Collocations with outdated words. Explanatory dictionary of ancient Russian words

• Wolf ticket (wolf passport)
  In the 19th century, the name of a document that blocked access to public service, educational institution, etc. Today, the phraseological unit is used to mean sharply negative characteristics about someone's work.
  The origin of this turnover is usually explained by the fact that the person who received such a document was not allowed to live in one place for more than 2-3 days and had to wander like a wolf.
  In addition, in many combinations, wolf means “abnormal, inhuman, bestial,” which strengthens the contrast between the holder of the wolf card and other “normal” people.
• Lies like a gray gelding
  There are several options for the origin of phraseological units.
  1. The word gelding comes from the Mongolian morin "horse". IN historical monuments the horse siv, gelding siv are very typical, the adjective sivy “light gray, gray-haired” shows the old age of the animal. The verb to lie had a different meaning in the past - “to talk nonsense, talk idle talk; chatter.” The gray gelding here is a stallion that has turned gray from long work, and figuratively - a man who is already talking from old age and talking annoying nonsense.
  2. Gelding is a stallion, gray is old. The expression is explained by the usual boasting of old people about their strength, as if still preserved, like that of the young.
  3. The turnover is associated with the attitude towards the gray horse as a stupid creature. Russian peasants avoided, for example, laying the first furrow on a gray gelding, because he was “lying” - he was wrong, laying it incorrectly.
• Give oak- die
  The phrase is associated with the verb zudubet - “to cool down, lose sensitivity, become hard.” An oak coffin has always been a sign of special honor for the deceased. Peter I introduced a tax on oak coffins as a luxury item.
• Alive, smoking room!
  The origin of the expression is associated with the game "Smoking Room", popular in the 18th century in Russia at gatherings on winter evenings. The players sat in a circle and passed a burning torch to each other, saying “Alive, alive, Smoking Room, not dead, thin legs, short soul...”. The loser was the one whose torch went out and began to smoke or smoke. Later this game was replaced by "Burn, burn clearly so that it does not go out."
• Hack on the nose
  In the old days, almost the entire population in Russian villages was illiterate. To record the bread handed over to the landowner, the work performed, etc., so-called tags were used - wooden sticks up to a fathom long (2 meters), on which notches were made with a knife. The tags were split into two parts so that the marks were on both: one remained with the employer, the other with the performer. The calculation was made based on the number of notches. Hence the expression “notch on the nose,” meaning: remember well, take into account for the future.
• Play spillikins
  In the old days, the game of “spillikins” was common in Rus'. It consisted of using a small hook to pull out, without touching the others, one of the other piles of all the spillikins - all kinds of small toy things: hatchets, glasses, baskets, barrels. This is how not only children, but also adults spent time on long winter evenings.
  Over time, the expression “playing spillikins” began to mean an empty pastime.
• Latem cabbage soup to slurp
  Lapti - wicker shoes made of bast (the subcortical layer of linden trees), covering only the feet - in Rus' were the only affordable footwear for poor peasants, and shchi - a type of cabbage soup - was their simplest and favorite food. Depending on the wealth of the family and the time of year, cabbage soup could be either green, that is, with sorrel, or sour - made from sauerkraut, with meat, or lean - without meat, which was eaten during fasting or in cases of extreme poverty.
  About a person who could not earn enough to buy boots and more refined food, they said that he “slurps on cabbage soup,” that is, he lives in terrible poverty and ignorance.
• Fawn
  The word “fawn” comes from the German phrase “Ich liebe sie” (I love you). Seeing insincerity in the frequent repetition of this “lebezi”, Russian people wittily formed from these German words Russian word“to fawn” means to curry favor, to flatter someone, to achieve someone’s favor or favor with flattery.
• Fishing in troubled waters
  Stunning has long been one of the prohibited methods of catching fish, especially during spawning. There is a well-known fable by the ancient Greek poet Aesop about a fisherman who muddied the water around his nets, driving blinded fish into them. Then the expression went beyond fishing and acquired a broader meaning - to take advantage of an unclear situation.
  There is also a well-known proverb: “Before you catch a fish, you [need] to muddy the waters,” that is, “deliberately create confusion for profit.”
• Small fry
  The expression came from peasant everyday life. In the Russian northern lands, a plow is a peasant community of 3 to 60 households. And small fry called a very poor community, and then its poor inhabitants. Later, officials occupying a low position in the government structure also began to be called small fry.
• The thief's hat is on fire
  The expression goes back to an old joke about how a thief was found in the market.
  After futile attempts to find the thief, people turned to the sorcerer for help; he shouted loudly: “Look! The thief’s hat is on fire!” And suddenly everyone saw how a man grabbed his hat. So the thief was discovered and convicted.
• Lather your head
  In the old days, a tsarist soldier served indefinitely - until death or complete disability. Since 1793, a 25-year period of military service was introduced. The landowner had the right to give his serfs as soldiers for misconduct. Since recruits (recruits) had their hair shaved off and were referred to as “shaved”, “shaved their forehead”, “soaped their head”, the expression “I’ll soap my head” became synonymous with threat in the mouths of the rulers. In a figurative sense, “soap your head” means: to give a severe reprimand, to strongly scold.
• Neither fish nor meat
  In Western and Central Europe of the 16th century, a new movement appeared in Christianity - Protestantism (lat. “to protest, object”). Protestants, unlike Catholics, opposed the Pope, denied holy angels and monasticism, arguing that each person himself can turn to God. Their rituals were simple and inexpensive. There was a bitter struggle between Catholics and Protestants. Some of them, in accordance with Christian commandments, ate modest meat, others preferred lean fish. If a person did not join any movement, then he was contemptuously called “neither fish nor fowl.” Over time, they began to talk about a person who does not have a clearly defined life position, incapable of active, independent actions.
• There is no place to put samples- disapprovingly about a depraved woman.
  An expression based on a comparison with a golden thing passing from one owner to another. Each new owner demanded that the product be checked by a jeweler and tested. When the product had been in many hands, there was no longer any room left for testing.
• If we don't wash, we'll ride
  Before the invention of electricity, a heavy cast iron iron was heated over a fire and, until it cooled down, they ironed clothes with it. But this process was difficult and required a certain skill, so the linen was often “rolled”. To do this, washed and almost dried linen was fixed on a special rolling pin - a round piece of wood similar to the one used to roll out dough nowadays. Then, using a ruble - a curved corrugated board with a handle - the rolling pin, along with the laundry wound onto it, was rolled along a wide flat board. At the same time, the fabric was stretched and straightened. Professional laundresses knew that well-rolled linen has a fresher appearance, even if the washing was not entirely successful.
  This is how the expression “by washing, by rolling” appeared, that is, to achieve results in more than one way.
• Neither fluff nor feather- wishing good luck in something.
  The expression was originally used as a “spell” designed to deceive evil spirits (this expression was used to admonish those going on a hunt; it was believed that with a direct wish for good luck one could “jinx” the prey).
  Answer “To hell!” should have further protected the hunter. To hell - this is not a curse like “Go to hell!”, but a request to go to hell and tell him about it (so that the hunter does not get any fluff or feather). Then the unclean one will do the opposite, and what is needed will happen: the hunter will return “with down and feathers,” that is, with prey.
• Let's beat swords into ploughshares
  The expression goes back to the Old Testament, where it is said that “the time will come when the nations will beat swords into plowshares and spears into pruning hooks; nation will not lift up sword against nation, and they will no longer learn to fight.”
  In the Old Church Slavonic language, “ploughshare” is a tool for cultivating land, something like a plow. The dream of establishing universal peace is figuratively expressed in sculpture Soviet sculptor E.V. Vuchetich, depicting a blacksmith forging a sword into a plow, which is installed in front of the UN building in New York.
• Get into trouble
  Prosak is a drum with teeth in a machine, with the help of which wool was carded. Getting into trouble meant being maimed and losing an arm. To get into trouble is to get into trouble, into an awkward position.
• Knock you down
  Confuse, confuse.
  Pantalyk is a distorted version of Pantelik, a mountain in Attica (Greece) with a stalactite cave and grottoes in which it was easy to get lost.
• Straw Widow
  Among the Russians, Germans and a number of other peoples, a bundle of straw served as a symbol of a concluded agreement: marriage or purchase and sale. To break the straw meant to break the contract, to separate. There was also a custom of making the newlyweds’ bed on sheaves of rye. Wedding wreaths were also woven from straw flowers. A wreath (from the Sanskrit word “vene” - “bundle”, meaning a bundle of hair) was a symbol of marriage.
  If the husband left somewhere for a long time, they said that the woman was left with nothing but straw, which is how the expression “straw widow” appeared.
• Dance from the stove
  The expression became popular thanks to the novel by the 19th century Russian writer V.A. Sleptsova " good man». Main character novel "Non-Servant Nobleman" Sergei Terebenev returns to Russia after long wanderings around Europe. He remembers how he was taught to dance as a child. Seryozha started all his movements from the stove, and if he made a mistake, the teacher told him: “Well, go to the stove, start over.” Terebenev realized that his life circle had closed: he started from the village, then Moscow, Europe, and, having reached the edge, he again returned to the village, to the stove.
• Grated kalach
  In Rus', kalach is wheat bread in the shape of a castle with a bow. Grated kalach was baked from hard kalach dough, which was kneaded and grated for a long time. This is where the proverb “Don’t grate, don’t crush, don’t make kalach” came from, which in a figurative sense means: “troubles teach a person.” And the words “grated kalach” have become popular - this is what they say about an experienced person who has seen a lot, who has “rubbed between people” a lot.
• Pull the gimp
  Gimp is a very thin, flattened, twisted gold or silver wire used for embroidery. Making gimp consists of pulling it out. This work, done manually, is tedious, monotonous and time-consuming. Therefore, the expression “pull the gimp” (or “spread the gimp”) in a figurative sense began to mean: to do something monotonous, tedious, causing an annoying loss of time.
• In the middle of nowhere
  In ancient times, clearings in dense forests were called kuligs. The pagans considered them bewitched. Later, people settled deep into the forest, looked for swarms, and settled there with their whole family. This is where the expression comes from: in the middle of nowhere, that is, very far away.
• Too
  In Slavic mythology, Chur or Shchur is the ancestor, ancestor, god of the hearth - the brownie.
  Initially, “chur” meant: limit, border.
  Hence the exclamation: “chur,” meaning a prohibition to touch something, to cross some line, beyond some limit (in spells against “ evil spirits", in games, etc.), a requirement to comply with some condition, agreement.
  From the word “too much” the word “too much” was born, meaning: to go beyond “too much”, to go beyond the limit. “Too much” means too much, too much, too much.
• Sherochka with a masherochka
  Until the 18th century, women were educated at home. In 1764, the Smolny Institute of Noble Maidens was opened in St. Petersburg at the Resurrection Smolny Convent. The daughters of nobles studied there from the ages of 6 to 18. The subjects of study were the law of God, French, arithmetic, drawing, history, geography, literature, dancing, music, various types of home economics, as well as social subjects. The usual address of college girls to each other was the French ma chere. From these French words The Russian words “sherochka” and “masherochka” appeared, which are currently used to name a couple consisting of two women.
• Walk trump
  IN ancient Rus' Boyars, unlike commoners, sewed a collar embroidered with silver, gold and pearls, which was called a trump card, to the collar of their ceremonial caftan. The trump card stuck out impressively, giving the boyars a proud posture. Walking as a trump card means walking is important, but trumping means showing off something.

