Images and prototypes in literature. Character prototype. Psychology: “prototype” and its definition

04.07.2020

Gorky believed that a writer is obliged to speculate and typify real person, turning him into the hero of a novel, and the search for prototypes of Dostoevsky’s characters will even lead to philosophical volumes, touching on real people only in passing.

Nevertheless, as it turned out, very specific types of characters are most often and most strongly associated with their prototypes - adventurers of all kinds and stripes, or fairy-tale heroes. It’s not a fact that everything was exactly like this in reality due to the passage of years or the absence of the main persons, but at least these assumptions are very interesting

Let's remember a few:

Sherlock Holmes

Joseph Bell (Sherlock Holmes)

The author himself admitted that the image of Sherlock Holmes was related to the doctor Joseph Bell, Conan Doyle’s teacher. In his autobiography, he wrote: “I thought of my old teacher Joe Bell, his eagle profile, his inquisitive mind and his incredible ability to guess all the details.

If he were a detective, he would definitely turn this amazing but disorganized case into something more like an exact science." “Use the power of deduction,” Bell often repeated, and confirmed his words in practice, being able to understand appearance the patient’s biography, inclinations, and often diagnosis.

Later, after the release of novels about Sherlock Holmes, Conan Doyle wrote to his teacher that his hero's unique skills were not fiction, but merely how Bell's skills would have logically developed had the circumstances been right. Bell answered him: “You yourself are Sherlock Holmes, and you know it very well!”

Ostap Bender

By the age of 80, Ostap Bender's prototype had become a quiet conductor of the Moscow-Tashkent train. In life, his name was Osip (Ostap) Shor, he was born in Odessa and, as expected, discovered a penchant for adventure during his student years.

Returning from Petrograd, where he studied for a year at the Technological Institute, Shor, having neither money nor profession, presented himself either as a chess grandmaster, or as a modern artist, or as a hiding member of the anti-Soviet party. Thanks to these skills, he reached his native Odessa, where he served in the criminal investigation department and fought against local banditry, hence Ostap Bender’s respectful attitude towards the Criminal Code

Professor Preobrazhensky

With the prototype of Professor Preobrazhensky from Bulgakov’s “Heart of a Dog,” things are much more dramatic. He was a French surgeon of Russian origin, Samuil Abramovich Voronov, who in the first quarter of the twentieth century created a real sensation in European medicine.

He completely legally transplanted monkey glands into humans to rejuvenate the body. Moreover, the hype was justified - the first operations had the desired effect. As the newspapers wrote, children with disabilities mental development acquired mental alertness, and even in one song of those times called Monkey-Doodle-Doo there were the words “If you are too old for dancing, get yourself a monkey iron.”

Voronov himself cited improvement in memory and vision, good spirits, ease of movement and resumption of sexual activity as the results of treatment. Thousands of people underwent treatment according to Voronov’s system, and the doctor himself, to simplify the practice, opened his own monkey nursery on the French Riviera.

However, after some time, patients began to feel a deterioration in the body’s condition, rumors appeared that the result of the treatment was nothing more than self-hypnosis, Voronov was branded a charlatan and disappeared from European science until the 90s, when his work began to be discussed again

But the main character of “The Picture of Dorian Gray” seriously spoiled the reputation of his real-life original. John Gray, a friend and protégé of Oscar Wilde in his youth, was famous for his penchant for the beautiful and the vicious, as well as for the appearance of a fifteen-year-old boy.

Wilde did not hide the similarity of his character with John, and the latter sometimes even called himself Dorian. The happy union ended the moment the newspapers began to write about it: John appeared there as the lover of Oscar Wilde, even more languid and apathetic than everyone who came before him.

An angry Gray filed a lawsuit and obtained an apology from the editor, but his friendship with the famous author slowly faded away. Soon Gray met his life partner - the poet and native of Russia Andre Raffalovich, together they converted to Catholicism, then Gray became a priest at St. Patrick's Church in Edinburgh.

Michael Davis (Peter Pan)

Acquaintance with the family of Sylvia and Arthur Davis gave James Matthew Barry, at that time already a famous playwright, his main character - Peter Pan, whose prototype was Michael, one of the Davis sons.

Peter Pan became the same age as Michael and acquired from him both some character traits and nightmares. It was from Michael that the portrait of Peter Pan was made for the sculpture in Kensington Gardens.

The fairy tale itself was dedicated to Barry’s older brother, David, who died the day before his fourteenth birthday while skating and remained forever young in the memory of those close to him.

The story of Alice in Wonderland began on the day Lewis Carroll walked with the daughters of the rector of Oxford University, Henry Lidell, among whom was Alice Lidell. Carroll came up with the story on the fly at the request of the children, but the next time he did not forget about it, he began to compose a sequel.

Two years later, the author presented Alice with a manuscript consisting of four chapters, to which was attached a photograph of Alice herself at the age of seven. It was entitled “A Christmas gift to a dear girl in memory of a summer day.”

