enters the workshops in the form of castings, forgings, and rolled products with unclean and uneven surfaces. To give the part the required shape and required size, the workpiece must be processed on lathes, milling, planing and other metal-cutting machines. During the processing process, an excess layer of metal, called allowance, is removed from the workpiece. In order to remove only the allowance from the workpiece and obtain a part of the shape and size that correspond to the drawing, the part is marked. Marking consists in the fact that on the surfaces of the workpiece, using special tools, the full-size dimensions indicated in the drawing are laid down (Fig. 3). According to marking marks, subsequent processing of the workpiece is carried out in machine shops.

Marking is one of the most critical operations. The accuracy of further processing of the part depends on its quality. Marking allows you to avoid defects, save material, speed up the technological processing of the part, and significantly increase the productivity of the pond.

Marking is a complex set of sensorimotor actions associated with solving a number of complex geometric problems, recreating an object and then transferring its contour to the surface of the workpiece. During the marking process, it is necessary to depict the part on a plane in such a way that the resulting flat image can be used to completely identify the designed part unambiguously. The peculiarity of marking work is that the vast majority of solutions to complex problems are non-standard in nature and depend only on the experience and intuition of the marker himself. Marking operations consist of many complex manual operations that are difficult, and sometimes impossible, to mechanize. This places quite high demands on the psychomotor sphere of the marker, especially on the coordination of movements.

In the process of marking work, six stages can be distinguished, each of which makes its own specific demands on the worker’s psyche.

First stage- activity planning-includes mastering the drawing, familiarization with the workpiece, measuring the workpiece, mentally recreating the contours of the future part, choosing a base, choosing the tool necessary to mark the part. At this stage, the marker is required to carefully consider the course and sequence of work. Here there are special requirements regarding:

eye meter,

Attention (volume and switching),

Memory (especially RAM),

Spatial representations,

creative imagination,

Understanding of technical devices.

There is no force load at the first stage.

Second phase - preparatory operations, which are produced for the purpose of preparing the workpiece for marking (cleaning, painting the workpiece, etc.). These operations are the simplest, not specific to the marker. At this stage, his attention is directed mainly to the motor field (which consists of a workpiece, a brush or spray gun, measuring and working tools), and the movements and actions performed at this stage are among the simplest in tempo, trajectory, accuracy, etc. .

Third stage - drawing and measuring operations. They represent the most complex set of works, occupying a central place in marking, and placing a number of specific requirements on the human psyche. Drawing and measuring operations include: bringing the base to a plane - the marking plate; detailed alignment of the workpiece and cutting out parts from it; setting dimensions on measuring instruments and tools; geometric constructions.

Drawing and measuring operations, in addition to drawing and graphic skills, require great concentration of attention, eye, visual and tactile control, spatial concepts and constructive imagination. Observation is of great importance here. Working with measuring instruments and instruments requires complex, coordinated movements, and the requirements are mainly placed not on strength, but on accuracy, dexterity, correlation and fine differentiation of movements. It often happens that a part is fixed in such a way that the marker has to take measurements and apply dimensions to the surface of the part while being in an uncomfortable working position. In this case, you need to “grab” the size with one movement of the measuring tool and fix it on the scale. Such a complex movement is successfully carried out in combination with visual and kinesthetic control.

When planning an operation, it is not always possible to foresee the entire course of measurements and their recording, and therefore the marker needs to vary the procedure depending on the complexity of the part. This places demands on the ability to navigate a situation and on operational thinking.

The third stage, therefore, is characterized by a combination of complex sensorimotor actions and mental operations.

Fourth stage - problem solving in descriptive geometry - is one of the most responsible, since an erroneous solution to a problem leads to defects. Spatial (volumetric) marking is carried out using the projection method. The success of this work requires the marker to have special mathematical abilities, spatial concepts, active thinking (abstract-logical), constructive imagination, and working memory (especially memorizing geometric figures). The solution of problems is combined in the work of a marker with the need to apply the dimensions indicated in the drawing to the surface of the workpiece as accurately as possible. This operation places increased demands on the visual analyzer, especially on the eye function.