Obsolete words include words that are no longer used in standard speech. To determine whether a certain word is obsolete, lexicographic analysis is used. It must show that now this word is rarely used in speech.

One type of obsolete words are historicisms, that is, designations of concepts that no longer exist. There are quite a lot of similar words among the designations of professions or social positions of a person that have ceased to be relevant, for example, odnodvorets, profos, moskatelschik, provision master, postilion, potter. A huge number of historicisms denote objects material culture, out of use - horse-drawn horse, torch, britzka, bast shoes. The meaning of some words belonging to this category is known to at least some native speakers who recognize them without effort, but there are no historicisms in the active dictionary.

Archaisms are words that indicate concepts that continue to exist in the language, for which another word is now used. Instead of “in order” they say “so that”, instead of “from time immemorial” - “from time immemorial, always”, and instead of “eye” - “eye”. Some of these words are completely unrecognized by those who encounter them, and thus they fall out of the passive vocabulary. For example, few people recognize the word “in vain” as a synonym for “in vain.” At the same time, its root has been preserved in the words “vanity”, “in vain”, which are still included, at least, in the passive dictionary of the Russian language.
Some archaisms have remained in modern Russian speech as components of phraseological units. In particular, the expression “to cherish like the apple of your eye” contains two archaisms, including “zenitsa”, which means “pupil”. This word, in contrast to the word “eye,” is unknown to the vast majority of native speakers, even educated ones.

Words leave active use and enter the passive vocabulary gradually. Among other things, the change in their status occurs due to changes in society. But the role of direct linguistic factors is also significant. An important point is the number of connections of a given word with others. A word with a rich set of systemic connections of a different nature will be noticeably slower to disappear into the passive dictionary.
Obsolete words do not have to be ancient. Relatively recently coined words can quickly fall out of use. This applies to many terms that appeared in the early Soviet era. At the same time, both originally Russian words and borrowings, such as “bataliya” (battle), “victory” (in the meaning of “victory”, but not a female name), “fortecia” (victory), are becoming obsolete.

Archaisms are divided into a number of categories depending on the nature of their obsolescence. The main option is proper lexical archaisms; such words are completely outdated. For example, this is “izhe”, meaning “which” or “eye”, that is, eye. A lexical-semantic archaism is a polysemantic word that is outdated in one or more meanings. For example, the word “shame” still exists, but it no longer means “spectacle.” In lexico-phonetic archaisms, the spelling and pronunciation of the word has changed, but the meaning has remained the same. "Gishpanskiy" (now Spanish) belongs to this category of archaisms. The lexical and word-formative type of archaisms contains prefixes or suffixes that make this form obsolete. For example, previously there was a variant of the verb “to fall”, but now only “to fall” is possible.

Obsolete words in modern written and spoken speech can be used for different purposes. In particular, when writing historical novels their presence is necessary for stylization. In modern oral speech, their function may be to enhance the expressiveness of what is spoken. Archaisms are capable of giving statements both a solemn, sublime and ironic character.

You can look at outdated, rare and forgotten words in ours.

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Contemporaries of A. S. Pushkin, reading his works, perceived all the details of the text. And we, readers of the 21st century, are already missing out on a lot, not understanding, but guessing approximately. Indeed, what is a frock coat, a tavern, a tavern, a dressing gown? Who are the coachman, the yard boy, and your excellency? In each story of Pushkin's cycle there are words that are incomprehensible and unclear in their meaning. But they all designate some objects, phenomena, concepts, positions, titles of a past life. These words have fallen out of modern use. Therefore, their specific meaning remains unclear and incomprehensible to the modern reader. This explains the choice of the topic of my research, dedicated to outdated words that have passed from the modern language in Belkin’s Tales.

The life of a language is clearly manifested in constant changes in the composition of words and their meanings. And the very history of the people and the state is imprinted in the fate of individual words. The vocabulary of the Russian language contains many words that are rarely used in real speech, but are known to us from classical literary works, history textbooks and stories about the past.

Obsolete words can be divided into two groups: 1) historicisms; 2) archaisms.

Historicisms (from the Greek historia - a story about past events) are words denoting the names of such objects and phenomena that ceased to exist as a result of the development of society. Many words that name objects of a bygone way of life, old culture, things and phenomena associated with the economy of the past, old socio-political relations have become historicisms. Thus, there are many historicisms among words related to military themes: chain mail, arquebus, visor, redoubt. Many words denoting ranks, classes, positions, and professions of old Russia are historicisms: tsar, boyar, equestrian, footman, steward, zemstvo, serf, landowner, constable, ofenya, farrier, tinker, sawyer, lamplighter, barge hauler; phenomena of patriarchal life: corvée, quitrent, cuts, procurement; types of production activities: manufactory, horse-drawn carriage; types of disappeared technologies: tinning, mead making.

Archaisms (from the Greek archaios - ancient) are words that have fallen out of use due to their replacement with new ones, for example: cheeks - cheeks, loins - lower back, right hand - right hand, tuga - sadness, verses - poems, ramen - shoulders. All of them have synonyms in modern Russian.

Archaisms may differ from the modern synonymous word in different ways: a different lexical meaning (guest - merchant, belly - life), a different grammatical design (perform - perform, at the ball - at the ball), other morphemic composition(friendship - friendship, fisherman - fisherman), other phonetic features (Gishpansky - Spanish, mirror - mirror). Some words are completely outdated, but have modern synonyms: so that - so that, destruction - destruction, harm, hope - hope and firmly believe. Archaisms and historicisms are used in fiction to recreate the historical situation in the country and convey the national and cultural traditions of the Russian people.

DICTIONARY OF OBSOLETE WORDS

From the publisher

Corvee is free forced labor of a dependent peasant, “Ivan Petrovich was forced to abolish corvee and establish a master who works with his own equipment on the farm. moderate quitrent"

Quirk is an annual collection of money and food from serfs by landowners.

The housekeeper is a servant in the landowner's house, who was entrusted with the keys to the “he entrusted the management of the village to his old housekeeper, who acquired his storage of food supplies. trust in the art of storytelling. »

Second major - military rank of the 8th class in 1741-1797. “His late father, Second Major Pyotr Ivanovich Belkin, was married to the girl Pelageya Gavrilovna from the Trafilin family. »

"Shot"

A banker is a player holding a bank in card games. “The officer went out, saying that he was ready to answer for the offense, as Mr. Banker pleases.”

“The game continued for several more minutes; but feeling that the owner was

Vacancy - an unfilled position; job title. There was no time for the game, we fell behind one by one and scattered to our apartments, talking about the imminent vacancy. »

Galun is a gold braid or silver (ribbon) that was sewn on “Silvio stood up and took out of the cardboard a red cap with a gold tassel, like a uniform. galloon"

“Throw the bank” (special). - reception of a card game. “He refused for a long time, because he almost never played; Finally he ordered the cards to be brought, poured fifty chervonets onto the table and sat down to throw. »

Hussar - a military man from light cavalry units who wore a Hungarian uniform. “He once served in the hussars, and even happily.”

A footman is a servant for masters, as well as in a restaurant, hotel, etc. “The footman led me into the count’s office, and he himself went to report on me. »

A riding arena is a platform or special building for training horses and the life of an army officer is known. In the morning training, playpen; lunch at horse riding lessons. a regimental commander or in a Jewish tavern; in the evening punch and cards.