While working on Lolita, Vladimir Nabokov, according to his biographer Brian Boyd, often scanned the crime sections of newspapers for stories of accidents, murders and violence. The story of Sally Horner and Frank Lasalle in 1948 clearly caught his attention.

It was reported that a middle-aged man had abducted twelve-year-old Sally Horner from New Jersey and kept her in his possession for nearly two years until she was found in a Southern California motel.

Lasalle, just like Nabokov’s hero, throughout the entire time passed Sally off as his daughter. Nabokov even briefly mentions this incident in the book in the words of Humbert: “Did I do to Dolly the same thing that Frank LaSalle, a fifty-year-old mechanic, did to eleven-year-old Sally Horner in ’48?”

Karabas-Barabas

Alexei Tolstoy, as is known, although he only sought to rewrite Carlo Collodio’s “Pinocchio” in Russian, published a completely independent story in which analogies with contemporary cultural figures are clearly read.

Tolstoy was not a fan of Meyerhold's theater and its biomechanics, so he got the role of the antagonist - Karabas-Barabas. The parody can be read even in the name: Karabas is the Marquis of Karabas from Perrault’s fairy tale, and Barabas is from the Italian word for swindler - baraba. Meyerhold's assistant, who worked under the pseudonym Voldemar Luscinius, got the no less eloquent role of Duremar

By the way, we once had controversial history about this or. But in reality

Perhaps the most incredible and mythologized story of the image is the story of Carlson’s creation. His possible prototype is Hermann Goering. Relatives of Astrid Lindgren, of course, refute this version, but it still exists and is actively discussed.

Astrid Lindgren and Goering met in the 1920s, when the latter organized an air show in Sweden. At that time, Goering was fully “in the prime of his life,” as Carlson liked to say about himself. After World War I, he became a famous ace pilot with a certain charisma and, according to legend, a good appetite.

The little engine behind Carlson’s back is often interpreted as an allusion to Goering’s flying practice. A possible confirmation of this analogy can be considered the fact that for a certain time Astrid Lindgren supported the ideas of the National Socialist Party of Sweden.

The book about Carlson was published already in the post-war period in 1955, so it would be madness to advocate a direct analogy of these heroes, however, it is quite possible that the vivid image of the young Goering remained in her memory and in one way or another influenced the appearance of the charming Carlson

And a little more about our Soviet cartoon:

In total, two episodes about Carlson were released: “Kid and Carlson” (1968) and “Carlson is back” (1970). Soyuzmultfilm was going to make a third one, but this idea was never realized. The studio archives still contain film that was planned to be used for filming a cartoon based on the third part of the trilogy about the Kid and Carlson - “Carlson Plays Pranks Again.”

Carlson, Malysh, Freken Bok and all the other characters were created by artist Anatoly Savchenko. He also suggested inviting Faina Ranevskaya to voice the “housekeeper.” She auditioned for this role before huge amount actresses, and no one came up, but Ranevskaya was perfect. She had another “minus” - a difficult character. She called the director “baby” and categorically rejected all his comments. And when I first saw my heroine, I was scared, and then I was very offended by Savchenko. “Am I really that scary?” — the actress constantly asked. The explanation that this was not her portrait, but just an image, did not console Ranevskaya. She remained unconvinced.

Carlson also did not have a “voice” for a long time; Livanov found himself, by accident. The actor visited the creators of the cartoon every day for a game of chess, and one day while playing, director Boris Stepantsev complained to him that he couldn’t find a person to play Carlson. Vasily Livanov immediately went to the studio, tried out, and was approved. Later, the actor admitted that, while working in the image of Carlson, he diligently parodied famous director Grigory Roshal

One version explains that the teddy bear with sawdust in its head got its name from the nickname of Milne’s son Christopher Robin’s favorite toy. The same as the rest of the characters in the book.

However, in fact, Winnie the Pooh was named after a real-life bear who lived in the London Zoo. Her name was Winnipeg, and she entertained the residents of the British capital from 1915 to 1934. The bear had many admirers. Among them was Christopher Robin

One-legged John Silver

In Treasure Island, Robert Louis Stevenson portrayed his friend, poet and critic Williams Hansley, as a good villain. As a child, William suffered from tuberculosis and doctors, for some unknown reason, decided to amputate one of his legs at the knee.

After the book was announced, the writer wrote to a friend: “I have a confession to make. Evil on the outside, but kind at heart, John Silver was based on you. You're not offended, are you?

Refined man with princely title, married to a Dutch princess and prone to dubious adventures - this is what the prototype of James Bond, Prince Bernard Van Lippe-Biesterfeld, actually looked like.

The adventures of James Bond began with a series of books written by English intelligence officer Ian Fleming. The first of them, Casino Royale, was published in 1953, a few years after Fleming was assigned as part of his duty to monitor Prince Bernard, who had defected from German service to British intelligence.

