Types of art and characteristic. Kinds of art. Main classification

Each person understands the meaning of art differently: some elevate and extol it, while others vomit it into the abyss of emotions. Without works of art a person can get by Everyday life, but emotional hunger needs knowledge of real art, which gives a feeling of happiness, joy and peace of mind. It can transport a person to the world of dreams and fantasies, which everyone expresses in various forms of art. We will look at them below.

Plastic or spatial arts

art

This type of creativity aims to reproduce the surrounding world and sense it visually. For the sake of this type of art, many artists abandoned a calm, well-fed life and burned at the altar of art. The works of masters became the causes of political clashes and wars. Collectors were ready to incur a curse on themselves. This is what people are willing to do for the sake of art.

• Painting. The art of depicting reality with colors. It consists of objects depicted in a multi-colored palette on the surface. The artist can express his inner world and emotions on canvas, easel and cardboard. This genre is divided into several types: easel, monumental, miniature.
• . The art of depicting objects with strokes and lines. On the one hand, both adults and children can do this, having only a sheet of paper, paints, and pencils. But not everything is so simple, and those who believe that graphics are publicly available are mistaken. This complex look which you need to learn if you want to become masters of this business. The artist applies strokes, lines and spots on a plane (wood, metal, buildings, cardboard, etc.), using one or two color schemes (in some cases, a larger number can be used). This genre is divided into several types: easel, computer, magazine and newspaper, book, applied and industrial.
• Sculpture. The artist expresses his works from hard and plastic materials that have volumetric form. The works captured in materials are capable of conveying the vital appearance of the objects of creation. This type is divided into several types: sculpture of small forms, monumental, easel, small plastic and monumental - decorative.

Constructive art

The master expresses his creativity in reproduction of artistic buildings that organize the spatial-objective environment around us , while not depicting anything. Divided into two genres:

• . It is based on the life, views and ideology of society and easily adapts to changes in style in different historical periods of life. This genre is divided into several types: urban planning, landscape and architecture of volumetric structures.
• Design. It's an aesthetic symbol modern world. By creating masterpieces, the designer consolidates the style of the era with his creativity. It is divided into several genres: exhibition, subject, landscape, interior design, clothing and books.

Arts and crafts

Creative works of this art have practical use in everyday life . The basis of this art are various branches creative activity aimed at creating artistic products with utilitarian and artistic functions. Divided into several types:

• ceramics;
• forging;
• glass;
• tapestry;
• clay toy;
• sewing;
• applique;
• quilts;
• artistic processing of leather;
• weaving;
• stained glass and much more.

Temporary arts

The composer expresses his spiritual beauty and picture of the world with the help of sound tones and rhythms, meaningful and organized in an orderly manner. This is the spiritual language of the material world, reproduced using musical instruments (their basis is a resonator), unconsciously grasped by the ear. Types of music can be distributed according to different criteria, for example, according to the nature of the performance, it is divided into such types as vocal, instrumental, chamber, solo, electronic, vocal-instrumental, choral and piano. By habitat - military, church, religious, dance and theater. But basically it is divided into two types:

• vocal;
• instrumental.

Most often, this type of art means only fiction, but not everything is so simple. In addition, this includes scientific, philosophical and other works that reflect the views of people. Here works are created using words and writing. They reflect the totality of branches of knowledge of a particular science or specialty. Literature is divided into such types as educational, technical, scientific, artistic, reference, memoir and documentary prose. Created in several genres:

• folklore;
• prose;
• poetry.

Space-time arts

This is a combination of several types of art, such as literature, choreography, music, poetry and so on. The theater has its own views and views on displaying reality and does this with the help of dramatic action. This is a collective art, expressing its ideas with the help of actors, directors, screenwriters, stage managers, composers, costume designers and make-up artists. Consists of several types, such as Theatre of Drama, puppet, opera, ballet and pantomime.

View artistic creativity, based on various technical methods of recording and reproducing images in motion accompanied by sound. There are several types of this art - these are feature films, documentaries and short films.

Expression of emotions and inner experiences with the help of body movements, built into a specific work, accompanied by music. People have the opportunity to express their feelings, themes, ideas through pantomime, scenery and costume. Has its own directions and styles: ballroom dance, historical, ritual, folk, acrobatic, pop and club.

Introduction 3

1.The concept of art 4

2. Types of art 5

3. Qualitative characteristics of the arts 6

4. Principles of classification of arts 12

5. Interaction of arts 16

Conclusion 17

References 18

INTRODUCTION

Art is one of the forms of social consciousness, an integral part of the spiritual culture of humanity, a specific kind of practical-spiritual exploration of the world. In this regard, art includes a group of varieties of human activity - painting, music, theater, fiction, etc., united because they are specific - artistic and figurative forms of reproducing reality.

Human artistic and creative activity unfolds in diverse forms, which are called types of art, its types and genres. Each type of art is directly characterized by the method of material existence of its works and the type of figurative signs used. Thus, art, taken as a whole, is a historically established system of various specific methods of artistic exploration of the world, each of which has features that are common to all and individually unique.

The purpose of this test is to study all issues related to the arts.

