Connecting sentences using subordinating conjunctions or allied (relative) words. Makar had not noticed before that it seemed to be dawning on the plain (Korolenko).
Since they are different, then this parallel subordination. Are questions posed to subordinate clauses from one sentence or from different ones? Among the 712 sentences, find a COMPLEX SENTENCE with homogeneous subordinate clauses (7) The artist, who appears on stage, himself becomes a working instrument. Among sentences 6 7, find a complex sentence with a sequential connection. Find SPPs with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses 1. The whole difficulty is that the grain appears and that it falls into favorable conditions.
Complex sentence
An IPP is a sentence, the parts of which are connected by subordinating conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions - what, because, if, although, so that, how, when, in order to, since and many others. The SPP with a comma at the junction of 2 conjunctions has a sequential subordination. From the main clause to the subordinate clause we always give a question. 3. The subordinate clause is always separated from the main clause by commas.
Combined submission. Homogeneous subordinate clauses, like homogeneous members, have the same meaning, answer the same question, and depend on the same word in the main clause. It should be borne in mind that with a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, it is possible to omit a conjunction or conjunction in the second (third) subordinate clause.
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive). 2. Specify the type of offer for emotional coloring(exclamation or non-exclamation).
Complex sentences with a complex structure
Much more often in texts there are sentences of three or more parts in which several subordinate clauses are used. We use arrows to show where exactly we are asking the question to the subordinate clause (from the end of the previous part, from the beginning or from the middle). From this diagram it is clear that the second part breaks the first, since the question is asked from the middle of the main sentence. IN in this example the homogeneity of the parts is established simply: between them there is the union AND, while in both parts the union HOW is repeated. Pay attention to punctuation with homogeneous clauses. In previous sentences, subordinate clauses were joined using the same conjunctions.
And on this day, when the count had already left, Alexander tried to find a moment to talk with Nadenka alone (A. Goncharov). Having said hello, dad said that he would beat us up in the village, that we had stopped being little and that it was time for us to study seriously (L.N. Tolstoy).
It consists of three ordinary sentences: the 1st is the main one, the others are additional clauses. In this sentence there is a combination of subordinating conjunctions at the junction of sentences 2 and 3 (which is the case). In addition, the coordinating conjunction a, which refers to sentence 6, comes before sentence 5, forming a combination of conjunctions with the subordinating conjunction in that case (and in that case). By general rules they must be separated by commas, but what follows is the 2nd part of the double conjunction in that case... What are the rules for placing punctuation symbols in a complex sentence? What are the conditions for the inevitable division of a compound conjunction in a complex sentence? Where to find exercises on the topic “ Complex sentences»?
Read the sentence carefully and indicate in it grammar basics and indicate the boundaries of the predicative parts ( simple sentences). Establish semantic connections between parts: to do this, first find the main one, then ask question(s) from it to the subordinate clause(s). 2. The sentence consists of five parts, connected using a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses. 13. Analyze complex polynomial sentences with subordinating connections. I'm trying to instill a love for complex sentences and children. I say that you can give one sentence for analysis and understand how well the student knows Syntax.
First, let's practice drawing up IPS diagrams with one subordinate clause. The prefixes in the word “position” already contain an indication of the place of the subordinate clause in the sentence. Let us explain that complex sentences in the text can have various cases of complications, and if you do not recognize them, you may get confused, so we will explain these complications in each example. If there were more than two subordinate clauses with a similar structure, then one of the LI conjunctions would be omitted to avoid repetition. Why? Because, perhaps, these people were close to her, from the same circle as her... And Vorotov felt a terrible gap between himself and this circle. Four books have already been translated, but Vorotov knows nothing except the word “memoires,” and when he is asked about his scientific work, he waves his hand and, without answering the question, starts talking about the weather.
