(FRONT PAGE)
INTRODUCTION 3
Social life and interpersonal relationships 5
Family and home rituals 7
Wedding ceremony 8
Funeral 11
Rural ritual 12
Holidays 14
CONCLUSION 17
List of used literature 18
INTRODUCTION
Rite, custom, tradition are distinctive feature a separate people. They intersect and reflect all the main aspects of life. They are a powerful means of national education and uniting the people into a single whole.
It often seems to us that the world of traditions is irretrievably a thing of the past, and least of all we are inclined to carry out our grandfather’s rituals and traditions.
But norms of behavior, ethics, morality of interpersonal relationships can neither be synthesized nor imported, and the loss of traditional culture in this area turns into lack of spirituality.
Society again and again turns to its roots. The search for lost values begins, attempts to remember the past, the forgotten, and it turns out that the ritual, the custom is aimed at preserving eternal universal values:
Peace in the family;
Love for nature;
Taking care of the home;
Male decency;
Cleanliness and modesty.
The system of customs and rituals was formed at the early stages of the development of human society. In primitive societies they performed the functions of management and transfer of experience.
Customs and rituals are formed under the influence of such factors as: beliefs, myths, folk knowledge, folklore, economic activity, geographical location.
Custom is a way of behavior familiar to the population, inherited from previous generations and changed over time.
Ritual is a set of actions established by custom associated with religious ideas or everyday traditions.
U Chuvash people many traditions and rituals. Some of them have been forgotten, others have not reached us. They are dear to us as a memory of our history. Without knowledge folk traditions and rituals, it is impossible to fully educate the younger generation. Hence the desire to comprehend them in the context of modern trends in the development of the spiritual culture of the people.
In my essay, I want to introduce you to the complex of customs and rituals of the Chuvash people, in order to subsequently study them in more detail, revealing their unique, hidden meaning.
Social life and interpersonal relationships
The entire complex of customs and rituals can be divided into three groups:
1. Rituals performed by the entire village or a number of settlements, the so-called rural ones.
2. Family rituals, so-called. home or family.
3. Rituals performed by an individual or for his sake or individually, the so-called. individual.
The Chuvash treated the ability to behave with dignity in society with special reverence and respect. The Chuvash taught each other: “Don’t disgrace the name of the Chuvash.”
Always played a big role in the formation and regulation of moral and ethical standards public opinion: “What will they say in the village.”
The following negative behavioral traits were condemned:
Indiscreet behavior
Foul language
Drunkenness
Theft.
It was especially necessary for young people to observe these customs.
1. It is not necessary to greet neighbors, fellow villagers, those whom you see every day; you only greet respectable, old people:
Syva - and? (Are you healthy?)
Avan - and? (Is it good?)
2. When entering the hut of one of their neighbors, the Chuvash took off their hats, put them under their arms and greeted the “hert-surt” - the brownie. If the family was having dinner at this time, then the person who entered was necessarily seated at the table. The invitee had no right to refuse; even if he was full, he still, according to custom, had to scoop at least a few spoons from the common cup.
3. Chuvash custom condemned guests who drank without an invitation, so the owner was forced to continuously offer the guests refreshments; he scooped ladle after ladle, from which he often drank a little.
4. Women were always treated to the same table as men.
5. The peasants strictly observed the long-established custom, according to which once or twice a year he had to invite all his relatives and neighbors to his place, although in other cases these festivities took away a good half of the meager reserves.
Family and home rituals
Family rituals are distinguished by a high degree of preservation of traditional elements. Related to the main moments of a person’s life in the family:
Birth of a child;
Getting married;
Leaving for another world.
The basis of all life was family. Unlike today, the family was strong, divorces were extremely rare. Family relationships were characterized by:
Devotion;
Loyalty;
Families were monogamous. Polygamy was allowed in rich and childless families.
Unequal ages of spouses were allowed.
There was a custom for the wife of a deceased brother to pass to his younger brother in order to preserve property.
There was a custom of minority, when all the property was inherited by the youngest son in the family.
Wedding ceremony
Among the Chuvash, three forms of marriage were common:
1) with a full wedding ceremony and matchmaking (tuila, tuipa kaini);
2) wedding “without” (her tukhsa kaini);
3) abduction of the bride, often with her consent (khyor varlani).
The groom was accompanied to the bride's house by a large wedding train.
Meanwhile, the bride said goodbye to her relatives. She was dressed in girl's clothes and covered with a blanket. The bride began to cry and lament (her yori). The groom's train was greeted at the gate with bread and salt and beer.