For those who don’t know, I’ll tell you what the sequel is

Methods: interactive method, teacher explanation, conversation, collective survey, testing, cooperative group work. For interactive learning, I choose the location of the desk and students in position No. 3, creating a cluster.

Lesson type : a lesson in “discovering” new knowledge

Lesson progress

Motivation for learning activities.

Greeting the teacher, checking students who are absent and present in class.

Guys, December is significant for many events.. What do you associate it with? (Children's answers: happy New Year, happy birthday, happy President's Day of the Republic of Kazakhstan, happy Independence Day, happy religious holidays, happy Nativity Fast, happy beginning of winter, happy snow, happy winter holidays)

By the way, N.A. Nekrasov was born on December 10, 1821. (according to the new style), bore the name of the Wonderworker (Nikola the Winter - 12/19), wrote a poem about the events of 12/14/1825, died 12/27/1877. (old style).

(Against the background of the song “Road”)

“...Endless again road, that terrible one, which the people called the path of chains, and along it, under the cold moon, in a frozen wagon, she hurries to her exiled husbandRussian woman , from luxury and bliss to cold and curse”, - this is what the early 20th century poet K.D. Balmont wrote about the poem by N.A. Nekrasov, which we will consider today, in his article “Mountain Peaks” (1904).

What keyword did you hear? (Road)

What is the road for you? (The path to school, to life.)

Indeed, the road accompanies every person throughout his life.

II. Updating knowledge and fixing difficulties in activities.

Teacher's word . In Russian literature of the 19th century.road motif is basic. For Nekrasov, the road became the beginning of understanding the restless people's Russia. His road is “gay”, “cast iron”, “iron”, “terrible”, “trodden with chains”. And he’s driving along this road?.. (Russian woman).

Who, serving the great goals of the age,

He gives his life completely

To fight for a human brother, -

Only he will survive himself...

Poetry N.A. Nekrasova served “the great goals of the century.” This is the source of her immortality, her unfading strength. That is why she is close to us, people of another century, for her faith in the Motherland and man, her bright love of life and courage, her love for Russian nature. That is why at every meeting we rediscover Nekrasov, and his poems awaken in us high and good thoughts, help us understand the world and ourselves, make us more generous and responsive to everything beautiful. “Go into the fire for the honor of your fatherland, for your conviction, for your love...” All the love and all the thoughts of the poet belong to Russia, the Russian people, the peasantry, downtrodden, trampled into the dirt, but spiritually not broken.

Conversation with students:

What is the main theme of N’s creativity?. A. Nekrasova? (The hard life of the Russian people)

What works of the poet are you familiar with?(“Uncompressed Strip”, “Peasant Children”, “Railroad”)

Why does an ordinary peasant woman evoke the poet’s admiration?(Hard work, patience, the ability to love, the ability not to get confused and act in a difficult situation.)

Who was the Russian woman for Nekrasov?(Nekrasov’s heroine is a person who was not broken by trials, who managed to survive. It’s not without reason that even Nekrasov’s Muse - “ sister"peasant women).

III . Identifying the causes of difficulties and setting goals for activities (setting learning goals)

The topic of our lesson“ Poem by N.A. Nekrasov “Russian Women” Artistic images and their real historical prototypes. The plots of two poems. Heroic and lyrical principles in poems.

What problems do you think we should solve in class to learn new topic?

1. Find out which historical events formed the basis for writing the poem .

2. How Nekrasov portrayed the heroes; to whom he expressed his likes and dislikes;

3. What place does the poem occupy in modern literature?

ІІІ . Implementation of the constructed project.

The first task we need to figure out. What historical events formed the basis for writing the poem? .

For this lesson, your classmates have studied historical events and prepared material. Please come to the board. 4 pre-prepared students perform during a slide show.

Historical background .

Let's remember our lesson rules: (can be written on the board)

Let's not interrupt!

Let's answer briefly!

We value time!

Let's not get distracted from the given topic.

The ability to listen to others.

Guys, what are you doing?found outabout the Decembrist uprising on December 14, 1825? (All presentations are accompanied by slide shows on topics)

1) Nikolaev Russia .

In November 1825 During a trip to the south of Russia, in Taganrog, Emperor Alexander 1 unexpectedly died. He had no children. His brother Constantine was supposed to inherit the throne, but during Alexander’s lifetime he secretly abdicated in favor of his younger brother Nicholas. After Alexander's death, Constantine's abdication was not announced. The troops and population were immediately sworn in to the new emperor. But he confirmed his renunciation of the throne. On December 14, 1825 re-oath was appointed. This day turned out to be one of the most terrible in the life of Emperor Nicholasfirst.

2 ) Decembrist uprising.

