Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: biography, video, interesting facts. Presentation on the topic "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart" Traveling around Europe

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart –brilliant Austrian composer.

Research project.

The project was carried out by Natalya Ivanchina, a 3rd grade student at State Budgetary Institution Secondary School No. 12 in Moscow.

Head: Fedoseeva G.F.

The goal of the project is explore life and creative path Austrian composer W. A. ​​Mozart.

Project objectives: replenish knowledge of historical and general aesthetics, explore the era, social environment, life in which W. A. ​​Mozart lived and worked. Comprehension of musical art, familiarization with musical compositions composer.

Project plan.

1. Introduction.

2. Little Mozart.

5. Youth, creativity, Paris...

6. Vienna.

7. Requiem.

8. Works by W. A. ​​Mozart.

1. Introduction.

“The name of Mozart entered the spiritual life of mankind as “a symbol of music itself.”

B. Asafiev.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is a brilliant Austrian composer. The life of W. A. ​​Mozart is amazing and unusual. Its bright, generous talent, constant creative burning gave absolutely amazing, one-of-a-kind results.

Nowadays, the composer's music is heard in concert halls and opera houses. Works by W. A. ​​Mozart are required in the programs of conservatories and international competitions. Books and articles are written about Mozart, trying to reveal the depth and beauty of his music, to talk about his extraordinary talent, about his bright, interesting, but at the same time full of work and sorrows life.

2. Little Mozart.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in 1756 in the ancient city of Salzburg.

He was born into a family of musicians, and his father, Leopold Mozart, who was a court musician of the Archbishop of Salzburg, could himself give his brilliant son a good education. Leopold Mozart played the violin, organ, led an orchestra, a church choir, and wrote music. In addition, W. A. ​​Mozart's father was an excellent teacher.

Mozart's mother was a very sociable, cheerful woman. She loved being surrounded by friends, neighbors, and children.

Amadeus's older sister Maria - Anna had beautiful voice and hearing. Her father began studying the clavier with her. This made a great impression on the boy, who was about three years old.

Everyone who knew V. Mozart, already in his very early years, looked at him as a miracle. At the age of three, he, with difficulty climbing onto a chair near the harpsichord, could repeat with both hands the piece his father had just played. At the age of four, he was already composing his own pieces, but, not yet able to write down notes, he “dictated” them, that is, played the harpsichord to his father, and he wrote them down on music paper. By the age of six, V. Mozart became a real virtuoso - a harpsichordist and author of many works for various instruments.

3. First concert trip.

At the age of six, W. A. ​​Mozart made his first concert trip. At the age of seven, the little musician was already known in many European countries. According to his father, at the age of eight he knew and was able to do everything that could be required of a forty-year-old professor. Wolfgang's musical talent was truly a miracle. But in all other respects he remained an ordinary child - a naughty, cheerful, kind and obedient son.

The first concert trip lasted almost three years. The Mozarts visited Munich, Paris, London, Amsterdam, The Hague, and Geneva. The concerts of Wolfgang and his sister Maria-Anna were a triumphant success.

(Young W. A. ​​Mozart with his sister and father at a concert in Paris).

He was given all kinds of exams. For example, they covered the keyboard with a handkerchief and asked him to play complex pieces. Wolfgang performed complex passages with one finger. He could determine the pitch of any sound, even when turning away from the instrument.

In addition, the father took the children to opera performances, introduced them to the music of the best composers of that time, continuing music education.

In Paris, Wolfgang wrote his first works for violin and clavier, and in London - symphonies, the performance of which gave his concerts even greater fame.

After returning to his homeland in 1766, having conquered Europe, little W. Mozart was called nothing less than “a miracle of the 18th century.”

Meanwhile, orders for new works were received, and the little composer, along with the adults, was intensively composing music.

4. Concert trip to Italy.

For three years, father and son visited the largest cities of this country: Rome, Milan, Naples, Venice, Florence. Italy greeted the Mozarts enthusiastically. The young musician’s concerts were a brilliant success. The complexity and variety of these performances was amazing. Again Wolfgang performed as a virtuoso harpsichordist, accompanist, violinist and organist. His concerts attracted such a huge number of listeners that they forced his way to the concert site. To this were added performances as a conductor. The concert program was often presented from the works of the performer himself. During his stay in Italy, W. Mozart significantly expanded and enriched his knowledge. The works of famous artists left a strong impression on the receptive boy. Italian composers, painters, sculptors. He especially often attended operas, concerts, and folk festivals, and carefully studied the style of Italian singing, instrumental and vocal music.

In March 1773, Wolfgang left Italy forever. Happy time childhood, full of varied impressions, brilliant successes and bright hopes for the future, remains behind. A new streak of life begins.

The creative result of the trip to Paris were five wonderful sonatas for clavier, in which the maturity and talent of the composer are noticeable.

6. Vienna.

(Mozart’s family: father, sister Maria Anna, a portrait of his deceased mother on the wall).

Wolfgang arrived in Vienna and set to work with enthusiasm. He wrote, ran to classes, spoke to the public in the evenings. He was tireless!

IN recent years life, from the pen of W. Mozart, one after another, brilliant works came out. These were operas: “The Marriage of Figaro”, “Don Giovanni”, “The Magic Flute”, which aroused constant delight and admiration. The heroes of his operas were living people, and the truthfulness of the images captivated listeners.

During this period, he wanted to work actively, write music, and engage in performing activities. He took part in concerts and organized his own academies. This brought him the fame of the first virtuoso of his time. W. Mozart's playing was distinguished by great penetration, spirituality and subtlety. His contemporaries were especially amazed by his talent as an improviser.

8. Works by W. A. ​​Mozart.

The main works of the composer:

19 operas; requiem; about 50 symphonies; 5 concertos for violin and orchestra; concerts with orchestral accompaniment for flute, clarinet, bassoon, horn, flute and harp; sonatas for violin and clavier, sonatas for clavier; fantasies, variations, rondos, minuets for clavier.

9. W. A. ​​Mozart Museum in Salzburg.

Great interest among fans classical music evokes the Mozart House on Makarplatz, into which the musician's family moved in 1773. The Mozart Museum has a small but interesting exhibition, which is entirely dedicated to the musician’s work. There are many original interior items and musical instruments of that time, as well as personal belongings of the musician and his family.

Museum exposition:

Sources of information:

Magazines from the cycle - “The Life and Work of Great Composers” Vol. 1.14, 30, 42.

Sources of information and photo materials:

http://www. liveinternet. ru/users/sdor/post172267584/

http://venagid. ru/1911-mozart-wohnhaus

Slide 2

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 – 1791)

• great representative of Vienna classical school compositions.
• Virtuoso violinist, harpsichordist, organist, conductor
• Had a phenomenal musical ear, memory and ability to improvise.

Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus is an Austrian composer. Great influence on musical development Mozart was supported by his father Leopold Mozart, who taught his son to play the musical instruments and compositions. At the age of 4, Mozart played the harpsichord, and at the age of 5-6 he began composing (the 1st symphony was performed in 1764 in London). A virtuoso harpsichordist, Mozart also performed as a violinist, singer, organist and conductor; he improvised brilliantly, impressing with his phenomenal ear for music and memory.

Already from the age of 6, success was visible in Mozart’s biography: he triumphantly toured Germany, Austria, France, England, Switzerland, and Italy. At the age of 11 he performed as a theater composer (school opera "Apollo and Hyacinth"). A year later he created it. Singspiel "Bastien and Bastienne" and the Italian opera buffa "The Fake Shepherdess". In 1770, the Pope awarded him the Order of the Golden Spur.

