Comparative characteristics of Shvabrin and Grinev, the relationship of the heroes. Essay: “Grinev and Shvabrin - a comparative description of the heroes.” Relationship between Grinev and Masha

Shvabrin and Grinev are the main characters of A. S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter".
Both are nobles, both are officers, both serve in the Belogorsk fortress, both are in love with Masha Mironova.
This is where their similarities end. Shvabrin was transferred to the fortress for murder; Pyotr Grinev came here at the request of his father, who wanted his son to receive first-class army training not in the capital.
Differently Young people understand their duty. As soon as Emelyan Pugachev took the Belogorsk fortress, Shvabrin, with his hair cut in a circle, immediately went over to his side, fearing for his life. Grinev honestly told the impostor that he swore allegiance to the Empress and would not serve him.
Shvabrin also behaves ugly towards Grinev. He tells his parents about his son’s unworthy behavior, jealous of the fact that Masha Mironova gave preference to Peter and not him.. In addition, he laughs at his friend’s poems instead of supporting him. Shvabrin doesn't know how to make friends; he doesn't know how to betray - at the expense of "one time".
Both Shvabrin and Grinev are nobles, but the second of them follows the precept “take care of honor from a young age,” and the first only thinks about his own skin. By presenting two peers to the readers, Pushkin makes it clear that the Shvabrins’ song before the court of history has long been sung, and the Grinevs are the elite of Russia and its future.

In his novel “The Captain's Daughter” A.S. Pushkin puts the problem of honor and human dignity in the first place. Throughout the work, he comprehensively develops this issue, pitting the main character Peter Grinev against other characters.
So, the complete opposite of Grinev is Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin. It would seem that these people have a lot in common. Both of them are of noble birth, both are young, fairly well educated.
These heroes, it seems to me, have many similar interests. It is not for nothing that Pushkin emphasizes that these people communicated closely: “Of course, I saw A.I. Shvabrin every day...”
We understand that both of them are interested in literature, poetry in particular. Thus, Shvabrin knows the work of V.K. well. Trediakovsky, and Grinev’s poems were highly appreciated by Sumarokov himself.
In addition, the heroes have another common interest - Masha Mironova. Both of them are in love captain's daughter, both look after her. But it was precisely this feeling, first of all, that revealed the difference between the heroes, their completely opposite moral qualities, life principles.
Masha refused Shvabrin, and he, in revenge, began to slander the innocent girl. He literally threw mud at the heroine, not at all embarrassed to sit down with her and her parents at the same table and visit their house. Moreover, Alexey Ivanovich, seeing that there was mutual sympathy between Grinev and Masha, did everything to prevent the young people from being together.
Pyotr Grinev does not share and does not accept this behavior of his “friend”. He considers him unworthy not only of a nobleman, but in general honest man. Grinev challenges Shvabrin to a duel, trying to defend the good name of his beloved. It is important that in this duel of honor Alexey Ivanovich behaves dishonestly.
But the full nature of the heroes was revealed during Pugachev’s uprising. Both of them became witnesses and participants in terrible events that threatened them and their loved ones with death.
Shvabrin took the easy path. He, forgetting about his oath to the Empress, about his noble honor, went over to Pugachev’s side: “After all, he cut his hair into a circle and now he’s feasting with them right there!” Agile, nothing to say! Thus, Shvabrin becomes a traitor, preferring a dishonorable life to an honest death.
Grinev, under the same conditions, chooses something else. He declares to Pugachev’s face that he cannot become his supporter, because he swore on the Bible that he would be faithful to the Empress: ““No,” I answered firmly. - I am a natural nobleman; I swore allegiance to the Empress: I cannot serve you.”
This behavior of the hero evokes respect even from Pugachev. He releases Peter from the fortress. But, moreover, the rebel helps Grinev to rescue Masha from captivity in which Shvabrin imprisoned the girl. The dishonest Alexey Ivanovich, taking advantage of his position, forced the girl to marry him. And only brave act loving Peter saved Masha from starvation.
As a result, Grinev, despite the evil machinations of Shvabrin, who slandered him, emerges victorious from all events. Preserved honor, self-esteem, as well as Masha’s love help the hero stay alive and move on with his head held high. Shvabrin, seriously wounded, was captured by state troops and began to bear the stigma of a criminal and traitor.
Pushkin shows us that it is possible to preserve oneself and emerge victorious from difficult life trials only by preserving one’s own honor, the Man within oneself. The writer clearly demonstrates this to us through the example of his two heroes - Grinev and Shvabrin. Frightened, following the lead of his base instincts, a person risks not his body, but his soul. And this is much worse, in my opinion.