You will learn about all this in the lesson. Exercises, tests and simulators must be completed not only in order to master the topic, but also as a means of repeating the “Complex Sentence” section. We ask a question from the main part: sad to think about what? that youth was given to us in vain. The 1st subordinate clause is explanatory. One more question from the main one: what kind of thirst? which burns me – adjective attribute. But we are already asking the question from the subordinate measure and degree. We ask questions: which one? who in his youth did not bind himself with strong ties to an external and wonderful cause, or at least to honest and useful work - a pronominal clause. The next question: can he consider his youth lost without a trace, no matter what? no matter how merrily she passed - a subordinate clause of concession.
42. The concept of a non-union complex sentence. Typology of non-union proposals
Non-union complex sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are combined into one whole in meaning and intonation, without the help of conjunctions or allied words: [ Habit from above to usgiven ]: [ replacement happinessshe] (A. Pushkin).
The semantic relations between simple sentences in conjunctions and are expressed in different ways. In allied sentences, conjunctions take part in their expression, so the semantic relationships here are more definite and clear. For example, union So expresses the consequence because- the reason, If- condition, however- opposition, etc.
The semantic relationships between simple sentences are expressed less clearly than in a conjunction. In terms of semantic relationships, and often in intonation, some are closer to complex ones, others - to complex ones. However, it is often the same non-union complex sentence in meaning it can be similar to both a compound and a complex sentence. Wed, for example: The spotlights came on- it became light all around; The spotlights came on and it became light all around; When the spotlights came on, it became light all around.
Meaningful relations in non-union complex sentences depend on the content of the simple sentences included in them and are expressed in oral speech intonation, and in writing with various punctuation marks (see section “Punctuation marks in non-union complex sentence»).
IN non-union complex sentences The following types of semantic relations between simple sentences (parts) are possible:
I. Enumerative(some facts, events, phenomena are listed):
[I_haven't seen you for a whole week], [Ihaven't heard you for a long time] (A. Chekhov) -, .
Such non-union complex sentences approach complex sentences with a connecting conjunction And.
Like the compound sentences synonymous with them, non-union complex sentences can express the value 1) simultaneity listed events and 2) their sequences.
1) \ Bemep howled plaintively and quietly], [in the darknessthe horses neighed ], [from the campswam tender and passionatesong- thought] (M. Gorky) -,,.
stirred ], [ fluttered up half asleepbird ] (V. Garshin)- ,.
Non-union complex sentences with enumerative relations may consist of two sentences, or may include three or more simple sentences.
II. Causal(the second sentence reveals the reason for what is said in the first):
[I unhappy ]: [every dayguests ] (A. Chekhov). Such non-union complex sentences are synonymous with complex subordinates with subordinate clauses.
III. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the first):
1) [ Items were lost your form]: [everything merged first into a gray, then into a dark mass] (I. Goncharov)-
2) [Like all Moscow residents, yoursFather is like that ]: [ I would like he is a son-in-law with stars and ranks] (A. Griboyedov)-
Such non-union proposals synonymous with sentences with an explanatory conjunction namely.
IV. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the word in the first part that has the meaning of speech, thought, feeling or perception, or a word that indicates these processes: listened, looked, looked back etc.; in the second case we can talk about skipping words like see, hear etc.):
1) [ Nastya during the storyI remembered ]: [from yesterdaystayed whole untouchedcast iron boiled potatoes] (M. Prishvin)- :.
2) [ I came to my senses, Tatyana looks ]: [bearNo ]... (A. Pushkin)- :.
Such non-conjunctive sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with explanatory clauses (I remembered that...; looks (and sees that)...).
V. Comparative and adversative relations (the content of the second sentence is compared with the content of the first or contrasted with it):
1) [Allhappy family looks like and each other], [eachunhappy family but in my own way] (L. Tolstoy)- ,.
2) [Rankfollowed to him]- [he suddenlyleft ] (A. Griboyedov)- - .
Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex sentences with adversative conjunctions a, but.
VI. Conditional-temporary(the first sentence indicates the time or condition for the implementation of what is said in the second):
1) [ Do you like to ride ] - [ love and sleighcarry ] (proverb)- - .
2) [ See you with Gorky]- [ talk with him] (A. Chekhov)--.