In the same year, the 14-year-old musician, after a special test, was elected a member of the Philharmonic Academy in Bologna (here Wolfgang Mozart took composition lessons from G.B. Martini for some time). At the same time, the young composer conducted the premiere of his opera “Mithridates, King of Pontus” in Milan. The following year, Mozart's serenade "Ascanius in Alba" was performed there, and a year later the opera "Lucius Sulla" was performed there. The artistic tour and subsequent stay in Mannheim, Paris, and Vienna contributed to Mozart’s wide acquaintance with European musical culture, his spiritual growth, and the improvement of his professional skills. By the age of 19, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was the author of 10 musical and stage works of various genres (among them the opera “The Imaginary Gardener” staged in Munich, “The Dream of Scipio” and “The Shepherd King” in Salzburg), 2 cantatas, numerous symphonies, concerts, quartets, sonatas, ensemble-orchestral suites, church compositions, arias and other works. But the more the child prodigy turned into a master, the less aristocratic society was interested in him.

Since 1769, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was listed as concertmaster of the court chapel in Salzburg. Archbishop Jerome Count Colloredo, ruler of the ecclesiastical principality, despotically limited the possibilities of his creative activity. Attempts to find another service were in vain. In the princely residences and aristocratic salons of Italy, the German states, and France, the composer met with indifference. After wandering in 1777-79, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was forced to return to hometown and take the position of court organist. In 1780, the opera “Idomeneo, King of Crete, or Elijah and Idamante” was written for Munich. Efforts about service remained unsuccessful. Mozart made his living through occasional editions of his works (most of his major works were published posthumously), lessons in piano playing and composition theory, as well as “academies” (concerts), which are associated with the appearance of his piano concertos. After the singspiel “The Abduction from the Seraglio” (1782), which was an important milestone in the development of this genre, the composer did not have the opportunity to write for the theater for almost 4 years.

In 1786, his small musical comedy"Theatre director" With the assistance of the poet-librettist L. Da Ponte, in the same year it was possible to stage the opera “The Marriage of Figaro” (1786) in Vienna, but it ran there for a relatively short time (it was resumed in 1789); the more joyful was for Mozart the resounding success of “The Marriage of Figaro” in Prague (1787). The Czech public also reacted with enthusiasm to Mozart’s opera “The Punished Libertine, or Don Giovanni” (1787), specially written for Prague; in Vienna (post. 1788) this opera was received with restraint. In both operas, the composer's new ideological, artistic, and aspirations were fully revealed. During these years, his symphonic and chamber ensemble creativity also flourished. The position of “imperial and royal chamber musician”, granted by Emperor Joseph II at the end of 1787 (after the death of K.V. Gluck), constrained Mozart’s activities. Mozart's responsibilities were limited to composing dances for masquerades. Only once was he commissioned to write a comic opera based on a plot from social life— “They are all like this, or the School of Lovers” (1790). Wolfgang Mozart intended to leave Austria. The trip he took to Berlin in 1789 did not live up to his hopes. With the accession of the new Emperor Leopold II in Austria (1790), Mozart's position did not change. In 1791 in Prague, on the occasion of the coronation of Leopold as the Czech king, Mozart's opera La Clemenza di Titus was presented and received a cold reception. The same month (September) The Magic Flute was released. Staged on the stage of a suburban theater. This opera by Mozart found real recognition among the democratic public of Vienna. Among the leading musicians who were able to fully appreciate the power of Mozart's talent were his elder contemporary I. Haydn and his younger -. In conservative circles, his innovative works were condemned. Mozart's "academies" ceased in 1787. He failed to organize performances of the last 3 symphonies (1788); three years later, one of them was performed at charity concerts in Vienna under the direction of A. Salieri.

In the spring of 1791, Wolfgang Mozart was hired as a free assistant to the conductor of the Cathedral of St. Stephen with the right to take this place in the event of the latter's death (the bandmaster survived him). Half a month before his death, Mozart fell ill (diagnosed with rheumatic-inflammatory fever) and died before reaching 36 years of age. He was buried in a common grave in the cemetery of St. Mark (location of the grave is unknown).

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: biography and creativity.
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National pride of Austria, greatest mystery The Creator, the symbol of Genius – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. His life and death left more questions than answers. Its history is overgrown with legends and myths. Hundreds of books have been written about him. But it is unlikely that we will ever get closer to solving this phenomenon. The brilliant composer really has many secrets, and one of them is the so-called “Mozart Effect”. Scientists are racking their brains, trying to find an answer to the question, why exactly the music of a genius has such a beneficial effect on human health? Why, listening to his works, do we calm down and begin to think better? How much do patients suffering from serious illnesses feel better from Mozart’s music? One hundred thousand whys, to which even after hundreds of years no one can give an intelligible answer.

Brief biography Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and read many interesting facts about the composer on our page.

Brief biography

Usually in the biography famous people childhood years are described in passing, mentioning some funny or tragic incidents that influenced the formation of character. But in the case of Mozart, the story about his childhood is a story about the concert and composition activities of a full-fledged musician and virtuoso performer, the author of instrumental works.

He was born on January 27, 1756 in the family of violinist and teacher Leopold Mozart. The father had a huge influence on the development of his son as a person and musician. All their lives they were bound by the most tender affection, even Wolfgang’s phrase is known: “After dad there is only God.” Wolfgang and his older sister Maria Anna, who was called Nannerl at home, never attended public school; all education, including not only music, but also counting, writing, reading, was given to them by their father. He was a born teacher, his methodological manual on learning to play violin published dozens of times and was considered the best for a long time.

From birth, little Wolfgang was surrounded by an atmosphere of creativity, musical sounds and permanent employment. Father worked with Nannerl on harpsichord and violin, 3-year-old Wolfie watched them with jealousy and delight: well, when will dad let him practice? For him it was all a game - picking out melodies and harmonies by ear. Thus, while playing, his music studies began, to which he devoted himself completely.

According to Mozart's biography, already at the age of 4, he draws scribbles on music paper, which infuriates his father, but the anger quickly gives way to amazement - the notes, which look chaotic on paper, form a simple, but literate piece from the point of view of harmony. Leopold immediately understands the highest talent that God has awarded his son.

In those days, a musician could count on a very good life if he found a patron and got a permanent job. For example, taking the position of bandmaster at the court or house of a noble nobleman. Then music was an integral part of social and secular life. And Leopold decides to go and give performances in European cities in order to gain fame for his son so that later he can be awarded better fate. He expected now to gain attention to the child’s extraordinary talent.

The Mozarts (father, son and daughter) set off on their first journey at the beginning of 1762, when Wolfgang was 6 years old and his sister was 10. The miracle children met with the most enthusiastic reception everywhere, they amazed listeners with their performing skills. My father tried to make their performances as impressive as possible. Maria Anna performed the most technically complex musical pieces, which not every experienced harpsichordist can master. Wolfgang didn’t just play masterfully - he was blindfolded, covered the keyboard with a scarf, he played from sight, improvised. All efforts were devoted to creating a sensation and sticking in the memory of the listeners. And they were indeed invited a lot and often. These were mainly the houses of aristocrats and even crowned heads.

But there was another one in this interesting point. During all these travels from London to Naples, Wolfgang not only showed the public his generous talent - he also absorbed all the cultural and musical achievements that a particular city could provide him. Then Europe was fragmented, centers of culture flared up in different cities - and each had its own trends, musical styles, genres, preferences. Little Wolfgang could listen to all this, absorb it, process it with his brilliant mind. And as a result, the synthesis of all these musical layers gave impetus to the powerful movement that represented Mozart’s work.

Salzburg and Vienna

Alas, Leopold's plans were not destined to come true. The children grew up and no longer produced such things. vivid impression. Wolfgang turned into a short young man, “just like everyone else,” and his past popularity rather got in the way. Neither his membership in the Bologna Academy, which he received at the age of 12, having brilliantly completed the task, nor the Order of the Golden Spur, awarded by the Catholic Pope himself, nor all-European fame made it easy career growth young composer.

For some time he served as bandmaster for the archbishop in Salzburg. A difficult relationship with this arrogant man forced Wolfgang to take orders from Vienna, Prague, and London. He strived for independence, disrespectful treatment hurt him painfully. Frequent travel led to the desired goal - one day Archbishop Colloredo fired Mozart, accompanying the dismissal with a humiliating gesture.