To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

reveal the concept of art

consider the concept of art form

get acquainted with the characteristics of art forms

study the principles of classification of art forms

consider the interaction of arts

CONCEPT OF ART

Art is one of the most important spheres of culture, and unlike other spheres of activity (occupation, profession, position, etc.) it is universally significant, without it it is impossible to imagine people’s lives. The beginnings of artistic activity are noted in primitive society, long before the advent of science and philosophy. And, despite the antiquity of art, its irreplaceable role in human life, the long history of aesthetics, the problem of the essence and specificity of art still remains largely unresolved. What is the secret of art and why is it difficult to give a strictly scientific definition of it? The point, first of all, is that art does not lend itself to logical formalization; attempts to identify its abstract essence always ended in either approximation or failure. 1

We can distinguish three different meanings of this word, closely related to each other, but differing in scope and content.

In its broadest sense, the concept of “art” ( and this , apparently its most ancient use) means any skill , a skillfully, technically performed activity, the result of which is artificial in comparison with the natural. It is this meaning that follows from the ancient Greek word “techne” - art, skill.

The second, narrower meaning of the word “art” is creativity according to the laws of beauty . Such creativity refers to a wide range of activities: the creation of useful things, machines, this should also include the design and organization of public and personal life, the culture of everyday behavior, communication between people, etc. Nowadays, creativity functions successfully according to the laws of beauty in various areas of design .

A special type of social activity is artistic creativity itself. , the products of which are special spiritual aesthetic values ​​- this is the third and narrowest meaning of the word “art”. This will be the subject of further consideration.

KINDS OF ART

Types of art are historically established, stable forms of creative activity that have the ability to artistically realize life content and differ in the methods of its material embodiment . Art exists and develops as a system of interconnected types, the diversity of which is due to the versatility of the real world itself, reflected in the process of artistic creation.

Each type of art has its own specific arsenal of visual and expressive means and techniques. Thus, the types of art differ from each other both in the subject of the image and in the use of various visual media. Concept « art form » - basic structural element systems of artistic culture. Fine art reveals the diversity of the world with the help of plastic and color materials. Literature includes all shades of creativity realized in the word. Music deals not only with the sound of the human voice, but also with a variety of timbres created by natural and technical devices (we are talking about musical instruments). Architecture and decorative arts - through those existing in space material structures and things that satisfy the practical and spiritual needs of people express their specificity in complex and diverse ways. Each of the arts has its own special genera and genres (that is, internal varieties). Types of art are links of a single social phenomenon, each of them relates to art as a whole, as the particular relates to the general. The specific properties of art are manifested in specific historical era and in different artistic cultures in different ways. Meanwhile, the very division of art into types is connected, first of all, with the peculiarities of human perception of the world.

QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF ART TYPES

Architecture - formation of reality according to the laws of beauty when creating buildings and structures designed to serve human needs for housing and public spaces. Architecture - This is a type of art whose purpose is to create structures and buildings necessary for the life and activities of people. It performs not only an aesthetic function in people’s lives, but also a practical one. Architecture as an art form is static and spatial. The artistic image here is created in a non-pictorial way. It displays certain ideas, moods and desires using the ratio of scales, masses, shapes, colors, connections with the surrounding landscape, that is, using specifically expressive means. As a field of activity, architecture originated in ancient times.

Architecture tends to be ensemble-like. Its structures skillfully fit into the natural (natural) or urban (city) landscape.

Architecture is art, engineering, and construction, which requires enormous concentration of collective efforts and material resources. Architectural works are created to last forever. Architecture does not reproduce reality pictorially, but is expressive in nature. Rhythm, the ratio of volumes, lines are the means of its expressiveness. 2

Applied arts - these are things that surround and serve us, create our life and comfort, things made not only as useful, but also as beautiful, having a style and artistic image that expresses their purpose and carries general information about the type of life, about the era, about the worldview people. The aesthetic impact of applied art is daily, hourly, every minute. Works of applied art can rise to the heights of art.

Applied art is national by its very nature , it is born from the customs, habits, and beliefs of the people and is directly close to their production activities and way of life.

The pinnacle of applied art is jewelry making, which retains its independent significance and is developing today. A jeweler makes fine, finely crafted jewelry and arts and crafts using precious metals and stones.

decorative arts - aesthetic development of the environment surrounding a person, artistic design of the “second nature” created by man: buildings, structures, premises, squares, streets, roads. This art invades everyday life, creating beauty and convenience in and around residential and public spaces. Works of decorative art can be a door handle and fence, stained glass window glass and a lamp, which enter into synthesis with architecture. Decorative art incorporates the achievements of other arts, especially painting and sculpture. Decorative art is the art of decoration, not embellishment. It helps create a holistic architectural ensemble. It captures the style of the era.

Painting - image on a plane of pictures of the real world, transformed by creative imagination. artist; isolating the elementary and most popular aesthetic feeling - the sense of color - into a special sphere and turning it into one of the means of artistic exploration of the world.

Painting is works that are created on a plane using paints and colored materials. Main visual means is a system of color combinations. Painting is divided into monumental and easel. The main genres are: landscape, still life, subject-themed paintings, portrait, miniature, etc.