After a long and very figurative poetic monologue by the eldest of the friends (man keru), the guests were invited to go into the courtyard at the laid tables. The refreshment began, greetings, dances and songs of the guests sounded. The next day the groom's train was leaving. The bride was seated astride a horse, or she rode standing in a wagon. The groom struck her three times with a whip to “drive away” the spirits of his wife’s clan from the bride (Turkic nomadic tradition). The fun in the groom's house continued with the participation of the bride's relatives. The newlyweds spent their wedding night in a cage or other non-residential premises. According to custom, the young woman took off her husband’s shoes. In the morning, the young woman was dressed in a woman’s outfit with a women’s headdress “hush-poo”. First of all, she went to bow and make a sacrifice to the spring, then she began to work around the house and cook food.
The birth of a child was perceived as a special joyful event. Children were seen, first of all, as future helpers.
Childbirth usually took place in a bathhouse in the summer and in a hut in the winter. It was believed that the soul was given to the newborn by the spirit. If a child was born prematurely, weak, then a ritual was performed to let the soul into him: immediately after birth, three elderly women, taking iron things (a frying pan, a ladle, a damper), went in search of the soul. Some of them went to the attic to ask for a soul from God, another went underground and asked for it from Satan, the third went out into the courtyard and called on all the pagan gods to give the newborn a soul.
After the birth of a child, sacrifices were made to the spirits. The healer (yomzya) used a linden stick to break two raw eggs and, tearing off the head of the rooster, he threw it out of the gate as a treat for the evil spirit - Shaitan. The midwives also performed other actions: they threw hops at the collar; holding the child in front of the fireplace, they threw salt into the fire, conjuring evil spirits and the dead to move away and not harm the newborn. They expressed wishes to the child to be brave, fast, hardworking, like his mother and father.
On the occasion of the birth of a child, the whole family gathered in the hut. Bread and cheese were served on the table. The eldest member of the family distributed a piece of it to each person present. A treat in honor of a newborn could be arranged on some holiday, but no later than a year after birth. The name was given at their own discretion, or by the name of an elderly person revered in the village. To deceive evil spirits and ward off bad weather from the child, newborns were named after birds, animals, plants, etc. (Swallow, Oak, etc.). In this regard, a person could have two names: one for everyday life, the other for spirits. With the strengthening of Christianity, they began to give a name to the child at baptism in the church.
In the Chuvash family, the man was dominant, but the woman also had authority. Divorces were extremely rare. There was a custom of the minorate - the youngest son always remained with his parents and succeeded his father.
Funeral
If the wedding ceremony and the birth of a child were cheerful and joyful, then the funeral ritual occupied one of the central places in the pagan religion of the Chuvash, reflecting many of its aspects. Funerals and ceremonies reflected sorrowful experiences, the tragedy of the irretrievable loss of the only breadwinner in the family. Death was represented as an insidious force in the form of the spirit of Esrel - the spirit of death. Fear prevented significant changes in the traditional funeral rite, and many of its elements have survived to this day. According to Chuvash beliefs, after a year the soul of the deceased turned into a spirit to whom they prayed, and therefore, when commemorating the Chuvash, they sought to appease him in order to enlist help in the affairs of the living. The funeral ceremony ended with the words: “Bless! May everything be in abundance before you. Help yourself here to your heart’s content and return to your place.”
After death, a welcome plaque was placed on the grave, which was replaced a year later with a monument.
Rural ritual
The entire personal and social life of the Chuvash, their economic activities were connected with their pagan beliefs. Everything living in nature, everything that the Chuvash encountered in life, had its own deities. In the host of Chuvash gods in some villages there were up to two hundred gods.
According to Chuvash beliefs, only sacrifices, prayers, and incantations could prevent the harmful actions of these deities:
1. Rituals such as Chuk, when people made sacrifices to the great god Tura, his family and assistants in order to maintain universal harmony and pray for a good harvest, livestock offspring, health and prosperity.
2. Rituals like Kiremet - when residents of several villages gathered in a specially designated place for a ritual sacrifice. Large domestic animals were used as victims in the ritual, combined with prayer.
3. Rituals addressed to spirits - deities. They had a certain consistency in execution, and when handling they followed the generally accepted hierarchy. They asked their deities for health and peace.
4. Purification rites, which involved prayer for the purpose of liberation from all curses and spells: serens, virem, vupar.
If a person violated generally accepted norms of behavior and morality, an adequate response followed. Those who violated faced inevitable punishment:
“I will send upon you horror, stunting and fever, from which your eyes will tire and your soul will be tormented. The Lord will strike you with stunting, fever, fever, inflammation, drought, scorching wind and rust, and they will pursue you until you perish.”