Comparative characteristics of Grinev and Shvabrin (option 2)

The Belogorsk fortress was located far from the cultural and political centers of that time, but the wave of Pugachev’s rebellion reached it too. The small garrison faced an unequal battle. The fortress fell. Emelyan Pugachev carries out his “imperial” trial, that is, he mercilessly deals with unarmed people. It is this moment in the story that is key for the comparative characterization of the two heroes of “The Captain’s Daughter” - Grinev and Shvabrin.
Grinev was raised in the family of a retired military man and became an officer himself. Petrusha is a gentle and conscientious young man, filled with the most rosy dreams. For him, the height of human well-being is service in the guard. However, life itself dispels his illusions. After losing to Zurin at cards, Grinev feels ashamed. The meeting with the counselor that soon followed shows that Petrusha - good man. Despite Savelich’s admonition, Grinev gives the counselor a rabbit sheepskin coat from his shoulder. Service in the Belogorsk fortress turned out to be easy, Petrusha falls in love with the commandant’s daughter Masha Mironova. Falling in love makes Grinev a poet. Petrusha shares her poetic tests with Alexei Shvabrin, a young officer exiled to the fortress for participating in a duel. It turns out that Shvabrin was also in love with Masha, but was refused. Shvabrin tries to denigrate the girl in the eyes of Grinev, and he challenges him to a duel. Petrusha receives from his ex-friend slight wound. But even after this, Shvabrin continues to envy Grinev, because Masha and her parents carefully look after the wounded young man. However, Shvabrin soon gets the opportunity to take revenge.
Pugachev invited everyone to join his rebellious army. Shvabrin happily agrees: he swears allegiance to the impostor. Grinev, despite mortal danger, does not betray the military oath and dares to stand up for the orphaned Masha Mironova. Thus, rivals in love and opponents in duels stand on opposite sides of the barricades. Shvabrin’s position is still less favorable: by joining Pugachev, he thereby once and for all put himself outside the law. Grinev, whom Pugachev remembers from meeting on the road, tells the impostor the truth about his beloved, hoping for leniency from the leader. Grinev wins this psychological battle, saving himself and Masha.
Two officers Russian army- Pyotr Grinev and Alexey Shvabrin behave completely differently: the first follows the laws of officer honor and remains faithful to the military oath, the second easily becomes a traitor. Grinev and Shvabrin are bearers of two fundamentally different worldviews. This is exactly how the author of the story "The Captain's Daughter" portrays them.

Lesson equipment:

multimedia projector, screen, slide presentation “Pushkin”, handouts: table “Comparative characteristics of Grinev and Shvabrin”, dictionary entries for the word “honor” according to explanatory dictionary Russian language S.I. Ozhegov and according to the explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language V.I. Dalia.

Leading tasks:

1. Find out the meaning of the word "honor".
2. Mini-essay “What does the word “Honor” mean in my understanding?”

Lesson objectives:

educational:

• generalize, systematize knowledge in the image of Pyotr Grinev;
• trace the development of Pyotr Andreevich’s character;
• teaching comparative characteristics of heroes;
• introduce the concepts of “duty” and “honor”;
• give an idea of ​​the continuity of Pushkin’s traditions in Russian literature;

developing:

• develop students’ ability to analyze text;

Develop inference abilities;

• develop skills in working with dictionaries;

raising:

• cultivate a sense of honor and self-worth, loyalty this word, selflessness in love and friendship, self-sacrifice;
• include students in philosophical search;

Cultivate a love for works of art.

Vocabulary work:

Honor, dignity, oath, loyalty to the word, self-sacrifice.

Progress of the lesson.

Take care of your honor from a young age.

Proverb.

I. Organizational moment. Announcement of the lesson topic, goals, epigraph.

- Hello, sit down.

– Today we are conducting a lesson, the topic of which is “Comparative characteristics of Grinev and Shvabrin. The theme of honor, courage and nobility using the example of the development of the character of Pyotr Grinev.” Open your literature notebooks and write down today's date and topic. As the epigraph of our lesson today, I took the proverb “Take care of your honor from a young age,” which became the epigraph of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin’s work “The Captain’s Daughter.”

– In today’s lesson we will try to generalize and systematize knowledge in the image of Pyotr Grinev, in the course of work we will see the changes that occur in the hero’s soul under the influence of meetings with different people.

II. Opening remarks teachers.

170 years ago at A.S. Pushkin’s idea for a story arose... “The Captain’s Daughter” by A. S. Pushkin was completed on October 19, 1836, three months before tragic death poet. Latest great work, which took three years to write... Naturally, you need to take a closer look at it, take a closer look at its characters, try to understand its “super task”, its meaning.

In March 1833, while working on the history of the Pugachev rebellion, Pushkin was among archival documents finds investigative materials on the case of a young officer captured by Pugachev and pardoned by him. Almost incredible, but at the same time reliable events surpassed any fiction.

Pushkin goes into all the details of the officer’s fate, already loving him as his hero.

Pushkin plans to write the work in the fall, but in early August he writes a preface to it. This preface will later be rejected by the author himself, and “The Captain's Daughter” will begin immediately from the first chapter.

The preface is remarkable if only because it contains that unique intonation, which is, perhaps, the main charm of “The Captain's Daughter.” The father tells the story of his life to his son, apparently a boy of about ten years old. “My dear friend, Petrusha!” - the story begins with these words. Not an edifying lesson, but a home tradition.

