1. “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”:
Reason has given way to feeling, and Igor, instead of making a reasonable decision to save the army and his life, after all the omens, decides to die, but not to disgrace his honor.
2. Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin “Minor”:
Reason is completely absent in the actions of Prostakova and Skotinin; they do not even understand the need to take care of their serfs, since all the well-being of these “masters of life” lies in them. Mitrofan demonstrates complete control over his feelings: when his mother is needed, he sucks up, says that he loves her, and as soon as his mother has lost all power, he announces:
Get off it, mother!
He has no sense of responsibility, love, devotion.
3. Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov “Woe from Wit”:
Main character– Chatsky, at first glance, is a model of reason. He is educated, understands his place well, determines the political situation, and is literate in matters of law in general and serfdom in particular. However, his mind refuses him in everyday situations; he does not know how to behave in a relationship with Sophia when she says that he is not the hero of her novel. In relation to Molchalin, Famusov and everyone secular society he is brave and daring and, in the end, ends up with broken trough. A feeling of frustration and loneliness squeezes his chest:
My soul here is somehow compressed by grief.
But he is not used to obeying feelings and does not take the discord with society seriously, but in vain.
4. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”:
Onegin with teenage years accustomed to subordinating feelings to reason: “the science of tender passion” is already proof of this. Having met Tatyana, he “didn’t give in to his sweet habit,” he didn’t take this feeling seriously, deciding that he could cope with the feeling, as always, when he could “show off an obedient tear.” Reverse side Tatyana. In her youth, she obeyed only her feelings. Onegin read her a sermon in which he recommended: “learn to control yourself.” The girl took these words into account and began self-development. By the time of the next meeting with Onegin, she already masterfully controls her feelings, and Evgeny could not see a single gram of emotion on her face. But happiness is no longer possible...
5. Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”:
The main character, Pechorin, is a man consisting of reason and feelings. When he is alone with nature, with a diary or with a person with whom he does not have to pretend, it is a naked nerve, an emotion. A striking example in the episode when he drove the horse along the road in pursuit of Vera. He cries with grief. This state lasts for a moment. But the moment passes, and another Pechorin rises above the one sobbing on the grass. a crying child” and soberly and sternly evaluates his behavior. The triumph of reason does not give happiness to this person.
Direction "Reason and Feelings"
Example of an essay on the topic: “Should reason prevail over feelings”?
Should reason prevail over feelings? In my opinion, there is no clear answer to this question. In some situations you should listen to the voice of reason, while in other situations, on the contrary, you need to act in accordance with your feelings. Let's look at a few examples.
So, if a person is possessed by negative feelings, he should curb them and listen to the arguments of reason. For example, A. Mass “Difficult Exam” talks about a girl named Anya Gorchakova, who managed to pass a difficult test. The heroine dreamed of becoming an actress; she wanted her parents, when they came to a performance at a children’s camp, to appreciate her performance. She tried very hard, but she was disappointed: her parents never arrived on the appointed day. Overwhelmed by a feeling of despair, she decided not to go on stage. The teacher’s reasonable arguments helped her cope with her feelings. Anya realized that she should not let her comrades down, she needed to learn to control herself and complete her task, no matter what. And so it happened, she played better than anyone. The writer wants to teach us a lesson: no matter how strong negative feelings are, we must be able to cope with them, listen to the mind, which tells us the right decision.
However, the mind does not always give the right advice. Sometimes it happens that actions dictated by rational arguments lead to negative consequences. Let us turn to A. Likhanov’s story “Labyrinth”. The father of the main character Tolik was passionate about his work. He enjoyed designing machine parts. When he talked about this, his eyes sparkled. But at the same time, he earned little, but he could have moved to the workshop and received a higher salary, which his mother-in-law constantly reminded him of. It would seem that this is a more reasonable decision, because the hero has a family, has a son, and he should not depend on the pension of an elderly woman - his mother-in-law. In the end, yielding to family pressure, the hero sacrificed his feelings to reason: he abandoned his favorite activity in favor of earning money. What did this lead to? Tolik’s father felt deeply unhappy: “His eyes are sore and they seem to be calling. They call for help as if the person is scared, as if he is mortally wounded.” If before he was possessed by a bright feeling of joy, now he was possessed by dull melancholy. This was not the life he dreamed of. The writer shows that decisions that are reasonable at first glance are not always correct; sometimes, by listening to the voice of reason, we doom ourselves to moral suffering.
Thus, we can conclude: when deciding whether to act in accordance with reason or feelings, a person must take into account the characteristics of a particular situation.
(375 words)
An example of an essay on the topic: “Should a person live in obedience to his feelings?”
Should a person live according to his feelings? In my opinion, there is no clear answer to this question. In some situations you should listen to the voice of your heart, and in other situations, on the contrary, you should not give in to your feelings, you need to listen to the arguments of your mind. Let's look at a few examples.
Thus, V. Rasputin’s story “French Lessons” talks about the teacher Lydia Mikhailovna, who could not remain indifferent to the plight of her student. The boy was starving and, in order to get money for a glass of milk, he played gambling. Lydia Mikhailovna tried to invite him to the table and even sent him a parcel of food, but the hero rejected her help. Then she decided to take extreme measures: she herself began to play with him for money. Of course, the voice of reason could not help but tell her that she was violating the ethical norms of relations between a teacher and a student, that she was transgressing the boundaries of what was permitted, that she would be fired for this. But a feeling of compassion prevailed, and Lidia Mikhailovna violated the generally accepted rules of teacher behavior in order to help the child. The writer wants to convey to us the idea that “good feelings” are more important than reasonable standards.