At this stage, it is necessary to note the important role of attention to the details of constructions and measurements. On the psychomotor side, dexterity and precision of movements are required when constructing and measuring a part.

Fifth stage - operations for applying marks and dots to the workpiece- places very high demands on accuracy and coordination of movements, because inaccurately applied risks lead to defects. The mark is applied with a special marking scriber made of high-hardness metal onto the metal surface of the workpiece. At the same time, certain requirements are imposed on the regulation of the pressure force, its direction and uniformity. Weak pressure will not provide good visibility of the risk, and too much pressure will lead to distortion of the size. The main area of ​​work at this stage is the motor field.

Sixth stage - shock operations, punching marks and dots. Kernenya marks allow you to preserve traces of markings for quite a long time. Subsequent processing of parts is carried out using cores; thus, it is very important to apply them with extreme precision, which requires strong, fast and precise movements from the marker. The blow to the center punch must be strong and accurate. These actions are highly practiced and therefore largely automated.

Based on the analysis carried out, conclusions can be drawn about the requirements of the marking profession for the individual psychological properties of the individual.

Psychomotor. The profession of a marker does not place any special demands on muscle strength, since marking operations are not associated with heavy physical labor. The marker does not have to deal with heavy and large tools; when marking large parts, lifting vehicles come to his aid. To a greater extent, the requirements are placed on muscular endurance, i.e. the ability to perform movements (with a weak and medium load) for a long time.

The profession of a marker places increased demands on the coordination of movements, on the stability of the hand and its movements, i.e. maintaining the direction of its movements without hesitation or deviation to the side. When using patterns and templates for marking, when laying down dimensions and making marking marks, movements must be clear, accurate and stable.

The productivity of a marker depends largely on the time spent on various motor actions, which must combine speed and accuracy. The marker needs accurate impact when punching and marking parts. These professional abilities are based on the high development of visual-motor coordination.

Psychomotor functions are highly exercised. Depending on the duration of work or training, human movements are automated, becoming more free and economical. This, however, does not exclude the need to determine the speed of mastery of motor skills (learning ability), since individual differences in the area of ​​psychomotor skills are quite large.

Sensory and perceptual properties. Vision characteristics are of key importance in the work of a marker. In the process of marking work, the marker exercises visual control over the performance of his own actions, over the readings of measuring instruments. High demands are placed on the marker in the field of visual sensitivity, perception of spatial relationships (distances, sizes, shapes). The most important mental function for the marker is the eye function. It is necessary for the marker during the operations of cutting out a part from a workpiece, various measurements and applying dimensions to the workpiece, for recognizing by eye small deviations in distances, angles, and shape.

No less important for the marker is observation - an active form of perception that makes special demands on attention.

Attention. The marker needs it at all stages of his work, from familiarization with a drawing or sketch to the marking of marks. An analysis of the reasons for the defects showed that about 70% of the parts that were defective due to the fault of the markers were the result of inattentive reading of the drawing or errors in measurements. It follows from this that the characteristics of attention are extremely important for successfully mastering the profession of a marker.

He needs to concentrate on a narrow area (the workpiece or part of it) to accurately perceive all the details. When reading a drawing, transferring dimensions to a workpiece, and controlling a measuring tool, concentration is required.

Simultaneous work with several objects (drawing, workpiece, measuring instruments) requires the marker to distribute attention. The profession of a marker is characterized by a rapid transition from concentrating attention on one object (drawing, sketch) to concentrating attention on another (workpiece, part, template), which requires the marker to have such a property as easy and quick switching of attention.

During the marking process, it is necessary to imagine the contours of the future part and mentally fit it into the dimensions of the workpiece. This creative work requires precise perception, observation, and attention from the marker.

Attention and observation develop as professional experience is acquired, but they also depend on the individual characteristics of the marker’s personality and on his intelligence.

Memory. Carrying out marking operations requires the marker to actively mobilize past experience and developed memory. The activities of a marker are multifaceted. It receives a variety of information about the state of several variables at once. The sources of information are simultaneously drawings, a workpiece, a part, technological instructions, readings of measuring instruments, etc. All this information must be firmly held in memory to control the sequence of solving the main problem.