Several military units came to Senate Square, refusing to submit to the new king. They were all noblesthat issupport of the autocracy and supporters of serfdom. The Decembrists (as they would later be called) wanted, before the senators and members of the State Council took the oath, to force them to sign a “Manifesto” with demands: to eliminate the existing government, to abolish serfdom, to proclaim freedom of speech, religion, freedom of occupation, movement, equality before the law, and a reduction in prison terms. soldier service. But the plan could not be implemented. The uprising in St. Petersburg was suppressed within a few hours. 579 people were involved in the investigation. Five Decembrists: poet K.F. Ryleev, P.I. Pestel, S.I. Muravyov - Apostol, M.P. Bestuzhev - Ryumin, P.G. Kakhovsky were hanged in the Peter and Paul Fortress. More than a hundred sentenced to hard labor and settlement in Siberia. Prince Sergei Trubetskoy was elected leader of the uprising, but he did not appear on the square. During the investigation he behaved courageously, thereby earning respect among his comrades.

3) Wives of the Decembrists . Eastern Siberia.

In July 1926, convicts began to be sent in small groups to Siberia towards the unknown, towards a hard labor fate. There, behind the mountains and rivers, they will lie in the damp earth, there, behind the fog of distance and time, their faces will melt, the memory of them will dissipate. This was the king's intention. In those days, the tsar forbade any mention of the Decembrists, and Russia cried for them, because almost every well-born noble house lost either a son, or a husband, or a nephew. And how unpleasantly surprised the tsar was when he received petitions from women - the wives of the Decembrists - for permission to follow their husbands to Siberia. Under the guise of a liberal king was hiding a vengeful and cruel man: everything possible and impossible was done to stop women who wanted to divide, to alleviate the fate of their husbands sent to hard labor: prohibitions, threats, laws to deprive them of all rights of the state. But women, amazing Russian women, could not be stopped by any obstacles. About the feat of these amazingly fragile and amazingly strong at heart and faithful women N.A. Nekrasov created his work. Eleven women who voluntarily followed to Siberia destroyed the king’s intentions. Prisoners were prohibited from correspondence. The wives of the Decembrists took on this responsibility. Through the letters they wrote to their relatives, as well as to the relatives of other convicts, they remembered the prisoners, sympathized with them, and tried to alleviate their lot.

The return of the Decembrists from exile in 1856 caused a wide response in advanced Russian society. The Decembrists spent thirty years in hard labor and exile. By the time of the amnesty in 1856, only nineteen of the exiled Decembrists remained alive. Before the return of the Decembrists and for the first time after their return, even mentioning them in the press was prohibited. Nekrasov was forced to talk with great caution about the Decembrists themselves and the events of December 14, 1825.

- Thank you guys for studying historical events and doing good job. Please sit down.

2. The history of the poem . “Russian Women” is a poem about the courageous and noble feat of the wives of the first Russian revolutionaries - the Decembrists, who, despite all the difficulties and hardships, followed their husbands into exile in distant Siberia. They abandoned the wealth and comforts of their usual life, all civil rights and doomed themselves to the difficult position of exiles.

This dedication of the wives of the Decembrists, their spiritual strength, attracted the attention of the writer, especially since it was impossible to directly say or think about writing about the heroic courage of the Decembrists themselves due to censorship prohibitions.

In 1869, he wrote the first of the poems in the cycle - “Grandfather” - about the Decembrist who returned as an old man from Siberian exile. Real prototype The “grandfather” was Prince Sergei Nikolaevich Volkonsky, the husband of Maria Volkonskaya, the heroine of the poem “Russian Women”. This poem, written in 1871-1872, is one of the poet’s most significant works. It combines two poems that are closely related common theme- “Princess Trubetskaya” and “Princess Volkonskaya”.

Fine. What is a poem? (A work of lyric-epic kind: a large lyric poem in which the plot (content) can be highlighted.

- Well done.WITHMake the necessary notes in your notebooks. N.A. Nekrasov is the first of the 19th century poets. turned to the forbidden for many years topic - he spoke about the feat of the wives of the Decembrists. “Russian women” -poem-dulogy (consists of 2 parts united by a common theme) .

Speaking about the heroines of his poems, Nekrasov exclaimed:

Captivating images! Hardly

In the history of any country

Have you come across something wonderful?

Their names should not be forgotten.

The choice of topic is also connected with events deeply experienced by Nekrasov himself. Nekrasov’s friend N.G. Chernyshevsky and hundreds of other people were exiled to hard labor in Siberia.

1 hour “Princess Trubetskoy” (Ekaterina Ivanovna was the first to go to her husband in Siberia) was written based on “Notes of the Decembrist” by Rosen (1870), Trubetskoy, husband and son, published in 1872, with censorship distortions. Nekrasov himself welcomes her precisely because:

She paved the way for others

She inspired others to achieve this feat! (This year, as you can see, the poem is being fulfilled 143 years )

2 hours “Princess M.N. Volkonskaya” written in 1872,published in 1873 (Maria Nikolaevna went to Siberia following Prince Trubetskoy) was written based on materials from “The Notes of M.N. Volkonskaya.” Nekrasov knew that Volkonskaya’s son kept notes from his mother, and he really wanted to read them. Having conceived the poem, Nekrasov persistently asked Volkonskaya’s son to give him “Notes”, citing the fact that he had much less information about Maria Nikolaevna than about Trubetskoy, and her image could be distorted. Mikhail Sergeevich Volkonsky, after a long refusal, finally agreed to read his mother’s notes to Nekrasov himself. For several evenings, Volkonsky read “Notes,” and the poet, while listening, made notes and notes. “Several times a evening,” recalls Volkonsky, “Nekrasov jumped up and with the words: “Enough, I can’t,” ran to the fireplace, sat down next to it and, clutching his head with his hands, cried like a child.”