However, sometimes it happens that a person is possessed by negative feelings: anger, resentment. Captivated by them, he commits bad deeds, although, of course, he knows with his mind that he is doing evil. The consequences can be tragic. The story “The Trap” by A. Mass describes the action of a girl named Valentina. The heroine dislikes her brother’s wife, Rita. This feeling is so strong that Valentina decides to set a trap for her daughter-in-law: dig a hole and disguise it so that Rita, when she steps, will fall. The girl cannot help but understand that she is committing a bad act, but her feelings take precedence over reason. She carries out her plan, and Rita falls into the prepared trap. Only suddenly it turns out that she was five months pregnant and could lose the baby as a result of a fall. Valentina is horrified by what she has done. She didn't want to kill anyone, especially a child! “How can I continue to live?” - she asks and finds no answer. The author leads us to the idea that we should not give in to power negative feelings, because they provoke cruel acts, which will later be bitterly regretted.
Thus, we can come to the conclusion: you can obey your feelings if they are good and bright; negative ones should be curbed by listening to the voice of reason.
(344 words)
An example of an essay on the topic: “The dispute between reason and feelings...”
The dispute between reason and feeling... This confrontation has been eternal. Sometimes the voice of reason is stronger in us, and sometimes we follow the dictates of feeling. In some situations there is no right choice. By listening to feelings, a person will sin against moral standards; listening to reason, he will suffer. There may be no way that will lead to a successful resolution of the situation.
So, in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin” the author talks about the fate of Tatyana. In her youth, having fallen in love with Onegin, she, unfortunately, does not find reciprocity. Tatyana carries her love through the years, and finally Onegin is at her feet, he is passionately in love with her. It would seem that this is what she dreamed about. But Tatyana is married, she is aware of her duty as a wife, and cannot tarnish her honor and the honor of her husband. Reason takes precedence over her feelings, and she refuses Onegin. The heroine puts above love moral duty, marital fidelity, however, dooms both oneself and the beloved to suffering. Could the heroes have found happiness if she had made a different decision? Hardly. A Russian proverb says: “You can’t build your own happiness on misfortune.” The tragedy of the heroine’s fate is that the choice between reason and feeling in her situation is a choice without a choice; any decision will only lead to suffering.
Let us turn to the work of N.V. Gogol “Taras Bulba”. The writer shows what choice one of the heroes, Andriy, faced. On the one hand, he is possessed by a feeling of love for a beautiful Polish woman, on the other hand, he is a Cossack, one of those who besieged the city. The beloved understands that she and Andriy cannot be together: “And I know what your duty and covenant are: your name is father, comrades, homeland, and we are your enemies.” But Andriy’s feelings prevail over all arguments of reason. He chooses love, in the name of it he is ready to betray his homeland and family: “What are my father, comrades and homeland to me!.. The homeland is what our soul is looking for, what is dearer to it than anything else. My fatherland is you!.. And I will sell, give away, and destroy everything that I have for such a fatherland!” The writer shows that a wonderful feeling of love can push a person to do terrible things: we see that Andriy turns weapons against his former comrades, together with the Poles he fights against the Cossacks, among whom are his brother and father. On the other hand, could he leave his beloved to die of hunger in a besieged city, perhaps becoming a victim of the cruelty of the Cossacks if it was captured? We see that in this situation it is hardly possible right choice, any path leads to tragic consequences.
Summarizing what has been said, we can conclude that, reflecting on the dispute between reason and feeling, it is impossible to say unequivocally what should win.
(399 words)
An example of an essay on the topic: “One can be a great person thanks to his feelings - not only his mind.” (Theodore Dreiser)
“One can be a great man thanks to his feelings – not only his mind,” asserted Theodore Dreiser. Indeed, not only a scientist or a general can be called great. The greatness of a person can be found in bright thoughts and the desire to do good. Feelings such as mercy and compassion can motivate us to noble deeds. By listening to the voice of feelings, a person helps those around him, makes the world a better place and becomes cleaner himself. I will try to confirm my idea with literary examples.
In B. Ekimov’s story “Night of Healing,” the author tells the story of a boy Borka, who comes to visit his grandmother on vacation. The old woman often has wartime nightmares in her dreams, and this makes her scream at night. The mother gives the hero reasonable advice: “She will just start talking in the evening, and you shout: “Be silent!” She stops. We tried." Borka is about to do just that, but the unexpected happens: “the boy’s heart was filled with pity and pain” as soon as he heard his grandmother’s groans. He can no longer follow reasonable advice; he is dominated by a feeling of compassion. Borka calms her grandmother down until she falls asleep peacefully. He is ready to do this every night so that healing can come to her. The author wants to convey to us the idea of the need to listen to the voice of the heart, to act in accordance with good feelings.
A. Aleksin talks about the same thing in the story “Meanwhile, somewhere...” The main character Sergei Emelyanov, having accidentally read a letter addressed to his father, learns about the existence of ex-wife. A woman asks for help. It would seem that Sergei has nothing to do in her house, and his mind tells him to simply return her letter to her and leave. But sympathy for the grief of this woman, once abandoned by her husband and now by her adopted son, forces him to neglect the arguments of reason. Seryozha decides to constantly visit Nina Georgievna, help her in everything, save her from the worst misfortune - loneliness. And when his father invites him to go to the sea on vacation, the hero refuses. Yes, of course, a trip to the sea promises to be exciting. Yes, you can write to Nina Georgievna and convince her that she should go to the camp with the guys, where she will feel good. Yes, you can promise to come see her during the winter holidays. But a sense of compassion and responsibility takes precedence in him over these considerations. After all, he promised Nina Georgievna to be next to her and cannot become her new loss. Sergei is going to return his ticket to the sea. The author shows that sometimes actions dictated by a sense of mercy can help a person.
Thus, we come to the conclusion: a big heart, just like a big mind, can lead a person to true greatness. Good deeds and pure thoughts testify to the greatness of the soul.
(390 words)
An example of an essay on the topic: “Our mind sometimes brings us no less grief than our passions.” (Chamfort)
“Our reason sometimes brings us no less grief than our passions,” argued Chamfort. And indeed, grief from the mind happens. When making a decision that seems reasonable at first glance, a person can make a mistake. This happens when the mind and heart are not in harmony, when all his feelings protest against the chosen path, when, having acted in accordance with the arguments of reason, he feels unhappy.