Punter - in gambling card games: playing against the bank, i.e. “If the punter happened to get shortchanged, then he immediately paid them extra big bets; one who bets in a gambling card game. enough, or wrote down too much. »

Lieutenant - an officer rank higher than a second lieutenant and lower than a non-commissioned officer - an officer - a junior command rank in tsarist army staff captain. Russia, in some modern foreign armies; person holding this title.

This (this, this) place. - this, this, this. “With these words he hurriedly left”

Excellency - titles of princes and counts (from places: yours, his, hers, theirs) “Oh,” I noted, “in that case, I bet that your excellency will not hit the map even at twenty paces: the pistol requires daily exercise .

Frock coat and frock coat - long men's double-breasted clothing at the waist with a turn-down "he walked forever, in a worn black frock coat"

or a stand-up collar.

Chervonets is the general name for foreign gold coins in pre-Petrine era “For a long time he refused, because he almost never played; finally ordered

Rus'. to hand over the cards, poured fifty chervonets onto the table and sat down to throw. »

Chandal - candlestick “The officer, inflamed by the wine, the game and the laughter of his comrades, considered himself severely offended and, in a rage, grabbed a copper chandelier from the table and threw it at Silvio, who barely managed to dodge the blow. »

Eterist - in the second half of the 18th and early 19th centuries: a member of the secret Greek “It is said that Silvius, during the indignation of Alexander Ypsilant, a revolutionary organization that fought for the liberation of the country from led a detachment of Eterists and was killed in battle under Turkish oppression. Skulyanami. »

"Blizzard"

Boston is a card game. “neighbors constantly went to him to eat, drink, and play Boston for five kopecks with his wife”

Versta - an ancient Russian measure “The coachman decided to travel along the river, which was supposed to shorten our route to a length of 1.06 km. " three miles. »

Red tape is delaying a case or resolving an issue. “What was holding him back? Shyness, inseparable from true love, pride or the coquetry of cunning red tape?

Maid - servant to the mistress. “Three men and a maid supported the bride and were only busy

The police captain is the chief of police in the district. “After lunch, land surveyor Shmit appeared in a mustache and spurs and the police captain’s son appeared. »

Kibitka is a covered road carriage. “I turned around, left the church without any obstacle, rushed into the wagon and shouted: “Get off!”

Cornet is the lowest officer rank. “The first person he came to, the retired forty-year-old cornet Dravin, agreed willingly.”

The porch is a covered area in front of the entrance to the church. “The church was open, several sleighs stood outside the fence; people were walking around the porch. »

Signet - homemade seal on a ring or keychain. “Having sealed both letters with a Tula signet, on which were depicted

Signet - a small seal on a ring, a keychain with initials, or two flaming hearts with a decent inscription, she (Marya Gavrilovna)

some other sign. Used to seal letters, threw herself on the bed just before dawn and dozed off. »

sealing wax or wax and served as an indication of the sender.

Ensign is the most junior officer rank. “The subject she chose was a poor army ensign who was on leave in his village.”

Ulan - in the armies of some countries, a soldier, a light cavalry officer, “a boy of about sixteen who recently joined the lancers. »

wielding a spear or saber.

Shlafor - housecoat. “The old people woke up and went into the living room. , Praskovya Petrovna in a dressing gown with cotton wool. »

Grand Patience is laying out a deck of cards according to certain rules. “The old lady was sitting alone in the living room one day, playing grand solitaire.”

A cap is a pointed-shaped headdress, which in the old days was worn by men “Gavrila Gavrilovich in a cap and flannel jacket”

worn at home and often worn at night. ; sleeping cap.

"Undertaker"

Cupid is the god of love and ancient mythology, depicted as a winged “Above the gate was a sign depicting a burly boy with a bow and arrow. Cupid with an overturned torch in his hand. »

Announce - to notify by ringing a church service. “No one noticed, the guests continued the thread, and were already announcing Vespers when they got up from the table.

Over the knee boots - boots with a wide top. ". the bones of the legs beat in large boots, like pestles in mortars. »

Brigadier - in the Russian army of the 18th century. : military rank 5th class (according to the Table of “Tryukhina, brigadier and sergeant Kurilkin vaguely introduced themselves by rank); person who had this rank. his imagination."

The guard is a policeman who carried out guard duty in the booth. “Of the Russian officials there was one watchman”

Vespers- church service among Christians, performed in the afternoon. ". the guests continued to drink and were already announcing Vespers.”

Gaer is a common jester in folk games, clowning around and making faces in “Is the undertaker a gaer at Christmas time?”

Christmas time;

A ten-kopeck coin is a ten-kopeck coin. “The undertaker gave him a ten-kopeck piece for vodka, got dressed quickly, took a cab and went to Razgulay. »

Drogi - a cart for transporting the dead. “The last belongings of the undertaker Adrian Prokhorov were thrown into the funeral cart”

Kaftan - an old men's long-brimmed outerwear “I will not describe the Russian caftan of Adrian Prokhorov”

Icon, icon case, icon case (from Greek - box, ark) - a special decorated cabinet “Soon order was established; ark with images, cabinet with

(often folded) or glazed shelf for icons. dishes, a table, a sofa and a bed occupied certain corners in the back room.”

A mantle is a wide, long garment in the form of a cloak" "The kitchen and living room housed the owner's wares: coffins of all colors and all sizes, as well as wardrobes with mourning ribbons, mantles and torches. »

To preach the gospel - to end, to stop preaching the gospel. “You feasted with the German all day, came back drunk, fell into bed, and slept until this hour, when they announced mass.”

Contractor is a person who is obligated under a contract to perform certain work. “But Tryukhina was dying on Razgulay, and Prokhorov was afraid that her heir, despite his promise, would not be too lazy to send for him so far away and would not make a deal with the nearest contractor. »

To rest - 1. To sleep, to fall asleep; “You deigned to sleep, and we didn’t want to wake you.”

2. Transfer. Rest.

Svetlitsa - a bright living room; front room in the house; small “The girls went to their little room. "

bright room at the top of the house.

The ax is an ancient bladed weapon - a large ax with a semicircular blade, and “Yurko again began to walk around her with an ax and in armor with a long homespun handle. »

Sermyaga is a coarse homespun undyed cloth: a caftan is made from this cloth. “Yurko began to walk around her again with an ax and in homespun armor. »

Chukhonets was the name given to Finns and Estonians until 1917. “Of the Russian officials there was one watchman, the Chukhonian Yurko, who knew how

To acquire the special favor of the owner.”

"The Station Agent"

The altar is the main elevated eastern part of the church, fenced off “He hastily entered the church: the priest was leaving the altar. »

iconostasis.

Altar - in ancient times among many peoples: a place on which sacrifices were burned and in front of which rituals associated with sacrifice were performed. Used figuratively and in comparison.

Banknote - paper banknote, produced in Russia from 1769 to “. he took them out and unwrapped several five and ten ruble

1849 , in the official language - before the introduction of credit cards; one ruble of crumpled banknotes"

in silver was equal to 3 1/3 rubles in banknotes.

The Prodigal Son - a gospel parable about the disobedient prodigal son, which“They depicted the story of the prodigal son. »

he left home, squandered his share of the inheritance, after wanderings he returned with repentance to his father’s house and was forgiven.

High Nobility - according to the Table of Ranks, the title of civil ranks with “Early in the morning he came to his anteroom and asked to report to his eighth to sixth grade, as well as officers from captain to colonel, and to High Nobility”

“Taking off his wet, shaggy hat, letting go of his shawl and pulling off his overcoat,

The visiting hussar, a soldier of the highest cavalry, appeared as a young, slender hussar with a black mustache.”

Drozhki - a light, two-seater, four-wheeled open carriage with short "Suddenly a smart droshky raced in front of him"

drogues instead of springs.

Deacon - a clergyman in the Orthodox Church; the church reader, the sexton extinguished the candles. »

acolyte; He also taught literacy.

An assessor is an elected representative in court to work in some “Yes, but there are few travelers: unless the assessor turns around, he has no time for another institution. dead. »

A tavern is a drinking establishment of one of the lowest categories for sale and “It used to be that he comes from the tavern, and we follow him. »

drinking alcoholic beverages.

A cap is a pointed or oval-shaped headdress. “An old man in a cap and dressing gown lets a young man go”

Lackey is a servant in a house, restaurant, hotel.

The front end of a cart, sleigh, cart; the coachman's seat in the front "the servant jumped onto the beam. »

The porch is a covered area in front of the entrance to the church. “Approaching the church, he saw that the people were already leaving, but Dunya was not there

Neither in the fence, nor on the porch. »

Passengers are a carriage with horses that change at post stations. "traveled on crossroads"

Podorozhnaya - a document giving the right to use post horses; “In five minutes - the bell! and the courier throws him a travel certificate. your travel table. »

To rest - 1. To sleep, to fall asleep; “The military footman, cleaning his boot on the last, announced that the master

2. Transfer. Rest. rests and that he doesn’t receive anyone before eleven o’clock. »

Postmaster - manager of a post office. “the caretaker asked the S*** postmaster to leave for two months”

Passes are the cost of travel on post horses. ". paid runs for two horses. »

Captain - senior chief officer rank in the cavalry “He soon learned that Captain Minsky was in St. Petersburg and lived in

Demutov tavern. »

Skufya, skufiya - 1. A youthful, monochromatic (black, purple, Minsky came out to you in a robe, in a red skufiya. “What do you need purple, etc.) hat for Orthodox priests, monks. 2. Do you need a round?” he asked.

cap, skullcap, skullcap, headdress.