Such sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with subordinate clauses of condition or time.
VII. Consequences(the second sentence states the consequence of what is said in the first):
[Smallthe rain is falling in the morning]- [ it's impossible to get out ] (I. Turgenev)- ^TT
44. Contaminated types of complex syntactic structures
The identification of two levels of division of complex syntactic constructions leads to the conclusion about the structural contamination of such constructions. Contaminated are complex constructions in which entire complex sentences act as constituent components. Since a subordinating relationship is the closest connection (compared to a coordinating one, for example), it is natural that a complex sentence usually acts as a single component of a complex syntactic construction, although a non-union combination of parts within a component is also possible if these parts are interdependent.
A complex sentence can be a component of a complex sentence, a non-union sentence, and, finally, even a complex sentence.
1. Complex sentence as a component of a complex construction with coordinating connection: Each child must experience his own, deeply individual life in the world of words, and the richer and fuller it is, the happier days and the years that we passed through a field of joys and sadness, happiness and grief (Sukhoml.). The peculiarity of the structure of this sentence is that the coordinating conjunction and (at the junction of two components of a complex structure) stands immediately before the first part of the comparative conjunction than, but attaches the entire comparative sentence as a whole, which, in turn, is complicated by a attributive clause.
In addition to the conjunction and, other coordinating conjunctions are often found in similar syntactic conditions: Our matchmaking with the countess’s house has been destroyed and cannot be restored; but even if it could, it would never exist again (Ven.); What happened is past, no one cares about it, and if Laevsky finds out, he won’t believe it (Ch.).
The following complex constructions with a coordinating connection at the first level of division are similar in structure, although they have different degrees of internal complexity:
1) Occasionally a small snowflake stuck to the outside of the glass, and if you looked closely, you could see its finest crystalline structure (Paust.);
2) We left Blok’s reading, but went on foot, and Blok was taken to the second performance in the car, and by the time we got to Nikitsky Boulevard, where the House of Press was located, the evening ended and Blok went to the Society of Lovers of Italian Literature (Past.).
2. A complex sentence as a component of a complex structure with a non-union connection: For a long time it was done like this: if a Cossack was riding on the road to Millerovo alone, without comrades, then if he met the Ukrainians... did not give way, the Ukrainians beat him (Shol. ). A feature of the structure of this sentence is the presence in the first part of a synsemantic words like that, the content of which is specified by a complex sentence, in turn, complicated by a lexically non-free part worth...
3. A complex sentence as a component of another complex sentence [The absence of different types of syntactic connections in such constructions could serve as a basis for considering them in polynomial complex sentences (see § 124). However, the special structural organization of such proposals and its similarity with the constructions described in this section make it possible to place them here in order to preserve the system in presentation.].
1) Let the father not think that if a person is nicknamed Quick Momun, it means he is bad (Aitm.).
2) Everyone knows that if a fisherman is unlucky, sooner or later such good luck will happen to him that they will talk about it throughout the village for at least ten years (Paust.).
This structural type complex sentence is distinguished by its unity of construction: the first subordinating conjunction does not refer to the part immediately following it, but to the entire subsequent construction as a whole. Most often, a complex sentence placed after a subordinating conjunction has a double conjunction holding its parts together (if...then, with what...that, although...but, etc.) or subordinating conjunctions with bonding particles (if... then, if...so, once...then, since...then, once...then, etc.). For example: Who doesn’t know that when a patient wanted to smoke, it means the same thing that he wanted to live (Prishv.); It seemed that in order to believe that the plan for the slow movement of deforestation and food consumption was his plan, it was necessary to hide the fact that he insisted on a completely opposite military enterprise in 1945 (L.T.); Baburov, during this outburst of anger, suddenly gathered the remnants of his pride and in response said loudly, with some even pompousness, that since there is an order not to let the enemy into the Crimean land, then no matter what it costs him, he will carry out the order (Sim.).