Let's turn to literary examples. A. Aleksin in the story “Meanwhile, somewhere...” talks about a boy named Sergei Emelyanov. The main character accidentally learns about the existence of his father's ex-wife and about her trouble. Once her husband left her, and this was a heavy blow for the woman. But now a much more terrible test awaits her. The adopted son decided to leave her. He found his biological parents and chose them. Shurik doesn’t even want to say goodbye to Nina Georgievna, although she raised him since childhood. When he leaves, he takes all his things. He is guided by seemingly reasonable considerations: he does not want to upset his adoptive mother by saying goodbye, he believes that his things will only remind her of her grief. He realizes that it is difficult for her, but he considers it reasonable to live with her newly acquired parents. Aleksin emphasizes that with his actions, so deliberate and balanced, Shurik deals a cruel blow to the woman who loves him selflessly, causing her unspeakable pain. The writer brings us to the idea that sometimes reasonable actions can become the cause of grief.
A completely different situation is described in A. Likhanov’s story “Labyrinth”. The father of the main character Tolik is passionate about his work. He enjoys designing machine parts. When he talks about this, his eyes sparkle. But at the same time, he earns little, but he can move to the workshop and receive a higher salary, which his mother-in-law constantly reminds him of. It would seem that this is a more reasonable decision, because the hero has a family, has a son, and he should not depend on the pension of an elderly woman - his mother-in-law. In the end, yielding to family pressure, the hero sacrifices his feelings to reason: he gives up his favorite job in favor of earning money. What does this lead to? Tolik’s father feels deeply unhappy: “His eyes are sore and they seem to be calling. They call for help as if the person is scared, as if he is mortally wounded.” If before he was possessed by a bright feeling of joy, now he was possessed by dull melancholy. This is not the life he dreams of. The writer shows that decisions that are reasonable at first glance are not always correct; sometimes, by listening to the voice of reason, we doom ourselves to moral suffering.
Summing up what has been said, I would like to express the hope that a person, following the advice of reason, will not forget about the voice of feelings.
(398 words)
An example of an essay on the topic: “What rules the world – reason or feeling?”
What rules the world – reason or feeling? At first glance, it seems that reason dominates. He invents, plans, controls. However, man is not only a rational being, but also endowed with feelings. He hates and loves, rejoices and suffers. And it is feelings that allow him to feel happy or unhappy. Moreover, it is his feelings that force him to create, invent, and change the world. Without feelings, the mind would not create its outstanding creations.
Let us remember the novel by J. London “Martin Eden”. The main character studied a lot, became famous writer. But what prompted him to work on himself day and night, to create tirelessly? The answer is simple: it is a feeling of love. Martin's heart was won by a girl from high society, Ruth Morse. To win her favor, to win her heart, Martin tirelessly improves himself, overcomes obstacles, endures poverty and hunger on the way to his calling as a writer. It is love that inspires him, helps him find himself and reach the top. Without this feeling, he would have remained a simple semi-literate sailor and would not have written his outstanding works.
Let's look at another example. V. Kaverin’s novel “Two Captains” describes how the main character Sanya devoted himself to searching for the missing expedition of Captain Tatarinov. He managed to prove that it was Ivan Lvovich who had the honor of discovering the Northern Land. What prompted Sanya to pursue her goal for many years? Cold mind? Not at all. He was motivated by a sense of justice, because for many years it was believed that the captain died through his own fault: he “carelessly handled government property.” In fact, the true culprit was Nikolai Antonovich, because of whom most of the equipment turned out to be unusable. He was in love with the wife of Captain Tatarinov and deliberately doomed him to death. Sanya accidentally found out about this and most of all wanted justice to prevail. It was the sense of justice and love of truth that prompted the hero to tirelessly search and ultimately led to a historical discovery.
To sum up all that has been said, we can conclude: the world is ruled by feelings. To paraphrase Turgenev’s famous phrase, we can say that only by them does life hold on and move. Feelings encourage our minds to create new things and make discoveries.
(309 words)
An example of an essay on the topic: “Mind and feelings: harmony or confrontation?” (Chamfort)
Mind and feelings: harmony or confrontation? It seems that there is no clear answer to this question. Of course, it happens that reason and feelings coexist in harmony. Moreover, as long as there is this harmony, we do not ask such questions. It’s like air: while it’s there, we don’t notice it, but if it’s missing... However, there are situations when the mind and feelings come into conflict. Probably every person at least once in his life felt that his “mind and heart were not in harmony.” Arises internal struggle, and it is difficult to imagine what will prevail: reason or heart.
So, for example, in A. Aleksin’s story “Meanwhile, somewhere...” we see a confrontation between reason and feelings. The main character Sergei Emelyanov, having accidentally read a letter addressed to his father, learns about the existence of his ex-wife. A woman asks for help. It would seem that Sergei has nothing to do in her house, and his mind tells him to simply return her letter to her and leave. But sympathy for the grief of this woman, once abandoned by her husband and now by her adopted son, forces him to neglect the arguments of reason. Seryozha decides to constantly visit Nina Georgievna, help her in everything, save her from the worst misfortune - loneliness. And when his father invites him to go to the sea on vacation, the hero refuses. Yes, of course, a trip to the sea promises to be exciting. Yes, you can write to Nina Georgievna and convince her that she should go to the camp with the guys, where she will feel good. Yes, you can promise to come see her during the winter holidays. This is all quite reasonable. But a sense of compassion and responsibility takes precedence in him over these considerations. After all, he promised Nina Georgievna to be with her and cannot become her new loss. Sergei is going to return his ticket to the sea. The author shows that the feeling of compassion wins.
Let us turn to the novel by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”. The author talks about the fate of Tatyana. In her youth, having fallen in love with Onegin, she, unfortunately, does not find reciprocity. Tatyana carries her love through the years, and finally Onegin is at her feet, he is passionately in love with her. It would seem that this is what she dreamed about. But Tatyana is married, she is aware of her duty as a wife, and cannot tarnish her honor and the honor of her husband. Reason takes precedence over her feelings, and she refuses Onegin. The heroine places moral duty and marital fidelity above love.
Summing up what has been said, I would like to add that reason and feelings lie at the basis of our existence. I would like them to balance each other, to allow us to live in harmony with ourselves and with the world around us.