He eventually moved to Vienna in 1781. Here he will spend the last 10 years of his life. This period would mark the flowering of his creativity, his marriage to Constance Weber, and here he would write his most significant works. The Viennese did not immediately accept him, and in general, after the success " Weddings of Figaro“In 1786, the remaining premieres took place quietly.He was always received much warmer in Prague.

At that time, Vienna was the musical capital of Europe, its residents were spoiled by an abundance of musical events, and musicians from all over the world flocked there. Competition among composers was very high. But the confrontation between Mozart and Antonio Salieri, which we can see in the famous film “Amadeus” by Milos Forman, and even earlier in Pushkin, does not correspond to reality. On the contrary, they treated each other with great respect.

He also had a close and touching friendship with Joseph Haydn, dedicated beautiful string quartets to him. Haydn, in turn, endlessly admired Wolfgang's talent and subtle musical taste, his extraordinary ability to feel and convey feelings like a true Artist.

Despite the fact that Mozart never managed to achieve a position at court, his work gradually began to bring him considerable income. He was an independent person who placed the honor and dignity of a person above all else. He didn’t reach into his pocket for a sharp word, and in general directly said everything he thought. This attitude could not leave anyone indifferent; envious people and ill-wishers appeared.

Illness and death

A slight creative decline, which began in 1789-90, quickly gave way to active work at the beginning of 1791. At the end of winter he made changes to Symphony No. 40. In the spring, the opera La Clemenza di Titus was written and then staged in the summer, commissioned by the Czech court for the coronation day of Leopold II. In September, a joint project was completed with Emanuel Schikaneder, a fellow member of the Masonic lodge - Singspiel " The Magic Flute" In July of this year, he received an order for a funeral mass from a mysterious envoy...

At the beginning of autumn, Wolfgang begins to complain of illness. Gradually they intensify. Mozart's last performance was dated November 18 - the opening day of the next lodge of the Secret Society. After that he fell ill and never got up. Until now, medical scientists are arguing about the causes of the disease and diagnosis. Most often, the version of poisoning is rejected, but not completely ruled out. Over the past centuries, there are no more authentic documents; on the contrary, many of the statements of Constanta and other witnesses are becoming less and less credible.

Treated the composer best doctor Veins at that time, many of his methods are now presented as aggravating the patient’s condition, but then they were widely used in medicine. On the night of December 4-5 he dies...

During his lifetime, he was a dapper fashionista, leading a somewhat freer lifestyle than he could afford. Many notes have been preserved in which he addressed his friends with a request to borrow money - for the next music project. But he never learned to manage money wisely. And when the question of a funeral arose, it turned out that the family had no money for it.

Baron van Swieten paid for the funeral in full; he gave an amount sufficient for burial according to the 3rd category - in a separate coffin, but in a common grave. It was a common practice back then, there was nothing strange about it. Except for one thing - even the burial place of the greatest son of man has not been preserved. At that time, funeral monuments were placed outside the cemetery fence.

Interesting facts about Mozart

• Mozart wrote half of his total number of symphonies between the ages of 8 and 19.
• In 2002, on the anniversary of September 11, choirs all over the planet performed "Requiem" by Mozart within 24 hours to honor the memory of those killed.
• In the largest-ever recording project dedicated to loneliness, Philips Classic released 180 CDs in 1991 containing a complete set of authentic works by Mozart. It includes over 200 hours of music.
• Mozart wrote more music in his short career than many other composers who lived much longer.
• The relationship with the Archbishop of Salzburg ended when his secretary kicked Mozart in the back.
• From Mozart's biography we learn that the brilliant composer spent a total of 14 out of 35 years traveling.
• Leopold Mozart described the birth of his son as a "miracle from God" because he seemed too small and weak to survive.
• The term "Mozart's ear" describes a defect in the ear. Researchers believe that Mozart and his son, Franz, had a congenital ear defect.
• The composer had phenomenal hearing and memory; even as a child, he could remember a work that was complex in form and harmony from one listen, and then write it down without a single mistake.
• In the 1950s, French phoniatrist Alfred Tomatis conducted scientific experiments during which he proved that listening to Mozart's music can improve a person's IQ; he coined the term “Mozart Effect”; it has also been recognized as having a therapeutic effect in cerebral palsy, epilepsy, autism and many neurological diseases, this has been scientifically proven.
• Wolfgang Mozart's middle name, Theophilus, means "beloved of God" in Greek.
• Mozart's influence on Western music is profound. Joseph Haydon noted that "posterity will not see such talent even in 100 years."
• Mozart wrote his first symphony when he was only 8 years old, and his opera when he was 12.
• Wolfgang's father forbade him to marry Constance Weber, suspecting her family's selfish interest in Mozart, who was taking his first confident steps in Vienna. But he did not listen for the first time in his life, and against the wishes of his father, he married in August 1782. Some scholars portray her as fickle, others look at her with more sympathy. Eighteen years after Wolfgang's death, she remarried and helped her new husband write a book about Mozart.

• Mozart's famous partnership with Lorenzo da Ponte resulted in the opera Le nozze di Figaro, based on the play by Beaumarchais. Their collaboration is one of the most famous in music history;
• Once in Vienna, little Wolfgang performed in the palace for Empress Maria Theresa. After the performance, he played with her daughters, one of whom was especially affectionate towards him. Wolfgang then began to ask for her hand in all seriousness. It was Marie Antoinette, the future queen of France.
• Mozart was a member of the Masonic lodge, it was a secret society uniting the most progressive people of his time. Over time, Wolfgang began to move away from the ideas of his brothers, mainly due to religious differences.

• The composer's last word Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) before his death was "Mozart".
• In 1801, gravedigger Joseph Rothmayer allegedly dug up Mozart's skull from a cemetery in Vienna. However, even after various tests, it remains unknown whether the skull actually belonged to Mozart. He is currently locked away in the Mozarteum Foundation in Salzburg, Austria;
• Baron van Swieten gave 8 florins 56 kreuzers for Mozart's funeral - this is the amount Wolfgang once spent on the humorous funeral of his starling.
• Mozart was buried in a "mass grave" in St. Marx. A "common grave" is not the same as a pauper's grave or a mass grave, but a grave for people who were not aristocrats. One of the main differences is that after 10 years the common graves were excavated, but the graves of the aristocrats were not.
• Researchers have hypothesized at least 118 causes of Mozart's death, including rheumatic fever, influenza, trichinosis, mercury poisoning, kidney failure and streptococcal infection.
• According to several biographers, Mozart was a small man with strong eyes. As a child, Wolfgang suffered from smallpox, which left scars on his face. He was thin and pale with fine hair and loved elegant clothes.
• According to Mozart's wife, Constanze, at the end of his life, Mozart believed that he had been poisoned and that he was composing his Requiem for himself.
• It is believed that in “Requiem” he managed to write only the first 7 parts, and the rest was completed by his student Franz Xaver Süssmayr. But there is a version according to which Wolfgang could have completed “Requiem” several years earlier. Scholars still debate which parts Mozart actually wrote.
• Mozart and his wife had six children, of whom only two survived infancy. Both sons had no family and no children.
• Mozart became increasingly popular after his death. In fact, as 20th-century biographer Maynard Solomon notes, his music was truly appreciated posthumously.
• The composer was born a Catholic and remained one throughout his life.
• Mozart was a tenor. During chamber concerts in the ensemble, he usually played the viola. He was also left-handed.
• The famous physicist Albert Einstein loved music very much. He studied the violin, but only really got into it after he “fell in love with Mozart’s sonatas.”
• Einstein believed that Mozart's music required technical perfection from him, and then he began to study intensively.
• Constanza, Mozart's wife, destroyed many of his sketches and drawings after the composer's death.
• Mozart had several pets, including a dog, a starling, a canary and a horse.

Mozart. Letters

Time has preserved many portraits of Mozart, made by different artists, but they are all very different from each other; it is difficult to determine whether among them there were those closest to the original. But the composer’s letters, which he wrote throughout his life, being constantly on the move, are perfectly preserved - letters to his mother, sister, “dearest father,” cousin, wife Constanze.