In the above examples, there are different degrees of internal complexity, but they are united by one common structural indicator: they are built according to the “main part + subordinate clause” scheme (usually explanatory, but causal, concessive and consequential are also possible), which is a whole complex sentence (with relations conditions, reasons, time, comparison, less often - concessions and goals). This feature of contaminated complex sentences does not allow us to see here the usual sequential subordination in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses. Such a description does not reflect the actual structure of the syntactic construction.
As can be seen from the examples given, the most common type of contaminated complex sentence is a sentence with the conjunction that (at the first level of division). However, other conjunctions are also possible, although they are much less common, for example: because, since, so, although. The following combinations of subordinating conjunctions are possible: that once... then; what if...then; what once...that; that although...but; because somehow... because once upon a time; because if...then; because once...then; because although...but; so once upon a time; so if...then; so once...then; so although...but; since once upon a time; since if...then; so just...that; because although...but; so as to; although if...then; although once upon a time; at least once...then; although so that etc. For example: But, probably, something had already happened in the world or was happening at that time - fatal and irreparable - because although it was still the same hot seaside summer, the dacha no longer seemed to me like a Roman villa (Cat .); I really wanted to ask where Molly was and how long ago Lee Duroc returned, because although nothing followed from this, I am naturally curious about everything (Green).
Approximately the same confluence of alliances is observed in the sentence. The second poster said that our main apartment is in Vyazma, that Count Wittgenstein defeated the French, but that since many residents want to arm themselves, there are weapons prepared for them in the arsenal (L. T.) , where the third explanatory clause (after the conjunction but) is a complex sentence.
A complex sentence can be a component of a complex polynomial sentence with several main ones: When they were driving to the logging site, it suddenly became very warm and the sun was shining so brightly that it hurt their eyes (gas).
4. A complex sentence as a component of a complex sentence: I didn’t want to think that not only the guys were not interested in this magnificent picture, but many adults were at least indifferent. A compound sentence with the conjunction not only...but also is used here as an explanatory clause.
Such proposals are possible only with gradational conjunctions, for example: not only...but also; not really...but; not so much...as much.
5. A non-union complex sentence as a component of a complex sentence: The density of the grasses in other places on Prorva is such that it is impossible to land on the shore from a boat - the grasses stand like an impenetrable elastic wall (Paust.).
48.Basics of Russian punctuation. Functional features of Russian punctuation
Russian punctuation, currently a very complex and developed system, has a fairly solid foundation - formal and grammatical. Punctuation marks are primarily indicators of the syntactic, structural division of written speech. It is this principle that gives modern punctuation stability. The largest number of characters is placed on this basis.
“Grammatical” signs include such signs as a period that marks the end of a sentence; signs at the junction of parts of a complex sentence; signs that highlight functionally diverse constructions introduced into a simple sentence (introductory words, phrases and sentences; insertions; addresses; many segmented constructions; interjections); signs for homogeneous members of a sentence; signs highlighting postpositive applications, definitions - participial phrases and definitions - adjectives with extenders, standing after the word being defined or located at a distance, etc.
In any text one can find such “obligatory”, structurally determined signs.
For example: But I decided to re-read several of Shchedrin’s works. It was three or four years ago, when I was working on a book where real material was intertwined with lines of satire and fairy-tale fiction. I took Shchedrin then in order to avoid accidental similarities, but, having started reading, having read deeply, immersing myself in the amazing and newly discovered world of Shchedrin’s reading, I realized that the similarities would not be accidental, but obligatory and inevitable (Cass.). All signs here are structurally significant; they are placed without regard to the specific meaning of parts of sentences: highlighting subordinate clauses, fixing syntactic homogeneity, marking the boundaries of parts of a complex sentence, highlighting homogeneous adverbial phrases.
The structural principle contributes to the development of solid, commonly used rules for the placement of punctuation marks. Signs placed on this basis cannot be optional or copyrighted. This is the foundation on which modern Russian punctuation is built. This is, finally, the necessary minimum, without which unhindered communication between the writer and the reader is unthinkable. Such signs are currently quite regulated, their use is stable. Dividing the text into grammatically significant parts helps to establish the relationship of some parts of the text to others, indicates the end of the presentation of one thought and the beginning of another.