(388 words)
Direction "Honor and Dishonor"
An example of an essay on the topic: “How do you understand the words “honor” and “dishonor”?
Honor and dishonor... Probably many have thought about what these words mean. Honor is self-esteem moral principles, which a person is ready to defend in any situation, even at the cost of his own life. The basis of dishonor is cowardice, weakness of character, which does not allow one to fight for ideals, forcing one to commit vile acts. Both of these concepts are revealed, as a rule, in a situation of moral choice.
Many writers have addressed the topic of honor and dishonor. Thus, V. Bykov’s story “Sotnikov” talks about two partisans who were captured. One of them, Sotnikov, bravely endures torture, but does not tell his enemies anything. Knowing that he will be executed the next morning, he prepares to face death with dignity. The writer focuses our attention on the hero’s thoughts: “Sotnikov easily and simply, as something elementary and completely logical in his situation, now made the last decision: to take everything upon himself. Tomorrow he will tell the investigator that he went on reconnaissance, had a mission, wounded a policeman in a shootout, that he is the commander of the Red Army and an opponent of fascism, let them shoot him. The rest have nothing to do with it.” It is significant that before his death the partisan thinks not about himself, but about saving others. And although his attempt did not lead to success, he fulfilled his duty to the end. The hero faces death courageously, not for a minute does the thought of begging the enemy for mercy or becoming a traitor occur to him. The author wants to convey to us the idea that honor and dignity are above the fear of death.
Sotnikov’s comrade, Rybak, behaves completely differently. The fear of death took over all his feelings. Sitting in the basement, all he can think about is saving his own life. When the police offered him to become one of them, he was not offended or indignant; on the contrary, he “felt keenly and joyfully - he will live! The opportunity to live has appeared - this is the main thing. Everything else will come later.” Of course, he does not want to become a traitor: “He had no intention of giving them partisan secrets, much less joining the police, although he understood that it would obviously not be easy to evade them.” He hopes that “he will turn out and then he will certainly settle accounts with these bastards...”. An inner voice tells the Fisherman that he has embarked on the path of dishonor. And then Rybak tries to find a compromise with his conscience: “He went to this game to win his life - isn’t this enough for the most, even desperate, game? And there it will be visible, as long as they don’t kill him or torture him during interrogations. If only he could break out of this cage, he wouldn’t allow himself anything bad. Is he an enemy to his own? Faced with a choice, he is not ready to sacrifice his life for the sake of honor.
The writer shows the successive stages of Rybak's moral decline. So he agrees to go over to the side of the enemy and at the same time continues to convince himself that “there is no great guilt behind him.” In his opinion, “he had more opportunities and cheated to survive. But he is not a traitor. In any case, I had no intention of becoming a German servant. He kept waiting to seize an opportune moment - maybe now, or maybe a little later, and only they will see him...”
And so Rybak takes part in Sotnikov’s execution. Bykov emphasizes that Rybak is trying to find an excuse even for this terrible act: “What does he have to do with it? Is this him? He just pulled out this stump. And then on the orders of the police.” And only walking in the ranks of policemen, Rybak finally understands: “There was no longer a road to escape from this formation.” V. Bykov emphasizes that the path of dishonor that Rybak chose is a path to nowhere.
Summing up what has been said, I would like to express the hope that, when faced with a difficult choice, we will not forget about the highest values: honor, duty, courage.
(610 words)
An example of an essay on the topic: “In what situations are the concepts of honor and dishonor revealed?”
In what situations are the concepts of honor and dishonor revealed? Reflecting on this question, one cannot help but come to the conclusion: both of these concepts are revealed, as a rule, in a situation of moral choice.
Thus, in wartime, a soldier may face death. He can accept death with dignity, remaining faithful to duty and without tarnishing military honor. At the same time, he can try to save his life by taking the path of betrayal.
Let us turn to V. Bykov’s story “Sotnikov”. We see two partisans captured by the police. One of them, Sotnikov, behaves courageously, withstands cruel torture, but does not tell the enemy anything. He retains his self-esteem and before execution, he accepts death with honor. His comrade, Rybak, is trying to escape at all costs. He despised the honor and duty of the defender of the Fatherland and went over to the side of the enemy, became a policeman and even participated in the execution of Sotnikov, personally knocking out the stand from under his feet. We see what exactly is in front of us mortal danger the true qualities of people are revealed. Honor here is fidelity to duty, and dishonor is synonymous with cowardice and betrayal.
The concepts of honor and dishonor are revealed not only during war. The need to pass a test of moral strength can arise before anyone, even a child. To preserve honor means to try to protect your dignity and pride; to experience dishonor means to endure humiliation and bullying, afraid to fight back.
V. Aksyonov talks about this in his story “Breakfasts in 1943.” The narrator regularly became a victim of stronger classmates, who regularly took away not only his breakfasts, but also any other things they liked: “He took it away from me. He selected everything - everything that was of interest to Him. And not only for me, but for the whole class.” The hero not only felt sorry for what was lost, the constant humiliation and awareness of his own weakness were unbearable. He decided to stand up for himself and resist. And although physically he could not defeat three over-aged hooligans, moral victory was on his side. An attempt to defend not only his breakfast, but also his honor, to overcome his fear became an important milestone in his growing up, the formation of his personality. The writer brings us to the conclusion: we must be able to defend our honor.
Summing up what has been said, I would like to express the hope that in any situation we will remember honor and dignity, will be able to overcome mental weakness, and will not allow ourselves to fall morally.
(363 words)
An example of an essay on the topic: “What does it mean to walk the path of honor?”
What does it mean to walk the path of honor? Let's turn to explanatory dictionary: “Honor is the moral qualities of a person worthy of respect and pride.” Walking the path of honor means defending your moral principles, no matter what. The right way may involve the risk of losing something important: work, health, life itself. Following the path of honor, we must overcome fear of other people and difficult circumstances, and sometimes sacrifice a lot in order to defend our honor.