By reading them, you can compose a genuine psychological image genius, he appears before us as if alive. Here is a 9-year-old boy who is sincerely happy about the comfortable chaise and the fact that the cab is driving fast. Here he conveys ardent greetings and low bows to everyone he knows. It was a gallant age, but Mozart knows how to show respect without excessive pomposity and floridity, without losing dignity. Letters addressed to relatives are full of sincerity and trust, emotion and free use of syntax, because they were not written for history. This is their real value.

IN mature years Wolfgang developed his own epistolary style. It is obvious that he has a literary gift no less than a musical one. Having a superficial command of several languages ​​(German, French, Italian, Latin), he easily creates new word forms from them, plays with words with humor, makes jokes, and rhymes. His thoughts flow easily and naturally.

It should be noted that since the writing of letters, the German language has come a long way from local dialects to national language. Therefore, much of them will seem not entirely clear to contemporaries. For example, it was then customary to discuss digestion problems publicly. There was nothing out of the norm in this. The same with grammar and spelling - Mozart followed his own rules, and perhaps did not even think about it. In one paragraph he could write the name of a person three times - and all three times in different ways.

In Russia in Soviet era Mozart scholars have only partially quoted some of his letters - carefully edited. In 2000, a complete edition of the Mozart family correspondence was published.

Personal Quotes

• “I write like a pig” (about how much he writes).
• “I don’t pay attention to anyone’s praise or blame. I just follow my own feelings";
• “Since death, when we come to consider it, is the true purpose of our existence, I have, during the last few years, developed such an intimate relationship with this best and truest friend of mankind that his image not only no longer frightens me, but is indeed very reassuring and comforts! And I thank my God for kindly giving me the opportunity to learn that death is the key that opens the door to our true happiness."
• “Every time I go to bed, I remember that it is possible (no matter how Young I am) that I will not be destined to see tomorrow. And yet not a single person out of everyone who knows me will say that I am gloomy or sad in my communication...” (April 4, 1787).
• “People make the mistake of thinking that my art comes easily to me. I assure you, no one has devoted as much time and thought to composition as I have.”

Creative heritage

Researchers and biographers are amazed by Mozart’s monstrous performance. Considering his busy work, rehearsals, concerts, tours, private lessons, he managed to write - to order and at the behest of his soul. He composed music in all genres that existed at that time. Some works, especially early ones from childhood, have been lost. In just his less than 36 years, he wrote more than 600 works. Almost all of them are absolute pearls of symphonic, concert, chamber, opera and choral music. Over the past 2 centuries, interest in them has only increased. He significantly developed and transformed many genres, setting a new bar and guidelines in art.

For example, in his operas “The Marriage of Figaro”, “ Don Juan", "The Magic Flute" dramaturgy stepped far beyond the traditional for that time musical performances. The plot acquires a stronger semantic load; often the composer takes an active part in the development of the libretto and gives recommendations on constructing the plot. Every image characters receives a more detailed psychological portrayal, becomes “alive” not only with the help of texts, but also through expressive musical means.

His symphony also receives strong dramatic development. In many of them one can see similarities with the operatic principle of construction - reliance on conflict, confrontation, end-to-end development. On the other hand, the overture to " The Marriage of Figaro"is so perfect in form that it is performed separately in concerts as an orchestral piece.

Symphony as highest type musical thinking in Mozart’s work affirms the canons classic style. However, in general, his entire creative path evolved from Rococo (mainly in children's works), then through Viennese classicism to the preconditions for early romanticism. One can only imagine what the music of this genius, so emotional, enthusiastic, and sincere, would have been like if he had lived to see the era of romantic heyday.

Among Mozart's musical works there are 41 symphonies, 27 piano concertos, 5 violin concertos, 27 concert arias, 23 string quartets and 22 operas.

The image of Mozart in theatre, cinema, television and other media projects

The music of the brilliant composer can be heard everywhere. Based on Mozart's biography and his work, hundreds of feature films and documentaries, television projects, and a theater play have been produced. Most significant works they think about him:

• “Little tragedies” by A.S. Pushkin (cycle of short plays);
• “Amadeus” (1979) play by Peter Shaffer, which served as the basis for the script famous movie Milos Forman
• "Amadeus" - 8 Oscar awards and many awards and nominations in the field of cinema, including leading role starred Tom Hulse (Mozart) and F. Murray Abraham (Salieri).

Here is just an incomplete list of television projects about Mozart:

• t/s “Mozart in the Jungle” - USA (original title);
• t/s “Avventura Romantica” (2016), performed by Lorenzo Zingone (as young Mozart);
• t/s “Now I will sing” (2016), performed by Lorenzo Zingone;
• t/s “La Fiamma” (2016), performed by Lorenzo Zingone;
• "Stern Dad (2015)" TV episode, performed by Chris Marquette (as Mozart);
• "Mr. Peabody and the Sherman Show";
• “Mozart” (2016), performed by Avner Perez (adult W. Mozart);
• "Fantastic" (2015);
• "Mozart vs. Skrillex (2013) TV episode, performed by Nice Peter (Mozart);
• Mozart l "opéra Rock 3D (2011) (TV) Performed by Michelangelo Loconte;
• "Mozart's Sister" (2010), performed by David Moreau;
• "Etida" (2010), Luka Hrgovic as Mozart;
• "Mozart" (2008) TV series;
• "In Search of Mozart" (2006);
• "The Genius of Mozart" performed by Jack Tarleton";
• t/s "The Simpsons";
• t/s “Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart” (2002);
• "Wolfgang A. Mozart" (1991);
• "Mozart and Salieri" (1986) TV episode;
• “Mozart - his life with music” d/f.

Once you have become acquainted with this Great Destiny, it is no longer possible to forget about it. This is what helps the soul to rise, to retreat from the ordinary and tune in to the contemplation of eternity... Mozart is the greatest gift of the Creator to humanity.

Video: watch a film about Mozart

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Chelyabinsk Region

GBOU SPO (SSUZ) Chelyabinsk Pedagogical College No. 1

Khuramzhina Ekaterina Sergeevna

LIFE AND WORK OF THE GREAT COMPOSER

W. A. ​​MOZART

PROJECT

The project is protected

with rating_________________

" " _____________201____ Specialty 050146

Primary school teaching

Course 3, group 33

Chelyabinsk 2015

1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………
2. The early years of W. A. ​​Mozart, childhood and family……………………
3. First travels………………………………………………………………
4. Big trip Mozart and his family…………………….
5. Visit to London…………………………………………………………….
6. Traveling through Italy, Holland and Paris………………….
7. First steps in Vienna……………………………………………………………..
8. Wedding and marriage……………………………………………………...
9. Peak of creativity……………………………………………………..
10. The last years of the life of W. A. ​​Mozart……………………………...
11. The most famous works W. A. ​​Mozart…………………
12. Conclusion…………………………………………………………
13. References………………………………………………………………...

Introduction

“The name of Mozart entered the spiritual life of mankind as “a symbol of music itself.” (B. Asafiev)

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is a brilliant Austrian composer. Among the greatest masters of music, W. A. ​​Mozart stood out for the early flowering of his powerful and comprehensive talent. The fate of the composer is interesting - from the triumph of a child prodigy to the difficult struggle for existence and recognition in adulthood, the unparalleled maturity of the artist, who preferred the insecure life of an independent master to the humiliating service of a despot-nobleman, and, finally, the comprehensive significance of creativity, covering almost all genres of music.

The life of W. A. ​​Mozart is amazing and unusual. His bright, generous talent and constant creative passion gave absolutely amazing, one-of-a-kind results.

His music was called“the language of the soul that infinity speaks.”

D. D. Shostakovich vividly characterized the art of the great composer: “Mozart is the youth of music, this is an eternal young spring, bringing to humanity the joy of spring renewal and spiritual harmony.”