In the process of his work, the marker deals with digital material (dimensions indicated in the drawing and indications of marking tools), and with geometric shapes and bodies. Therefore, the success of his work largely depends on his ability to store a significant amount of digital material in memory for a short period of time and on the ability to remember the localization of geometric objects and their shape.

Features of mental activity. The variety of operations performed by the marker requires it to active thinking for understanding tasks of varying complexity, orientation and control when solving complex mathematical and constructive problems. In the process of marking work, mental operations are combined with practical actions. The marker does not have the opportunity to see the part: he must build it in his imagination and, taking into account the features of the part, plan his work. Analysis of the characteristics of the object and process of one’s activity is combined with practical synthesis - the combination of individual actions and techniques into a single system.

At the beginning of marking, the work is characterized by a high degree of uncertainty, and therefore developed mental activity is required to solve forecast problems.

When choosing a base and transferring dimensions to the surface of a workpiece, the marker uses an inductive solution method, since often he must not only imagine the shapes of the part, but also anticipate their possible changes during processing. An abductive form of thinking is necessary for the marker due to the non-standard nature of the tasks being solved and the great uncertainty of the conditions.

Finally, only on last stage, when the main spatial problems have been solved and all that is required is to transfer its dimensions to the surface of the workpiece, the marker turns to deduction. Thus, he moves from more complex forms of thinking at the beginning of the work to simpler ones at the end of it.

To successfully solve basic problems, a marker also needs intelligence, fast and confident counting, clarity of logical judgments, and combinatorial abilities.

Spatial imagination. This is a special form of combinatorial-perceptual activity, the success of which is the most important guarantee of the overall success of the marker’s activity, combining the requirements for perceptual and mental (combinatorial) properties.

Studying the activity of the marker allowed us to conclude that it is possible compensation some professionally significant properties by others. Not only secondary functions are compensated, but also UN functions that are essential for a given profession. Thus, shortcomings in movement correction can be compensated by a high degree of development of the eye. In turn, insufficient development of the eye is still not an obstacle to the successful implementation of marking work, subject to high concentration and a large amount of attention. Memory deficiencies are compensated by increased stability of attention, thinking functions can be reinforced and partially replaced by well-developed memory, etc. The phenomenon of compensation must be taken into account when predicting professional suitability.

Appendix 3:

PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF AIR CONTROLLER ACTIVITY 2

It is possible to divide the psychological tasks solved by an air traffic controller into three large groups: A) tasks related to receiving information; B) tasks related to the process of storing and processing information; C) tasks related to the transfer of processed information.

A. Tasks related to receiving information

1.Sensory tasks in pure form very rarely arise before an air traffic controller. Even such, at first glance, purely sensory tasks, such as the task of distinguishing the colors of signal lights or the gradation of brightness of luminous points on the locator screen, are included in the act of recognizing integral objects that are inextricably linked with a specific situation. Therefore, in this case it is more correct to talk about sensory-perceptual tasks.

2. Perceptual tasks are tasks of perception with the help of analyzers of integral objects and phenomena of the labor process in the totality of their individual properties and spatio-temporal characteristics. The increasing importance of these tasks in the labor process is one of the distinctive features of modern automated production and the operator activity characteristic of it.

Perceptual tasks in the activities of an air traffic controller are associated with both the visual and auditory analyzers. The task of perceiving both direct (instruction), tal and mediated by technical devices (radio telephone, internal telephone communication) speech arises before the dispatcher continuously. This task is characterized by: a) a special service language, knowledge of which is a prerequisite for the correct reception and decoding of speech information; b) good technical equipment, almost eliminating interference and distortion of speech perceived by the dispatcher.

Visual information comes to the air traffic controller in a figurative-schematic manner<и цифровой форме. Изображения на экране обзорного локатора и на табло метеоданных требуют декодирования, однако обладают достаточ­ным размером, четкостью, контрастностью и не предъявляют повышенных требований к зрительному анализатору человека.