Graphic arts is based on a monochromatic drawing and uses a contour line as the main means of representation: a dot, a stroke, a spot. Depending on its purpose, it is divided into easel and applied printing: engraving, lithography, etching, caricature, etc. 3

Sculpture - spatial visual art, mastering the world in plastic images that are imprinted in materials capable of conveying the vital appearance of phenomena. The sculpture reproduces reality in three-dimensional forms. The main materials are: stone, bronze, marble, wood. According to its content, it is divided into monumental, easel, and small-form sculpture. According to the shape of the image, they are distinguished: three-dimensional three-dimensional sculpture, relief-convex images on a plane. The relief, in turn, is divided into bas-relief, high relief, and counter-relief. Basically, all genres of sculpture developed during the period of antiquity. In our time, the number of materials suitable for sculpture has expanded: works of steel, concrete, and plastic have appeared.

Literature- a written form of word art. With the help of words she creates a real living being. Literary works are divided into three genres: epic, lyric, drama. TO epic literature include the genres of novel, story, story, essay. TO lyrical works include poetic genres: elegy, sonnet, ode, madrigal, poem. Drama is meant to be performed on stage. TO dramatic genres include: drama, tragedy, comedy, farce, tragicomedy, etc. In these works, the plot is revealed through dialogues and monologues. The main expressive and figurative means of literature is the word. The word is an expressive means and mental form of literature, the symbolic basis of its imagery. Imagery is embedded in the very basis of language, which is created by the people, absorbs all their experience and becomes a form of thinking.

Theater - a type of art that artistically explores the world through dramatic action performed by actors in front of the audience. Theater - special kind collective creativity, combining the efforts of a playwright, director, artist, composer, and actors. The idea of ​​the performance is embodied through the actor. The actor includes in the action and gives theatricality to everything that is on stage. The scenery creates on stage the interior of a room, a landscape, a view of a city street, but all this will remain a dead prop if the actor does not spiritualize things with stage behavior. Acting requires special talent - observation, attention, the ability to select and summarize life material, fantasy, memory, temperament, means of expressiveness (diction, intonation variety, facial expressions, plasticity, gesture). In the theater, the act of creativity (the creation of an image by an actor) takes place in front of the viewer, which deepens the spiritual impact on him.

Music - an art that consolidates and develops the capabilities of nonverbal audio communication associated with human speech. Music develops its own language based on generalization and processing of intonations of human speech. The basis of music is intonation. The structure of music is rhythm and harmony, which when combined give a melody. Volume, timbre, tempo, rhythm and other elements also play a significant, meaning-forming role in music. These signs make up a musical phrase, a musical image, and their system forms a musical text. The language of music is a hierarchy of levels: individual sounds, sound combinations, chords. The most important elements and expressive means of musical language - melodic-intonation structure, composition, harmony, orchestration, rhythm, timbre, dynamics

Choreography- the art of dance, echo of music.

Dance - a melodic and rhythmic sound that has become a melodic and rhythmic movement of the human body, revealing the characters of people, their feelings and thoughts about the world. The emotional state of a person is expressed not only in the voice, but also in gestures and the nature of movements. Even a person’s gait can be swift, joyful, or sad. Human movements in everyday life and in work are always in one way or another emotionally intonated, expressive and subject to a certain rhythm. Dance has been polishing and generalizing these expressive movements for centuries, and as a result, a whole system of choreographic movements itself has emerged, its own artistically expressive language of the plasticity of the human body. The dance is national; it expresses the character of the people in a generalized form.

The choreographic image arises from musically rhythmic expressive movements, sometimes supplemented by pantomime, sometimes by a special costume and things from everyday life, work or military use (weapons, scarves, dishes, etc.).

Circus - the art of acrobatics, balancing act, gymnastics, pantomime, juggling, magic tricks, clowning, musical eccentricity, horse riding, animal training. Circus - this is not a record holder, but an image of a person demonstrating his highest capabilities, solving super-tasks, creating in accordance with super task, according to the laws of eccentricity.

Photographic art - creation by chemical, technical and optical means of a visual image of documentary significance, artistically expressive and authentically capturing in a frozen image an essential moment of reality. Documentation is the “golden guarantee” of a photo that forever captures a fact of life. Life facts in photography are transferred from the sphere of reality to the artistic sphere almost without additional processing. With the development of technology and skill, the photographic image began to convey the artist’s active attitude towards the object (through the shooting angle, the distribution of light and shadows, through the transmission of a kind of “photo plein air”, that is, air and reflexes cast by objects, through the ability to choose the moment of shooting). Nowadays photography has acquired color and is on the threshold of a three-dimensional, holographic image of the world, which expands its informative, visual and artistic expressive capabilities.

Movie - the art of visual moving images created on the basis of the achievements of modern chemistry and optics, an art that has acquired its own language, broadly embracing life in all its aesthetic richness and synthetically absorbing the experience of other types of art.

Cinema surpasses theater, literature, and painting in creating visual moving images that can widely embrace modern life in all its aesthetic meaning and originality. Cinema directly relies on the capabilities of technology. The very specifics of cinema are fluid and change with the discovery and development of new technical and artistic means.

A television - a means of mass video information capable of transmitting aesthetically processed impressions of existence over a distance; a new type of art that provides intimacy, homely perception, the effect of the viewer’s presence (the “immediate” effect), chronicle and documentary art information.