The syntactic division of speech ultimately reflects the logical, semantic division, since grammatically significant parts coincide with logically significant, semantic segments of speech, since the purpose of any grammatical structure is to convey a certain thought. But quite often it happens that the semantic division of speech subordinates the structural, i.e. the specific meaning dictates the only possible structure.
In the sentence The hut is thatched, with a pipe, the comma standing between the combinations is thatched and with a pipe, fixes the syntactic homogeneity of the members of the sentence and, therefore, the grammatical and semantic attribution of the prepositional case form with a pipe to the noun hut.
In cases where different combinations of words are possible, only a comma helps to establish their semantic and grammatical dependence. For example: Inner lightness has appeared. Walks freely on the streets, to work (Levi). A sentence without a comma has a completely different meaning: walks the streets to work (denoting one action). In the original version there is a designation of two different actions: walks the streets, i.e. walks and goes to work.
Such punctuation marks help establish semantic and grammatical relationships between words in a sentence and clarify the structure of the sentence.
The ellipsis also serves a semantic function, helping to put logically and emotionally incompatible concepts at a distance. For example: Engineer... in reserve, or the misadventures of a young specialist on the way to recognition; Goalkeeper and goal... in the air; History of peoples... in dolls; Skiing... picking berries. Such signs play an exclusively semantic role (and often with emotional overtones).
The location of the sign, dividing the sentence into semantic and, therefore, structurally significant parts, also plays a large role in understanding the text. Compare: And the dogs became quiet, because no stranger disturbed their peace (Fad.). - And the dogs became quiet because no stranger disturbed their peace. In the second version of the sentence, the cause of the condition is more emphasized, and the rearrangement of the comma helps to change the logical center of the message, focusing attention on the cause of the phenomenon, while in the first version the goal is different - a statement of the condition with an additional indication of its cause. However, more often the lexical material of a sentence dictates only the only possible meaning. For example: For a long time, a tigress named Orphan lived in our zoo. They gave her this nickname because she really was orphaned in early age(gas.). The dismemberment of the conjunction is obligatory, and it is caused by the semantic influence of the context. In the second sentence, it is necessary to indicate the reason, since the fact itself has already been named in the previous sentence.
On a semantic basis, signs are placed in non-union complex sentences, since they are the ones who convey in written speech required values. Wed: The whistle blew, the train started moving. - The whistle blew and the train started moving.
Often, with the help of punctuation marks, specific meanings of words are clarified, i.e. the meaning contained in them in this particular context. Thus, a comma between two adjective definitions (or participles) brings these words closer together semantically, i.e. makes it possible to highlight the general shades of meaning that emerge as a result of various associations, both objective and sometimes subjective. Syntactically, such definitions become homogeneous, since, being similar in meaning, they alternately refer directly to the word being defined. For example: The darkness of spruce needles is written in thick, heavy oil (Sol.); When Anna Petrovna left for her home in Leningrad, I saw her off at the cozy, small station (Paust.); Thick, slow snow was flying (Paust.); A cold, metallic light flashed on thousands of wet leaves (Gran.). If we take the words thick and heavy, cozy and small, thick and slow, cold and metallic out of context, then it is difficult to discern something common in these pairs, since these possible associative connections are in the sphere of secondary, non-basic, figurative meanings that become the main ones in context.
Russian punctuation is partly based on intonation: a dot at the site of a large deepening of the voice and a long pause; question and exclamation marks, intonation dash, ellipsis, etc. For example, an address can be highlighted with a comma, but increased emotionality, i.e. a special distinctive intonation dictates another sign - an exclamation mark. In some cases, the choice of sign depends entirely on intonation. Wed: The children will come, let's go to the park. - When the children come, let's go to the park. In the first case there is enumerative intonation, in the second - conditional intonation. But the intonation principle acts only as a secondary principle, not the main one. This is especially evident in cases where the intonational principle is “sacrificed” to the grammatical one. For example: Morozka lowered the bag and, cowardly, burying his head in his shoulders, ran towards the horses (Fad.); The deer digs up the snow with its front leg and, if there is food, begins to graze (Ars.). In these sentences, the comma comes after the conjunction and, since it fixes the boundary of the structural parts of the sentence (adverbial phrase and subordinate part of the sentence). Thus, the intonation principle is violated, because the pause is before the conjunction.