A caretaker is the head of an institution. “The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, the driver is stubborn and the horses are not moving - and the caretaker is to blame. »

Frock coat (frock coat) - a long men's double-breasted garment with a standing "and his long green frock coat with three medals"

collar

Taurus – a young bull “the cook kills a well-fed calf”

A tavern is a hotel with a restaurant. “He soon learned that Captain Minsky was in St. Petersburg and lived in

Demutov tavern. »

Non-commissioned officer is a junior command rank in the Tsarist Army of Russia. “I stayed in the Izmailovsky regiment, in the house of a retired non-commissioned officer. »

Courier - in the old army: a military or government courier for “In five minutes - the bell!” and the courier rushes him to deliver important, mostly secret documents. your travel table. »

The Kingdom of Heaven - a rhetorical wish for the deceased happy fate in “It happened (may the kingdom of heaven be upon him!), comes from a tavern, and we are beyond the afterlife. him: “Grandfather, grandfather! nuts!” - and he gives us nuts. »

Rank - a rank assigned to civil servants and military personnel according to the Table “I was in a minor rank, rode on carriages and paid rank passes associated with the provision of certain class rights and for two horses. »

benefits.

Dressing gown and shlafo - dressing gown. “An old man in a cap and dressing gown lets a young man go”

SLAFROK or dressing gown m. German. robe, sleeping clothes. Most often it serves as home clothing for nobles.

SLAFROK - originally a “sleeping robe” (from German), and then the same as a robe. Although they didn’t go out and visit in dressing gowns, they could look very elegant, sewn for show

Coachman - coachman, driver of postal and pit horses. “The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, + the stubborn horses won’t carry -

and the caretaker is to blame. »

"Peasant Young Lady"

Blancmange - jelly made from milk with almonds and sugar. “Well, we left the table. and we sat for three hours, and the dinner was delicious: the blancmange cake was blue and striped. »

Burners - Russian folk game, in which the one standing in front caught others “So we left the table and went into the garden to play burners, and the participants ran away from him one by one in pairs. the young master appeared here. »

House servants - servants at a manor's house, courtyard; courtyard people (in contrast to “Ivan Petrovich Berestov went out for a ride on horseback, for all the peasants who lived in the village and were engaged in farming). case, taking with him a pair of three greyhounds, a stirrup and several

Dvorovoy - related to the yard, belonging to the yard. yard boys with rattles. »

Drozhki - a light, two-seater, four-wheeled open carriage with short "Muromsky asked Berestov for a droshky, because he admitted that the drozhki had springs instead of springs. Because of the injury, he was able to get home in the evening. »

Jockey - a horse race rider; servant on horseback rides. “His grooms were dressed as jockeys.”

Zoil is a picky, unkind, unfair critic; evil “He was furious and called his zoil a bear and a provincial. »

detractor

Valet - the master's household servant, footman. “That’s right,” Alex answered,

I am the young master's valet. »

Chinese - thick fabric, originally silk, made in China, “(Lisa) sent to buy at the market a thick cloth, blue then cotton, produced in Russia for sundresses and men's Chinese and copper buttons"

shirts , usually blue, less often red. Used in peasant life

Kniksen and Kniks - accepted in the bourgeois-noble environment for girls and “Unfortunately, instead of Lisa, old Miss Jackson came out, whitewashed, the girls bowed with a curtsey as a sign of gratitude, greeting; drawn out, with downcast eyes and a small curtsey. »

curtsy.

Livery - uniform for footmen, doormen, coachmen, decorated with “Old Berestov climbed onto the porch with the help of two livery braids and sewing. lackeys of Muromsky. »

Livery – 1. Adj. to livery, which was livery. 2. Dressed in livery.

Madame - name married woman, attached to the surname; “Her agility and minute-by-minute pranks delighted her father and brought him into his mistress. Usually used in relation to a French woman, and in reference to the despair of her Madame Miss Jackson. »

– and to a Russian woman from privileged strata.

Miss is an unmarried woman in England. Her agility and minute orders delighted her father and drove her Madame Miss Jackson into despair.”

Confidant - about a woman who was especially trusted and “There she changed her clothes, absentmindedly answering questions with the eager favor of someone; darling, lover. confidante, and appeared in the living room.”

To make up - to make up, to draw with antimony, that is, popular since ancient times “Liza, his dark-skinned Lisa, was whitened up to her ears, made up more than ever with a cosmetic product made on the basis of antimony, by Miss Jackson herself. »

giving it a special shine.

Okolotok - 1. Surrounding area, surrounding villages. 2. Resident of the district, “He built a house according to his own plan, established a legal neighborhood, the surrounding area. factory, established income and began to consider himself the smartest person

3. The area of ​​the city under the jurisdiction of the local police officer. all over the area"

4. Medical center (usually attached to a military unit).

The Guardianship Council is an institution in Russia in charge of guardianship affairs, “. the first of the landowners of his province thought of mortgaging the educational institutions and some credit transactions related to the estate in the Board of Trustees.”

pledges of estates, etc.

Plis – cotton velvet. Among the nobility it was used for “On weekdays he wears a corduroy jacket, on holidays he puts on a home suit, merchants and rich peasants sew from it an elegant frock coat from homemade cloth.”

Poltina is a silver coin equal to 50 kopecks, half a ruble. Minted with “Trofim, passing in front of Nastya, gave her small colorful bast shoes

1707 and received half a ruble from her as a reward. »

Polushka - from the 15th century, a silver coin worth half money (i.e. ¼ “I’ll sell it and squander it, and I won’t leave you a half-ruble.”

kopecks); the last silver polushkas were released into circulation in

A frock coat is a long men's double-breasted garment with a stand-up collar. “On weekdays he wears a corduroy jacket, on holidays he puts on a frock coat made from homemade cloth.”

The head of the table is the official who manages the table. “The neighbors agreed that he would never make the right chief executive. »

Stremyanny is a groom, a servant who takes care of his riding horse “Ivan Petrovich Berestov went out for a ride on horseback, for every master, and also a servant who accompanies the master during the hunt. case, taking with him three pairs of greyhounds, a stirrup and several yard boys with rattles. »

Tartines - a thin slice of bread spread with butter; small sandwich. “The table was set, breakfast was ready, and Miss Jackson. I cut thin tartines. »

The figurines are a wide frame made of whalebone, willow twigs or wire, “the sleeves stuck out like Madame de Pompadour’s hose”

worn under a skirt to add fullness; skirt on such a frame.

A courtier is a nobleman at the royal court, a courtier. “The dawn shone in the east, and the golden rows of clouds seemed to be waiting for the sun, like courtiers waiting for a sovereign. »

Chekmen - men's clothing of the Caucasian type - a cloth caftan at the waist with ruching at the back. ". he saw his neighbor, proudly sitting on horseback, wearing a checkman lined with fox fur, "

IV. Conclusion

“Dictionary of Obsolete Words” contains 108 dictionary entries, both historicisms and archaisms. It contains those words that are not currently used or are used extremely rarely in the living literary language, as well as words that are used today, but have a different meaning, unlike the one we put into it.

The dictionary entry reveals the meaning of obsolete words, using examples from the stories of Pushkin’s cycle to show how they functioned in speech. The created dictionary, which includes both historicisms and archaisms, will help to overcome the barrier between the reader and the text, sometimes erected by outdated words that are sometimes incomprehensible or misunderstood by the reader, and to thoughtfully and meaningfully perceive the text of “Belkin’s Tales”. Some dictionary entries are accompanied by drawings that make it possible to realistically imagine the objects called by this or that word.

The remarkable poet, outstanding translator V. A. Zhukovsky wrote: “The word is not our arbitrary invention: every word that receives a place in the lexicon of a language is an event in the field of thought.”

This work will become an assistant in reading, studying, and understanding Pushkin’s cycle “Belkin’s Tales”, will broaden the reader’s horizons, will help arouse interest in the history of words, and can be used in literature lessons.

Balagan– temporary wooden building for theater and circus performances, which became widespread at fairs and folk festivals. Often also a temporary light building for trade at fairs.
About booth having heard
Our wanderers have also gone
Listen, look. (N.A. Nekrasov. Who lives well in Rus').

Balance- joke, joke; talk, tell something funny and cheerful.
He was great play around,
He wore a red shirt,
Cloth girl,
Grease boots... (N.A. Nekrasov. Who lives well in Rus').

Barezhevy- made from barège - wool, silk or cotton fabric of rare weave.
What a charm my cousin gave me!
Oh! Yes, barezhevy! (A.S. Griboyedov. Woe from Wit).
She was wearing light barezhevoye dress. (I.S. Turgenev. Fathers and Sons).

Master– 1. Nobleman, landowner, landowner.
Several years ago, an old Russian lived on one of his estates. master, Kirilla Petrovich Troekurov. (A.S. Pushkin. Dubrovsky).
He was simple and kind master,
And where his ashes lie,
The tombstone reads:
Humble sinner, Dmitry Larin... (A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin).
2. Master, owner, owner.
I entered the billiard room and saw a tall master, about thirty-five years old, with a long black mustache, in a dressing gown, with a cue in his hand and a pipe in his teeth. (A.S. Pushkin. The captain's daughter).
[Neschastlivtsev:] Look, don’t let it slip; I am Gennady Demyanich Gurmyzhsky, retired captain or major, as you wish; in a word, I master, and you are my lackey. (A.N. Ostrovsky. Forest).

Baron– noble title lower than count; a person who holds the title of barony, the lowest degree of titled nobility.
[Repetilov:] I served as a civil servant then.
Baron von Klotz was aiming for ministers,
And I -
To be his son-in-law. (A.S. Griboyedov. Woe from Wit).