In terms of mass popularity, television has now overtaken cinema. There are now thousands of transmitting and relaying television stations operating on earth. Television broadcasts are carried out from the ground, from underground, from under water, from the air, from space. Television has its own criteria for talent. A television artist must combine the qualities of an actor, journalist, director, charm and erudition, ease and naturalness of communication with people, instantaneous reaction, resourcefulness, wit, the ability to improvise and, finally, citizenship and journalism. Unfortunately, not everyone on air has these qualities.

An important aesthetic feature of television is the transmission of a “momentary incident”, a direct report from the scene of the event, the inclusion of the viewer in the flow of history that is flowing right now and about which only tomorrow newspapers and newsreels will be able to talk, and the day after tomorrow - literature, theater, painting.

Stage- equal interaction between literature, music, ballet, theater, circus; a mass spectacle with an enhanced entertaining element, addressed to a “variegated” audience. The stage produces such a specific aesthetic impact on the viewer that we can talk about the birth of a new art form from the equal coexistence of a number of arts.

PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION OF ART TYPES

The problem of identifying types of art and clarifying their characteristics has worried humanity for a long time. The first classification of the arts, carried out by Plato and Aristotle , did not go beyond studying the specifics of individual types of art. The first holistic classification was proposed by I. Kant , but not in a practical, but in a theoretical plane. The first system for presenting the relationship between specific types of art was given by Hegel in his lecture “The System of Individual Arts”, the foundation of which he put the relationship between idea and form, creating a classification of types of art from sculpture to poetry. 4

IN XX century, Fechner classified types of art from a psychological point of view: from the standpoint of the practical benefits of the art form. Thus, he classified both cooking and perfumery as art, i.e. types of aesthetic activities that, in addition to aesthetic values, also perform other practical functions. IG held approximately the same views. Monroe - counted about 400 types of art. In the Middle Ages, Farabi held similar views. The diversity of art has evolved historically as a reflection of the versatility of reality and the individual characteristics of human perception of it. Consequently, when highlighting any type of art, we mean the form of art that has developed historically, its main functions and classification units.

The division of art into types is due to:

1) aesthetic richness and diversity of reality;

2) the spiritual richness and diversity of the artist’s aesthetic needs;

3) the richness and diversity of cultural traditions, artistic means and technical capabilities of art.

The variety of types of art allows us to aesthetically master the world in all its complexity and richness. There are no major and minor arts, but each type has its own strengths and weaknesses in comparison with other arts.

What are the principles of art classification?

First of all, among the types of art, a distinction is made between fine (painting, graphics, sculpture, artistic photography) and non-fine art (music, architecture, decorative and applied arts, choreography). The difference between them is that the fine arts reproduce life in a form similar to it (depict it), while the non-fine arts directly convey the inner state of people’s spirit, their experiences, feelings, moods through a form that is “dissimilar” directly to the object of display. This difference is not, of course, absolute. because, firstly, all types of art express an attitude towards some aspects of life, so the term expressive arts (as non-visual types of artistic creativity are sometimes called), which has developed historically, is not very precise. And yet, the distinction between fine and non-figurative arts not only has a basis, but is also decisive in the morphology (classification) of the arts, because it is based on the difference in the subject of display. Fine arts turn to reality as the source of formation of the human world, non-fine arts - to the results of the influence of reality on the spiritual world of the individual (people's worldview, their feelings, experiences, etc.). Therefore, for the former, the basis is the image of the objective world. Thoughts and feelings are transmitted indirectly in them: only by the expression of the eyes, facial expressions, gestures, and appearance of people can one learn about their feelings and experiences. The basis of the latter is the embodiment of thoughts, feelings, mood, and the depiction of objects of real reality, if any, is, as a rule, indirect in nature.

The division of arts into static (spatial) and dynamic (temporal) is very important. The first include painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture, decorative and applied arts, artistic photography; the second - literature, music, dance. Spatial arts with enormous power reproduce the visible beauty of reality, the harmony of space, and are able to draw attention to individual aspects of the reflected world, to every detail of the work itself, which makes them indispensable in aesthetic education and teaching beauty. At the same time, they are powerless to directly convey the changes in life, its course. 5 This is successfully done by temporary arts, which are capable of recreating both the course of events (literature) and the development of human feelings (music, choreography). Not all types of art can be “classified” as one or another clearly defined type. On the basis of the synthesis of simple arts, synthetic arts grow. These include theater, cinema, and television. They, as a rule, combine the features of fine and non-visual arts, spatial and temporal, so that they are sometimes even classified as a special group of spatio-temporal arts. According to the nature of the aesthetic impact on a person, taking into account, of course, the characteristics of the content and image, and to a certain extent the material, the arts are divided into visual and auditory. The great Russian physiologist I.M. Sechenov noted that visual memory is primarily a spatial memory, while auditory memory is a temporary memory. Visual impressions are therefore associated primarily with spatial arts, auditory ones - with temporal ones. Synthetic arts are usually perceived by both sight and hearing.