Therefore, the sick hurried to their spirits and deities with requests and brought them gifts. The Chuvash shaman - yomzya - determined the causes of illness, misfortune, and expelled the evil spirit from a person.
Holidays
The rituals and holidays of the Chuvash in the past were closely related to their pagan religious views and strictly corresponded to the economic and agricultural calendar.
The ritual cycle began with the winter holiday of asking for a good offspring of livestock - surkhuri (sheep spirit), timed to coincide with the winter solstice. During the festival, children and youth in groups walked around the village door to door, entering the house, wishing the owners a good birth of livestock, and singing songs with spells. The owners presented them with food.
Then came the holiday of honoring the sun, savarni (Maslenitsa), when they baked pancakes and organized horseback riding around the village in the sun. At the end of Maslenitsa week, an effigy of the “old woman savarni” (savarni karchakyo) was burned. In the spring there was a multi-day festival of sacrifices to the sun, god and dead Mankun ancestors (which then coincided with Orthodox Easter), which began with kalam kun and ended with seren or virem - a ritual of expelling winter, evil spirits and diseases. Young people walked in groups around the village with rowan rods and, whipping them at people, buildings, equipment, clothes, drove out evil spirits and the souls of the dead, shouting “Seren!” Fellow villagers in each house treated the ritual participants to beer, cheese and eggs. IN late XIX V. these rituals disappeared in most Chuvash villages.
At the end of the spring sowing, a family ritual aka patti (prayer of porridge) was held. When the last furrow remained on the strip and the last sown seeds were covered, the head of the family prayed to Sulti Tura for a good harvest. A few spoons of porridge and boiled eggs were buried in the furrow and plowed under it.
Brief description
Rite, custom, tradition are a distinctive feature of a particular people. They intersect and reflect all the main aspects of life. They are a powerful means of national education and uniting the people into a single whole.
It often seems to us that the world of traditions is irretrievably a thing of the past, and least of all we are inclined to carry out our grandfather’s rituals and traditions.
And behavior. The Chuvash people live in the center of the European part of Russia. Characteristics character are integrally linked with the traditions of these amazing people.
Origins of the people
About 600 kilometers from Moscow is the city of Cheboksary, the center of the Chuvash Republic. Representatives of a colorful ethnic group live on this land.
There are many versions about the origin of this people. It is most likely that the ancestors were Turkic-speaking tribes. These people began migrating west as early as the 2nd century BC. e. Seeking a better life, they came to the modern territories of the republic back in the 7th-8th centuries and three hundred years later created a state that was known as Volga Bulgaria. This is where the Chuvash came from. The history of the people could have been different, but in 1236 the state was defeated by the Mongol-Tatars. Some people fled from the conquerors to the northern lands.
The name of this people is translated from Kyrgyz as “modest”, according to the old Tatar dialect - “peaceful”. Modern dictionaries They claim that the Chuvash are “quiet”, “harmless”. The name was first mentioned in 1509.
Religious preferences
The culture of this people is unique. Elements of Western Asia can still be traced in rituals. The style was also influenced by close communication with Iranian-speaking neighbors (Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans). The Chuvash adopted not only their everyday life and economy, but also their manner of dressing. Their appearance, costume features, character and even religion were obtained from their neighbors. So, even before joining To the Russian state these people were pagans. The supreme god was called Tura. Later, other faiths began to penetrate into the colony, in particular Christianity and Islam. Those who lived on the lands of the republic worshiped Jesus. Allah became the head of those who lived outside the area. In the course of events, Muslims became dissatisfied. Yet today, most of the representatives of this people profess Orthodoxy. But the spirit of paganism is still felt.
Merging two types
Various groups influenced the appearance of the Chuvash. Most of all - the Mongoloid and Caucasian races. That is why almost all representatives of this people can be divided into fair-haired Finns and representatives of dark hair. Blonde hair is characterized by light brown hair, gray eyes, pallor, a wide oval face and a small nose, the skin is often covered with freckles. At the same time, they are somewhat darker in appearance than Europeans. Brunettes' locks are often curled, their eyes are dark brown and narrow in shape. They have poorly defined cheekbones, a depressed nose and a yellow skin type. It is worth noting here that their features are softer than those of the Mongols.
The Chuvash differ from neighboring groups. Characteristic for both types are a small oval head, a low bridge of the nose, narrowed eyes, and a small, neat mouth. Average height, not prone to obesity.