So, on Friday, August 4, 1833, Pushkin drafted the preface. Seems to have been found correct definitions really wonderful qualities of the heroes. But Pushkin suddenly sees that both disgust for the base and the fear of causing misfortune are a consequence of some more important and comprehensive qualities. On August 5, the author returns to the manuscript and makes an edit: “... keep in your heart... the wonderful qualities that I noticed in you: kindness and nobility.”

The preface becomes a blessing for the heroes going to long journey towards the unknown. Their sweet images have not yet appeared on paper, but they have already settled in the soul. Many more months will pass before the story moves like a spring river. And then the captain’s daughter, dear Masha Mironova, the ardent and desperate Pyotr Grinev, the ever-caring Arkhip Savelyevich, whom at first, in the drafts, Pushkin called Stepan, will forever enter our hearts.

And the lights of the Belogorsk fortress will forever be visible in the blizzard weather, where they are waiting for us kind old people Mironov. Where no one is afraid of any “adversaries,” but Ivan Ignatich cleans the cast-iron cannon for the sake of order... Having finished the work, the old lieutenant sits down in the warming place, on last year’s withered grass and, smiling, peers at the road... “Have a good journey and God bless you!..”

The short preface to “The Captain's Daughter” is worth remembering not only among literary critics: in addition to purely artistic merits and details necessary for understanding the story, there is also something very important for us, readers. Obviously, this is the moral firmness of Pushkin’s narrator, confidence in the distinction between good and evil.

III. Discussion of what you read.

− Who is the narrator in the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter"?(Peter Andreevich Grinev.)

− How does the narrator appear at the very beginning of the story?(Underage. Petrusha Grinev is idle, climbs the dovecote, neglects his studies. His mother spoils him. - Remember the description of this hero, later in literature we will meet similar hero in the comedy D.I. Fonvizin “Undergrown” - the image of Mitrofanushka.

Young, inexperienced and naive, he passionately wants to grow up, but to do this he often chooses the wrong ways: playing billiards, drinking, being insolent with Savelich. But at heart he is kind and ashamed bad deeds which he commits due to inexperience.)

− One of the objectives of our lesson today is to trace the development of the main character’s character. Let's remember how the hero's growing up began. When, from what moment did Petrusha’s fate change? What events and people influenced the fate of Grinev. As a result of what, from Petrusha he becomes Pyotr Andreevich Grinev?

- So, when, from what moment did Petrusha’s fate change?(From the moment his father decided to send him to military service.)

− What words does the father give to his son, which later became key not only in this story, but also in literature in general?(“Farewell, son. Serve faithfully to whom you pledge allegiance; obey your superiors; don’t chase their affection; don’t ask for service; don’t talk yourself out of service; and remember the proverb: take care of your dress again, but take care of your honor from a young age.” - You can also draw a parallel with an episode from L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”, Andrei Bolkonsky’s departure to war.)

- How do you understand your father’s words?(He talks about duty, honor, nobility, loyalty to the word.)

− How did Petrusha begin his independent life?(From playing billiards, losing one hundred rubles to Zurin.)

- Why do travelers get caught in a snowstorm, who saves them?(Because of Petrusha’s stubbornness, youthful maximalism. He is saved by the counselor who shows the way.)

- How did Petrusha thank his savior?(Give him a rabbit sheepskin coat.)

- How did Savelich react to Grinev’s actions?(He was dissatisfied, outraged by the loss, grumbles and objects; he believed that Petrusha was not aware of his actions.)

− How do you evaluate the behavior of Pyotr Andreevich?(I behaved wrongly with Savelich, but it is the duty of an honest man to be responsible for his actions, so he did the right thing by repaying the debt to Zurin and giving the sheepskin coat to the savior.)

− Remember these milestones in the development of Pyotr Grinev. A little later we will build a scheme for the development of the character of the main character. And another hero of the story will help us understand Petrusha better. Which one do you think?(That's right, Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin.)

− What do you learn about Shvabrin and from whom?(From Vasilisa Egorovna. Shvabrin was transferred to the Belogorsk fortress for a duel. He caused the death of a person.)

IV. Drawing up a table “Comparative characteristics of Grinev and Shvabrin.”

− To better understand the character of the main character, let’s compose comparison table actions of Grinev and Shvabrin, which we will fill in during the discussion. Let's see how the actions of one and the other relate to the concepts of honor, courage and nobility.

− What can we identify in common between Grinev and Shvabrin?(Both nobles, officers, serve in the Belogorsk fortress, are in love with Masha Mironova.)

Comparative characteristics of Grinev and Shvabrin

General. Both nobles, officers, serve in the Belogorsk fortress, are in love with Masha Mironova.

Miscellaneous.

1) - Let's start with what this fortress is, is it what the hero imagined? How was the service in the fortress? Who was really the commander in it? What kind of atmosphere reigned in the family of Captain Mironov? In the garrison?(The Belogorsk fortress did not at all resemble a fortress in the full sense of the word. Most likely, it was a simple village. Vasilisa Egorovna can be called the commander. A warm family atmosphere reigns in the Belogorsk fortress, soldiers and commanders treat each other with warmth, there is no officialdom. All like a fortress big family. Peter fell in love with these people, not wanting anything else for himself.)