Let's turn to the story by M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man". The main character, Andrei Sokolov, was captured. For carelessly spoken words they were going to shoot him. He could beg for mercy, humiliate himself before his enemies. Perhaps a weak-willed person would have done just that. But the hero is ready to defend the soldier’s honor in the face of death. When commandant Müller offers to drink to the victory of German weapons, he refuses and agrees to drink only to his own death as a release from torment. Sokolov behaves confidently and calmly, refusing a snack, despite the fact that he was hungry. He explains his behavior this way: “I wanted to show them, the damned ones, that although I’m disappearing from hunger, I’m not going to choke on their handouts, that I have my own, Russian dignity and pride, and that they didn’t turn me into a beast, like no matter how hard they tried." Sokolov’s act aroused respect for him even among his enemy. The German commandant recognized the moral victory of the Soviet soldier and spared his life. The author wants to convey to the reader the idea that even in the face of death one must maintain honor and dignity.
Not only soldiers during war must follow the path of honor. Each of us must be ready to defend our dignity in difficult situations. Almost every class has its own tyrant - a student who keeps everyone else in fear. Physically strong and cruel, he takes pleasure in tormenting the weak. What should someone who constantly faces humiliation do? Tolerate dishonor or stand up for your own dignity? The answer to these questions is given by A. Likhanov in the story “Clean Pebbles”. The writer talks about Mikhaska, a student primary school. He more than once became a victim of Savvatey and his cronies. The bully was on duty every morning at the elementary school and robbed the children, taking away everything he liked. Moreover, he did not miss an opportunity to humiliate his victim: “Sometimes he would grab a textbook or notebook from his bag instead of a bun and throw it into a snowdrift or take it for himself so that, after walking away a few steps, he would throw it under his feet and wipe his felt boots on them.” Savvatey specifically “was on duty at this particular school, because in elementary school they study up to the fourth grade and the children are all small.” Mikhaska more than once experienced what humiliation means: once Savvatey took away from him an album with stamps, which belonged to Mikhaska’s father and therefore was especially dear to him, another time a hooligan set fire to his new jacket. True to his principle of humiliating the victim, Savvatey ran his “dirty, sweaty paw” over his face. The author shows that Mikhaska could not stand the bullying and decided to fight back against a strong and ruthless enemy, before whom the whole school, even the adults, were in awe. The hero grabbed a stone and was ready to hit Savvateya, but unexpectedly he retreated. I retreated because I felt inner strength Mikhaska, his willingness to defend his human dignity to the end. The writer focuses our attention on the fact that it was the determination to defend his honor that helped Mikhaska win a moral victory.
Walking the path of honor means standing up for others. Thus, Pyotr Grinev in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “ Captain's daughter“Fought a duel with Shvabrin, defending the honor of Masha Mironova. Shvabrin, having been rejected, in a conversation with Grinev allowed himself to insult the girl with vile hints. Grinev could not stand this. As a decent man, he went out to fight and was ready to die, but to defend the girl’s honor.
Summing up what has been said, I would like to express the hope that every person will have the courage to choose the path of honor.
(582 words)
Example of an essay on the topic: "Honor more valuable than life"
Situations often arise in life when we are faced with a choice: to act in accordance with moral rules or make a deal with conscience, sacrifice moral principles. It would seem that everyone would have to choose the right path, the path of honor. But it's often not that simple. Especially if the price of the right decision is life. Are we ready to die in the name of honor and duty?
Let us turn to the novel by A.S. Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter”. The author talks about the capture Belogorsk fortress Pugachev. The officers had to either swear allegiance to Pugachev, recognizing him as sovereign, or end their lives on the gallows. The author shows what choice his heroes made: Pyotr Grinev, just like the commandant of the fortress and Ivan Ignatievich, showed courage, was ready to die, but not to disgrace the honor of his uniform. He found the courage to tell Pugachev to his face that he could not recognize him as sovereign and refused to change his military oath: “No,” I answered firmly. - I am a natural nobleman; I swore allegiance to the Empress: I cannot serve you.” With all sincerity, Grinev told Pugachev that he might begin to fight against him, fulfilling his officer’s duty: “You yourself know, it’s not my will: if they tell me to go against you, I’ll go, there’s nothing to do. You are now the boss yourself; you yourself demand obedience from your own. What will it be like if I refuse to serve when my service is needed? The hero understands that his honesty may cost him his life, but the feeling of longevity and honor prevails in him over fear. The hero's sincerity and courage impressed Pugachev so much that he saved Grinev's life and released him.
Sometimes a person is ready to defend, not even sparing his own life, not only his honor, but also the honor of loved ones and family. You cannot accept an insult without complaint, even if it is inflicted by a person higher on the social ladder. Dignity and honor are above all.
M.Yu. talks about this. Lermontov in “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young guardsman and swashbuckling merchant Kalashnikov." The guardsman of Tsar Ivan the Terrible took a liking to Alena Dmitrievna, the wife of the merchant Kalashnikov. Knowing that she married woman, Kiribeevich still allowed himself to covet her love. An insulted woman asks her husband for intercession: “Don’t give me, your faithful wife, // to evil blasphemers!” The author emphasizes that the merchant does not doubt for a second what decision he should make. Of course, he understands what the confrontation with the Tsar’s favorite threatens him with, but good name family is more valuable than even life itself: And the soul cannot endure such insult
Yes, the brave heart cannot bear it.
There's going to be a fist fight tomorrow
On the Moscow River under the Tsar himself,
And then I will go out to the guardsman,
I will fight to the death, to the last strength...
And indeed, Kalashnikov comes out to fight against Kiribeevich. For him, this is not a fight for fun, it is a fight for honor and dignity, a battle for life and death:
Don't joke, don't make people laugh
I, son of the Basurman, came to you, -
I went out for a terrible battle, for the last battle!
He knows that the truth is on his side, and is ready to die for it:
I will stand for the truth to the last!