According to the author, it was supposed to last 3 hours. - “Princess A.G. Muravyova” (Alexandra Grigorievna was the third female Decembrist).Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin sent through her his famous"MessageVSiberia", in which he expressed his ardent faith in future freedom. Who will tell an excerpt from the message?

Deep in Siberian ores

Keep proud patience

Your sorrowful work will not be wasted

And I think about high aspiration.

2. Second project: How Nekrasov portrayed the heroes; to whom did you express your likes and dislikes? .

Let's start to find out works at with text poems. Homework was to read the poem .

Who is the main character first part?(the heroine of the first part is Princess Trubetskoy)

- Who is Princess Trubetskoy saying goodbye to?(she says goodbye to her family)

- How does her father see her off?( The old count, Ekaterina Ivanovna's father, with tears puts the bear's cavity into the cart, which should take his daughter away from home forever)

- What does the heroine of the poem say to him goodbye?Read the 3rd stanza (O, God knows!.. But duty another,

And higher and more difficult,

He's calling me, forgive me dear!

Don't shed unnecessary tears!

My path is long, my path is hard,

My fate is terrible,

But I covered my chest with steel...

Be proud - I am your daughter !)

Underline the two main words on which the poem rests. Pride and duty are the two concepts on which the poem rests.

The poet compares each part of the text, what is being compared, how does he achieve this? (dreams and reality, balls, trips abroad and reality, home and prison)

Why is “the princess-daughter going somewhere that night”? What makes her leave home and family?(duty and pride)

- But in order to fulfill their duty, women have to fight with those who prevent them from doing so.

And who is trying to stop them?(The king and the governor who carries out his will).

What's unusual about the poem? How does it resemble a dramatic work? How was it built?(This is a dialogue, but not just a conversation between two characters. This is a dispute, this is a confrontation, this is a struggle).

What is the central episode of this part of the poem?(Meeting of Princess Trubetskoy with the Irkutsk governor)

Why did the governor so not want the princess to travel further?(He received the strictest order from the king to restrain her by any means and not allow her to follow her husband).

Teacher: Nicholas the first, fearing that the noble deed of the Decembrist wives would arouse sympathy for them in society, gave instructions to prevent them in every possible way from carrying out their intentions. The wives of the Decembrists in Irkutsk had to sign a special document and renounce all civil rights. The text of this document is given in her notes by M.N. Volkonskaya (the text is projected on the screen)

« Here is the contents of the paper I signed:

§1. The wife, following her husband, continuing the marital relationship with him, will naturally become involved in his fate and will lose her previous title, i.e. will no longer be recognized as anything other than the wife of an exiled convict, and at the same time takes upon herself to endure everything that such a state may have that is painful, for even the authorities will not be able to protect her from the hourly possible insults from people of the most depraved, contemptuous class who will find in it some right to consider the wife of a state criminal, who bears an equal fate with him, as their own kind: these insults can even be violent. Inveterate villains are not afraid of punishment.

§2. Children who take root in Siberia will become state-owned factory peasants.

§3. You are not allowed to take any money or valuable things with you...».

Teacher: Nekrasov did not strive for photographic accuracy or for sketching a historical portrait"DecembristOTo".For him"Decembrists"-first of all, progressive Russian women.

Questions can be distributed in the form of cards or conducted a frontal survey.

- Who is the heroine of the second part of the poem? (the heroine of the second part of the poem is Princess Volkonskaya)

- How does he show Volkonskaya at the beginning of the poem? (he shows Volkonskaya as a young and beautiful girl« queen of the ball » ) .

- What did Maria Nikolaevna have to give up to go to Siberia? (renounced her position in the world, her rich fortune, all rights and privileges, even her son)

- Who in Moscow inspires cheerfulness and faith in Maria Volkonskaya that her feat is not in vain? Read the passage of the poem expressively.

(The great Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin admonishes her with beautiful words)

Go, go! You are strong at heart

You are rich in courageous patience,

May your fateful journey be completed peacefully,

Don't let losses bother you!

Believe me, such spiritual purity

This hateful world is not worth it!

Blessed is he who changes his vanity

To the feat of selfless love!...

Princess Volkonskaya

Princess Trubetskoy

N.A. Nekrasov

poem-dulogy

Teacher: According to the latest third project. What place does the poem occupy in modern literature? we can say that the poem “Russian women”- one of the most striking works of Russian classical poetry.