How was Petrusha received in the Mironov family?(Warmly, showed concern.)

– Pushkin writes with warmth and tenderness about the relationships of these people, and here one of the ideas dearest to Pushkin is carried out - the family thought. Pay attention to the words of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky: “Everything we have is from Pushkin.” Why did Dostoevsky say that? Because Pushkin’s work contains traditions that will subsequently be developed in Russian XIX literature century. In particular, family thought will become one of the main thoughts in the work of L.N. Tolstoy, for example, in the epic novel “War and Peace” (the Bolkonsky and Rostov families).

– Which of the inhabitants of the fortress stands out sharply from the general circle? How?(Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin. He is the only one of the inhabitants of the fortress who speaks French, his conversation is sharp and entertaining. He is educated, served in St. Petersburg in the guard, transferred to the Belogorsk fortress for a duel.)

- Why did Shvabrin, who Grinev liked at first, gradually begin to dislike him? (He speaks poorly about the family of Captain Mironov, slanderes Ivan Ignatich, and puts Masha in a bad light. All these people became dear to Grinev, and he was unpleasant to hear bad things about them.)

2) – What causes a duel? (Grinev composed a poem dedicated to Masha. He brings him to Shvabrin's court, sincerely considering him his friend, expecting praise. But Shvabrin’s dirty hints infuriated Grinev. He stood up for the girl’s honor, as the duty of a nobleman, a knight told him to do so. Shvabrin, trying to turn Grinev away from Masha, achieves the exact opposite - Petrusha looked at Masha in a new way. A conversation with Masha and her admission that Shvabrin was wooing her, but she refused, completed the matter - Peter fell in love.)

− How does Grinev behave during a duel?(He fights honestly, bravely, defending the girl’s honor.)

- How does Shvabrin act?(Inflicts a treacherous blow on the defenseless Grinev when he turned towards Savelich’s voice.)

− I would like to note that A.S. Pushkin does not give detailed characteristics to his heroes; we can judge their character by their actions.

3) – Now let’s watch an excerpt from the movie “The Captain’s Daughter”. Pay attention to how Grinev and Shvabrin behave.

4) – After being wounded, Masha takes care of Grinev, which brings them even closer together. What is Grinev going to do? (Write a letter to your parents, ask for their blessing to marry Masha.)

– What answer do they get?(Refusal.)

– How is Masha behaving? Is she ready to fight for her love?(No. She believes that marriage will not bring them anything good without parental blessing. She is ready to part with Petrusha.)

– How does Shvabrin feel about Masha?(He describes Masha as a “complete fool” and slanderes her. With the arrival of Pugachev, he keeps him locked up and starves him. And in last moment gives it to Pugachev.)

– How does Grinev behave during the investigation after the suppression of the riot?(He doesn’t mention her name during the investigation, not wanting to involve Masha in the proceedings.)

5) – How does Grinev behave with Pugachev?(Grinev refuses to swear allegiance to the impostor: “Listen, I’ll tell you the whole truth. Judge, can I recognize you as a sovereign? You are a smart man: you yourself would see that I am deceitful. I am a court nobleman; I swore allegiance to the Empress: I will not serve you I can. If you really wish me well, then let me go to Orenburg.”

The noble Grinev honestly admits that he does not consider Pugachev a tsar. And Pugachev, the impostor, very menacingly declared: “I am a great sovereign... So you don’t believe that I was Emperor Pyotr Fedorovich?” Although the robber himself does not believe, according to the author, in the success of his enterprise: this is confirmed by Kalmyk fairy tale about the eagle: “It’s better to drink living blood once, and then what God will give!” Before this he says: “My street is narrow; I have little will... at the first failure, they will ransom their neck with my head.” It seems to us that Pushkin treats Pugachev with sympathy, a man who deceives people, but he himself understands this and is still very intolerant of liars: “And you dared to deceive me! Do you know, you slacker, what you deserve?” - he says to Shvabrin.)

– How does Shvabrin behave with Pugachev?(This is a man for whom the concepts of honor and dignity do not exist. He is full of vanity, cowardice. For him, nothing is sacred. Slanders Grinev: accuses him of collaborating with Pugachev, of treason. He himself breaks the oath and goes over to Pugachev’s side in the Belogorsk fortress, Shvabrin prepared for treason in advance: immediately after the attack we see him with his hair cut in a circle and in a Cossack caftan.)

In the life of every person there is an intersection of two roads, and at the crossroads there is a stone with the inscription: “If you walk through life with honor, you will die. If you go against honor, you will live.” Pushkin's antihero has already made his choice. It was during the Pugachev rebellion that the baseness of feelings, dishonor, and spiritual nihilism of Shvabrin manifested themselves.

– What conclusion can we draw? (Grinev and Shvabrin are antipodes.)