Lermontov shows that the merchant defeated Kiribeevich, washing away the insult with blood. However, fate is preparing a new test for him: Ivan the Terrible orders Kalashnikov to be executed for killing his pet. The merchant could have justified himself and told the tsar why he killed the guardsman, but he did not do this. After all, this would mean publicly disgracing the honest name of your wife. He is ready to go to the chopping block, defending the honor of his family, to accept death with dignity. The writer wants to convey to us the idea that there is nothing more important for a person than his dignity, and it must be protected no matter what.
Summing up what has been said, we can conclude: honor is above everything, even life itself.
(545 words)
An example of an essay on the topic: “To deprive another of the honor is to lose your own”
What is dishonor? On the one hand, it is a lack of dignity, weakness of character, cowardice, and inability to overcome fear of circumstances or people. On the other hand, dishonor is brought upon oneself by the outward appearance strong man, if he allows himself to defame others, or even simply mock the weaker, humiliate the defenseless.
Thus, in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “The Captain’s Daughter,” Shvabrin, having received a refusal from Masha Mironova, in retaliation slanderes her and allows himself offensive hints addressed to her. So, in a conversation with Pyotr Grinev, he claims that you need to win Masha’s favor not with verses, he hints at her availability: “... if you want Masha Mironova to come to you at dusk, then instead of tender poems, give her a pair of earrings. My blood began to boil.
- Why do you have such an opinion about her? - I asked, barely containing my indignation.
“And because,” he answered with a hellish grin, “I know her character and customs from experience.”
Shvabrin, without hesitation, is ready to tarnish the girl’s honor just because she did not reciprocate his feelings. The writer leads us to the idea that a person who acts vilely cannot be proud of his unblemished honor.
Another example is A. Likhanov’s story “Clean Pebbles”. A character named Savvatey keeps the entire school in fear. He takes pleasure in humiliating those who are weaker. The bully regularly robs students and mocks them: “Sometimes he would snatch a textbook or notebook from his bag instead of a bun and throw it into a snowdrift or take it for himself so that, after walking away a few steps, he would throw it under his feet and wipe his felt boots on them.” His favorite technique was to run a “dirty, sweaty paw” across the victim’s face. He constantly humiliates even his “sixes”: “Savvatey looked at the guy angrily, took him by the nose and pulled him down hard,” he “stood next to Sasha, leaning on his head.” By encroaching on the honor and dignity of other people, he himself becomes the personification of dishonor.
Summarizing what has been said, we can conclude: a person who humiliates the dignity or discredits the good name of other people deprives himself of honor and condemns himself to contempt from others.
(313 words)
Anna Karenina. Mind and feelings. vita_colorata wrote in January 28th, 2013
"She didn't love Richardson because she read..."
"Eugene Onegin".
I will say right away that I am very surprised by the controversy over the film “Anna Karenina”; the film is far from a masterpiece, thirty some kind of film adaptation of Tolstoy’s novel, starting from the era of silent films. Only the lazy didn't film the story. The plot has long been known not only to those who graduated from Russian schools. Still the same adultery, still the same locomotive.
Unlike Dmitry Bykov, who was outraged by the trampling of Russian literature and the inconsistencies with our historical realities: http://www.openspace.ru/article/787, I did not expect the director to have a deep knowledge of the peculiarities national character. This is not the first time that spreading cranberries have appeared in film adaptations of Russian classics.
While the film was playing, I kept thinking about what annoyed me about it.
And everything is annoying.
First of all, the idea of the film is unclear. It is difficult to define its genre. This does not seem to be a historical film; it does not fully correspond to the historical costume of that time. The costumes are conventional, almost deliberately. The picture is more like English films. The phrase at the beginning of the film: “Why are you dressed up like your English ambassador?” - maybe the key one, these are English actors, English reality.
Not a musical, although they suddenly try to dance. If they had started singing again, I would have sighed with relief, at least it was clear what these dances meant.
Not theatrical production, despite the scenery. They are rather an attempt to make at least some kind of art house out of the film, again with a vague goal. Gilliam's theater scenery used more than once and always with meaning.
I like to repeat to my clients: if you want to implement an idea, implement it clearly. If the hem of a dress should be of different heights, then not by one centimeter, otherwise they will think that the tailor cut it. The film, slipping either into vaudeville or into melodrama, distracts from pure aesthetic pleasure and even from eating popcorn. You start to fidget from unnecessary questions, why is this?
I remembered that I was somehow surprised by the English perception of the novel: http://vita-colorata.livejournal.com/300432.html
All of Tolstoy’s heroes have prototypes, but the image in the book is a collective thing, for example, the curls on the heroine’s neck were spied by the author on Pushkin’s daughter.
Keira Knightley does not at all resemble Tolstoy's Anna, Tatyana Samoilova is much closer. 
Tolstoy mentions the heroine's plumpness several times.
“She walked out with a quick gait, carrying her rather plump body so strangely easily.”
Samoilova brings to mind Kramskoy’s painting “The Unknown,” which was considered an image of Anna Karenina.
It is clear that a fat heroine is not fashionable, now the standard is different. Give me a fashion model.
And Anna’s age, in Tolstoy’s time, was already adult woman, whose youth will soon fade away, and she still hasn’t really loved. Now she is still a girl who may still have things ahead.
Vronsky, looking surprisingly cheesy in a blue uniform that matches the color of his blue eyes, is more of a ballet boy than a brave military man. 
And yet, the film has many fans, some even cry, dropping their tears into the popcorn.
And you can understand why. The film, its defenders say, is modern and close to young people. The novel has been dusted off. It's accumulated, you see.
Question: why didn’t the director then follow the proven path of those who dressed our William Shakespeare openly in modern costumes and transferred the action to modern times? If you wanted understanding younger generation who goes to the cinema.
Only in our time, it is unlikely that anyone condemned Anna for leaving her husband. It is even more difficult to find a locomotive.
But there is good genre- a tabloid romance novel, one of those where on the cover there is a beautiful heroine in the passionate embrace of a handsome hero. Popular and understandable. The kind that people take on a train and throw away upon arrival, because there’s no point in re-reading them. Everything is so clear. He loved, she loved, he stopped loving, she threw herself under a train. 