According to the method of practical artistic development of material, art can be divided into types that use natural materials - marble, granite, wood, metal, paint, etc. (architecture, painting, graphics, sculpture, decorative and applied arts), sound (music), word (first of all fiction), as well as arts in which the “material” is the person himself (theater, cinema, television, stage, circus). A special place here is occupied by the word, the use of which is widely used in a wide variety of art forms. As a rule, it enriches them. Let us also note the division of arts into utilitarian (applied) and non-utilitarian (fine; sometimes they are also called pure). In works of utilitarian arts (architecture, decorative and applied arts), in recent decades there has been an increasingly widespread utilitarian use of some types of fine arts (music in industry and in medicine, painting in medicine), their intended purpose for practical material purposes and the actual aesthetic are organically intertwined focus. As for the fine arts, the benefit they bring to society is determined by their ideological and aesthetic character. Finally, it is necessary to distinguish between primary and secondary (performing) arts. The latter include music, choreography, variety art, theater, cinema, television and radio art, and circus. Their action is connected with an intermediary (performer), who connects the fundamental principle of the work (play, script, score, libretto, etc.) with listeners and spectators. Being an active interpreter of the work, the performer each time transforms the primary work, gives it his own interpretation, and practically becomes its co-author.

INTERACTION OF THE ARTS

Art forms are closely related to each other and mutually influence each other. Even such seemingly distant forms of art as cinema and architecture, music and painting are interconnected. Art forms have a direct influence on each other. Thus, in those frequent cases when one type of art is used by another (for example, music, painting, etc. in the theater), it is often significantly transformed: thus, music in the dramatic theater has become a special genre, its own genre specificity She also acquired theatrical painting. Theatrical synthesis of arts includes the author's content, director's reading, acting, with the participation of music, choreography, and decoration.

Even in ancient times, architecture interacted with monumental sculpture, painting, mosaics, and icons. In this synthesis, architecture dominates.

Decorative art incorporates the achievements of other arts, especially painting and sculpture.

Cinema by its nature is a synthetic art: the film image as its components includes: literature (script, lyrics); painting (scenery in a regular film); theater (the play of film actors, which, although fundamentally different from the work of actors in the theater, is nevertheless based on the theatrical tradition and relies on it).

Art (Latin experimentum - experience, test) - imaginative understanding of reality; the process or result of expressing the internal or external (in relation to the creator) world in an artistic image; creativity directed in such a way that it reflects interests not only of the author himself, but also of other people. Art (along with science) is one of the ways of cognition, both in the natural sciences and in the religious picture of perception of the world. The concept of art is extremely broad - it can manifest itself as extremely developed skill in a particular field. For a long time art was considered a form cultural activities, satisfying a person’s love for beauty. Along with the evolution of social aesthetic norms and assessments, any activity aimed at creating aesthetically expressive forms has acquired the right to be called art. On the scale of the entire society, art is a special way of knowing and reflecting reality, one of the forms of artistic activity of public consciousness and part of the spiritual culture of both an individual and all of humanity, a diverse result of the creative activity of all generations. In science, art is called the creative activity itself. artistic activity, and so is its result - piece of art. In the most in a general sense art is craftsmanship (Slovak: Umenie), the product of which gives aesthetic pleasure. The Encyclopedia Britannica defines it as: “The use of skill or imagination to create aesthetic objects, settings, or activities that can be shared with others.” Thus, the criterion of art is the ability to evoke a response in other people. TSB defines art as one of the forms of social consciousness, the most important component human culture. The definition and evaluation of art as a phenomenon is a subject of ongoing debate. During the Romantic era, the traditional understanding of art as skill of any kind gave way to a vision of it as “a feature of the human mind along with religion and science.” In the 20th century in the understanding of the aesthetic, three main approaches have emerged: realistic, according to which the aesthetic qualities of an object are inherent in it immanently and do not depend on the observer, objectivist, which also considers the aesthetic properties of an object immanent, but to some extent dependent on the observer, and relativistic, according to which aesthetic the properties of an object depend only on what the observer sees in it, and different people may perceive different aesthetic qualities of the same object. On the latter view, an object can be characterized according to its creator's intentions (or lack of any intentions), whatever function it was intended to serve. For example, a cup, which in everyday life can be used as a container, can be considered a work of art if it was created only for applying an ornament, and the image can be a handicraft if it is produced on an assembly line.

In its first and broadest sense, the term "art" remains close to its Latin equivalent (ars), which can also be translated as "skill" or "craft", as well as to the Indo-European root "composing" or "to compose" In this sense, art can be called anything that was created in the process of deliberately composing a certain composition. There are some examples to illustrate broad meaning of this term: “artificial”, “art of war”, “artillery”, “artifact”. Many other commonly used words have similar etymologies. Artist Ma Lin, example of Song era painting, circa 1250 24.8 H 25.2 cm art antiquity knowledge

Until the 19th century, fine arts referred to the ability of an artist or performer to express his talent, to awaken in the audience aesthetic feelings and engage in the contemplation of “graceful” things.

The term art can be used in different senses: the process of using talent, the work of a gifted master, the consumption of works of art by an audience, and the study of art (art criticism). " Fine arts"is a set of disciplines (arts) that produce works of art (objects) created by gifted masters (art as an activity) and evoke a response, a mood, transmitting symbolism and other information to the public (art as consumption). Works of art are deliberate, talented interpretations of an unlimited variety of concepts and ideas with the goal of communicating them to others. They may be created specifically for a specified purpose or represented by images and objects. Art stimulates thoughts, feelings, ideas and ideas through sensations. It expresses ideas, accepts the most different shapes and serves many different purposes. Art is a skill that can inspire admiration. Art that evokes its harmony positive emotions and mental satisfaction can also cause a creative response in the perceiver, inspiration, incentive and desire to create in a positive way. This is what the artist Valery Rybakov, a member of the Professional Union of Artists, said about art: “Art can destroy and heal human soul, corrupt and educate. And only bright art can save humanity: it heals spiritual wounds, gives hope for the future, brings love and happiness to the world."