V. Drawing up a diagram of the main character’s growing up.

- Now let’s draw in our notebooks a diagram of the main character’s growing up.

− What do you think is the starting point to start with?(Payment of debt for loss, then gratitude for salvation).

6) Self-sacrifice for the good name of Masha Mironova.

5) Risks his life to save Masha, does not leave Savelich in trouble.

4) Refusal to swear allegiance to the rebel.

3) A duel for the girl’s honor.

2) Gratitude for salvation.

1) Payment of debt for loss.

– So, we see that Grinev’s character is given in development. And again we turn to the words of F.M. Dostoevsky: “We have everything from Pushkin.” The tradition of depicting a hero in development received a powerful continuation in Russian literature. Heroes of L.N. Tolstoy, whom we will meet again, are depicted by the writer as always looking for their way, restless. This is Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre Bezukhov. These are the ones who have become readers’ favorite heroes. And on the contrary, wanting to show all the baseness of someone’s soul, Tolstoy emphasized immobility, the absence spiritual development hero. In this we see a continuation of Pushkin’s traditions.

VI. The concept of honor. Working with dictionaries.

− In today’s lesson we use the word “honor” quite often. It is in the epigraph, found in our conversation. How does young Petrusha Grinev understand the word “honor” at first? In order for us to understand this, let’s find out the meaning of this word using the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov and the dictionary V.I. Dalia.(The anticipatory task was given to the students in advance. They found out the meaning of the word using dictionaries.)

A matter of honor, a duty of honor.

The honor of the family, the honor of the uniform.

3. Chastity, purity. Maiden's honor.

4. Honor, respect. Give honor.

3. High rank, rank.

– In what meaning does Petrusha understand the word “honor” at the beginning of the novel? (In the fourth meaning in Ozhegov and in the second, third, fourth, fifth in Dahl.)

- We see that Petrusha Grinev perceives such a concept as honor superficially, it has not yet been formed in him.

- And at the end of the story?(Pyotr Andreevich Grinev is a fully formed personality with stable concepts and ideas about honor, nobility, and courage.)

VII. Homework survey.

- What do you mean by “honor”? (Homework previous lesson. Students' answers.)

VIII. Final word teachers. Summing up the lesson.

− Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin is the complete opposite of Pyotr Andreevich Grinev. Grinev will lie in the name of saving another person, but in other cases, even if it is unprofitable or even dangerous for him to be honest, he will not go against his honor. When Petrusha lost a hundred rubles to Zurin, the “thrifty” Savelich advised Grinev to lie: “Write to this robber that we don’t even have that kind of money.” But Grinev refuses such advice: “Stop lying...” And he always chooses honor and dignity between honor and deception. The young officer did not tarnish his honor even in those cases when he could easily have paid for it with his head.

In today's lesson, together with the characters of the story by A.S. Pushkin, we come to the conclusion that the most important thing for a person in all life circumstances is to maintain kindness and nobility. It’s not for nothing that the author took the Russian proverb “Take care of your honor from a young age!” as the epigraph to his story. You have proven that Grinev’s nobility was manifested in the fulfillment of duty, in his honesty and devotion, in respect for his beloved girl, in responsibility for her fate, in self-esteem.

And the whole story, like a confession, is addressed to a new generation, in it the narrator confesses his sins and surrenders himself to human judgment.

A.S. Pushkin the prose writer, Pushkin the psychologist encourages us to reflect on such issues as loyalty to one’s word, selflessness in love and friendship, self-sacrifice, a sense of honor and self-worth. I think that after this lesson you will also think about these concepts. I really want to believe that when you grow up, you will be people of honor, duty, and filled with self-esteem.

“The Captain's Daughter” teaches us the ability to delve into what we ourselves have experienced, into the merits of our own destiny - such as it has developed.

Russian thinker V. Rozanov said: “Love your fairy tale. The tale of your life. Everyone’s life is a fairy tale, told once in this world.”

IX. Homework.

Prepare messages for groups:

Group 1 – “The image of Pugachev in the story “The Captain's Daughter”.

Group 3 – “The narrator’s attitude to the people’s war.”

And in conclusion, I would like to address you with lines from the no less amazing work of A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”:

Whoever you are, oh my reader,

Friend, foe, I want to be with you

To part now as friends.

Sorry. Why would you follow me

Here I did not look in careless stanzas,

Are they rebellious memories?

Is it a rest from work,

Living pictures or sharp words,

Or grammatical errors,

God grant that in this book you

2. Behavior during a duel

3. Behavior during the capture of the fortress by the Pugachevites

4. Attitude towards Masha Mironova

5. Behavior with Pugachev

Application

Application

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language S.I. Ozhegova:

1. Moral qualities of a person and his principles worthy of respect and pride.A matter of honor, a duty of honor.

2. Good untarnished reputation, good name.The honor of the family, the honor of the uniform.

3. Chastity, purity. Maiden's honor.

4. Honor, respect. Give honor.

“Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V.I. Dalia:

1. Internal, moral dignity of a person, valor, honesty, nobility of soul, clear conscience.

2. Conditional, secular, worldly nobility, often false, imaginary.

3. High rank, rank.

4. External proof of difference, a sign of superiority.

5. Showing respect and honor.

Take care of your honor from a young age.