Casual look
Every nationality unique system customs, traditions and beliefs. It was no exception, and from ancient times these people made cloth and canvas independently in every house. Clothing was made from these materials. Men were supposed to wear a linen shirt and trousers. If it became cool, a caftan and a sheepskin coat were added to their look. The Chuvash had patterns unique to themselves. The woman’s appearance was successfully emphasized by unusual ornaments. All things were decorated with embroidery, including the wedged shirts that the ladies wore. Later, stripes and checks became fashionable.
Each branch of this group had and still has its own preferences for the color of clothing. Thus, the south of the republic has always preferred rich shades, and northwestern fashionistas loved light fabrics. Each woman's outfit included wide Tatar trousers. A mandatory element is an apron with a bib. It was especially diligently decorated.
In general, the appearance of the Chuvash is very interesting. The description of the headdress should be highlighted in a separate section.
Status determined by helmet
Not a single representative of the people could walk with his head uncovered. This is how a separate movement in the direction of fashion arose. Such things as tukhya and hushpu were decorated with special imagination and passion. The first one was worn on the head unmarried girls, the second was only for married women.
At first, the hat served as a talisman, a talisman against misfortune. Such an amulet was treated with special respect and decorated with expensive beads and coins. Later, such an object not only decorated the appearance of the Chuvash, it began to talk about social and marital status women.
Many researchers believe that the shape of the dress resembles Others provide a direct link to understanding the design of the Universe. Indeed, according to the ideas of this group, the earth had a quadrangular shape, and in the middle stood the tree of life. The symbol of the latter was a bulge in the center, which distinguished a married woman from a girl. Tukhya had a pointed conical shape, hushpu was round.
The coins were chosen with special care. They had to be melodic. Those that hung from the edges hit each other and rang. Such sounds scared away evil spirits - the Chuvash believed in this. The appearance and character of a people are directly related.
Ornament code
The Chuvash are famous not only for their soulful songs, but also for their embroidery. The skill grew over generations and was passed down from mother to daughter. It is in the ornaments that one can read the history of a person, his belonging to a separate group.
The main embroidery is clear geometry. The fabric should only be white or gray. It’s interesting that girls’ clothes were decorated only before the wedding. IN family life there was not enough time for this. Therefore, what they did in their youth was worn for the rest of their lives.
Embroidery on clothes complemented the appearance of the Chuvash. It contained encrypted information about the creation of the world. Thus, the tree of life and eight-pointed stars, rosettes or flowers were symbolically depicted.
After the popularization of factory production, the style, color and quality of the shirt changed. The older people grieved for a long time and assured that such changes in the wardrobe would bring disaster to their people. And indeed, over the years, true representatives of this genus are becoming fewer and fewer.
World of traditions
Customs say a lot about a people. One of the most colorful rituals is a wedding. The character and appearance of the Chuvash, traditions are still preserved. It is worth noting that in ancient times, priests, shamans or government officials were not present at the wedding ceremony. Guests of the event witnessed the creation of a family. And everyone who knew about the holiday visited the homes of the newlyweds’ parents. Interestingly, divorce was not perceived as such. According to the canons, lovers who married in front of their relatives must be faithful to each other for the rest of their lives.
Previously, the bride had to be 5-8 years older than her husband. On last place When choosing a partner, Chuvash people valued their appearance. The character and mentality of these people required that, first of all, the girl be hardworking. They gave the young lady in marriage after she mastered household. Adult woman They were also tasked with raising a young husband.
Character is in customs
As previously mentioned, the very word from which the name of the people comes is translated from most languages as “peaceful”, “calm”, “modest”. This meaning absolutely corresponds to the character and mentality of this people. According to their philosophy, all people, like birds, sit on different branches of the big tree of life, each is a relative of the other. Therefore, their love for each other is limitless. Very peaceful and good people Chuvash. The history of the people does not contain information about attacks on the innocent and arbitrariness against other groups.
The older generation keeps traditions and lives according to the old pattern, which they learned from their parents. Lovers still get married and swear fidelity to each other in front of their families. Mass celebrations are often held, at which the Chuvash language sounds loudly and melodiously. People wear the best suits, embroidered according to all the canons. They cook traditional lamb soup - shurpa, and drink home-made beer.
The future is in the past
IN modern conditions With urbanization, traditions in villages are disappearing. At the same time, the world is losing its independent culture and unique knowledge. Nevertheless, the Russian government is aimed at maximizing the interest of contemporaries in the past different nations. The Chuvash are no exception. Appearance, features of life, color, rituals - all this is very interesting. To show to the younger generation the culture of the people, university students of the republic spend impromptu evenings. Young people speak and sing in the Chuvash language.