The Decembrist uprising was suppressed, but the cause to which they devoted themselves did not pass without a trace. Nowadays on Senate Square in St. Petersburg there is a monument to the Decembrists, because their trace remained not only in history but also in the memory of the people. Since history is the memory of the people. (I show a modern photo of Senate Square on the slide)

І V . Summing up the lesson.

Test.

1. What is main topic poems N.A. Nekrasova "Russian women"?

a) the fate of the Decembrists,

b) the greatness and fortitude of a Russian noblewoman

V) a story about the difficulties on the princess's way to Nerchinsk

d) the governor’s attempt to prevent the princess from supporting her husband

2. Highlight idea (main idea) of the poem

a) the tragic fate of a Russian woman,

b) denunciation of secular society,

V) spiritual greatness of the Russian woman,

d) feat of the Decembrists)

- Which problem sounds in the text?

A)The problem of choice, moral beauty, duty and honor, feat

b) debt problem .

c) love

d) patriotic feelings

- So, we have fully covered the topic of the lesson. “The spiritual and moral greatness of a woman in N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Russian Women.”

Well done, you have mastered the topic and objectives of today's lesson. Thanks for your participation.

I give ratings.

V . Homework. Instructing its implementation. Prepare to analyze the poem, complete creative tasks from pp. 124-125.

Sapozhkova Taisiya.

The purpose of the research work was to search for prototypes of heroes known and studied in school curriculum literary works.

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Historical prototypes of literary heroes:

“There is no fiction without truth.”

Almost every literary character has its own prototype - a real person. Sometimes it is the author himself, sometimes it is a historical figure, sometimes it is an acquaintance or relative of the author. Often, having read this or that work, impressed by the events and characters described by the author, I want to know whether this person really existed, who this person really was without the writer’s fiction, and what character traits the author attributed to him?

The purpose of my research work was to search for prototypes of heroes of famous literary works studied in the school curriculum. But first let’s define what a prototype is.

Prototype - prototype, specific historical or contemporary to the author the personality that served as his starting point for creating the image.

Maxim Gorky defined the process of reworking and typifying a prototype as follows: “I recognize the writer’s right and even consider it his duty to “think through” a person.” The process of “speculation” is the process of generalization, typification of the Prototype in an artistic image.

The processing of the Prototype into an image cannot be viewed only as an expression of the author’s attitude towards this Prototype.

The value of researching a Prototype depends on the nature of the Prototype itself. The more striking a phenomenon of society and history the Prototype is, the more meaningful its study and comparison with the image becomes, because in this case we have a reflection in art of an extremely important, meaningful, typical phenomenon of society.

In one of the most significant works of Russian literature"Eugene Onegin" (1823-1831), - novel in verseAlexander Sergeevich Pushkin, - against the broad background of Russian reality, the dramatic fate of the best people of the nobility is shownintelligentsia. The novel, according to Pushkin, was “the fruit of a mind of cold observations and a heart of sorrowful observations.”

Determining prototypes of certain charactersThe novel fascinated both contemporary readers and researchers. In memoirs and scientific literature, extensive material has accumulated on attempts to connect the heroes of Pushkin’s novel with certain real-life persons.

Having studied a large volume of materials from historians and literary critics, I was faced with the fact that there is no consensus about the personality of the prototype of the novel’s protagonist – Evgenia Onegina . This gives reason to agree with the opinion that the image of the hero is collective. I will give only the most common names of possible prototypes of Eugene Onegin.

Alexander Pushkin called the main character of his novel in verse, Evgeniy, his friend. The poet even left a drawing, known to many, in which the poet depicted himself and Onegin against the backdrop of the Peter and Paul Fortress. Evgeniy appears to be several years older than Pushkin, not thin, wears a mustache, wears a bolivar, and has a visible stand-up collar. This hand-drawn image clearly does not resemble the Onegin who is considered classic. The drawing, according to the author's plan, was to become the basis for a portrait that would be placed on the cover of the first chapter of the novel. This means that he attached special significance to this image.

The prototype of the image of the main character in the novel "Eugene Onegin" isRussian poet, playwright, literary critic, translator, theater figure; MemberRussian Academy- Pavel Aleksandrovich Katenin.Guard colonel, participant in the fighting in the Patriotic War of 1812, Decembrist Pavel Katenin hated Alexander I and participated in the development of plans for his assassination, was a member of the Union of Salvation. In the summer of 1817, he headed one of the two branches of the secret Military Society - an intermediate organization that operated during the period between the Union of Salvation and the Union of Welfare. His song about freedom became the anthem of the Decembrists, for which he was dismissed in September 1820.

The friendship between Katenin and Pushkin was good fuel for the creativity of Alexander Sergeevich.

P.A. Katenin was famous for his quarrelsome character and broke with the Decembrists, so he did not go to Senate Square. He was expelled from St. Petersburg in 1822 and settled on his estate in the Kostroma province, where he led a lonely life, engaged in literary activities.