Proverb

It has long been noticed that, overcoming life’s difficulties and confronting the vicissitudes of fate, some people become stronger, more tempered, more courageous, while others give up and break. By presenting unexpected surprises, life seems to test people for strength of character, for the stability of their moral values, and for honesty with themselves. The peasant war led by Pugachev was such a “testing” test for many. Participation in the Pugachev uprising and its suppression clearly highlighted two unforgettable characters in the story - Pyotr Grinev and Alexei Shvabrin.

From the very beginning of the story, we have the opportunity to observe what events and factors leave their deep imprints on the character of Pyotr Grinev, shaping him. At the beginning of the story, Peter is a gullible and naive young man, but even then he sacredly fulfills the behest of his father, who accompanied him to service: “Take care of honor from a young age.” Deep shame and remorse seize Peter after a cheerful feast with his new acquaintance Zurin. However, in spite of everything, Peter considers it a matter of honor to give him the money lost in a dishonest game. Grinev shows kindness, generosity and simple human gratitude towards the man who saved him during a snowstorm and subsequently turned out to be the leader of the peasant uprising, Pugachev.

Having served in the Belogorsk fortress, Pyotr Grinev gets acquainted with all its inhabitants, becoming especially close to the family of the commandant of the fortress Mironov and Alexey Shvabrin.

As love and tenderness for Masha Mironova grows and strengthens in Grinev’s heart, the reasons for Shvabrin’s base and vile impulses are revealed to him. After all, Shvabrin was once also in love with Marya Ivanovna, but, having received a refusal, now he cannot come to terms with it, and is trying to denigrate her by inventing gossip and nasty things about her and her family. Realizing this, Grinev stands up for the girl’s honor and challenges the offender to a duel. It is unknown how the fight would have ended if Shvabrin had not wounded Peter with a dishonorable blow.

Shvabrin can’t bear to see the attention and concern that Masha and her family surrounded the wounded Grinev. He writes an anonymous letter to Peter's father, after which, enraged by his son's act, the father does not give young Grinov consent to marry his beloved girl.

When the wave of uprising reached the walls of the Belogorsk fortress, its inhabitants greeted the rebels in different ways. The commandant of the fortress and many officers fell at the hands of the stern Pugachev, refusing to recognize him as king. Pangs of conscience are not characteristic of Shvabrin. Without hesitation, he swore allegiance to Pugachev, kissed his hand, changed his clothes and cut his hair. For this man there is no concept of noble duty and he is ready to do anything to save his life. Remaining in charge of the fortress, this scoundrel locks up Masha Mironova on bread and water and threatens her in every possible way, trying to get her to become his wife. He feels his impunity and this makes him even more cruel.

By the will of fate, it turns out that the hare sheepskin coat, given by Grinev to Pugachev a long time ago, saves the young man’s life during the trial of the defenders of the fortress. Now his main task is to rescue Masha from captivity, give her protection and shelter. Honesty and straightforwardness, kindness, self-esteem and duty, nobility attract in Grinev not only the readers of the story, but also Pugachev himself, who knows how to appreciate the real merits of a person. After all, Grinev, turning to the state enemy for help, does not betray his oath and does not hide this from the formidable chieftain. Hoping for decency, understanding and human participation, Pyotr Grinev asks Pugachev for help and receives it. The girl and her good name are saved. Material from the site

Having been put on trial after the suppression of the uprising, Shvabrin does not even think of repenting of his base actions. He continues to shield himself, accusing Grinev of espionage and treason, thereby hoping once and for all to take revenge on his enemy, Shvabrin’s witness of baseness and meanness. Grinev is in once again shows nobility and breadth of soul, refusing to justify himself in the face of the empress and the entire state in order not to involve the name of his beloved girl, who was left an orphan and suffered difficult trials, in the trial.

For Pyotr Grinev, everything ends well, and we see that no vicissitudes or difficulties of fate can ever break a person if he is determined to fight for his principles, ideals, and love. Unprincipled and dishonest man, who has no sense of duty, often faces the fate of being left alone with his disgusting actions, baseness, meanness, without friends, loved ones and just close people.

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The story “The Captain's Daughter”, written by Pushkin in 1836, is a logical continuation of the theme of the “insignificant hero,” an ordinary person who cannot boast of great wealth, influence or serious connections. Main character close to the people, possesses positive qualities character, kind, fair. The story is based on an uprising led by Pugachev, but Pushkin did not at all set himself the goal of recreating historical events, against their background he described life stories ordinary people.

General characteristics of Grinev

Pyotr Grinev comes from a noble family, but his parents are poor, so he grew up in an atmosphere of provincial-manorial life. The hero cannot boast good upbringing, admits that he grew up undersized. Since his father was a retired military man, Peter became an officer. This is a conscientious, gentle, kind and fair young man, looking at everything through the eyes. They dissipate, and he understands how the world really works.