Barishnik- one who resells for the sake of profit - profit, profit; reseller.
...And there are many properties
To the traders went. (N.A. Nekrasov. Who lives well in Rus').

Batalha- battle, combat, military action.
"Well? - said the commandant. - How is it going? battle? Where is the enemy? (A.S. Pushkin. The captain's daughter).

Gazebo– the turret of the house, from which a view of the surrounding area opens.
...a river flowed out and meandered between the hills in the distance; on one of them, above the dense greenery of the grove, a green roof rose and gazebo a huge stone house...(A.S. Pushkin. Dubrovsky).
...he began to build a bridge, then huge house with such a high belvedere that you can even see Moscow from there and drink tea there in the evening in the open air and talk about some pleasant subjects. (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

Ticket– paper banknote; a receipt presented to the master's office for payment of money.
[Famusov:] We take tramps both into the house and tickets. (A.S. Griboyedov. Woe from Wit)

Boa– women's scarf, headband made of fur or feathers.
He's happy if he throws it at her
Boa fluffy on the shoulder,
Or touches hotly
Her hands, or spread
Before her is a motley regiment of liveries,
Or he will lift the scarf for her. (A.S. Pushkin. Evgeny Onegin).

Almshouse- a charitable (private or public) institution for the care of the elderly or those unable to work.
Every house seemed longer than usual to her; white stone almshouse with narrow windows it lasted unbearably long... (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

Charitable institutions– hospitals, nursing homes, orphanages.
[Governor:] Without a doubt, a passing official will want to first of all inspect those under your jurisdiction charitable institutions- and therefore you make sure that everything is decent: the caps would be clean, and the sick would not look like blacksmiths, as they usually do at home. (N.V. Gogol. Inspector).

Bolivar– a high-brimmed hat. Named Bolivar (Simon Bolivar) - liberator of the South American colonies from the rule of Spain (born in Caracas on July 24, 1783, died in Santa Marta on December 17, 1830.
While in morning dress,
Putting on wide bolivar,
Onegin goes to the boulevard
And there he walks in the open space... (A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin).

Boston- a type of commercial card game.
Neither the gossip of the world nor Boston,
Not a sweet look, not an immodest sigh,
Nothing touched him
He didn't notice anything. (A.S. Pushkin. Evgeny Onegin).
The consequence of this was that the governor extended an invitation to him [Chichikov] to come see him on the same day. house party, other officials too, for their part, some for lunch, some for Bostonian, who's for a cup of tea. (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

Over the knee boots- boots with a high, hard top, with a bell at the top and a popliteal notch.
He [the mayor:] is dressed as usual, in his uniform with buttonholes and boots with Spurs. (N.V. Gogol. Inspector).
The police chief was definitely a miracle worker: as soon as he heard what was happening, at that very moment he called to the policeman, a lively fellow in patent leather boots, and, it seems, he whispered only two words in his ear and only added: “You understand!”... (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

Boyarin- a large landowner who held important administrative and military positions in Russia until the beginning of the 18th century. Boyarynya is the wife of a boyar.
...A boyar Matvey Romodanovsky
He brought us a glass of foamy honey,
A noblewoman his white face
She brought it to us on a silver platter
The towel is new, sewn with silk. (M.Yu. Lermontov. Song about the merchant Kalashnikov).

Branny– military. Scolding (obsolete) – fight, battle.
Your horse is not afraid of dangerous work;
He, sensing the master's will,
Then the humble one stands under the arrows of enemies,
It rushes along abusive field... (A.S. Pushkin. Song about the prophetic Oleg).
But only a little from the outside
Expect war for you
Or a raid of power abusive,
Or another uninvited misfortune. (A.S. Pushkin. The Golden Cockerel).

Breguet- clock with ringing; named after the manufacturer of such watches, the Parisian mechanic Breguet (or rather, Breguet) Abraham-Louis (1747–1823).
...Onegin goes to the boulevard
And there he walks in the open space,
While awake Breguet
Dinner won't ring his bell. (A.S. Pushkin. Evgeny Onegin).

Breter- a fan of fighting duels for any reason; bully.
It was Dolokhov, a Semyonov officer, a famous gambler and breter. (L.N. Tolstoy. War and Peace).

Foreman- military rank of the 5th class, intermediate between an army colonel and a major general.
He was a simple and kind gentleman,
And where his ashes lie,
The tombstone reads:
Humble Sinner, Dmitry Larin,
The Lord's servant and foreman,
Under this stone he tastes peace. (A.S. Pushkin. Evgeny Onegin).

Shave foreheads- hand over peasants as soldiers, usually forever.
She went to work
Salted mushrooms for the winter,
Managed expenses shaved foreheads,
I went to the bathhouse on Saturdays... (A.S. Pushkin. Evgeny Onegin).

Britzka– a light semi-open carriage with a folding leather top.
In the morning the Larins' house is visited by guests
All full; whole families
The neighbors gathered in carts,
In tents, in chaises and in a sleigh. (A.S. Pushkin. Evgeny Onegin).
IN chaise sat a gentleman, not handsome, but not bad-looking either, neither too fat nor too thin; One cannot say that he is old, but not that he is too young. (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).
And before that, what was rushing here?
strollers, brichek C grades... (N.A. Nekrasov. Who lives well in Rus').

Brezhzhi– frills on the collar of the shirt and the same frills on the chest.
...Civilians wear light blue ties, military ones let them out from under the collar mesentery. (M.Yu. Lermontov. Hero of our time).

Watchman- city watchman, a lower police rank who monitored order in the city and was in the booth.
He didn’t notice any of this, and then, when he came across watchman, who, having placed his halberd near him, was shaking tobacco from the horn onto his calloused fist, then only came to his senses a little, and that was because the watchman said: “Why are you bothering...”. (N.V. Gogol. Overcoat).
After asking in detail watchman, where you can go closer, if necessary, to the cathedral, to government places, to the governor, he [Chichikov] went to look at the river flowing in the middle of the city... (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

Mace- a long stick with a spherical knob, which served as part of the ceremonial clothing of the doorman at the entrance to large institutions and private aristocratic houses of Tsarist Russia.
One doorman is already looking like a generalissimo: the gilded mace, count's face. (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

Bulat– 1. Antique, hard and elastic steel for blades with a patterned surface.
My dagger shines with a golden finish;
The blade is reliable, without blemishes;
Bulat he is protected by a mysterious temperament -
The legacy of the abusive east. (M.Yu. Lermontov. Poet).
2. Sword, steel blade, edged weapon.
Our colonel was born with a grip:
Servant to the king, father to the soldiers...
Yes, I feel sorry for him: smitten Damask steel,
He sleeps in damp ground. (M.Yu. Lermontov. Borodino).

Burnous– a spacious women's coat with wide sleeves.
Sonechka got up, put on a handkerchief, put on burnusik and left the apartment, and came back at nine o’clock. (F.M. Dostoevsky. Crime and Punishment).

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Project topic: Dictionary of obsolete words
(using the example of A.S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”)
Content
Introduction
Chapter I. What are obsolete words?
1.1What are historicisms?
1.2. What are archaisms
Chapter II. Outdated words in the comedy of A.S. Griboyedov
"Woe from Wit"
Conclusion
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII. Literature used
VIII. Application
Page 3
Page 4
Page 6
Page 7
Page 9
Page 17
Page 18

Maintain:
Language is constantly evolving, but some words become outdated and
become incomprehensible or difficult to understand even in context. Studying
artistic works of the last century in school evokes
certain difficulties. This is explained, first of all, by the fact that in the language
works of Russian fiction XIXearly XX reflected
many outdated phenomena of reality that make it difficult to understand
content of artistic works by students.
When there are no interlinear explanations at hand, the student most often leaves
without attention to such “dark” places, and undeciphered meaning
unfamiliar or unfamiliar words results in impoverished vision
world of the past.
The purpose of this work is to compile a dictionary of outdated words based on comedy
A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit.”
To achieve this goal, we set the following tasks:
1. Get acquainted with the material about passive vocabulary of the Russian language.
2. Find outdated words in comedy, determine their lexical meaning
according to the dictionary.
3. Compile a dictionary of outdated words to make reading the work easier
future ninth graders.
The relevance of the study lies in the fact that when reading
works of fiction often face difficulties,
associated with understanding the meaning of individual words.
The problem of misunderstanding is one of the central problems of the modern world.
Let us consider only one, but extremely important manifestation of this problem,
since every schoolchild has encountered it more than once, the degree of understanding
2

an excerpt from a text or a separate sentence where words appear,
out of active use, but being a means of knowledge
the surrounding world, its history, culture, as well as the means of creating
character of the hero.
A way out of this situation could be a dictionary for the work.
Item
The object of study is the outdated words of comedy.
studying – the comedy “Woe from Wit” by A.S. Griboyedov.
Research methods: collecting information, working with text, analysis,
generalization of results, compilation of a dictionary.
Practical results: a “Dictionary of outdated comedy words” has been compiled
A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit.” The task of the dictionary is to resolve lexical
difficulties that arise when reading text, to teach thoughtful reading
literature.
Chapter 1. What are obsolete words?
The dictionary of a language includes active vocabulary, i.e. words that
are currently used by all speakers or some part of the population,
and passive vocabulary, i.e. words that people either stop using or only
are starting to use it.
Passive vocabulary is divided into two groups: obsolete words and new ones
words (neologisms).
Obsolete words are words lost in living speech, transferred from
active vocabulary of the language into passive. Outdated words divide
on historicisms and archaisms. Obsolete words include words that are more
are not used in standard speech. To determine whether it applies
a certain word to be obsolete, lexicographical is used
analysis. It must show that this word is now used in speech
rarely. One of the types of obsolete words are historicisms, that is
designations of concepts that no longer exist. Quite a few
3