Experts give different definitions to the term “art”, since it is impossible to contain all the enormous meaning that this word carries in one concept, one phrase. It performs a lot of useful functions for humanity. Art shapes spiritual values ​​and fosters an understanding of beauty.

What is art

Let us repeat, there are several definitions of the concept “art”. First of all, this is a high level of a person’s skill in any field of activity. To explain in more detail, it can be called the ability to creatively reproduce reality with the help of aesthetic artistic images, objects, and actions. The main types of art are the spiritual culture of society.

The subject of art is the totality of relations between the world and man. The form of existence is a work of art, the means of manifestation of which can be word, sound, color, volume. The main goal of art is the self-expression of the creator through his work, which is created to evoke emotions, experiences, and aesthetic pleasure in the beholder.

Various types of art, the classification table of which shows their division into types, use imagination and illusoryness instead of strict unambiguous concepts. In a person’s life, it acts as a means of communication, enrichment with knowledge, education of values, and also a source of aesthetic joys.

Basic functions of art

Types of art (their table is presented below) exist in the world to perform certain social functions:

1. Aesthetic. Reproduction of reality according to the laws of beauty. Influence on formation aesthetic taste, the opportunity to experience and feel emotions. The ability to distinguish between the sublime and the standard, the beautiful and the ugly.
2. Social. Ideological influence on society, transformation of social reality.
3. Compensatory. Solving psychological problems, restoring peace of mind and balance. Detachment from gray reality and everyday life by compensating for the lack of harmony and beauty.
4. Hedonistic. The ability to bring positive emotions through the contemplation of beauty.
5. Cognitive. Study and knowledge of reality with the help of which are sources of information about public processes.
6. Prognostic. The ability to predict and anticipate the future.
7. Educational. Influence on the formation of personality and moral development of a person.

Classification of art forms

Art does not have a single form of embodiment. In this regard, it is classified according to different criteria into genres, genera, types, subspecies. There is no one generally accepted system, so art is divided into groups according to certain factors.

Dynamics is one of the criteria by which types of art are classified. The table in this article shows how the types of creativity are divided according to this scheme. So, according to its dynamics, art is divided into:

Temporary (dynamic);

Spatial (plastic);

Spatiotemporal (synthetic).

According to the emotions expressed and the feelings evoked, it is divided into genres: comedy, tragedy, drama, etc.

Types of art are also determined by the materials used:

Traditional - paints, clay, metal, plaster, wood, granite, canvas;

Modern - electrical engineering, computers;

The main classification system identifies 5 main types of art, each of which additionally has several subtypes:

Applied (labor);

Fine;

Spectacular (game);

Sound;

Verbal.

For a clear example, we have provided you with a summary table that contains all the main types of art.

Literature

Material carrier literary type art is a word with the help of which artistic images and written texts are created. It can reflect an epic narration about certain events, a lyrical revelation of the author’s inner world and experience, a dramatic reproduction of the actions that took place.

Literature is divided into:

Historical;

Scientific;

Educational;

Artistic.

Information.

Genres of works are determined by type, form, content.

Music

There is also an art capable of conveying emotions in an audible form - music. It is the embodiment of artistic images, ideas, emotional experiences with the help of silence and sound organized in a special way. This is an art recorded by reproduction and musical notation. Music, depending on its functions, is divided into religious, military, dance, and theater. According to its performance, it can be: instrumental, electronic, vocal, choral, chamber. Basic musical genres and the directions are:

Variety;

Alternative;

Extra-European;

Ethnic;

Popular;

Classical;

Avant-garde.

Applied (labor) arts

Applied arts (the table also calls them spatial) include architecture and

Architecture helps shape the spatial environment. With its help, the design and construction of various structures is carried out. It helps to make the buildings that people need meet their spiritual needs.

Architecture is closely related to the development of technology and technology, so with its help one can judge scientific achievements and artistic features different eras. Among the most famous historical styles of buildings are Baroque, Art Nouveau, Classicism, Renaissance, and Gothic. Depending on the purpose of the buildings, architecture is divided into public, industrial, residential, gardening, etc.

Decorative and applied art is a creative activity aimed at creating objects that simultaneously satisfy the artistic, aesthetic and everyday needs of people. Decorative and applied art to some extent has a national and ethnic character. Among its main types are: knitting, embroidery, lace weaving, pyrography, origami, quilling, ceramics, carpet weaving, artistic painting and processing different materials, etc. Products are made using various materials and technology.

Fine Arts

Photography, sculpture, painting, graphics as a form of art that uses images, clearly show reality in a tangible way artistic forms Oh.

Painting is a color representation of reality on a plane. This is one of the oldest forms of art. Depending on the theme of the painting, there are such historical, battle, mythological, animalistic, still life, landscape, portrait, everyday.

Graphics as an art form is the creation of a drawing with a line on a sheet or using a cutter on a solid material, followed by an imprint on paper. This type creativity, depending on the method of drawing, is divided into subtypes: engraving, bookplate, poster, woodcut, lithography, linocut, etching, printmaking. There are also book industrial and computer graphics.