The Chuvash live in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan, so their culture is successfully breaking through into the world. Representatives of the people support each other.
Recently, the main book of Christians, the Bible, was translated into Chuvash. Literature is flourishing. The ornaments and clothing of the ethnic group inspire famous designers to create new styles.
There are still villages where they still live according to the laws of the Chuvash tribe. The appearance of men and women in such gray hair is traditionally folk. The great past is preserved and revered in many families.
Chuvash traditions and customs are associated with the worship of nature spirits, agriculture, seasons, family and continuity of generations. Today's population Chuvash Republic– these are modern democratic people who dress fashionably and actively use the achievements and benefits of technological progress. At the same time, they sacredly honor their culture and historical memory, are passed on from generation to generation.
Several generations in one house
Family - main value for every Chuvash, that’s why family values are revered sacredly. In Chuvash families, spouses have equal rights. Several generations living in the same house are encouraged, so families where grandparents, their grandchildren and great-grandchildren live under the same roof and lead a common life are not uncommon.
The older generation is especially revered. A child and an adult will never use the word “mom” in a sarcastic, humorous, or even more so offensive context. Parents are sacred.
Help with grandchildren
The birth of a child is a great joy; the gender of the newborn does not matter. Grandparents help parents with raising children - grandchildren are in their care until they are 3 years old. When a child grows up, elders involve him in housework.
There are practically no orphans in the villages, because village families will willingly adopt a child who has been abandoned or who has lost his parents.
Minorat
Minority is a system of inheritance in which property passes to younger children. Among the Chuvash, this tradition extends to younger sons.
Having reached adulthood, they remain to live with their parents, help with housework and livestock, participate in planting gardens and harvesting crops, and other daily chores.
Wedding dresses
The family begins with a wedding, which is played cheerfully and on a grand scale. Residents from different regions of Russia come to see this action. According to national custom, the groom on the special day should wear an embroidered shirt and caftan, belted with a blue sash. Sometimes the sash is green.
On his head is a fur hat with a coin, and the young man is wearing boots. National costume for all seasons. The groom is prohibited from taking off his hat and caftan - he must wear them until the end of the wedding.
The bride's formal attire consisted of a shirt, an apron, and an embroidered robe. The head was decorated with a cap, hand-embroidered with beads and silver coins. There is a special cape on the shoulder, decorated with silver coins, and multiple decorations on the arms and neck.
There were so many decorations that they often weighed more than 2-3 kg. And the whole outfit weighed 15 kg or more. The coins were sewn on for a reason - when they moved, they emitted a melodious ringing, signaling the approach of the newlywed.
Wedding customs
Many ancient traditions are found at Chuvash weddings today. Among them is the meeting of the groom.
- Guests and relatives of the newlywed gather in her house and wait for the groom at the gate. They greet him, as expected, with bread and salt, and also beer.
- In the courtyard, a table is set in advance for the guests - all those who arrived in the wedding cortege must sit down at it and drink to the health of the newlyweds.
- Weddings are celebrated for two days. The first day of fun takes place at the bride's house, on the second day the invitees move to the groom's parental home.
- In the morning after the celebration, the bride is put on a hush-pu - a headdress worn by married ladies.
Lamentations and crying
Lamentation is another distinctive ritual. In some ethnic groups it is still relevant today. A girl, leaving her parents' house, already dressed in a wedding dress, must sing a sad song with lamentations. Crying symbolizes leaving the parental home and the beginning of adult life.
A crying tribute
This ritual is a continuation of the previous one. While crying, the newlywed hugged relatives and friends, as if saying goodbye. She handed out a ladle of beer to each person who approached her. The guest threw coins at him.
The crying tribute lasted for several hours, after which the girl took out the coins and put them in her bosom. All this time the guests danced, amusing the hero of the occasion. Then the bride was taken to the chosen one’s house.
No songs and dances
At Chuvash weddings, the newlyweds did not sing or dance. It was believed that a dancing and singing newlywed would become a frivolous spouse. It won't be easy for his wife to be with him.
The newlyweds could sing and have fun when they came to their father-in-law’s house for the first time after the wedding, but now as guests.
Today, heroes of the occasion are breaking a strange tradition everywhere. Immediately after the ceremony, they perform a mating dance and then have fun with the guests.
Strengthening the marriage
For three days after the wedding and the ceremonial banquet, the newly-made wife should not clean the house - the dirty work is done by relatives these days. The young wife thanks her with gifts. After the wedding, the daughter-in-law must give seven gifts to her mother-in-law.
In the first year, related families often visit each other. This is done for the sole purpose of establishing contact and strengthening kinship.