similar words among the designations of professions or social positions
people who have ceased to be relevant, for example, a single palace owner,
profos, moskatelnik, provision master, postilion, potter. Huge
the number of historicisms denotes objects of material culture,
out of use - horse-drawn horse, torch, britzka, bast shoes. Meaning
some words belonging to this category are known at least
at least some native speakers who recognize them without effort, but in
active
are missing.
Words leave active use and fall into passive use
historicisms

vocabulary gradually. Among other things, a change in their status
occurs due to changes in society. But the role is also significant
directly linguistic factors. The important point is
the number of connections of a given word with others. Rich word
systemic connections of various nature will disappear noticeably slower
into a passive dictionary. Obsolete words don't have to be
ancient. Relatively recently emerging words can quickly fall out of use
consumption. This applies to many terms that appeared in the early
Soviet times. At the same time, both originally Russian words and
borrowings, such as “bataliya” (battle), “victory” (meaning
“victory”, but not a female name), “fortecia” (victory). Outdated words
in modern written and oral speech can be used with different
goals. In particular, when writing historical novels, their
presence is necessary for stylization. In modern oral speech they
the function may be to enhance the expressiveness of what is spoken. Together with
With the development of society and the state, language also changes. Part of the concepts
remains in the past.
Are outdated words necessary at all?
Obsolete words are often used by poets and writers to
recreating the atmosphere historical era. Reading Pushkin's poem
4

"Ruslan and Lyudmila", we'll have to look in the dictionary to find out
the meaning of the words brow (forehead) and cheeks (cheeks): “His brow, his cheeks
they burn with an instant flame.” In the XVIII-IX centuries such words were
widespread. Obsolete words are also used for
giving an ironic shade to the statements: “Without preparing
homework, the student, with downcast eyes, stood before the stern gaze
teachers." Many archaisms are still embellished in dialogues.
Not a single girl can resist addressing her: “Gracious
Empress! Outdated words are part of our history and our
past. This is linguistic evidence historical development And
movement into the future.
1.1What are historicisms?
Historicisms are words that name outdated things, outdated phenomena.
Historicisms have no synonyms in modern Russian. Explain them
meaning is only possible by resorting to an encyclopedic description. Exactly
This is how historicisms are presented in explanatory dictionaries.
Historicisms can
accompanied in dictionaries by the marks ist. (history), outdated (obsolete).
Among the obsolete words, a group of historicisms stands out - words that call
concepts,
objects,
reality.
phenomena,
which have disappeared from modern
The formation of a group of historicisms is associated with social transformations in
life of society, the development of production, the emergence of new technologies,
updating household items, etc. Therefore, define historicism by
the name of the realities of a bygone time found in the text.
For example: boyar, oprichnik, constable, big shot. One of the functions of historicisms
as a nominative means in scientific-historical literature - to serve
names of realities of past eras. Thus, to recreate
5

historical specifics, use historicisms if you are working on
scientific historical monograph. Historicisms are called “signs”
time, therefore they do not have competing lexical elements in
modern language. Use historicisms that “belong” to a certain
to recreate historical paintings from different centuries.
era,
For example, historicisms associated with distant eras: tiun, voivode,
shell; historicisms denoting the realities of the relatively recent past:
surplus appropriation, district committee, province. Another function of historicisms is
act as a lexical means of expressiveness in artistic
literature. Therefore, if you write works on historical
themes, use historicisms to create the flavor of the era. In language
There are known cases of the return of historicisms to the active vocabulary. Such
words like governor, lyceum, gymnasium, leader are not perceived now
as outdated. Do not attribute such linguistic phenomena to historicism, since
by the return of the realities of reality, these words fall into the layer
Lexical meaning of historicisms
common vocabulary.
Define using an explanatory dictionary. Such words are given with the mark
"outdated." For example: “Caretmaker, a, m. (obsolete). 1. Shed for carriages and others
crews. 2. Crew master." From this dictionary entry in the Dictionary
Russian language" edited by R. M. Tseitlin you will find out what you are interested in
you the word belongs to the masculine gender, has a form in the genitive case in
singular "karetnik", is obsolete (historicism) and has
two meanings. Use historicism in oral and written speech, only
having clarified its meaning in the dictionary so as not to appear in the eyes of the interlocutor,
reader by a poorly educated person.
1.2. What are archaisms?
Archaisms are words that have fallen out of use and been replaced by new ones.
6

In addition, they are used to create solemnity of speech, sometimes they
give it an ironic character. Archaisms have in modern language
synonyms, with the help of which explanatory dictionaries explain their meaning,
accompanying them with the mark obsolete.
At each period of language development, words function in it,
belonging to commonly used vocabulary, i.e. active
vocabulary. Another layer of vocabulary is words that came out of the active
consumption and “fell” into the passive stock.
Instead of “so that” they say “so that”, instead of “from time immemorial” they say “from time immemorial, always”, and
instead of "eye" - "eye". Some of these words are completely unrecognizable to those who
collides with them, and thus they fall out of the passive
vocabulary. For example, few people recognize the word “in vain” as
synonym for "in vain". At the same time, its root was preserved in the words “vanity”,
“in vain”, so far included, at least, in the passive dictionary of Russian
language. Some archaisms have remained in modern Russian speech as
components of phraseological units. In particular, the expression “to take care of
oka" contains two archaisms at once, including "zenitsa", which means
"pupil". This word, as opposed to the word "eye", is unknown
the vast majority of native speakers, even educated ones.
To determine the belonging of archaism to subgroups that
constitute a group of archaic vocabulary, find out, completely archaized
word or only partially. For example: in vain - in vain, this - this,
Lanita - cheeks (stylistic synonyms). Height - height
(archaized suffix design), zala – hall (archaized
form of belonging to the clan), gospital - hospital (archaic
sound form of the word), etc. Determine whether archaism belongs to
subgroup. Lexical archaism has in modern language
corresponding synonym (neck - neck, from ancient times - from ancient times, zelo - very).
Semantic archaism has been preserved in modern language, but is used in
7

outdated meaning(belly - life, shame - spectacle).
phonetic archaism retains the same meaning, but has a different sound
design (history - history, mirror - mirror).
word-formation archaism retains the same meaning, but has a different
word-formation structure (fisherman - fisherman, disaster - disaster).
Find out the stylistic function of archaism. Archaisms are used for
recreating the historical flavor of the era, so you can find
a large number of archaisms in works of art
historical topic. Archaisms are used to give color to speech
solemnity, pathetic emotion (in poetry, oratory
speech, in a journalistic speech). Archaisms are used as
means speech characteristics hero in a work of fiction
(for example, persons of clergy, monarch). Archaisms are used for
creation comic effect, irony, satire, parody (usually in
feuilletons, pamphlets, epigrams). When analyzing stylistic
functions of archaisms, it is necessary to take into account that their use can be
V
is not associated with a specific stylistic task (for example,
humorous stories by A.P. Chekhov to create a comic effect),
but is due to the peculiarities of the author's style. For example, A. M. Gorky
used archaisms as stylistically neutral words. Besides,
archaisms are often used in poetic speech for rhythmic
organizing a poetic work or for rhyming. Most
a popular technique is the use of partial words (breg,
hail).
voice,
gold,

Chapter II. Outdated words in A.S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”
Griboyedov reflected in the comedy the atmosphere and the main conflict of the era -
the clash of new and old, progressive and conservative, “reason”
and “unreasonable reality.”
8

In Griboyedov's comedy you can find many examples of words that came from
consumption. Let's take a closer look at some of them. As an example
a word that is not included in the modern normative language, but it is easy
perceived based on context, the word “neokhotnik” can serve. On
Platon Mikhailovich answers his wife’s question about Famusov’s ball:
Natasha - mother, I doze off at balls,
Before them there is a deadly reluctance..." (IV, 2)
We easily understand that the word non-hunter meant “a person who is not
wanting to do something, do something." It is also easy to understand in
context and not used now noun mediocre and few
common rare noun superstition. Both of these words are used in
Repetilov in his speech:
Farces were so often sung to me,
What an idle talker, what a fool, what a superstition,
What are my premonitions and omens...
These people, are there others like them? Hardly...
Well, among them I am, of course, mediocre... (IV, 4)
These nouns were formed on the basis of the phrases: superstitious
a person, an ordinary person. The noun is also archaic
pretentiousness used by Chatsky:
And in St. Petersburg and Moscow,
Who is the enemy of discharged persons,
fancy, curly words...(III,2)
The meaning of this word becomes clear when referring to the Dictionary
modern Russian language, which explains it this way:
frills -
intricate techniques, means used to produce great
impression. The meaning is quite easily revealed from the context
obsolete verb to last:
9

Prolonging arguments is not my desire. (Chatsky, II, 2)
prolong - “to continue something, to delay.” Not used in
modern literary language and the verb sdet, although the context indicates
its meaning:
Put down your hat, take off your sword;
Here’s a sofa for you, lie back and relax.” (II, 5)
remove means "take off." Griboedov uses archaisms to
to recreate the era of that time.
We read Chatsky’s monologue:

Aren't you the one to whom I was born from the shrouds?
For some incomprehensible plans
Did you take the children to bow?
That Nestor of noble scoundrels,
Surrounded by a crowd of servants...
Here (the line of the Children being taken to bow is more or less immediately clear:
“They took me as a child to congratulate me”).
Let's scroll further through the immortal comedy. Comes to Famusov's for the evening
Tugoukhovsky family. The voices of the princesses are heard:
3rd princess. What a charm my cousin gave me!
4th princess. Oh yes, barezhevy!
Even our fashionistas do not understand these remarks. It is only clear that they are talking about
outfits But what and about what exactly? To understand this, you need to know that the word
esharp means “scarf”, and the word barezhevyy means “from barezhevy” (special thin and
transparent fabric).
Here Skalozub returns alive and well (“his hand is slightly bruised”)
Molchalin, after the latter fell from his horse and Sophia fainted, into the house and
tells her:

Well! I didn't know what would come of it
Irritation for you.