Nowadays, the composer's music is heard in concert halls and opera houses. Works by W. A. ​​Mozart are required in the programs of conservatories and international competitions. Books and articles are written about Mozart, trying to reveal the depth and beauty of his music, to talk about his extraordinary talent, about his bright, interesting, but at the same time full of work and sorrows life. That is why we chose this particular project topic. IN elementary school children do not know how tragic the fate of this great composer was and how carefree and joyful it was at first.

Tasks , delivered in the project:

1. Study the main stages of the composer’s life and work;
2. Consider Mozart's work by genre, noting their features;
3. Musical analysis of works.
4. Show features musical language, increasing the level of perception.

In our project work we usedresearch methods:

1. analysis musical works by W. A. ​​Mozart;
2. classification information found;
3. playback compositions

The early years of W. A. ​​Mozart, childhood and family

Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on January 27, 1756 in Salzburg into the family of Leopold Mozart, bandmaster of the Archbishop of Salzburg. Unusual qualities manifested themselves early in the child. musical abilities. At the age of four he began taking lessons in playing the clavichord (a little later - the violin), and at the age of five he wrote his first compositions. By the way, Mozart’s older sister Anna Maria, whose name in turn was Nannerl, was also musically gifted.

An interesting fact speaks of the tenderness and subtlety of his hearing: according to a letter from a friend of the Mozart family, court trumpeter Andreas Schachtner, which was written at the request of Maria Anna after Mozart’s death, little Wolfgang, until almost ten years of age, was afraid of the trumpet if he played it alone without accompaniment other tools. Even the very sight of the pipe affected Wolfgang as if a gun was pointed at him. Schachtner wrote:“Dad wanted to suppress this childhood fear in him, and ordered me, despite Wolfgang’s resistance, to blow the trumpet in his face; but my god! I wish I hadn't obeyed. As soon as Wolfgangerl heard the deafening sound, he turned pale and began to sink to the ground, and if I had continued any longer, he would certainly have started to have convulsions.”

Wolfgang loved his father unusually tenderly: in the evenings, before going to bed, his father would put him on a chair and had to sing with him a song Wolfgang had invented with meaningless lyrics:"Oragnia figa tafa" . After that, the son kissed his father on the tip of his nose and promised him that when he gets old, he will keep it in a glass case and respect him. Then he, contented, went to bed. The father was the best teacher and educator for his son: he gave Wolfgang an excellent education at home. The boy was always so devoted to what he was forced to study that he forgot about everything, even music. For example, when I learned to count, the chairs, walls and even the floor were covered with numbers written in chalk.

First travels

Leopold wanted to see his son as a composer, and therefore, to begin with, he decided to introduce Wolfgang to the musical world as a virtuoso performer. This was required by an unspoken ancient custom that persisted until the time of Beethoven: those who wanted to earn a reputation as a composer had to establish themselves as a performer. Hoping to get a good position and a patron for the boy among representatives of famous nobles, Leopold came up with the idea of ​​concert trips to the royal and princely courts of Europe. The time of wandering began, which lasted almost ten years. In January 1762, Leopold took his children on their first trial concert trip to Munich, leaving his wife at home. Wolfgang was only six years old at the time of the trip. All that is known about this journey is that it lasted three weeks, and the children performed before the Elector of Bavaria, Maximilian III.

From Linz, on a postal ship along the Danube, the Mozarts went to Vienna. After making a short stop atIbsen and going ashore, in the Franciscan monastery, Wolfgang for the first time in his life tried to play theorgan. Hearing the music, the Franciscan fathers ran to the choir, and, in the words of Leopold Mozart, “almost died of admiration” when they saw how excellently the boy played. On October 6, the Mozarts landed in Vienna..

Meanwhile, Counts Herberstein and Palffy kept their promise: having arrived in Vienna much earlier than the Mozarts, they told the Archduke about the concert in LinzJoseph , and he, in turn, told his mother, the Empress, about the concertMaria Theresa . Thanks to this, after arriving in Vienna, the father received an invitation to an audience inSchönbrunn on October 13 1763. While the Mozarts waited for the appointed day, they received many invitations to perform in the houses of the Viennese nobles, including in the house of the vice-chancellor, Count Colloredo, the father of Mozart's future patron, Archbishop Hieronymus Colloredo. The audience was delighted with Little Wolfgang's performance. Soon the entire Viennese aristocracy was talking only about the little virtuoso.

The success in Munich and the enthusiasm with which the performance of Wolfgang and his sister Nannerl was greeted by the audience satisfied Leopold and strengthened his intention to continue such trips. Soon after arriving home, he decided that the whole family would go to Vienna in the fall. It was not without reason that Leopold had hopes for Vienna: at that time it was the center of European culture and the arts, and therefore wide opportunities opened up for musicians there, and they were supported by influential patrons. The nine months remaining before the trip were spent by Leopold on further education Wolfgang. However, he did not focus on music theory, in which his son still had a lot to learn, but on all kinds of visual tricks, which the public of that time valued more than the game itself. For example, Wolfgang learned to play on a cloth-covered keyboard while blindfolded without making mistakes. Finally, Leopold took a leave of absence from the archbishop and on September 18 of the same year he and his family went to Vienna. On the way, they stopped in Linz, where the children gave a concert in the house of Count Schlick. Counts Herberstein and Palffy, great music lovers, were also present at the concert. They were so delighted and surprised by the performance of the little prodigies that they promised to attract the attention of the Viennese nobility to them.

Leopold Mozart relied on the talents of his children very early. In January 1762, he went with him to Munich, to the court of the Elector of Bavaria. The performance of the young musicians delighted and amazed the dignitary listeners; the consequence of this was their invitation to Theresia's Court in Vienna.

The Great Journey of Mozart and his Family The Great Journey of Mozart and his Family

After a break of several months, Leopold decided to continue concert activities with children. The destination of the new trip was Paris, one of the largest musical centers in Europe at that time. Leopold's patron, Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg Sigismund von Schrattenbach, supported his subordinate's ambitious project, and gave him leave, but he did not expect that Leopold would be absent any longer three years. The family left Salzburg on July 9, 1763. Having visited many cities and princely courts in Germany along the way, in which the Mozarts also gave concerts, they arrived in Paris only on November 18 of the same year. The fame of child virtuosos spread quickly, and, thanks to this, the desire of noble people to listen to Wolfgang play was great.

Paris made a great impression on the Mozarts. In January, Wolfgang wrote his first four sonatas for harpsichord and violin, which Leopold sent to print. He believed that the sonatas would create a great sensation: on the title page it was indicated that these were the works of a seven-year-old child. The concerts given by the Mozarts caused great excitement. Thanks to a letter of recommendation received in Frankfurt, Leopold and his family were taken under the patronage of the well-connected German encyclopedist and diplomat, Friedrich Melchior von Grimm. It was thanks to Grimm's efforts that the Mozarts were invited to perform at the court of King Louis XV at Versailles. On December 24, Christmas Eve, they arrived at the palace and spent two weeks there, giving concerts in front of the king and the Marquise de Pompadour. On New Year's Day, the Mozarts were even allowed to attend the gala feast, which was considered a special honor - they had to stand at the table, next to the king and queen.