A week after the wedding, the newlyweds come to visit their father-in-law. Three weeks later - a second visit to him, and after 6 months already 12 people are coming to visit: young spouses, in-laws.
The duration of the last visit is 3 days. With treats, conversations, songs, dances. The young family received the rest of the dowry on this visit - livestock.
Kinship is one of the best and most sacredly revered traditions among the Chuvash. Perhaps this is why the families of the representatives of the people are strong, divorces occur much less frequently than among other nationalities living in the Russian Federation, and mutual understanding and connection between generations is not an empty phrase.
MKU "Education Management of the Alkeevsky Municipal District"
Republic of Tatarstan"
MBOU "Chuvash-Burnayevskaya secondary school"
Republican Conference
research local history works students learning to “Live remembering your roots...”
Nomination "School Museum"
Topic of work: “Historical and local history museum of culture and life of the Chuvash people”
Prepared by:
Smirnov Kirill Sergeevich
8th grade student
MBOU "Chuvash-Burnayevskaya secondary school"
422879 RT Alkeevsky district
village Chuvashskoe Burnaevo
street Central house 34a
422873 RT Alkevo district
Nizhneye Kolchurino village
Polevaya street 16, apt. 2
e-mail: smirnova-78@ mail.ru
Head: Smirnova Margarita Anatolyevna
MBOU teacher"Chuvash-Burnayevskaya Secondary School"
422879 RT Alkevo district
village Chuvashskoe Burnaevo
Central street house 34a
e-mail: [email protected]
Chuvash Burnaevo-2016
Introduction-2-3 pp.
Research methodology - 3 pages.
Research results - 4-6 pages.
Conclusions - 6 pages
Conclusion - 7 pages
List of sources and used literature - 8 pages.
1.Introduction
In our village for 12 years now there has been a local history museum of the culture and life of the Chuvash people. This real island aesthetics and history of culture and life of the Chuvash people. Some museum exhibits are of particular value - a woman’s headdress decorated with moments, dating back to the time of Ivan the Terrible. For several years now we have been conducting research and identifying museum exhibits as part of the project “History and Culture of the Chuvash People.” We understand that without the past there is no present, and without the present there will be no future. Therefore, we take our mission very seriously and responsibly: on the basis of museum exhibits, study the history and culture of the Chuvash people, comprehend the features and uniqueness of the peasant house; convey the acquired knowledge to their peers, school students, guests, museum excursionists in order to convince them of the need to know their history, culture, and way of life; during excursions and meetings that we hold, create an atmosphere permeated with pride for our people, respect for their centuries-old experience and traditions.
We can safely note that research activities enriches us personally, makes us wiser, teaches us philosophical understanding life, understanding the essence of the historical development of the Chuvash people, fills with love for their land, the Fatherland. Working on the research work “Culture and Life of the Chuvash People” will allow us to further expand the horizon of our research, generalize and systematize existing historical information. For us research work in the history of everyday life - this is creativity, unexpected discoveries, awareness of one’s involvement in the study and understanding of the life of one’s ancestors - close and very distant.
So, the goal of my work: Research various types, Chuvash national art. Explore material school museum"Historical and local history museum of culture and life of the Chuvash people."
Tasks:
1. Use the information obtained in history lessons and in life.
2. Study the archival materials of the school museum “Chuvash Izba”.
3. Study literature on the history of the Chuvash people.
Relevance of the topic :
Our village is multinational. Russians, Tatars and Chuvash live here. The source for writing the work was the material from the school museum, which was collected by the children of our circle for studying the traditions of the Chuvash people in the past, literature about the Chuvash, as well as conversations with villagers. Many young people today do not know the tradition and history of the family and people. In my work I would like to describe the features of Chuvash folk art, so that in the future people would not forget about the traditions of their ancestors, and I could proudly tell my children: “This is the culture of my people and I want you to know about it.”
Hypothesis : By becoming familiar with the origins of the culture of our people, we begin to feel like participants in the development of humanity, to discover in ourselves the path to further knowledge of wealth human culture, the Chuvash people’s idea of art, work, and the beauty of human relationships.
Object my research was the traditional “Historical and local history museum of culture and life of the Chuvash people”
Subject same research I chose “Chuvash hut”
2. Research methodology.
To solve the problems, the following methods were used:
Analysis of household items of the Chuvash family;
Comparison;
Measurement;
Observation;
2.Results of the study.