In this genre, the author's philosophizing is not needed. We need stilted heroes about whom everything is clear. Need beautiful love, kisses close up, beautiful scenes - all in white on pillows in beautiful forest They lie beautifully, the heroine sobs spectacularly, biting into a beautiful shawl..
No need for confusion, bruliki, bruliki, just like Swarovski's. Pearls - in kilograms, “a string of pearls”, as in the text of the novel - no one will understand this. Not great.
The playfully lowered shoulder should apparently indicate the heroine’s readiness for an affair with a handsome military man. As Shukshin’s hero said: “The people are ready for debauchery!”
Keira Knightley spoils her face with facial expressions depicting suffering. His forehead wrinkles and his mouth twists. This reminds me of the subway in New York and the group of girls I saw there, discussing something. They wrinkle their foreheads and grimace in exactly the same way.
Like Sarah Jessica Parker and Gwyneth Paltrow. I have seen this facial expression many times and most of all it is similar to the emoticons that are put in the text. It’s immediately clear to everyone: this is dissatisfaction, this is suffering, this is joy, and this is thought. As best I could.
I fully understand that Tolstoy in this form is adapted for the modern teenager. Tell me that a teenager will run to read Tolstoy!
He looked at her and was struck by the new spiritual beauty of her face.
What kind of grimace should we make so that we can see Anna through Vronsky’s eyes?
And why are many sure that Tolstoy hates his heroine? Someone even wrote that Anna has a “predatory grin.” Note that you said this, not Tolstoy.
Kitty doesn’t like her and considers her a “disgusting woman.” So this is quite understandable, she stole her potential groom. But didn’t the author write about her quite impartially:
Anna spoke not only naturally, intelligently, but intelligently and casually, not ascribing any value to her thoughts, but attaching great value to the thoughts of her interlocutor.
She appears as a tactful and intelligent woman, which is precisely why her tragedy occurs, because she is an extraordinary person, not only does she need love, but an affair. It is unlikely that she was the only lady who cheated on her husband. She is a person, she needs freedom of choice, which Tolstoy himself had problems with in his family.
Passion in the novel is shown chastely (Russian classical literature generally chaste and avoids bed scenes, so all these nudity and kisses in full screen are not from here at all), we can only guess that Anna and Vronsky became lovers.
In the film, many shots raise the suspicion that the director was concerned about how it would look on the promotional poster for the film and in the trailer, otherwise people wouldn’t come. 
Tolstoy is much more interested in Levin with his search for the meaning of life, the meaning of marriage and family. There are more pages dedicated to Levin in the novel than to Anna. The novel could well be called “Levin”, but the character is too autobiographical, right down to the last name, there are too many thoughts of Tolstoy himself, who spent his whole life solving problems family life and life in general. About him own life one could write: “All happy families are equally unhappy.”
But all this is long, tedious and incomprehensible, especially for teenagers who are not yet aware of the complexities of family life. And why are they being taught a novel that should be read at a completely different age?
Why, because the younger generation wants this to be a novel about love and they are even convinced that this is so, judging by the reviews: “A work of art” Anna Karenina"dedicated to sizzling passion, the desire to possess, to dissolve in a partner." And that’s all. What are the views on the harvest that Levin and Tolstoy care about? Stop mowing the count, write more about love, author.
But, if we don’t need that Tolstoy with his abundant texts, feelings and thoughts that strain our brains, then maybe we don’t need to take his novels? Screenwriters, Stoppards, tense up, write your plot simpler, newer. What, you can’t live without Tolstoy? Oh yes Count, oh yes son of a bitch!
Although some are convinced: “From the most boring plot possible, Joe Wright made an incredibly bright and exciting picture.”
And why is this most boring story being filmed for the thirty hundredth time?
Why?
P.S. I won’t say that I didn’t like anything at all. Jude Law is unexpected in the role and not hopeless.
The scene where Anna takes off her “cage”, like a bird flying free, is metaphorical.
Final essay
By thematic area"Reason and Feeling »
Reason and feeling...What is it? These are the two most important forces, two
constituent parts inner world every person. Both of these forces
need each other equally.
The mental organization of a person is very complex. Situations that
happen and happen to us, they are very different.
One of them is when our feelings prevail over reason. For another
The situation is characterized by the predominance of reason over feelings. It also happens
third, when a person achieves harmony, this means that the mind and
feelings have exactly the same influence on a person’s mental organization.
The topic of reason and feeling is interesting to many writers. Reading
works of the world fiction, including
Russian, we come across many such examples that tell us about
manifestation of different situations in the lives of fictional characters
works when it happens internal conflict: feelings come out
against reason. Literary heroes very often they find themselves facing
a choice between the dictates of feeling and the prompting of reason.
Thus, in the story by Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin “ Poor Lisa"we see
how the nobleman Erast falls in love with the poor peasant girl Lisa. Lisa
Confusion, sadness, crazy joy, anxiety, despair, shock-
These are the feelings that filled the girl’s heart. Erast, weak and
flighty, lost interest in Lisa, he doesn’t think about anything, reckless
Human. Satiety sets in and a desire to get rid of the boring
communications.
The moment of love is beautiful, but long life and reason gives strength to feelings.
Lisa hopes to regain her lost happiness, but it’s all in vain. Deceived in
the best hopes and feelings, she forgets her soul and throws herself into the pond
near the Simonov Monastery. A girl trusts the movements of her heart, and yes
only “tender passions.” For Lisa, the loss of Erast is tantamount to the loss
life. Ardentness and ardor drive her. to death.
Reading the story by N. M. Karamzin, we are convinced that “mind and
feelings are two forces equally in need of each other.”
In the novel by Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy you can find several scenes and
episodes related to this topic.
L. N. Tolstoy’s favorite heroine, Natasha Rostova, met and fell in love
Prince Andrei Bolkonsky. After Prince Andrei left abroad, Natasha
I was very sad for a long time without leaving my room. She's very lonely without
loved one. During these difficult days, Anatole meets in her life
Kuragin. He looked at Natasha “admiringly, affectionately
glance." The girl was recklessly carried away by Anatole. Natasha's love and
Andrea was put to the test. Without holding back this promise
wait for her beloved, she betrayed him. The young girl is too young and
inexperienced in matters of the heart. But a pure soul tells her that she
doesn't act well. Why did Rostova fall in love with Kuragin? She saw in him
someone close to her. This love story ended very sadly:
Natasha tried to poison herself, but she remains alive.