In Paris, Wolfgang and Nannerl reached amazing heights in performing skills - Nannerl was equal to the leading Parisian virtuosos, and Wolfgang, in addition to his phenomenal abilities as a pianist, violinist and organist, amazed the public with the art of impromptu accompaniment to a vocal aria, improvisation and sight playing. In April, after two big concerts, Leopold decided to continue his journey and visit London. In Paris, the Mozarts gave many concerts and made good money, in addition, they were given various precious gifts - enamel snuff boxes, watches, jewelry and other trinkets

Visit London

On April 10, 1764, the Mozart family left Paris and went through the Pas-de-Calais Strait to Dover on a ship they had specially hired. They arrived in London on April 23, and stayed there for fifteen months. His stay in England further influenced Wolfgang's musical education: he met outstanding London composers - Johann Christian Bach, the youngest son of the great Johann Sebastian Bach, and Carl Friedrich Abel. Johann Christian Bach became friends with Wolfgang despite the large age difference, and began to give him lessons that had a huge influence on the latter: Wolfgang's style became freer and more elegant. He showed sincere affection for Wolfgang, spending whole hours at the instrument with him, and playing together with him four hands. Here, in London, Wolfgang met the famous Italian opera singer-castrato Giovanni Manzuoli, who even began to give the boy singing lessons. Already on April 27, the Mozarts managed to perform at court, and the whole family was deeply flattered by such a warm welcome given to them by the royal couple in the palace. At another performance heldMay 19 , Wolfgang amazed the audience by playing from the sheets of plays by J. H. Bach, G. K. Wagenseil, K. F. Abel and G. F. Handel. Enthusiastic about his son’s success, Leopold wrote home:

And indeed, having arrived in London as a virtuoso, Wolfgang left it as a composer: in London, his desire for creativity awakens again, but he writes not only works for harpsichord and violin, but even vocal and symphonic music. This was facilitated by an incident: in July Leopold became seriously ill, and in order to keep him in peace, in August the family moved to a house in rural areas to Chelsea. Wolfgang was forbidden to play the clavier so as not to disturb his father. This allowed him to create his first symphony in his life (K.16, E-flat major). Thus, technical training Wolfgang had advanced so much that he was fluent in the rules and forms of composition. However, the opinion that Wolfgang had already reached the pinnacle of his composing skills is not entirely true: in some cases, Leopold edited his son’s works and brought order to them. At the end of their more than year-long stay in England, on July 19, 1765, the Mozarts visited the British Museum. Wolfgang donated to the museum his sonatas printed in London and the manuscript of his madrigal on the text of Psalm No. 46"God is our refuge" "God is our refuge", K.20) . The last public performance of Wolfgang and his sister Nannerl in England was less like a concert and more like a circus act: children played in a tavern on a cloth-covered keyboard with four hands. On July 26, 1765, the Mozarts left London, and, yielding to the persistent requests of the Dutch ambassador, who expressed the princess’s desire to listen to the child prodigies play, they decided to go to The Hague.

Traveling through Italy, Holland and Paris

Leaving Dover on the first of August, they reached by seaCalais , and reached The Hague only a month later, on September 11, 1765. In Holland, where the Mozarts spent nine months, Wolfgang wrote another symphony (K.22, B-flat major) and six sonatas for harpsichord and violin. In September Wolfgang played before the royal court in The Hague. His first symphonies were performed there. The trip to Holland almost turned out to be fatal for the Mozarts: Leopold was sick again, then the children also got sick; Nannerl fell ill the day after her arrival in The Hague and almost died - she developed typhoid fever, and soon after her recovery Wolfgang fell ill with typhus. He was on the verge of death for almost two months, and lost so much weight that his bones were visible. Leopold had a great honor in Holland: his book “The School of Violin Playing” was translated into Dutch and published.

In April 1766, more than three years after the start of the journey, the Mozart family set out on their way back home. On May 10 they arrived in Paris, where their old friend F. M. von Grimm had already prepared an apartment for them. Grimm noted that since their stay in Paris in 1764, Wolfgang and Nannerl had achieved extraordinary success in music, but the public, who valued “miracle children” more, became more indifferent to the already fairly grown up child prodigies. However, thanks to the efforts of Grimm, the children were again invited to play at the court at Versailles.

Two months later, on July 9, the family left Paris and headed home to Salzburg, stopping along the way for concerts at princely estates. At the end of November 1766, the family returned home.
Mozart spent 1770-1774 in Italy. In 1770, in Bologna, he met the composer Joseph Mysliveček, who was extremely popular in Italy at that time; the influence of “The Divine Bohemian” turned out to be so great that subsequently, due to the similarity of style, some of his works were attributed to Mozart, including the oratorio “Abraham and Isaac”

In 1771, in Milan, again with the opposition of theater impresarios, Mozart's opera was staged"Mithridates, King of Pontus"(Italian: Mitridate, Re di Ponto ), which was received by the public with great enthusiasm. His second opera “Lucius Sulla” (Italian. Lucio Silla ) (1772). Mozart wrote for Salzburg“The Dream of Scipio” (Italian: Il sogno di Scipione ), on the occasion of the election of a new archbishop, 1772, for Munich - an opera"La bella finta Giardiniera", 2 masses, offertory (1774). When he was 17 years old, his works already included 4 operas, several spiritual works, 13 symphonies, 24 sonatas, not to mention a host of smaller compositions.

In 1775-1780, despite worries about financial security, a fruitless trip to Munich, Mannheim and Paris, and the loss of his mother, Mozart wrote, among other things, 6 keyboard sonatas, a concerto for flute and harp, and the great symphony No. 31 in D major, called Paris, several spiritual choirs, 12 ballet numbers.

In 1779, Mozart received a position as court organist in Salzburg (collaborating with Michael Haydn). On January 26, 1781, the opera “Idomeneo” was staged in Munich with great success, marking a certain turn in Mozart’s work. In this opera one can still see traces of Old Italian opera series (a large number of coloratura arias, the part of Idamante, written for a castrato), but in the recitatives and especially in the choirs a new trend is felt. A big step forward is also noticeable in the instrumentation. During his stay in Munich, Mozart wrote an offertory for the Munich Chapel"Misericordias Domini" - one of the best examples of church music of the late 18th century.

First steps in Vienna

On January 29, 1781, the premiere of Mozart's opera Idomeneo took place in Munich with great success. While Mozart was receiving congratulations in Munich, his employer, the Archbishop of Salzburg, was attending ceremonial events marking the coronation and accession to the Austrian throne of Emperor Joseph II. Mozart decided to take advantage of the archbishop's absence and stayed in Munich longer than expected. Upon learning of this, Colloredo ordered Mozart to urgently arrive in Vienna. There the composer immediately realized that he had fallen out of favor. Having received many flattering reviews in Munich that stroked his pride, Mozart was offended when the archbishop treated him like a servant and even ordered him to sit next to the valets during dinner. As Solomon notes, Mozart may have already decided to leave the archbishop's service, and was only looking for a suitable excuse to justify his decision: he needed to convince his father and even himself that such a move was a defense of his honor, and not personal interests. Archbishop Colloredo was indeed a stingy, unjust, ignorant ruler; he not only forbade Mozart to perform for his own benefit, but also in every possible way limited Mozart’s access to the homes of noble people - Mozart’s potential patrons. As a result, the quarrel reached its climax in May: Mozart submitted his resignation, but the archbishop refused to accept it. Then the musician began to behave in a deliberately defiant manner, hoping in this way to gain freedom. And he achieved his goal: the next month the composer was fired literally with a kick in the ass by the archbishop's butler, Count Arco. At the same time, Carl Arco warned the young composer about Vienna - Mozart conveys his words toOne of the letters to his father: “Believe me, you are too blinded. Glory is short here; at first you hear only compliments and earn a lot, it’s all true; but for how long? Only a few months pass, and the Viennese again want something new.” But Mozart agreed with Arco only partly: “...The Viennese are indeed easily disappointed, but this applies only to the theater, and my profession is loved too much for me not to be able to resist. This is the real kingdom of keyboard music. Let's even assume that this happens. But it will happen only in a few years, certainly not earlier. In the meantime we will win fame and make a fortune for ourselves.”

Mozart arrived in Vienna on March 16, 1781. Already in May, he rented a room on St. Peter's Square, in the house of the Webers, who moved to Vienna from Munich. Mozart's friend and Aloysia's father Fridolin Weber had died by that time, and Aloysia had married the actor Joseph Lange, and since at that time she was invited to the Vienna National Singspiel, her mother Frau Weber also decided to move to Vienna with her three unmarried daughters Josepha . Constance and Sophie

Wedding and marriage

While still living with the Webers, Mozart began to show signs of attention to his middle daughter, Constance. Obviously, this gave rise to rumors, which Mozart rejected. Nevertheless, on December 15, 1781, he wrote a letter to his father in which he confessed his love for Constance Weber and announced that he was going to marry her. However, Leopold knew more than what was written in the letter, namely that Wolfgang had to give a written commitment to marry Constance within three years, otherwise he would pay 300 florins annually in her favor.