Pavel Aleksandrovich Katenin

Another, even more famous prototype of Eugene Onegin is considered to be Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev, a friend of Pushkin, mentioned by the poet in the first chapter of the novel. The story of Onegin is reminiscent of the life of Chaadaev.

Russian philosopher, publicist, P. Chaadaev was born in Moscow into a noble family. His maternal grandfather was the famous historian and publicist Prince M. M. Shcherbatov. After early death Chaadaev's parents were raised by their aunt and uncle. In 1808, he entered Moscow University, where he became close with the writer A. S. Griboedov, the future Decembrists I. D. Yakushkin, N. I. Turgenev and other subsequently prominent figures of their time. In 1811 he left the university and joined the guard. Participated in the Patriotic War of 1812, in foreign trip Russian army. In 1814 in Krakow he was accepted into Masonic lodge. Returning to Russia, Chaadaev continued his military service.

In 1816, in Tsarskoe Selo, Chaadaev met lyceum student A. S. Pushkin and soon became the young poet’s beloved friend and teacher, whom he called “a graceful genius” and “our Dante.” Three poetic messages of Pushkin are dedicated to Chaadaev, his features are embodied in the image of Onegin. Pushkin characterized the personality of Chaadaev with his famous poems “To the Portrait of Chaadaev”:

"He is the highest will of heaven

Born in the shackles of royal service;

He would be Brutus in Rome, Pericles in Athens,

And here he is a hussar officer.”

Constant communication between Pushkin and Chaadaev was interrupted in 1820 due to Pushkin’s southern exile. However, correspondence and meetings continued throughout their lives. On October 19, 1836, Pushkin wrote a famous letter to Chaadaev, in which he argued with the views on the destiny of Russia expressed by Chaadaev in his Philosophical Letter. For these letters, Chaadaev was officially declared crazy and doomed to hermitage in his house on Basmannaya Street, where he was visited by a doctor who reported monthly to the Tsar about his condition. Chaadaev died in Moscow in 1856.

An important influence on the image of Onegin was exerted by Lord Byron and his “Byronian Heroes”, Don Juan and Childe Harold, who are also mentioned more than once by Pushkin himself.

Tatyana Larina - prototype Avdotya (Dunya) Norova, Chaadaev’s friend. Dunya herself is mentioned in the second chapter, and at the end of the last chapter, Pushkin expresses his grief over her untimely death. Due to the death of Dunya at the end of the novel, the prototype of the princess, matured and transformed Tatiana, is Anna Kern, Pushkin’s beloved. She, Anna Kern, was the prototype of Anna Karenina. Although Leo Tolstoy copied Anna Karenina's appearance from eldest daughter Pushkin, Maria Hartung, but the name and history are very close to Anna Kern. Thus, through the story of Anna Kern, Tolstoy's novel Anna Karenina is a continuation of the novel Eugene Onegin.

Another contender for the role of Tatyana Larina’s prototype was N.D. Fonvizina, the widow of a Decembrist general who spent many years in Siberian exile with her husband.N.P. Chulkov wrote: “Fonvizina calls herself Tanya because, in her opinion, Pushkin based his Tatyana Larina on her. Indeed, in her life there were many similarities with Pushkin’s heroine: in her youth she had an affair with a young man who abandoned her (though for different reasons than Onegin), then she married an elderly general who was passionately in love with her, and soon met the former object of her love, who fell in love with her, but was rejected by her.”

It is also assumed that Tatyana Larina could have another living prototype in Pushkin’s contemporary society - a famous socialite, a beauty - the wife of the Governor-General of Novorossiya, Count M.S. Vorontsova - Elizaveta Ksaverevna, who was followed by one of Pushkin's friends - also the prototype of Eugene Onegin. Countess Vorontsova E.K., a dazzling master of flirtation, loving the company of brilliant gentlemen, charmed everyone. Her beauty, lightness and alluring inaccessibility turned the young poet’s head. She, according to this version, becomes the prototype of Tatyana Larina, whose sketches the enamored Pushkin makes in Gurzuf. Elizabeth reciprocates his feelings and gives him the famous ring - the “talisman”. Pushkin's heartfelt affairs are full of passions and emotions. The son of General Raevsky, Nikolai, is himself fascinated by the countess and helps Alexander Sergeevich in every possible way in arranging his meetings with Elizabeth...

Vladimir Lensky- Wilhelm Küchelbecker, Russian poet, writer and public figure, Pushkin’s friend at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. “I am definitely German by father and mother, but not by language; - until I was six years old, I did not know a word of German, my natural language is Russian...” This is what Wilhelm Karlovich Kuchelbecker, a native of Estonia, wrote about himself. With the opening of the Lyceum, fate brought him together with Pushkin, Pushchin, Delvig, Malinovsky and other future celebrities. They loved Wilhelm, but at the same time they did not miss the opportunity to tease their lanky, deaf, stuttering, dreamy and very hot-tempered comrade.