A unique perceptual task of an air traffic controller is the need for a visual-spatial assessment of the distance between aircraft on a surveillance locator. This is an eye task that requires appropriate skills.

3. Attentional tasks are organically connected with perceptual tasks. With the help of attention, purposeful perception of information is organized. The attentional tasks of an air traffic controller include: a) the task of maintaining stable attention on controlled objects, b) the need to timely switch attention from one object to another with “optimal speed in the required sequence, c) the distribution of attention on a number of essential elements of the working situation.

B. Tasks related to the preservation and processing of information

1. Mnemonic tasks place demands on the functioning of two types of memory: long-term and operational. Working memory is used to store newly perceived information for a relatively short time or to recall some of the information stored in long-term memory.

Information about the parameters of aircraft movement is stored in RAM, information about the parameters of the runway, airport zones, service language, job descriptions, algorithms for solving typical problems, etc. are stored in the long-term memory of the dispatcher.

Mnemonic tasks include: a) memorization; b) preservation; c) accurate and timely reproduction; d) forgetting information that has lost its relevance.

2. Imaginative tasks, in our opinion, occupy a special place in the activities of an air traffic controller. Based on heterogeneous information, the dispatcher builds a complex, spatio-temporal, dynamic image of the air situation, guided by which he makes all decisions. Imaginative tasks include: a) creating an adequate representation based on the received encoded information, b) combining these representations into a single complex image (conceptual model), c) operating with these representations, restructuring them, allowing one to anticipate changes in the air situation.

3. Mental tasks. When an air traffic controller works in optimal mode, these tasks turn out to be less complex than in extreme mode. However, even under optimal operating conditions, these tasks are numerous and varied. The dispatcher needs to: a) identify relationships between elements of the production situation (for example, several controlled objects, weather conditions, existing restrictions and prohibitions); b) assess the air situation; c) choose one of the known algorithms that is more adequate to the air situation; d) predict changes in the air situation based on knowledge of the patterns of its dynamics; e) establish the cause of the discrepancies that have arisen between the predicted and actual situations (diagnosis); f) make the right decision in an unexpected, new situation, find the means to implement this decision and determine the necessary sequence of actions.

APPENDIX 2

PSYCHOGRAM OF THE MARKER 1

Modern mechanical engineering places high demands on the precision of processing machine parts. But a significant part of the workpieces enters the workshops in the form of castings, forgings, and rolled products with unclean and uneven surfaces. To give the part the required shape and required size, the workpiece must be processed on lathes, milling, planing and other metal-cutting machines. During the processing process, an excess layer of metal, called allowance, is removed from the workpiece. In order to remove only the allowance from the workpiece and obtain a part of the shape and size that correspond to the drawing, the part is marked. Marking consists in the fact that on the surfaces of the workpiece, using special tools, the full-size dimensions indicated in the drawing are laid down (Fig. 3). According to marking marks, subsequent processing of the workpiece is carried out in machine shops.

Marking is one of the most critical operations. The accuracy of further processing of the part depends on its quality. Marking allows you to avoid defects, save material, speed up the technological processing of the part, and significantly increase the productivity of the pond.

Marking is a complex set of sensorimotor actions associated with solving a number of complex geometric problems, recreating an object and then transferring its contour to the surface of the workpiece. During the marking process, it is necessary to depict the part on a plane in such a way that the resulting flat image can be used to completely identify the designed part unambiguously. The peculiarity of marking work is that the vast majority of solutions to complex problems are non-standard in nature and depend only on the experience and intuition of the marker himself. Marking operations consist of many complex manual operations that are difficult, and sometimes impossible, to mechanize. This places quite high demands on the psychomotor sphere of the marker, especially on the coordination of movements.

In the process of marking work, six stages can be distinguished, each of which makes its own specific demands on the worker’s psyche.

First stage- activity planning-includes mastering the drawing, familiarization with the workpiece, measuring the workpiece, mentally recreating the contours of the future part, choosing a base, choosing the tool necessary to mark the part. At this stage, the marker is required to carefully consider the course and sequence of work. Here there are special requirements regarding:

eye meter,

Attention (volume and switching),

Memory (especially RAM),

Spatial representations,

creative imagination,

Understanding of technical devices.