Photography is the art of documenting a visual image, which is performed using a technical means. It has almost the same genres as painting.

Sculpture is the creation of a three-dimensional volume. With the help of this art, relief and round images are created. Based on size, it is divided into easel, monumental, and decorative.

Spectacular (game) arts

Spectacular forms of art are aimed not only at but also at entertaining people. It is precisely the person who is the main object through which spectacular art is conveyed to the viewer. It has several directions.

Choreography is the art of dance. It is the construction of images using plastic movements. Dances are divided into ballroom, ritual, folk, and modern. Choreographic art The ballet is built on musical and dance images, which are based on a certain plot.

Cinema is a synthesis of certain types of arts - theater, dance, literature. It has many genres (comedy, drama, thriller, action, melodrama) and subtypes (documentary, fiction, series).

Circus is a demonstration of entertaining performances. Includes clowning, acrobatics, reprise, pantomime, magic tricks, etc.

Theater, like cinema, is about combining several types of creativity - music, literature, vocals, visual arts, choreography. It can be dramatic, operatic, puppet, ballet.

Variety is an art of small forms that has a popular and entertainment orientation. Includes choreography, vocals, conversational genre and others.

Humanity has been creating and studying art for centuries. It is the greatest spiritual and cultural asset of society and plays a huge role in its development and improvement.

More than 400 types are distinguished in modern art. Its main types are fiction, music, fine and decorative arts, architecture, theater and cinema. Each of the types included in the art system has its own specificity, which allows one to most fully and emotionally reflect certain aspects of life. It is with this that their various relationships with each other, their place and role in spiritual culture and the life of society are connected.

Fiction occupies a special place in the art system. Literature got its name from the word “litera” - “letter”. Of course, not everything written is literature. Only works that essentially contain artistic images and have an aesthetic impact on readers will be considered literature as art. There are also special names for them - fiction, fiction (from the French belles-lettres - “beautiful literature”).

The history of literature goes back to ancient times, to folklore. With the advent of writing and printing, literature turned into a phenomenon of written and printed creativity, and the term “literature” itself, starting from the 18th century. supplanted the previously existing concepts of “poetry” and “poetic art”.

Literature is a written form of word art. The word is its main expressive and figurative means. The power of literature and its meaning lies in the visual and expressive capabilities of the word, its emotionality and persuasiveness, in the fullness of its coverage of life.

Fiction is usually divided into three types - epic, drama, lyric.

Epic literature includes the genres of novel, story, short story, and essay. Their specific feature is a narration combined with monologues and dialogues of characters.

Lyrical works include poetic genres - elegy, sonnet, ode, madrigal, poem, in which the main subject of display is the internal state, experiences and mood of a person.

Drama is for stage embodiment. Dramatic genres include drama proper, tragedy, comedy, farce, tragicomedy, etc. dramatic works The plot and characters are revealed through dialogues and monologues.

At the dawn of its emergence, music was organically combined with the word.

Music (from the Greek music, literally the art of muses) is a type of art that uses sound images as a means of embodying reality and human feelings. The basis of a musical image is intonation, which goes back to the intonation of human speech, but is incomparably broader and richer than it. Important components musical expressiveness in addition to intonation are melody, mode, harmony, rhythm, meter, tempo, dynamic shades, instrumentation.

Music is capable of expressing all shades of emotions, moods, experiences, their movement and changes. It has an unusually strong and direct effect on emotional sphere a person, unites his feelings and thoughts in a single impulse. Music can reveal a person's inner world with amazing completeness. Tension, strength of feelings, their dynamics in music are often conveyed better, more fully and more subtly than in a verbal description. A remarkable feature of music is that, while determining the general direction of experience, it at the same time evokes an individual image in the soul of each listener, corresponding to his mood and feelings.

Music allows one to express not only the development of a person’s feelings and experiences, but also the deepest thoughts of the composer. In this regard, the possibilities of symphonic and instrumental music, not always easy to understand.

The main genres of music, in addition to symphonic and instrumental, also include chamber and vocal-instrumental music. Great place occupies in people's lives light music, relatively easy to understand and understandable to the general public.

To the number the most important species art includes fine arts, combining painting, graphics and sculpture. Artistic images they are created on a plane or in space and are distinguished by visual concreteness and invariance over time. Specific artistic means fine arts are drawing, color, plastic, shadow, allowing you to create visible images of objects. They manifest themselves uniquely in each type of fine arts.

In painting, an artistic and expressive image is conveyed through paints. None verbal description cannot fully convey all the richness of colors. The human eye distinguishes a colossal number of colors and shades; there are many, many times fewer words to designate them.

The main genres of painting are portrait and landscape, associated with the depiction of man and nature, still life depicting natural objects - flowers, fruits, game, fish, household items, a subject-thematic picture of historical, battle, genre-everyday or animalistic content. A special place in painting is occupied by the miniature, which is a small-format work executed on paper, metal, bone, porcelain or wood.

The closest relative of painting is graphics. A graphic image is usually made on paper or cardboard with pencil, ink or special paints and is a monochromatic drawing. Depending on the purpose, graphics are divided into easel, which represents the original work, and applied, which includes printed engraving, lithography, etching and caricature.