Thanks to his moral sense, Peter Greenv comes out of even the most difficult and dangerous situations unharmed. The characterization of the hero shows his rapid spiritual growth. The man managed to see Masha Mironova moral personality and a pure soul, he had the courage to ask for forgiveness from the serf Savelich, Peter saw in Pugachev not just a rebel, but a fair and generous person, he realized how low and vile Shvabrin really was. Despite the terrible events that took place during the internecine struggle, Grinev managed to maintain honor, humanity and loyalty to his ideals.

General characteristics of Shvabrin

The characteristics of Grinev and Shvabrin allow the reader to figure out who is who in reality. Alexey Ivanovich is a nobleman by birth, he is animated, dark, and not very handsome. During Grinev’s arrival in Belgorod fortress Shvabrin had served there for five years; he was transferred here for murder. Everything speaks of his meanness, arrogance and heartlessness. At the first meeting with Peter, Alexey Ivanovich introduces him to the inhabitants of the fortress, speaking about everyone with contempt and mockery.

Shvabrin is very smart and much more educated than Grinev, but there is no kindness in him. Many compared this character to a tumbleweed, a man without a family, who only knew how to adapt to different circumstances. Nobody loved him or waited for him, but he didn’t need anyone either. At the end of the story, Shvabrin’s black hair turned gray after the unrest he experienced, but his soul remained black, envious and evil.

Grineva and Shvabrina

Every story must have an antagonist to the main character. If Pushkin had not created the image of Shvabrin, then Grinev’s spiritual growth would not have been so noticeable, and besides, development would have been impossible love line between Mary and Peter. The writer contrasts two young officers in everything noble origin. Brief description Shvabrin and Grinev show that they even got into service in the fortress by various reasons. Peter was sent here to serve by his father so that his son could smell real gunpowder and serve in the army. Alexei was exiled for the murder of a lieutenant.

Each of the heroes understands the expression “military duty” differently. Shvabrin doesn’t care who he serves, as long as he feels good. During this time, Alexey immediately went over to the rebels, forgetting about the oath and honor. Grinev is under threat death penalty refuses to swear allegiance to the rebels, but his natural kindness saved him. The fact is that he once gave Pugachev a hare sheepskin coat and a glass of wine, and he in return pays with gratitude and saves Peter’s life.

The captain's daughter became heroes. Grinev and Shvabrin fell in love with Masha, but their love is very different. Peter composes poems for the girl, and Alexey criticizes them, tearing them to smithereens. This is understandable, because he himself likes Maria, but is he sincere? loving person could put his beloved in a bad light and recommend that his rival give her earrings instead of poems so that she would come to him at dusk.

Relationship between Shvabrin and Maria

Alexei Ivanovich likes the captain's daughter, he takes care of her, but when he receives a refusal, he spreads dirty and false rumors about her. This man is not capable of sincere, kind and pure feelings, he only needs Masha as a beautiful doll, which can be remade in your own way. The characteristics of Grinev and Shvabrin show how different these people are from each other. Peter would never allow himself to slander or force his beloved to do anything.

Alexey is vile and cowardly, he acts in roundabout ways. During a duel, he wounded Grinev in the chest with a sword, then informed Peter’s parents about the duel so that they would forbid their son to marry Maria. After going over to Pugachev's side, Shvabrin uses his power, forcing the girl to become his wife. Even in the end, he cannot allow the happiness of Grinev and Mironova, so he slanderes Peter.

Relationship between Grinev and Masha

Pyotr Andreevich has the brightest and purest feelings for the captain’s daughter. He became attached with all his soul to the Mironov family, which became his own. The officer immediately liked the young girl, but he tried to act delicately, composing poems for her in order to win the beauty’s heart. The characteristics of Grinev and Shvabrin give an idea of ​​the concept of honor among these two people.

Alexey Ivanovich wooed Mironova, but was refused; he could not admit his defeat with dignity, so he tried with all his might to tarnish the girl’s reputation. Grinev, in turn, protects his beloved, challenging the enemy to a duel. Peter is ready to give his life for Masha, taking risks, he rescues the girl from Shvabrin’s captivity, takes her out of the fortress. Even at trial, he tries not to tarnish Mironova’s honor, although he faces lifelong hard labor. This behavior speaks of the hero’s nobility.

Grinev's attitude towards Pugachev

Pyotr Andreevich does not approve of the actions of the rebels and zealously defends the fortress from them; during the execution of the officers, he refuses to swear allegiance to Pugachev because he serves the empress. Nevertheless, Grinev admires the generosity, justice and organizational skills of the rebel leader. The hero and Pugachev develop their own, somewhat strange, but friendly relations based on mutual respect. The rebel remembers Grinev’s kindness and repays him in kind. Although Peter did not go over to Pugachev’s side, he still has a good opinion of him.