The intonation principle operates in most cases not “ideally”, pure form, i.e. Some intonation stroke (for example, a pause), although fixed by a punctuation mark, ultimately this intonation itself is a consequence of the given semantic and grammatical division of the sentence. Wed: Brother is my teacher. - My brother is a teacher. The dash here fixes a pause, but the place of the pause is predetermined by the structure of the sentence and its meaning.
So, the current punctuation does not reflect any single, consistently followed principle. However, the formal grammatical principle is now the leading one, while the principles of semantic and intonation act as additional ones, although in certain specific manifestations they can be brought to the fore. As for the history of punctuation, it is known that the initial basis for dividing written speech was precisely pauses (intonation).
Modern punctuation represents a new stage in its historical development, and the stage characterizing a higher level. Modern punctuation reflects structure, meaning, and intonation. Written speech is organized quite clearly, definitely and at the same time expressively. The greatest achievement of modern punctuation is the fact that all three principles operate in it not separately, but in unity. As a rule, the intonation principle is reduced to the semantic, the semantic to the structural, or, conversely, the structure of a sentence is determined by its meaning. It is possible to single out individual principles only conditionally. In most cases, they act inseparably, although in compliance with a certain hierarchy. For example, a period also marks the end of a sentence, the boundary between two sentences (structure); and lowering of voice, long pause (intonation); and completeness of the message (meaning).
It is the combination of principles that is an indicator of the development of modern Russian punctuation, its flexibility, which allows it to reflect the subtlest shades of meaning and structural diversity.
Dictionary-reference book linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what “sequential submission” is in other dictionaries:
consistent submission
consistent submission- A method of connection in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses, when the main part is subordinated to the subordinate clause of the first degree, and each subsequent subordinate clause is connected to the previous one (a second, third, etc. degree arises... ... Syntax: Dictionary
This article or section describes a certain linguistic phenomenon in relation only to the Russian language. You can help Wikipedia by adding information about this phenomenon in other languages and typological coverage... Wikipedia
Connecting sentences using subordinating conjunctions or allied (relative) words. Makar had not noticed before that it seemed to be dawning on the plain (Korolenko). A guide was needed who knew the forest paths well (B. Polevoy). Wed...
Subordination, or subordinating relationship, is a relationship of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence. In this connection, one of the components (words or sentences) ... ... Wikipedia
Subordination, or subordinating relationship, is a relationship of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence. In this connection, one of the components (words or sentences) ... ... Wikipedia
Firm- (Firm) Definition of a company, characteristics and classification of companies Definition of a company, characteristics and classification of companies, concepts of a company Contents Contents Firm Legal Forms The concept of firm and entrepreneurship. Basic characteristics and classifications of companies... ... Investor Encyclopedia
scheme for analyzing a polynomial complex sentence- 1) type of sentence according to the nature of the main syntactic connection and the number of predicative parts; 2) type of subordination according to the method of connection of subordinate clauses: a) sequential subordination (indicate the degrees of subordination); b) subordination: homogeneous subordination... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
A complex sentence, which contains more than two parts (see parallel subordination, sequential subordination) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Among complex sentences with several subordinate clauses, complex sentences are distinguished by structure
- with consistent subordination,
- with uniform subordination
- with parallel subordination.
Subordination is when two or more subordinate clauses are subject to one main clause.
- With homogeneous subordination subordinate clauses not only explain the main part, but are also subordinate clauses of the same type.
With homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, commas are placed in the same way as with homogeneous members of the sentence. If homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by repeating conjunctions, then a comma is placed between them, and not if the conjunctions are non-repeating.