The main role in the story with a written commitment was played by the guardian of Constance and her sisters, Johann Torwart, a court official who enjoyed authority with Count Rosenberg. Thorwart asked his mother to forbid Mozart to communicate with Constance until “this matter is completed in writing.” Due to a highly developed sense of honor, Mozart could not leave his beloved and signed a statement. However, later, when the guardian left, Constance demanded a commitment from her mother, saying: “Dear Mozart! I don’t need any written commitments from you, I already believe your words,” she tore up the statement. This act of Constance made her even dearer to Mozart. Despite such imaginary nobility of Constance, researchers have no doubt that all these marriage disputes, including the breaking of the contract, are nothing more than a well-performed performance by the Webers, the purpose of which was to organize a rapprochement between Mozart and Constance.

Despite his son's numerous letters, Leopold was adamant. In addition, he believed, not without reason, that Frau Weber was playing an “ugly game” with his son - she wanted to use Wolfgang as a wallet, because just at that time enormous prospects were opening up for him: he wrote “The Abduction from the Seraglio”, carried out many concerts by subscription and every now and then received orders for various compositions from the Viennese nobility. In great confusion, Wolfgang appealed to his sister for help, trusting in her good old friendship. At Wolfgang's request, Constance wrote letters to his sister and sent various gifts.

Despite the fact that Maria Anna accepted these gifts in a friendly manner, the father persisted. Without hopes for a secure future, a wedding seemed impossible to him.

Meanwhile, the gossip became increasingly unbearable: on July 27, 1782, Mozart wrote to his father in complete despair that most people took him for already married and that Frau Weber was extremely outraged by this and tortured him and Constance to death. Mozart's patron, Baroness von Waldstedten, came to the aid of Mozart and his beloved. She invited Constance to move into her apartment in Leopoldstadt (house no. 360), to which Constance readily agreed. Because of this, Frau Weber was now angry and intended to eventually force her daughter back to her home. To preserve Constance's honor, Mozart had to marry her as soon as possible. In the same letter, he most persistently begged his father for permission to marry, repeating his request a few days later. However, the desired consent was not forthcoming again. At this time, Mozart vowed to write a mass if he successfully married Constance.

Finally, on August 4, 1782, the betrothal took place in Vienna's St. Stephen's Cathedral, attended only by Frau Weber and her youngest daughter Sophie, Herr von Thorwarth as guardian and witness for both, Herr von Zetto as witness for the bride, and Franz Xaver Gilowski as witness. Mozart. The wedding feast was given by the Baroness, and a serenade was played for thirteen instruments (K.361/370a). It is symbolic that only a day later the father’s long-awaited consent came. On August 7, Mozart wrote to him: “When we were married, my wife and I began to cry; Everyone was touched by this, even the priest, and everyone began to cry, as they witnessed the touching of our hearts.”

During their marriage, the Mozart couple had 6 children, of whom only two survived:

• Raymond Leopold (17 June – 19 August 1783)
• Carl Thomas (21 September 1784 – 31 October 1858)
• Johann Thomas Leopold (October 18 – November 15, 1786)
• Theresa Constance Adelaide Frederica Marianna (27 December 1787 – 29 June 1788)
• Anna Maria (died shortly after birth[K 2] , December 25, 1789)
• Franz Xaver Wolfgang (26 July 1791 – 29 July 1844)

Peak of creativity

At the zenith of his fame, Mozart received huge fees for his academies and the publication of his works, and he taught many students. In September 1784, the composer's family moved into a luxurious apartment at Grosse Schulerstrasse 846 (Now Domgasse 5) with an annual rent of 460florins . At this time, Mozart wrote the best of his works. The income allowed Mozart to keep servants at home: a hairdresser, a maid and a cook; he buys a piano from the Viennese master Anton Walter for 900 florins and a billiard table for 300 florins. IN1783 Mozart meets Joseph Haydn, and they soon begin a cordial friendship. Mozart even dedicated his collection of 6 quartets, written in 1783-1785, to Haydn. These quartets, so daring and new for their time, caused confusion and controversy among Viennese amateurs. Other things also belong to this period important event in Mozart's life:December 14 1784 he joined Masonic lodge"Towards charity."

Mozart's piano. It was on it that the composer played at his famous “Friday” concerts

WITH February 11 By April 25 1785 Leopold Mozart came to visit his son in Vienna. Although their personal relationship had not changed, Leopold was very proud of the truly fantastic successes of his son, who was then at the peak of his creativity. On the first day of his stay in Vienna, February 11, he visited the Wolfgang Academy in the Melgrube casino, which was also attended by the emperor. The premiere of the newpiano concerto in D minor(K.466), the first in a series of so-called “Friday” concerts. The next day, Wolfgang arranged a quartet evening at his home, to which he was invitedJoseph Haydn . At the same time, as usual in such cases, the first violin was played byK. Dittersdorf , the second - Haydn, Mozart himself played onviola , A I. Vangal - on the cello. After performing the quartets, Haydn expressed his admiration for Wolfgang's work, which brought Leopold great joy:“I tell you before God how honest man, your son - greatest composer, whom I know personally and by name; he has taste, and on top of that, he has the greatest knowledge of composition". His second grandson also brought great joy to LeopoldCharles , - the first of Mozart's two surviving children - who was bornSeptember 21 previous year. It is important to note that Wolfgang persuaded his father to join the Masonic lodge. It happenedApril 6 , and already April 16 he was elevated to degree masters

Despite the success of Mozart's chamber works, his affairs with opera were not going well. Contrary to his hopes, German opera gradually declined; Italian, on the contrary, experienced a huge rise. Hoping to generally have the opportunity to write some kind of opera, Mozart turned his attention to Italian opera. On the advice of Count Rosenberg, back in 1782 he began searching Italian text for the libretto. However, his Italian operas"L'oca del Cairo" ( 1783 ) and "Lo sposo deluso" ( 1784 ) remained unfinished. Trying to somehow pave the way for his writings on opera stage, Mozart writes many inserted arias into the operas of other composers.

Lorenzo da Ponte. Portrait by an unknown artist

Finally, Mozart received an order from the emperor for a new opera. For help in writing the libretto, Mozart turned to a familiar librettist, a court poetLorenzo da Ponte , whom he met at his apartment with Baron Wetzlar back in 1783. Mozart suggested comedy as material for the librettoPierre Beaumarchais "Le Mariage de Figaro" Marriage of Figaro "). Despite the fact thatJoseph II banned the production of comedy at the National Theatre, Mozart and Da Ponte nevertheless began work, and, thanks to the lack of new operas, won the situation.

In the midst of work on "The Marriage of Figaro "Mozart received another order from the emperor foropera . The reason for this unexpected order was Joseph II’s intention to hold a competition between his favorites, Mozart and Salieri, to write a one-act play. comic opera on the topic of “theater backstage”. Moreover, Mozart had to compose an opera based onGerman libretto Gottlieb Stefani Jr., and Salieri - to the Italian libretto by Giovanni Battista Casti. In fact, it was a competition between two opera genres - Singspiel and opera buffa. New opera Mozart received the title “Theatre Director” (German. Der Schauspieldirektor ). It was staged together with Salieri’s opera “First the Music, Then the Words”February 7 1786 in the Schönbrunn greenhouse on the occasion of the “Revelry Feast in Honor of the Governor General of the Netherlands.” Victory in the competition was awarded to Salieri. His opera was more capacious than Mozart's, which is why it was much more successful. Probably the reason for Mozart's failure was his busyness in connection with the completion of The Marriage of Figaro. Nevertheless, Mozart received a fee from the emperor for the opera - 50 ducats, and Salieri - 100 ducats.