The girl ardently repents for this before God and asks him to give
to her peace of mind and happiness. L. N. Tolstoy himself considered history
The relationship between Natasha and Anatole is “the most important point of the novel.” Natasha
should be happy because she has enormous power life and love.
What conclusion can be drawn on this topic? Remembering Pages
works of N. M. Karamzin and L. N. Tolstoy, I come to the conclusion that
that in both works we see internal human conflict:
feelings oppose reason. Without deep moral feeling
“a person can have neither love nor honor.” How are they connected?
reason and feeling? I would like to quote the words of the Russian writer M.M.
Prishvina: “There are feelings that replenish and darken the mind, and there are
the mind that cools the movement of the senses.”
Final essay is an exam format that allows you to assess several aspects of a student’s knowledge at once. Among them: vocabulary, knowledge of literature, ability to express one’s point of view in writing. In short, this format makes it possible to assess the student’s overall proficiency in both language and subject knowledge.
1. 3 hours 55 minutes are allotted for the final essay, the recommended length is 350 words.
2. Date of the final essay 2016-2017. In 2015-2016 academic year it was held on December 2, 2015, February 3, 2016, May 4, 2016. In 2016-2017 - December 7, February 1, May 17.
3. The final essay (presentation) is held on the first Wednesday of December, the first Wednesday of February and the first working Wednesday of May.
The purpose of the essay is a reasoning, a competently and clearly constructed point of view of the student using examples from the literature within the framework of a given topic. It is important to note that the topics do not indicate a specific work for analysis; it is of a supra-subject nature.
Topics for the final essay on literature 2016-2017
Topics are formed from two lists: open and closed. The first one is known in advance and reflects approximate general topics, they are formulated as concepts that contradict each other.
A closed list of topics is announced 15 minutes before the start of the essay - these are more specific topics.
Open list of topics for the final essay 2016-2017:
1. “Reason and Feeling”,
2. “Honor and dishonor”,
3. “Victory and defeat”,
4. “Experience and mistakes”,
5. “Friendship and enmity”.
The topics are presented in a problematic manner, the names of the topics are antonyms.
An approximate list of references for all those who will write the final essay (2016-2017):
1. A.M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"
2. A.P. Chekhov "Ionych"
3. A.S. Pushkin “The Captain’s Daughter”, “Eugene Onegin”, “The Station Agent”
4. B.L. Vasiliev “Not on the lists”
5. V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains"
6. V.V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
7. V.P. Astafiev "Tsar Fish"
8. Henry Marsh “Do No Harm”
9. Daniel Defoe “Robinson Crusoe”,
10. Jack London “White Fang”,
11. Jack London "Martin Eden",
12. I.A. Bunin "Clean Monday"
13. I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
14. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
15. M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don"
16. M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time"
17. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", "Idiot"
18. E. Hemingway “The Old Man and the Sea”,
19. E.M. Remarque “On western front no change"
20. E.M. Remarque "Three Comrades".
Argumenyou are on the topic "Reason and Feeling"
The point of view must be reasoned; in order to formulate it correctly, one should involve literary material, corresponding to the topic. The argument is the main component of the essay and is one of the evaluation criteria. The following requirements apply to it:
1. Match the theme
2. Include literary material
3. Be included in the text logically, in accordance with the overall composition
4. Be presented through quality writing.
5. Be properly designed.
For the topic “Reason and Feeling,” you can take arguments from the works of I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons", A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", N.M. Karamzin “Poor Liza”, Jane Austen “Sense and Sensibility”.
Examples of final essays
There are a number of final essay templates. They are assessed according to five criteria, here is an example of an essay that received the highest score:
Example of an essay on the topic: “Should reason prevail over feelings?”
What to listen to, reason or feelings - this is the question every person asks. It is especially acute when the mind dictates one thing, but feelings contradict it. What is the voice of reason, when one should listen more to its advice, a person decides for himself, and the same with feelings. Without a doubt, the choice of one or the other depends on the specific situation. For example, even a child knows that in a stressful situation one should not give in to panic, it is better to listen to reason. It is important not only to listen to both reason and feelings, but also to truly learn to distinguish between situations when it is necessary to listen to the first or the second to a greater extent.
Since the question has always been relevant, it has found wide circulation both in Russian and in foreign literature. Jane Austen, in her novel Sense and Sensibility, reflected this eternal contradiction through the example of two sisters. Elinor, the eldest of the sisters, is distinguished by her prudence, but is not devoid of feelings, she simply knows how to manage them. Mariana is in no way inferior to her older sister, but prudence is not inherent in her in any way. The author showed how their characters were affected in the test of love. In the case of her older sister, her prudence almost played a cruel joke on her; thanks to her reserved nature, she did not immediately let her lover know how she felt. Mariana became a victim of feelings, so she was deceived by a young man who took advantage of her gullibility and married a wealthy lady. As a result, the older sister was ready to come to terms with loneliness, but the man of her heart, Edward Ferras, makes a choice in her favor, refusing not only the inheritance, but also his word: an engagement to an unloved woman. Marianne, after a serious illness and suffering deception, grows up and agrees to be engaged to a 37-year-old captain, for whom she does not have romantic feelings, but deeply respects her.
The heroes in A.P.’s story make a similar choice. Chekhov "About Love". However, Alyohin and Anna Luganovich, succumbing to the call of reason, give up their happiness, which makes their action correct in the eyes of society, but deep down in their souls, both heroes are unhappy.
So what is reason: logic, common sense, or just boring reason? Can feelings interfere with a person’s life or, conversely, provide an invaluable service? There is no clear answer to this debate: who to listen to: reason or feeling. Both are equally important for a person, so you just need to learn how to use them correctly.
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