My efforts are aimed at showing children the beauty of Chuvash culture. The interior of a Chuvash hut is ethnographic, showing the culture and life of the peoples of our village. Members of the circle recreated the interior of a Chuvash hut of the end XIX - early XX centuries, copies of costumes of the Chuvash people. When you look at these exhibits, it’s as if the wheel of history has turned and you’ve found yourself in different times. Here you can find household items: ceramic jugs, irons, wooden dishes, combs for combing wool and much more. Each exhibit has its own history.
We are in a Chuvash hut. We see a wooden bed, which is decorated with valances and a hand-embroidered bedspread. This interior is perfectly complemented by samples of Chuvash clothing: a women's dress, which differs in red color from the clothing of the Chuvash riding people. The men's shirt is colorfully decorated with embroidery, where the predominant color scheme is red, with black contour lines. Chuvash women wore such clothes in the 19th century. This is indicated by the already lost motifs of the traditional Chuvash ornament. In modern times, such outfits are worn folklore ensembles riding Chuvash. (Appendix 1)
People have been making pottery since ancient times. Its production in Volga Bulgaria stood at high level. However, from the 16th century. local traditions in the production of highly artistic ceramics are gradually being forgotten.
Chuvash potters made a variety of dishes: pots, pots (chÿlmek, kurshak), jugs for milk (măylă chÿlmek), for beer (kăkshăm), bowls (çu dies), bowls (tăm chashăk), braziers, washstands (kămkan).
A pot is a household, utilitarian object; in the ritual life of the Chuvash people it acquired additional ritual functions. In popular beliefs, a pot was conceptualized as a living anthropomorphic creature that had a throat, a handle, a spout, and a shard. Pots are usually divided into “male” and “female”. Thus, in the southern provinces of European Russia, the housewife, when buying a pot, tried to determine its gender: whether it was a pot or a potter. The pot was widely used by healers and healers. It is also interesting to note that in popular consciousness a parallel is clearly drawn between the fate of the pot and the fate of man. (Appendix 2)
Here we see bast shoes - this is Chuvash national shoes. The main shoes for men and women were bast shoes (çăpata). Chuvash men's bast shoes were woven from seven stripes (pushăt) with a small head and low sides. Women's bast shoes were woven very carefully - from narrower strips of bast and more(out of 9, 12 stripes). Lapti were worn with black thickly wound onuchs (tăla), so frills (çăpata country) were made up to 2 m long. Lapti were worn with cloth stockings (chălkha). Wrapping the onuchas and braiding them with frills took time and skill! (3) Women in the southeastern regions also wore cloth leggings (kěske chălha). Felt boots (kăçată) were worn by wealthy peasants in the past. Since the end of the last century, it has become a tradition to buy leather boots (săran ată) for a son’s wedding, and leather boots (săran pushmak) for a daughter. Leather shoes were very well taken care of. (Appendix 3)
There are icons in the red corner. Rare icons are of particular value Mother of God Three-handed and St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, relating toXVIII century. The icon of the Mother of God of the Three Hands is known for helping to search for drowned people. This is a place of honor in the Chuvash hut. When a person entered the hut, he always looked at this corner, took off his hat, crossed himself and bowed low to the icons. (Appendix 4)
The Chuvash's passion for tea appeared about a century ago. But we also consider this exhibit, the samovar, to be the property of the museum. It was made in Tula in 1896. As evidenced by the inscription on the samovar. It is the progenitor of the modern electric kettle. Many exhibits in our museum can also be called the ancestors of modern things. (Appendix 5)
For example, our ancestors would not have exchanged for a modern butter churn Uyran ҫӳпҫи , thanks to which delicious fresh oil and fir are obtained.
Grandmothers still chop cabbage in such a trough, and in the past, perhaps, they themselves were bathed as babies in the same troughs -takana. (Appendix 6)
Our museum has more than 70 exhibits related to the everyday life of the Chuvash people, which help us somehow recreate the history of the past of our people. But this, of course, is not enough. Great helpers in the study of history native land are additional information materials.
The museum staff works closely with the old residents of the village. With their help, thematic folders were collected: the history of the Chuvash people, the culture of the Chuvash region, outstanding people of the village and Alkeevsky district.
I think you enjoyed the sightseeing tour of our museum.
3.Conclusion
Having studied the materials on this topic, I came to the conclusion that the culture of the Chuvash people expresses the totality of knowledge, ideals, and spiritual experience of the people along the centuries-old path of formation of society. Over the course of the millennia-long history of the development of the people, on the basis of folk traditions, an understanding of spirituality, veneration of the memory of ancestors, a sense of collectivism, love for the world and nature developed. After analyzing the material, I concluded that the way of life of the Chuvash people stems from historical traditions, cultural traditions and moral standards of the people.