Shvabrin's attitude towards Pugachev

The characteristics of Shvabrin and Pyotr Grinev show different attitude to the military credit of these officers. If main character and, under pain of death, did not want to betray the Empress, then for Alexei Ivanovich the most important thing is own life. As soon as Pugachev called on the officers to come over to him, Shvabrin immediately went over to the side of the rebels. For this person, nothing is sacred; at the right moment he is always ready to trip up others, so recognizing the power of the rebels is nothing more than an attempt to save his life.

The spiritual formation of Grinev and the fall of Shvabrin

Throughout the story, the reader follows the spiritual growth of the protagonist. The characteristics of Grinev and Shvabrin speak for themselves: if for Alexei there is nothing sacred, he is ready to step over anyone in order to achieve his goal, then Peter conquers with his nobility, kindness, honesty and humanity.

The story “The Captain's Daughter” by A. S. Pushkin tells about the adventures of a young nobleman during his military service:

• about his love for the daughter of the captain of the fortress;
• about his conflicts with one of his colleagues -;
• about acquaintance and meetings with the most remarkable person of his time.

Arriving at the Belogorsk fortress, located in the Orenburg province, Grinev met Shvabrin the next morning.

Friendship and duel between Grinev and Shvabrin

Shvabrin himself came to Grinev to get to know him. This was an officer demoted from the guard and exiled to a distant fortress. There were no more young people of the noble class here, and Grinev quickly became friends with Shvabrin. The officers were brought together by origin, a slight difference in age, common interests, knowledge French, where they usually talked.

But as the subsequent narrative will show, this is where the similarities between Grinev and Shvabrin end, and the opposites and differences begin. Here we will try to make a comparative description of Grinev and Shvabrin, to show how they behaved when they found themselves in the same conditions.

While Shvabrin remained the only relatively young man in the fortress, he could not be afraid of competition and hoped to break Masha’s stubbornness and marry her. But Grinev’s appearance seriously frightened him. He understood that Pyotr Andreevich was younger than him and more attractive in appearance. Therefore, from the very first days he made Masha look like a “complete fool”, creating in his opinion young man prejudice against the girl. But Masha was not like that. In the end, she attracted the attention of Grinev, who began to talk to her more and more often, and came to the conclusion that Masha was a prudent and sensitive young lady.

When Grinev wrote his poem, mentioning Masha in it, Shvabrin was afraid that the love between Grinev and Marya Ivanovna would be mutual. He provoked a conflict and challenged Pyotr Andreevich to a duel. In fact, the duel between Grinev and Shvabrin was over the captain’s daughter, although formally, Shvabrin pretended that Pyotr Andreevich had insulted him. Shvabrin wanted to get rid of his opponent at any cost. But he used low methods for this, unworthy of the title of nobleman. Shvabrin struck Grinev, taking advantage of Pyotr Andreevich’s confusion when he called out to him. Shvabrin failed to kill his opponent. Then he wrote a letter to Pyotr Andreevich’s father, in which he reported about the duel, distorting real reasons. He hoped that the old major would demand Peter's transfer from the fortress. But that didn’t happen either. True, Shvabrin still achieved his goal with a shameless denunciation - old Grinev did not give his blessing to Pyotr Andreevich’s marriage to Masha, and Masha moved away from the young man.

Grinev and Shvabrin during the Pugachev riot

Making a comparative description of Grinev and Shvabin. It is also necessary to analyze how they behaved during the Pugachev rebellion. When the fortress was captured, Shvabrin was one of the first to swear allegiance to Pugachev, forgetting about his noble duty and honor. Shvabrin's dishonor and apostasy outraged Grinev to the depths of his soul. Pugachev appointed Shvabrin to manage Belogorsk fortress. Grinev, on the contrary, despite his youth, considered it beneath his dignity to bow, much less “kiss the hand” of a peasant. For him, noble honor and loyalty to duty were above all, which he declared to Pugachev. The loyalty to the oath and duty shown by Captain Mironov and other defenders of the garrison only strengthened the spirit of the young officer.

Having failed to win the girl’s heart, Shvabrin tried to persuade her to marry by force. But Masha never loved this man, intuitively feeling the baseness of his soul, so manifested during the Pugachev rebellion. Peter, with the help of Pugachev, freed and took the captain’s daughter away from the fortress.

When the riot was suppressed, an investigation began and the search for those responsible began; Shvabrin demonstrated the baseness of his soul here too. He knew perfectly well that Grinev did not join the Pugachev movement, but slandered him just to separate him from Masha and take revenge.

It should be noted that Grinev always behaved with dignity, like a real nobleman, even when communicating with a robber. He tried to persuade Pugachev to stop the rebellion and “resort to the mercy of the empress.” Pyotr Andreevich sincerely believed that the Empress would have mercy on the rebels if they laid down their arms and obeyed Her Majesty.

Thus, a comparison of the characters of Grinev and Shvabrin in the story “” shows the honesty and sincerity of Grinev and Shvabrin. And no matter how Shvabrin tried to ruin Grinev’s life and career, the truth turned out to be stronger. Shvabrin was punished, and Grinev, thanks to Masha’s intercession before Her Majesty, was acquitted and lived a long, happy life.