There is no force load at the first stage.

Second phase - preparatory operations, which are produced for the purpose of preparing the workpiece for marking (cleaning, painting the workpiece, etc.). These operations are the simplest, not specific to the marker. At this stage, his attention is directed mainly to the motor field (which consists of a workpiece, a brush or spray gun, measuring and working tools), and the movements and actions performed at this stage are among the simplest in tempo, trajectory, accuracy, etc. .

Third stage - drawing and measuring operations. They represent the most complex set of works, occupying a central place in marking, and placing a number of specific requirements on the human psyche. Drawing and measuring operations include: bringing the base to the plane of the marking plate; detailed alignment of the workpiece and cutting out parts from it; setting dimensions on measuring instruments and tools; geometric constructions.

Drawing and measuring operations, in addition to drawing and graphic skills, require great concentration of attention, eye, visual and tactile control, spatial concepts and constructive imagination. Observation is of great importance here. Working with measuring instruments and instruments requires complex, coordinated movements, and the requirements are mainly placed not on strength, but on accuracy, dexterity, correlation and fine differentiation of movements. It often happens that a part is fixed in such a way that the marker has to take measurements and apply dimensions to the surface of the part while being in an uncomfortable working position. In this case, you need to “grab” the size with one movement of the measuring tool and fix it on the scale. Such a complex movement is successfully carried out in combination with visual and kinesthetic control.

When planning an operation, it is not always possible to foresee the entire course of measurements and their recording, and therefore the marker needs to vary the procedure depending on the complexity of the part. This places demands on the ability to navigate a situation and on operational thinking.

The third stage, therefore, is characterized by a combination of complex sensorimotor actions and mental operations.

Fourth stage - problem solving in descriptive geometry - is one of the most responsible, since an erroneous solution to a problem leads to defects. Spatial (volumetric) marking is carried out using the projection method. The success of this work requires the marker to have special mathematical abilities, spatial concepts, active thinking (abstract-logical), constructive imagination, and working memory (especially memorizing geometric figures). The solution of problems is combined in the work of a marker with the need to apply the dimensions indicated in the drawing to the surface of the workpiece as accurately as possible. This operation places increased demands on the visual analyzer, especially on the eye function.

At this stage, it is necessary to note the important role of attention to the details of constructions and measurements. On the psychomotor side, dexterity and precision of movements are required when constructing and measuring a part.

Fifth stage - operations for applying marks and dots to the workpiece- places very high demands on accuracy and coordination of movements, because inaccurately applied risks lead to defects. The mark is applied with a special marking scriber made of high-hardness metal onto the metal surface of the workpiece. At the same time, certain requirements are imposed on the regulation of the pressure force, its direction and uniformity. Weak pressure will not provide good visibility of the risk, and too much pressure will lead to distortion of the size. The main area of ​​work at this stage is the motor field.

Sixth stage - shock operations, punching marks and dots. Kernenya marks allow you to preserve traces of markings for quite a long time. Subsequent processing of parts is carried out using cores; thus, it is very important to apply them with extreme precision, which requires strong, fast and precise movements from the marker. The blow to the center punch must be strong and accurate. These actions are highly practiced and therefore largely automated.

Based on the analysis, we can draw conclusions about the requirements of the marking profession for the individual psychological properties of the individual.

Psychomotor. The profession of a marker does not place any special demands on muscle strength, since marking operations do not involve heavy physical labor. The marker does not have to deal with heavy and large tools; when marking large parts, lifting vehicles come to his aid. To a greater extent, demands are placed on muscular endurance, i.e. the ability to perform movements (with a weak and medium load) for a long time.

The profession of a marker places increased demands on the coordination of movements, on the stability of the hand and its movements, i.e. maintaining the direction of its movements without hesitation or deviation to the side. When using patterns and templates for marking, when laying down dimensions and making marking marks, movements must be clear, accurate and stable.

The productivity of a marker depends largely on the time spent on various motor actions, which must combine speed and accuracy. The marker needs accurate impact when punching and marking parts. These professional abilities are based on the high development of visual-motor coordination.