Meanwhile, work on The Marriage of Figaro continued. Some sources claim that the opera as a whole was written in 6 weeks, that is, by the end of November 1785, however, this is unlikely: at the same time as writing it, Mozart was also working on piano concertos and the opera “Theater Director”. Consequently, the time spent working on The Marriage of Figaro was extended. However, having written the opera, Mozart was faced with extremely strong intrigues associated with its upcoming rehearsals: the fact is that almost simultaneously with Mozart’s “The Marriage of Figaro” the operas of Salieri and Righini were completed. Each composer wanted his opera to be performed first. Michael Kelly, a friend of Mozart and performer of the roles of Don Curzio and Don Basilio in The Marriage of Figaro, said that Mozart, having flared up, swore that if his opera did not go on stage first, he would throw the score of his opera into the fire. Finally, the dispute was resolved by the emperor, who ordered rehearsals for Mozart's opera to begin. The premiere of “The Marriage of Figaro” took place on May 1, 1786 at the Vienna Burgtheater. The opera was well received; some numbers and arias were sung many times as encores. However, after only nine iterations, the opera was withdrawn and was not staged until 1789, when the production was resumed by Antonio Salieri, who considered The Marriage of Figaro best opera Mozart.

In the fall, October 18, 1786, Mozart and Constance gave birth to their third son, Leopold, who would die on November 15. Around the same time, Mozart, listening to the persuasion of his English friends Thomas Attwood, a student of Mozart, Nancy Storace, the soprano singer who played the role of Susanna in The Marriage of Figaro, and her brother Stephen, was thinking about traveling to England with the hope of settling in in the yard there. Mozart even took a couple of lessons English language to refresh your old knowledge. However, his plan failed due to his father’s resistance: Leopold refused to take care of his grandchildren and servants, whom the couple wanted to leave to their grandfather for the duration of the trip. In addition, he pointed out the tight financial situation of his son, because to travel such long distances, as he points out, it was necessary to have at least 2000 florins. However, the English prospects were replaced by more promising Prague ones: in Prague, all of Mozart's operas were wildly successful.

The last years of the life of W. A. ​​Mozart

From January 1791, Mozart’s work experienced an unprecedented rise, which was a consequence of the creative decline of 1790: Mozart included in his catalog of works the only one in the past three years, and the last one, Piano Concerto No. 27 in B-flat major (K.595 ), which dates from January 5, and numerous dances composed by Mozart as part of his duty as a court musician. On 12 April he wrote his last Quintet No. 6, E-flat major (K.614). In April he prepared a second edition of his Symphony No. 40 in G minor (K.550), adding clarinets to the score. Later, on April 16 and 17, this symphony was performed at charity concerts conducted by Antonio Salieri. After a failed attempt to obtain an appointment as Salieri's second Kapellmeister, Mozart took a step in a different direction: in early May 1791, he sent a petition to the Viennese magistrate asking him to be appointed to the unpaid position of assistant Kapellmeister of St. Stephen's Cathedral. The request was granted, and Mozart received this position. She granted him the right to become conductor after the death of the seriously ill Leopold Hofmann, but Hofmann outlived Mozart.

In March 1791, Mozart’s old acquaintance from Salzburg, theater actor and impresario Emanuel Schikaneder, who was then the director of the Auf der Wieden theater, turned to him with a request to save his theater from decline and write for him a German “opera for the people” on a fairy-tale plot.

Presented in September 1791 in Prague, on the occasion of the coronation of Leopold II as the Czech king, the opera La Clemenza di Titus was received coldly; “The Magic Flute,” staged in the same month in Vienna at a suburban theater, on the contrary, was such a success that Mozart had not seen in the Austrian capital for many years. This fairy tale opera occupies a special place in Mozart’s extensive and varied work.

Mozart, like most of his contemporaries, paid a lot of attention to sacred music, but he left few great examples in this area: except"Misericordias Domini" - "Ave verum corpus" (KV 618, 1791), written in a style completely uncharacteristic of Mozart, and the majestic and sorrowful Requiem (KV 626), on which Mozart worked in the last months of his life. The history of writing “Requiem” is interesting. In July 1791, Mozart was visited by a mysterious stranger in gray and ordered him a “Requiem” (funeral mass). As the composer's biographers established, this was a messenger from Count Franz von Walsegg-Stuppach, a music amateur who loved to perform other people's works in his palace with the help of his chapel, buying authorship from composers; With the requiem he wanted to honor the memory of his late wife. The work on the unfinished Requiem, stunning for its mournful lyricism and tragic expressiveness, was completed by his student Franz Xaver Süssmayer, who had previously taken some part in composing the opera La Clemenza di Titus.

According to modern researchers, it is no longer possible to more accurately establish the causes of the composer’s death. W. Stafford compares Mozart's medical history to an inverted pyramid: tons of secondary literature are piled up on a very small amount of documentary evidence. At the same time, the volume of reliable information over the past hundred years has not increased, but decreased: over the years, scientists have become increasingly critical of the testimony of Constance, Sophie and other eyewitnesses, discovering many contradictions in their testimony.

On December 4, Mozart's condition became critical. According to Sophie, he felt the approach of death and even asked Constance to inform I. Albrechtsberger about his death before others found out about it, so that he could take his place in St. Stephen's Cathedral: Mozart always considered Albrechtsberger a born organist and believed that the position of assistant the bandmaster should rightfully be his. That same evening, the priest of St. Peter's Church was invited to the patient's bedside.

Late in the evening they sent for a doctor; Klosse ordered a cold compress to be applied to the head. This had such an effect on the dying Mozart that he lost consciousness. From that moment on, Mozart lay prone, wandering randomly. At about midnight he sat up in bed and stared motionless into space, then leaned against the wall and dozed off. After midnight, five minutes to one, that is, already December 5, death occurred.

The most famous works of W. A. ​​Mozart

Symphony No. 41 “Jupiter” in C major

The Great Symphony in C major was completed by Mozart on August 10, 1788. In this symphony, Mozart again seeks to move away from the personal and subjective. Proudly majestic, it has the same optimistic character as the first of the triad, anticipating Beethoven's symphonies with its heroic character, perfection, complexity and novelty of compositional techniques. This symphony, like the two previous ones, was supposed to be performed for the first time in the summer of the same year, in a concert by subscription, but it was not destined to take place: apparently, the subscription did not provide the necessary funds. There is no information available about the first performance of one of Mozart’s greatest works.

"Jupiter" is Mozart's last and most famous symphony. He wrote it three years before his death. The composer did not have time to hear it performed by the orchestra.

Horn Concerto No. 1 in D major

In Vienna, Mozart wrote four horn concertos to help a friend who was in financial difficulty. In these concerts, the composer makes maximum use of the capabilities of the solo instrument. Concert No. 1 consists of 2 parts and requires the soloist to have technical skills and knowledge.

A little night serenade

A little night serenade - the embodiment of joy and peace of mind - was created in 1878. Full of melodic freshness, the composition as a whole seems simple, but impressionable

Conclusion

The whole life of this great musician and especially his death provide a vivid description of people’s attitude towards their brilliant contemporaries. By denying them due appreciation and respect during their lifetime, their contemporaries are creating for themselves eternal monument infamy. Geniuses like Mozart do not need people to remind them of them with insignificant structures made of stone and metal. They erect eternal monuments miraculously for themselves.

This project promotes the development of spirituality among students. They will know full biography great composer and listen to his works.

Students will learn about Mozart's famous works in this project. Their compositional features and their history.

References

1. "New biography of Mozart". A. D. Ulybysheva. (Translation by M. Tchaikovsky with notes by Mr. Laroche. Ed. Jurgenson)
2. T. Alpatova. The tragedy of Mozart. Literature, No. 10, 1996.
3. B. Bursov. The fate of Pushkin. L., 1996
4. F. Iskander. Mozart and Salieri. Literature, No. 10, 1996.
5. G. Krasnukhin. Crime and retribution. Literature, No. 10, 1996.