By reviving the ancient traditions, culture and way of life of the Chuvash people, we will be able to fill the gaps in cultural heritage future generation. Having become acquainted with materials on the history of the Chuvash people, I was convinced of the uniqueness of history, cultural and moral roots that go back centuries.
And thanks to the local history museum of the village, its exhibition “History and Culture of the Chuvash People,” my peers and I have the opportunity to come into daily contact with the history and culture of our beloved Motherland, our beloved people. Studying more and more new exhibits of the museum - antiques, we step by step comprehend the cultural and everyday identity of our people.
4. Conclusion.
Tradition, way of life and life of the Chuvash people, which help us somehow recreate the history of the past of our people. For me, a great help in studying the history of my native land is the additional information material. This includes books on the history and culture of Chuvashia. Currently, everything is being replaced by a pragmatic, utilitarian approach, but we still try to observe the rituals and traditions of the Chuvash people. Compliance with customs, rituals, signs and traditions is inner world a person, his worldview on life, which is passed on to us from generation to generation.
Our ancestors left us a rich heritage. The creativity of folk craftsmen, who have inherited their centuries-honed skill and taste from their grandparents, is now finding a new application. Having passed away as everyday clothing and household items, artistic heritage returns to our homes as decorative interior decoration, as stage costumes, as original souvenirs, which, scattered throughout the country and the world, become business cards Chuvash culture.
5.List of sources and literature used.
Trofimov A.A. Chuvash folk art. Cheboksary. Chuvash book publishing house, 1989.
Medzhitova E.D. Folk art Chuvash people. Cheboksary. Chuvash book publishing house, 2004.
Salmin A.K. Chuvash folk rituals. Cheboksary. 1994.
Appendix 1.
Historical and local history museum of culture and life of the Chuvash people
Appendix 2. Pottery.
Appendix 3 Appendix 4
Appendix 5 
The rituals of the Chuvash are associated with their pagan religion, which is based on the worship of the spirits of natural elements. From time immemorial, the most important milestones in the life of each of the inhabitants of Chuvashia have been associated with the agricultural calendar, and the main traditions were those related to the meeting of the seasons, preparation for spring sowing, harvesting or the end of the agricultural period. Despite the fact that the Chuvash today live modern life and enjoy all the benefits of civilization; they cherish traditions and rituals sacredly and pass them on to future generations.
Chuvash family traditions
History of the Chuvash
For the Chuvash, family has always occupied a central place in life and therefore for many years existence of this people family traditions, like no others, are observed very strictly and are expressed in the following.
Classic family The Chuvash people consist of several generations - grandparents, parents, children and grandchildren. All relatives, as a rule, live under one roof.
The most revered family members are father, mother and the most elderly relatives. The word "Atash" means "mother" and is a sacred concept that is never used in any humorous or offensive context.
Wife and husband have almost the same rights, and divorce among the Chuvash is extremely rare.
Children are happiness for the Chuvash, and the gender of the child is not at all important; they rejoice at the birth of both a boy and a girl equally. Chuvash living in rural areas, they will always adopt an orphan, so orphanages are rare here. Children up to 3 years old are in the care of their grandparents, then they gradually begin to join the workforce. Youngest son always remained to live with his parents and helped them run the household, care for livestock, and harvest crops - this tradition among the Chuvash is called “minorat”.
Do you know what proverb is the motto in life for the Chuvash?
In Chuvash, the phrase sounds like “Chăvash yatne an çĕrt”, and literally means the following: “do not destroy good name Chuvash."
Chuvash wedding ceremonies
Wedding customs Chuvash
A wedding between a Chuvash boy and a girl can take place in three ways. The first implied a traditional celebration with the obligatory observance of all stages - from matchmaking to the feast, the second was called a “wedding by departure”, and the third looked like the abduction of the bride, which usually occurred with her consent. The wedding ceremony was accompanied by rituals:
- after the future wife was dressed for the wedding, the girl had to cry and lament loudly, expressing the sadness associated with leaving new home;
- the groom was greeted at the gate with beer and bread and salt;
- everyone who entered the wedding cortege was seated at a table set in the courtyard;
- A woman gave birth to her first-born child at her parents' place; a boy's umbilical cord was cut on an ax handle, a girl's - on the handle of a sickle;
- the celebration was celebrated for two days - the first day at the bride’s house, the second at the groom’s;
- after all the festivities, the young husband beat his wife three times with a whip so that the spirits of her family would leave her, and the newlywed had to take off her husband’s shoes;
- sign married woman the headdress was considered to be “khush-pu”, which was worn the morning after the wedding.