Psychomotor functions are highly exercised. Depending on the duration of work or training, human movements are automated, becoming more free and economical. This, however, does not exclude the need to determine the speed of mastery of motor skills (learning ability), since individual differences in the area of ​​psychomotor skills are quite large.

Sensory and perceptual properties. Vision characteristics are of key importance in the work of a marker. In the process of marking work, the marker exercises visual control over the performance of his own actions, over the readings of measuring instruments. High demands are placed on the marker in the field of visual sensitivity, perception of spatial relationships (distances, sizes, shapes). The most important mental function for the marker is the eye function. It is necessary for the marker during the operations of cutting out a part from a workpiece, various measurements and applying dimensions to the workpiece, for recognizing by eye small deviations in distances, angles, and shape.

No less important for the marker is observation - an active form of perception that makes special demands on attention.

Attention. The marker needs it at all stages of his work, from familiarization with a drawing or sketch to the marking of marks. An analysis of the reasons for the defects showed that about 70% of the parts that were defective due to the fault of the markers were the result of inattentive reading of the drawing or errors in measurements. It follows from this that the characteristics of attention are extremely important for successfully mastering the profession of a marker.

He needs to concentrate on a narrow area (the workpiece or part of it) to accurately perceive all the details. When reading a drawing, transferring dimensions to a workpiece, and controlling a measuring tool, concentration is required.

Simultaneous work with several objects (drawing, workpiece, measuring instruments) requires the marker to distribute attention. The profession of a marker is characterized by a rapid transition from concentrating attention on one object (drawing, sketch) to concentrating attention on another (workpiece, part, template), which requires the marker to have such a property as easy and quick switching of attention.

During the marking process, it is necessary to imagine the contours of the future part and mentally fit it into the dimensions of the workpiece. This creative work requires precise perception, observation, and attention from the marker.

Attention and observation develop as professional experience is acquired, but they also depend on the individual characteristics of the marker’s personality and on his intelligence.

Memory. Carrying out marking operations requires the marker to actively mobilize past experience and developed memory. The activities of a marker are multifaceted. It receives a variety of information about the state of several variables at once. The sources of information are simultaneously drawings, a workpiece, a part, technological instructions, readings of measuring instruments, etc. All this information must be firmly held in memory to control the sequence of solving the main problem.

In the process of his work, the marker deals with digital material (dimensions indicated in the drawing and indications of marking tools), and with geometric shapes and bodies. Therefore, the success of his work largely depends on his ability to retain a significant amount of digital material in memory for a short period of time and on the ability to remember the localization of geometric objects and their shape.

Features of mental activity. The variety of operations performed by the marker requires it to active thinking for understanding tasks of varying complexity, orientation and control when solving complex mathematical and constructive problems. In the process of marking work, mental operations are combined with practical actions. The marker does not have the opportunity to see the part: he must build it in his imagination and, taking into account the features of the part, plan his work. Analysis of the characteristics of the object and process of one’s activity is combined with practical synthesis - the combination of individual actions and techniques into a single system.

At the beginning of marking, the work is characterized by a high degree of uncertainty, and therefore developed mental activity is required to solve forecast problems.

When choosing a base and transferring dimensions to the surface of a workpiece, the marker uses an inductive solution method, since often he must not only imagine the shapes of the part, but also anticipate their possible changes during processing. An abductive form of thinking is necessary for the marker due to the non-standard nature of the tasks being solved and the great uncertainty of the conditions.

Finally, only at the last stage, when the main spatial problems have been solved and all that is required is to transfer its dimensions to the surface of the workpiece, the marker turns to deduction. Thus, he moves from more complex forms of thinking at the beginning of the work to simpler ones at the end of it.

To successfully solve basic problems, a marker also needs intelligence, fast and confident counting, clarity of logical judgments, and combinatorial abilities.

Spatial imagination. This is a special form of combinatorial-perceptual activity, the success of which is the most important guarantee of the overall success of the marker’s activity, combining the requirements for perceptual and mental (combinatorial) properties.