- When in complex sentences different subordinate clauses belong to the same member of the main part or in which the same subordinate clauses explain different words in the main part, represent sentences with parallel subordination.
Example: When a person is overly tired, it seems that he will sleep for who knows how long.
- Consistent submission- this is a sequence of subordinate clauses in which each subsequent subordinate clause is connected to the previous clause, and only the first subordinate clause is connected to the main part.
At consistent subordination conjunctions may appear next to subordinate clauses: what and if, what and when, etc. A comma is placed between the conjunctions, if there is no further part of the conjunction - then or so, for example: He warned that if the fire is not put out now, the flames will spread to the roof. It is acceptable for there to be no subordinating conjunction before the second subordinate clause.
Combined submission- This various combinations subordinating connection in one complex sentence.
Types of subordinate clauses in complex sentences
- Definitive
Refers to a noun or to a noun phrase with demonstrative words that, such. Answers the question which?
- Pronominal attributive
Refers to the pronouns that, each, everyone; everything, such, such. Answers questions; Who? Which? what?
- Explanatory
Refers to a verb of thought, speech, perception, or a noun combined with the demonstrative word that. Answers case questions.
- Connection
Applies to the entire main part.
- Concessive
Relates to the entire main part
Punctuation rules
If in an incomplete subordinate clause there is one conjunctive word, then a comma is not separated from the main one, for example: I want to help you, but I don't know how.
If the subordinate clause at the end of a complex sentence is an indirect question, question mark is not put (unless, of course, the main thing is interrogative), for example: Indicate which of the definitions are separated.
A comma is not placed if homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by connecting or dividing conjunctions, for example: Like someone sentenced to death and confident of the impossibility of pardon.
There does not have to be one subordinate clause in an IPP. There may be several of them. Then it is worth considering all the options for what kind of relationship develops between subordinate clauses and the main one.
It is also worth clarifying that the scheme of a complex sentence can be not only linear ( horizontal), as in the examples above. Flowcharts ( vertical).
So, for several subordinate clauses the following cases are possible:
Homogeneous submission. All subordinate clauses refer to the main clause (or to some word in its composition). In addition, they answer one question. And subordinate clauses are connected to each other according to the same principle as homogeneous members of a sentence.
The children stamped their feet with impatience and couldn’t wait until it was time to set off, when they would finally see the sea, when everyone could run around along the shore to their heart’s content.
Parallel subordination. All subordinate clauses refer to the main clause. But they answer different questions.
When it was her turn to choose, Olya took the box that came to her hand first.
Consistent submission. One subordinate clause is attached to the main clause (it is called a subordinate clause of the first degree). Another subordinate clause, of the second degree, is added to the subordinate clause of the first degree. By the way, with this type of subordination one subordinate clause can be included in another.
The guys decided that they would all cope with it themselves. challenging task, which Misha courageously decided to put on his shoulders.
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence
A reasonable question may arise as to why all these NGN schemes are needed. They have at least one practical purpose - an obligatory part of the syntactic parsing of a complex sentence is the compilation of its diagram.
In addition, the diagram of a complex sentence will help to correctly analyze it for parsing.
SPP parsing diagram includes the following task items:
Determine whether the sentence is based on the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative or motivating.
What - according to emotional coloring: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.
To prove that a sentence is complex, you need to define and indicate the grammatical basics.
Indicate what type of connection between parts of a complex sentence is present: allied connection, intonation.
Indicate the type of complex sentence: complex sentence.
Indicate how many simple sentences are included in a complex one, and by what means subordinate clauses are attached to the main one.
Label the main and subordinate parts. In the case of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses, they should be designated by numbers (degrees of subordination).
Indicate which word in the main sentence (or the entire sentence) the subordinate clause is associated with.
Note the way of connecting the predicative parts of a complex sentence: a conjunction or a conjunctive word.
If there are any, indicate indicative words in the main part.
Indicate the type of subordinate clause: explanatory, attributive, connecting, adverbial.
And finally, draw up a diagram of a complex sentence.