An important type of fine art is sculpture, which reproduces reality in three-dimensional form. Sculpture differs from other fine arts in that its works are by nature three-dimensional and can be viewed from different angles.

The main materials used in sculpture are stone, bronze, marble and wood.

The shape of the image differs between three-dimensional, three-dimensional sculpture, which allows measurements in height, thickness, width, walking around on all sides, and various relief-convex images on a plane. In turn, relief is divided into bas-relief, used on coins and medals, and high relief, used on seals and various forms.

Architecture and works of decorative and applied art are often also classified as types of fine arts, since they are characterized by a predominance of the visual form of perception. But they are independent forms of art.

One of the oldest types of creative activity in creating household items intended to satisfy both practical and artistic and aesthetic needs of people is arts and crafts art.

Decorative and applied arts are associated with the artistic processing of various objects intended mainly for everyday use. These include embossing and artistic metal processing, casting precious dishes, production of patterned fabrics and jewelry, cows and facing ceramics, wood carving. Common to all of them is the use of ornament, i.e. a pattern characterized by a symmetrical arrangement of specific elements.

In arts and crafts great importance attached to the material, manufacturing technology, decor, color, symbolism, ornament, which often become a sign of a certain national identity.

An important part of decorative and applied arts are artistic crafts and crafts.

Decorative and applied arts play an important role in modern culture society, contributing to the improvement of the organization of the objective environment of people’s life.

TO ancient arts refers to architecture associated with the construction of buildings and structures. It is rightly called the “stone chronicle” of the world, speaking even when legends and songs are already silent, nothing reminds of an irretrievably lost culture.

The specificity of architecture as an art form is that its images are emphatically expressive and emotional in nature and convey not individual phenomena of life, but general ideas of the beauty of the world and man; they are images of time and era. Works of architecture such as towers, palaces, arches, theater buildings become the centers of large cities, or, as it were, the symbolic center of the country.

In the transformation of the human subject environment, the architecture of monumental forms associated with the construction of roads, bridges, triumphal arches, television masts, distinguished by their scale and complexity of technical design, green architecture and gardening culture, which includes a transformed architectural and plant landscape that connects people with nature.

One of the most ancient forms of art is theater (from the Greek theatron - place for spectacle, spectacle), the specific means of expression of which is stage action that occurs during the actor’s performance in front of the public. The origins of theatrical art go back to mass folk rituals and games. The first European theaters appeared in Ancient Greece. How professional art it developed during the European Renaissance.

A work of modern theatrical art - a performance - is created on the basis of dramatic or musical stage work in accordance with the plan and under the direction of the director with the joint efforts of the actors. Theatrical synthesis of arts includes author's content, director's interpretation, acting performance with the participation of music, choreography, and artistic design.

Modern theater preserving traditional types and genres of performing arts - drama theatre, Musical Theatre, including ballet, opera and operetta, plastic theater and drama theater for children, was replenished with a musical, rock opera, various types experimental theater.

The death of the theater was more than once predicted due to the advent of cinema and television. In fact, films and television films can bring together the best artists in the world and can show the broadest pictures of life that are inaccessible to the technical capabilities of the theater.

Cinema arose at the end XIX century, when a device was invented that made it possible to film movement on a special light-sensitive film. But “moving photography,” as cinema was originally called, became art in the full sense of the word only when own funds cinematic expressiveness.

Works of cinematic art - films - are created by filming real, specially staged or recreated reality events by means of animation. The art of cinema synthesizes the aesthetic properties of literature, theater, fine art and music, but on the basis only of the expressive means inherent in cinema, the main ones being the photographic nature of the image, which allows one to recreate any picture of reality with utmost accuracy, and film editing. The combination of film frames in editing creates continuity in the development of the action, organizes a visual narrative, and allows, by comparing individual plans, to metaphorically interpret the actions in the film.

Creating a work of cinematic art is a complex creative and production process that combines the work of artists of different specialties - a film playwright (script author); the director, who determines the interpretation and implementation of the concept and directs the work of the other participants in the production; actors embodying the characters characters; an operator characterizing the action by means of compositional, light-tonal and color interpretation of frames; artist finding visual characteristics environment, action and costumes of the characters (and in animation and external characteristics characters); composer, etc.

During the development of cinema, three main types of cinema have emerged: fiction or fiction, non-fiction, including documentary and scientific films, and animated films. With the help of specific means in a feature film, the reproduction of life material creates the illusion of the reality of the screen action. Non-fiction cinema expresses reality directly, directly. IN animated film the image of reality is graphically or volumetrically mediated.

Among modern species television is particularly prominent in the arts. Being the most important means of information about various phenomena public life, it also represents an independent type of artistic creativity. Artistic Features television are related to the fact that it is capable of creating a type of performance that combines the advantages of theater, cinema and pop.

Art is in constant movement. It either becomes more complex, overcoming the existing border zones within itself, or is localized within strictly defined limits of its specific forms. This is the dialectic of the development of types and genres contemporary art. Currently time is running an intensive process of searching for new artistic forms and means of expression in art, new types of art arise. Thus, today art is experiencing enormous influence from the technical process. This gives rise to the emergence of technical ones and is reflected in the development of traditional arts.

Art will always occupy an important place in the life and culture of society, because, as the ancients said, life is short, but art is eternal.