Studying the activity of the marker allowed us to conclude that it is possible compensation some professionally significant properties by others. Not only secondary functions are compensated, but also UN functions that are essential for a given profession. Thus, shortcomings in movement correction can be compensated by a high degree of development of the eye. In turn, insufficient development of the eye is still not an obstacle to the successful implementation of marking work, subject to high concentration and a large amount of attention. Memory deficiencies are compensated by increased stability of attention, thinking functions can be reinforced and partially replaced by well-developed memory, etc. The phenomenon of compensation must be taken into account when predicting professional suitability.

APPENDIX 3

PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF AIR CONTROLLER ACTIVITIES 2

1. Identification of psychological content in the professional tasks of an air traffic controller

The high quality of an air traffic controller’s activity is determined by the adequacy of his actions to changes in the professional environment. The professional environment of the dispatcher includes natural elements (cloud height, wind, precipitation and other weather phenomena, runway condition, etc.), technical elements (controlled objects - aircraft; radio equipment, airport ground equipment and etc.) and social elements (aircraft crews, dispatchers at other points, service workers, passengers). The interaction of the dispatcher as a subject of labor and his professional environment may be disrupted due to various unforeseen changes in any of the elements, for example, as a result of the failure of one of the radio devices, adverse weather conditions, incorrect actions of the crew, etc. Optimal conditions require gradual, predictable changes in the air situation , stable characteristics of the professional environment.

At this stage of the analysis of the psychological content of the professional tasks of a dispatcher, we limit ourselves to the optimal mode in which the activities of an air traffic controller are considered by us at a certain level of generalization, corresponding to the technological description of professional tasks, without taking into account specific situations and individual methods of activity. In this regard, we made an attempt to reveal the psychological content of the main tasks that dispatchers are required to perform in accordance with various instructions regulating their activities at all stages of air traffic control (table).

It is possible to divide the psychological tasks solved by an air traffic controller into three large groups: A) tasks related to receiving information;

Activity stage	Professional tasks	Psychological content of tasks
I. Preparation for duty	1. Know the actual and forecast weather in the area of ​​the aerodrome and in the area of ​​alternate aerodromes 2. Know all restrictions and prohibitions on flights in the area of ​​the aerodrome 3. Know about the presence of special flights 4. Know the existing orders and instructions for controlling aircraft traffic (flight patterns, information on the employment of individual echelons “etc.)	1. Accept information received in verbal and digital form mainly through the auditory canal (instruction) and visually (meteodata display) 2. Comprehend, logically process (compare, classify) the information received 3. Consolidate the information necessary in logical and figurative memory to solve ATC problems 4. Create a setup for instant selective reproduction of the required piece of information
II. Taking duty at the workplace	1. Check the operation of the entire complex of radio equipment at the workplace 2. Adjust (according to your visual and auditory analyzers) image, brightness, focus, radio signal amplification 3. Check with the shift controller about the take-off course and landing course, actual weather, the presence and nature of restrictions and prohibitions, air conditions (number, types, numbers, location of aircraft, their altitude and direction), lower safe flight level, holding areas, plan flights	1. Receive information coming from the radio engineering complex 2. Compare this information with ideas about the normal operation of the equipment and signal characteristics 3. When setting up, use knowledge of the cause-and-effect relationships between the characteristics of signals and controls 4. Possess the skills of manipulating the controls of a radio engineering complex 5. Receive verbal information about the air situation and other components of the work situation 6. Comprehend and logically process the information received (compare, classify) 7. Consolidate the necessary information in figurative and logical memory 8. Construct in your imagination an image of the air situation - holistic, dynamic, spatio-temporal
III. Air traffic control of aircraft during takeoff. IV. Air traffic control for landing aircraft	1. Receive information from the airfield control tower for each taking off aircraft (AC) 2. Inform the landing point dispatcher of the conditions for aircraft entry into the zone 3. Establish radio contact with the taking off aircraft. Convey to the crew the conditions for exiting the airport area 4. Monitor the progress of the aircraft according to the established flight pattern 5. Provide longitudinal, tank and vertical separation of aircraft in its area 6. Hand over the aircraft to the controller of the district control center (RDP), radio communication - the aircraft’s location (exit from the zone) 1. Receive information from the air traffic controller about an aircraft entering the aerodrome area 2. Transmit to the air traffic controller the conditions for aircraft entry into the approach area 3. Identify the aircraft using radar and VHF direction finder 4. Establish radio contact with aircraft entering the area 5. Control the movement of the aircraft 6. Agree with the landing controller the conditions for aircraft entry into the landing zone 7. Give instructions to communicate with the landing controller and, by listening, make sure that the circle controller has taken control of the aircraft	1. Recognize and identify signals on the radar screen 2. Receive information in speech form, often encoded. Decode it 3. Compare the position of the object on the screen with auditory information received from the aircraft crew 4. Steadily maintain attention on visual and auditory signals 5. Timely switch attention to certain elements of the production situation. 6. Distribute attention between different sources of information 7. Remember the necessary information about aircraft and save it until the aircraft leaves the area 8. Selectively recall data necessary to solve a particular problem 9. Forget (throw out of memory) data about aircraft that left the area or landed 10. Build a spatial image of the air situation (based on auditory and visual perception) and rebuild the spatial image of the air situation as the situation changes 11. Prognosticate changes in the situation (its spatio-temporal image) 12. Carry out a sequence of mental actions to implement a ready-made algorithm (compare data on aircraft, evaluate their position from the point of view of traffic safety) 13. Make a decision in the event of an unforeseen situation: - assess the air situation, - choose means to change it, - determine the necessary sequence of actions to implement the decision
At all stages		1. Conduct radio communications, concisely, clearly transmitting commands and messages, maintaining a calm tone in any situation 2. Stay composed in unexpected situations 3. Show self-control in conflict situations 4. To carry out intensive work on air traffic control for a long time, without compromising quality and without slowing down the pace