What he tells her, we understand only when we find out the meaning now
firmly forgotten archaism irritation - “excitement”.
Let's look at individual proposals.
Famusov. 1) “Everyone is smart beyond their years”; 2) “Let’s take the tramps into the house and
by tickets"; 3) “The deceased was a venerable chamberlain, With a key, and his son managed
leave"; 4) “To work you, to settle you”;
Repetilov. 5) “Taken into guardianship by decree!”; 6) “Everything else is gil”; 7) “With his wife and
I went into reverse with him.”
These expressions become understandable only when we take into account
the real meaning of the words that form them.
The above phrases can be translated into modern language something like this:
1) “Everyone has become smart beyond their years”; 2) “We take tramps as
teachers and tutors, and as visiting teachers (to visiting
teachers were paid “by ticket”,
T.
e.
according to notes,
certifying the visit)"; 3) “The dead man was deserving
highest respect as a chamberlain at the royal court (with a key
- with a golden key on the uniform as a sign of the chamberlain rank) and
managed to make his son chamberlain as well”; 4) “To hard labor you, to
settlement"; 5) “My estate, by royal decree, was taken under
state supervision"; 6) “Everything else is nonsense, nonsense (cf.
slob of the same root)"; 7) “I played cards with his wife and with him”
(reversi is a card game).
As mentioned above, historicisms are words denoting disappeared
realities. Given that the play was written in the 19th century, it is natural that we
We find in it the following historicisms:
Assessor is a civil rank of the eighth class, as well as a person holding this rank.
11

English club (club) in Russia since the time of Catherine the Second by English
a klob was a well-known aristocratic club in Moscow of the type
leading clubs of the 16th century in England
Maid of honor - title of a court lady attached to the empress
Zug zug team of horses in single file or one after the other
Dance master dance teacher.
And these are not all the historicisms that can be found in the work
A.S. Griboedova.
Most of the outdated vocabulary of the comedy "Woe from Wit" consists of
archaisms. Archaisms are divided into several groups. Let's take a closer look
each group.
1. Semantic archaisms are “words preserved in modern
language, however, used in a meaning that is obsolete and
unusual for a modern native speaker." It can also be noted that
that semantic archaisms are polysemantic words that are outdated
one or more values.
The number of archaisms of this group in the literature of the 19th century is very large. In my own way
the sound and structure of these words, at first glance, are familiar and understandable to us, but
if you look closely, they will appear “far” from us. For example, the word
commission (“what kind of commission, creator, to be the father of an adult daughter…”).
The dictionary gives the following interpretations of the word “commission”:
1) a group of persons, or a body from a group of persons with special powers when
some institution;
2) an order performed for a certain fee;
3) (obsolete) troublesome, difficult matter.
The word has many meanings, the first two meanings are modern, but the hero
comedy Famusov uses this word precisely in the 3rd meaning, which
is marked obsolete.
12

Here are just a few examples of words from this group:
"...be a military man, be a civilian...", "...Zagoretsky took over
Skalozub", "Oh! Potion, spoiled girl...", "..what an opportunity!", "...who would then
I wasn’t attracted by them..”, “...we find where we don’t mark...”
Civilian in 1 meaning "same as civilian"
Entered in 1 meaning "occupied"
Potion in 4 meaning "malicious, sarcastic person"
Occasion in the 2nd meaning "rare, unexpected occasion"
Not attracted to 1 value. "didn't stretch, didn't drag"
We mark in 4 digits. "notice, guess"
2. Lexical archaisms. This group includes words that are outdated
entirely and moved into the passive layer, and in modern Russian
used with another non-derivative form.
Such archaisms in comedy are the following words:
“...now I was sleeping…” in 1 meaning, fell asleep; "...loud kisses..."
(obsolete and ironic) kissing; "...sycophantic" flatterer; "...how can you not please
dear...", "...haven't you cared about your upbringing.." in 1st meaning
promote; “...the time is not hot...” in the 2nd meaning, has not come; "…Not
you never complain..." in the 3rd meaning you don’t accept.
In dictionaries we find these words marked “obsolete”. This allows
let us conclude that these words are archaisms. Another sign
the fact that these words have left our active vocabulary is that we do not
we use words with such stems, that is, there has been a complete replacement of some
other words that we do not currently use.
3. Lexical and word-formative archaisms. We include in this group
words in which individual word-forming elements are outdated, but
In this case, most often the root remains unchanged. In Griboyedov one can highlight
13

word-formation archaisms of three parts of speech: noun,
verbs and adverbs.
Nouns.
“...I’m sick today, I won’t take off the bandage...” in modern language
used with another prefix po (bandage);...let’s take the tramps..."
there is no such form in modern language either; the word is used without
rates.
“...and trouble cannot be eliminated by delay...” we use this word with
prefix pro;
"... at the pleasure of the daughter of such a person..." in modern language with this
is not used as a suffix;
“...and there are differences in uniforms...” the word difference is used. For
throughout the 19th century, the verbal noun was widely used with
suffix to a;
"...night robber, duelist..." modern form"duelist".
Verbs.
“...they lured in honors and nobility...”; “...as a person who has grown up...”; "…
we ascended, bowed..." " circle of foundations combined with the prefix vz in
at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries was wider than in the modern language... but at the end of the 19th
at the beginning of the 20th century, verbs with this prefix decreased in use"
"...how to compare, and look..."; "...I'll ask everyone..." in
in modern language, verbs with the prefix po have been preserved in a certain
quantity. Now the verbs previously used with this prefix, we
use it without it.
“... I promised to come to my father...”; "...don't be angry, look..." both
verbs are formed from the infinitive using the postfix xia, this is an indicator
reflexivity of the verb, which is confirmed by context and semantics.
Adverbs.
14

"...ready to jump again..." "again" here the console was replaced
syz on the console with. In modern language, words with such a prefix can be
found in some dialects.
"hurriedly" hastily. In modern language the word is used with
The suffix iv is formed from the adjective hasty. Here's the word
especially (especially) on the contrary, in the 19th century it was used with the suffix willow, but in
in modern language this suffix has been lost and now it is an adverb on o.
When asserting that a word is not used in modern
language, we used data from modern dictionaries.
4. Lexicophonetic archaisms. It should be noted that these are words
which in the process of historical development of the language the sound
form.
"In comedy there are a number of accentological archaisms that give
material that allows one to judge the living language of that time..." These are the words
whose emphasis is different from the modern one. Such archaisms in comedy
so many.
"...not forever and ever..."; "...under the stars"; "….historian and geographer"; "….And
dancing and singing"; "...the judges are always, to everything"; "...to drive away the sore throat" and
other.
The words rumatism (“...all rumatism and headaches...”),
prikhmacher
(hairdresser) are clearly borrowed. From given pronunciation and spelling
we can conclude that these words have not yet taken shape in the Russian language 19
century, and these words are adapted to the speech of the Russian person by
simplifying the sound composition.
In the word eighth we see the phenomenon when before the initial [o] it has not developed
sound [v], this will probably happen later. Now we use the form
"eighth". But in dialects you can often find the form "eighth,
eighteen."
15

The words of the contradiction, frunt, currently have a slightly different
phonetic composition of the root: contradiction, front.
The word klob is borrowed, and therefore in “Woe from Wit” we meet two
variant spelling of this word: club club. Preserved in modern language
and the second option was established.
5. Morphological archaisms are words that are obsolete
grammatical form. In this group the following should be considered:
parts of speech: noun, adjective, pronoun and
auxiliary parts of speech.
“... carried for the report” the form of the word report is explained by the declension of the given
words. In the 19th century there was a specialization of the form on y. This word
is a remnant of the ancient declension in th, here the form of the genitive
case, units numbers, husband kind.
"...even as a child they took him to bow..." "the word child at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century
usually inclined in the singular close to the Church Slavonic model with
variant forms of the instrumental case... In live use at 19
century, forms without extensions were possible. From colloquial speech these forms
penetrated into writing."
“….after three days she turned grey…” this form of the word day was
widespread. "In the second half of the 19th century, the form of days is known in
stylized speech. At the same time, the form of days was variable according to
in relation to the main form on i.
Adjectives in the comparative degree: “...the older, the worse...”, “...
more in number...", "deafened louder than any trumpet", "away from the gentlemen"
formed in two ways:
1. Through the suffixes eish, aish
2. Through the suffixes ee, e
The following part of speech pronoun:
16