B) tasks related to the process of storing and processing information; C) tasks related to the transfer of processed information.

A. Tasks related to receiving information

1. Pure sensory tasks for an air traffic controller very rarely arise. Even such, at first glance, purely sensory tasks, such as the task of distinguishing the colors of signal lights or the gradation of brightness of luminous points on the locator screen, are included in the act of recognizing integral objects that are inextricably linked with a specific situation. Therefore, in this case it is more correct to talk about sensory-perceptual tasks.

2. Perceptual tasks are tasks of perception with the help of analyzers of integral objects and phenomena of the labor process in the totality of their individual properties and spatio-temporal characteristics. The increasing importance of these tasks in the labor process is one of the distinctive features of modern automated production and the operator activity characteristic of it.

Perceptual tasks in the activities of an air traffic controller are associated with both the visual and auditory analyzers. The task of perceiving both direct (instruction), tal and mediated by technical devices (radio telephone, internal telephone communication) speech arises before the dispatcher continuously. This task is characterized by: a) a special service language, knowledge of which is a prerequisite for the correct reception and decoding of speech information; b) good technical equipment, almost eliminating interference and distortion of speech perceived by the dispatcher.

Visual information comes to the air traffic controller in a figurative-schematic manner<и цифровой форме. Изображения на экране обзорного локатора и на табло метеоданных требуют декодирования, однако обладают достаточ­ным размером, четкостью, контрастностью и не предъявляют повышенных требований к зрительному анализатору человека.

A unique perceptual task of an air traffic controller is the need for a visual-spatial assessment of the distance between aircraft on a surveillance locator. This is an eye task that requires appropriate skills.

3. Attentional tasks are organically connected with perceptual tasks. With the help of attention, purposeful perception of information is organized. The attentional tasks of an air traffic controller include: a) the task of maintaining stable attention on controlled objects, b) the need to timely switch attention from one object to another with “optimal speed in the required sequence, c) the distribution of attention on a number of essential elements of the working situation.

B. Tasks related to the preservation and processing of information

1. Mnemonic tasks place demands on the functioning of two types of memory: long-term and operational. Working memory is used to store newly perceived information for a relatively short time or to recall some of the information stored in long-term memory.