“...for others it’s like a triumph...” In modern language it is used
"other" form. Both of these forms are used in the comedy text.
Let's look at the service parts of speech:
Prepositions.
“I’ve been thinking about myself…”, “about yours, about your upbringing” in modern language
we use the preposition o. But these prepositions can be called synonymous.
Unions.
"but that's the problem!" in the dictionary they are used with the mark colloquial.
Conclusion
In Russian vocabulary there are two similar groups of words - archaisms and historicisms. Their
the closeness lies in the fact that in modern language there is practically no
are used, although for another hundred hundred years they used them no less often,
than other words. Both archaisms and historicisms are called obsolete words.
It is known that archaisms give a flavor of antiquity. It would have been impossible without them
would reliably convey the speech of people who lived several hundred years ago.
In addition, archaisms often have a sublime, solemn connotation,
which will not be out of place in poetic language, but completely unnecessary in
the language of official documents and often redundant in journalism. However
less, in modern publications, especially technical ones,
you can often see something like “this computer appeared in
sale...", "...therefore we can say that...".
Often archaisms are used in completely the wrong sense - for example, they write:
"the assessment was unflattering", meaning that the assessment was low, although
The meaning of the word impartial is independent, impartial. That's all
because practically no one has the habit of looking in the dictionary in case of
doubts arise.
17

Of course, one cannot completely discard archaisms, but one cannot decorate one’s speech with them
you need to be very careful - as we see, there are enough pitfalls here.
Obsolete words as a category of vocabulary have their own specific features,
presented in dictionaries of obsolete words. In them you can find not only
interpretation unknown word encountered in what was studied in lessons
literature, a work of art, but also to expand your knowledge about
bygone eras, glean a lot of interesting and entertaining information on
history and culture.
In conclusion, I would like to note that by studying archaisms, we can
enrich both passive and active vocabulary, improve language culture,
add a “zest” to oral and written speech, do it again
more expressively and take advantage of the wealth that our fathers saved for us
and grandfathers. We must not forget that archaisms are a linguistic treasury -
the richest heritage that we have no right to lose, as we lost
already a lot. In the comedy A.S. Griboyedov we encounter such words,
which are historicisms and archaisms for us, modern
readers, but during the writing of the analyzed work by the author
they weren't like that. For A.S. Griboyedov these were the usual words of his active
vocabulary, everyday use.
Used literature:
1. Rogozhnikova R.P., Karskaya T.S.: Dictionary of obsolete Russian words
language. Based on the works of Russian writers of the 18th and 20th centuries. Bustard, 2010
2. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu.: Dictionary Russian language, 4e
edition, updated, Moscow, 2008.
3. Griboedov, Alexander Sergeevich: Woe from Wit: a comedy in 4 acts,
Moscow, 1996
4. http://www.yaklass.ru/p/russkyyazik/10klass/leksikafrazeologiia
leksikografiia10519/passivnaialeksikaarkhaizmyiistorizmy10682/re
18aA
iA
A:
AA
list of officials of all government agencies
[Repetilov:] Everyone came out to know,
Everyone is important now.
A look at the calendar.
English Club (historical)
- society of metropolitan aristocrats in Russia,
constantly gathering for conversation and entertainment in a space intended for
this room. Famous for dinners and card games, he largely determined
public opinion. The number of members was limited, new members
accepted on recommendations after secret voting.
[Chatsky:] Then think, member of the English Club,
I'll sacrifice whole days there to rumors
About the mind of Molchalin, about the soul of Skalozub.
Assorted (historical)
army. The transition from class IX to class VIII, especially for non-nobles, was considered
the most difficult. Until 1845, this rank was associated with receiving
hereditary nobility.
I warmed up the rootless one and brought him into my family,
He gave the rank of assessor and took him on as secretary;
Transferred to Moscow through my assistance;
And if it weren’t for me, you would be smoking in Tver.
B:
Chewy bar (arch.)
rare weave cotton fabric.
What a charm my cousin gave me!
Oh! yes, barezhevoy!
– collegiate assessor – rank of VIII class, equal to captain in
- made from barge - wool, silk or
EA
EA
20

oA
EA
ua
oA
– noble title lower than count; person with a title
- in favor of an influential person, under the protection
– paper banknote; receipt presented to
Bar n (historical)
barony - the lowest level of titled nobility.
[Repetilov:] I served as a civil servant then.
Baron von Klotz was aiming for minister,
And I - To be his son-in-law
Barin (historical) - boyar, lord, man of the upper class; nobleman
Ah! master! (Lisa)
Bill t (historical)
master's office to pay money.
[Famusov:] We take tramps into the house and with tickets.
Blessed - happy, prosperous.
Blessed is he who believes, he is warm in the world!” Chatsky;
IN:
In case (historical)
influential persons. Wed. I. A. Krylov has the name of the fable: “An Elephant in Case.”
Then it was not the same as now,



The nobleman in the case, even more so,
Not like anyone else, and he drank and ate differently.
Anemones (arch.) – a place open to the wind on all sides
Let me go, windy people,
Come to your senses, you are old people... (Lisa)
Suddenly a row (arch.)
They deigned to laugh; what about him?
He stood up, straightened up, wanted to bow,
A row suddenly fell - on purpose...
Pretentiousness (arch.) – excessive pretentiousness in the performance of something [initial.
about the elaborate pattern]. Speak without pretentiousness
. And in St. Petersburg and Moscow,
Who is the enemy of drawn out faces, frills, curly words...
D:
aA
D evening
I myself am pleased that I found out everything at night,
There are no reproachful witnesses in the eyes,
Just like earlier, when I fainted,
Chatsky was here...
Court (historical) – the monarch and those close to him.
...I ate on gold; one hundred people at your service;


- another time, again, again, a second time.
(d viche)
(arch.) - recently. shortly before the conversation.
ahh
21

EA
- a room for courtyard girls in landowners' and lords' houses
– excitement, excitement, confusion (obsolete military
Then it was not the same as now,
He served under the Empress Catherine.
Dvichya (arch.)
houses.
[Khlestova:] After all, God created such a tribe!
The devil is real; she's in maiden clothes;
Should I call?
To prolong - to continue something, to delay
Prolonging arguments is not my desire. (Chatsky)
AND:
Yellow House (arch.) - in the old days the name of homes for the mentally ill; walls
these houses were usually painted in yellow.
[Zagoretsky:] ...How can I not know? an example case came out;
His uncle put him away in the madhouses;
They grabbed me, took me to the yellow house, and put me on a chain.
AND:
aA
Irritation (arch.)
term).
[Skalozub:] Well! I didn't know what would come of it
Irritation for you. They ran in headlong...
TO:
Carriage (arch.) – a closed passenger carriage with springs.
Get out of Moscow! I don't go here anymore!
I’m running, I won’t look back, I’ll go looking around the world,
Where is there a corner for an offended feeling...
Carriage for me, carriage!
ua
To the mouth (historical)
day) - a reception day at court.
On the kurtag he happened to step on his feet;
He fell so hard that he almost hit the back of his head;
The old man groaned, his voice hoarse;
Was granted the highest smile...
L:
Chest – smaller. caress. casket, skillfully made, decorated box for
storage of jewelry; box, chest.
Oh, the human race! has fallen into oblivion
That everyone should climb there themselves,
In that little box where you can neither stand nor sit. (Famusov)
M:
EA
Mntor (arch.)
son of Odysseus, in Homer's poem "The Odyssey").
[Chatsky:] Our mentor, remember his cap, his robe,
– educator, mentor (named after the educator Telemakos,
- an old word (from the French cour - yard and German Tag -
22

aA
aA
- a large fan.
– 1. Rare. unusual case.
Index finger, all signs of learning
How our timid minds were disturbed...
Rumor (arch.) - Rumors, news, talk in society about something. "...Sin is not a problem,
word of mouth is not good.” Lisa's words)
N:
Reluctant (arch.) – a person who does not want to do something or anything
do"Natasha - mother, I doze at balls,
There is a deadly reluctance before them..."
ABOUT:
Okzia (arch.)
[Famusov:] What an opportunity!
Molchalin, are you brother?
[Molchalin:] Yas.
Opah lo (arch.)
[Chatsky:] Spray with water. - Look:
Breathing became freer.
What to smell?
[Lisa:] Here's a fan.
P:
Pud (arch.) – ancient measure weight equal to about 16.4 kg.
Then it was not the same as now,
He served under the Empress Catherine.
And in those days everyone is important! forty pounds...
Sexton (historical) is an unofficial designation for a clergyman,
which is also called “paramonar”
Read not like a sexton, but with feeling, with proper arrangement” Famusov;
WITH:
Sir (historical) - a polite form of addressing an interlocutor,
used in the Russian Empire.
T:
EA
Stupid (arch.)
hair.
Then it was not the same as now,
He served under the Empress Catherine.
And in those days everyone is important! forty pounds...
Take your bow, they won’t nod at stupid people.
C:
Zug (historical) - a rich ride in which horses are harnessed in single file.
...Maxim Petrovich: he’s not on silver,
Ate on gold; one hundred people at your service;
- old men's hairstyle; bun gathered at the back of the head
23

Cap (arch.) - women's and children's headdress
All in orders; I always drove in a train;
A century at court, and at what court!
H:
Chep TsA
When the Creator will deliver us
From their hats! caps! and stilettos! and pins!
And book and biscuit shops! (Famusov)
Rank (arch.) - the degree of official position established at
courtier, civil and military service.
“Like all Moscow people, your father is like this: he would like a son-in-law with stars, but with
ranks" Lisa;
I:
Jacob nets (historical)
freethinking.
Listen, so his little finger
Smarter than everyone, and even Prince Peter!
I think he's just a Jacobin
Your Chatsky!..
iA
- a person suspected of being political
24