No less recognizable characters act in the comedy by A. S. Griboedov"Woe from Wit." Critics most often associate the main character - Chatsky - with the name Chaadaev (in the original version of the comedy Griboedov wrote “Chadsky”), although they agree that the image of Chatsky is least of all a portrait of this or that real person, it is a collective image, social type of the era, a kind of “hero of the time”. If you remember, the author of the Philosophical Letters suffered an unprecedented and terrible punishment: by the highest decree he was declared insane. It so happened that the literary character did not repeat the fate of his prototype, but predicted it.

Orlovsky is the prototype of Chatsky (I. Yakushkin). Withread Yakushkin (Ivan Dmitrievich) - one of the outstanding Decembrists. Born November 1793

To create images of the main characters of a great novel"War and Peace" Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy used the stories of the destinies of his contemporaries, their worldview, character traits, and appearance.

Yes, prototypes Andrey Bolkonskythere were several. His tragic death was “written off” by Tolstoy from the biography of the real Prince Golitsyn. Dmitry Nikolaevich Golitsyn was born in 1786, in the family of the aristocrat Nikolai Alekseevich Golitsyn, who spent most of his life at court and abroad, was ambassador to Sweden for 7 years, had the rank of senator and the rank of privy councilor. He owned the Arkhangelskoye estate near Moscow, where even the highest persons were received. Prince Dmitry was enlisted in the Moscow archives of the Ministry of Justice. Soon Emperor Alexander I granted him the rank of chamberlain cadet, and then actual chamberlain, which was equivalent to the rank of general. In 1805, Prince Golitsyn entered military service and, together with the army, fought the campaigns of 1805-1807. During the Patriotic War of 1812, Golitsin took part in border battles as part of the 2nd Russian army of General Bagration, fought at the Shevardinsky redoubt, and then found himself on the left flank of the Russian formations on the Borodino field. Defended Semenov flushes. In one of the skirmishes he was seriously wounded by a fragment of an enemy grenade. Fellow soldiers carried him from the battlefield. After an operation in a field hospital, he was sent to Moscow to his parents' home. But they were already preparing for evacuation. It was decided to take the wounded man, whose condition caused great concern to the doctors, to the safety of Nizhny Novgorod. We made a stop in Vladimir. Major Golitsyn was placed in one of the merchant houses on a steep hill on Klyazma in the parish of the Ascension Church. On September 22, almost a month after the Battle of Borodino, Dmitry Golitsyn died.

Tatyana Bers was the greatest love of the brother of the great writer Leo Tolstoy - Sergei, whom the future classic adored. How could Tolstoy resist and not portray Tanya Bers as his most charming heroine? Under his pen, an image was gradually born Natasha Rostova , a lovely young creature, glowing from within with happiness and sincerity. The naturalness of manners, mistakes in French, the passionate desire for love and happiness inherent in the real Tatyana Bers, added completeness to the image of Rostova.

Oddly enough, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol managed to create an image of Ukraine and its people without reproducing either real events or specific prototypes. In the story"Taras Bulba" Gogol poeticized the spiritual indissolubility of the individual and the people yearning for national and social freedom. According to Belinsky, the author “exhausted the entire life of historical Little Russia and forever captured its spiritual image in a marvelous artistic creation.” However, the story is conceived so organically and vividly that the reader is left with a sense of its reality. Indeed, Taras Bulba could have a prototype. At least there was a person whose fate was similar to the fate of the main character. And this man also bore the name Gogol. Ostap Gogol was born at the beginning of the 17th century, possibly in the Podolsk village of Gogoli, founded by the Orthodox nobleman from Volyn Nikita Gogol. On the eve of 1648, he was the captain of the “panzer” Cossacks in the Polish army. At the beginning of 1654, he began to command the Podolsk regiment. In July 1659, Gogol's regiment took part in the defeat of the Muscovites near Konotop.

In 1664, an uprising broke out in Right Bank Ukraine against the Poles and Hetman Teteri. Gogol supported the rebels, but then, as happened more than once, he again went over to the enemy’s side. The reason for this was his sons, whom Hetman Potocki held hostage in Lvov.

At the end of 1971, Crown Hetman Sobieski took Mogilev, Gogol's residence. One of Ostap’s sons died during the defense of the fortress. The colonel himself fled to Moldova and from there sent Sobieski a letter indicating his desire to submit. As a reward for this, Ostap received the village of Vilkhovets. The certificate of the estate's salary served the grandfather of the writer Nikolai Gogol as evidence of his nobility. Colonel Gogol became hetman of Right Bank Ukraine. He died in 1979 at his residence in Dymer and was buried in the Kiev-Mezhigorsky Monastery near Kyiv.

As we can see, the analogy with the story is obvious: both heroes are Zaporozhye colonels, both had sons, one of whom died at the hands of the Poles, the other went over to the side of the enemy. Thus, the writer’s distant ancestor was most likely the prototype of Taras Bulba.

"Two Captains"

The Russians also closely followed the events of our time. Soviet writers. Veniamin Kaverin spoke about the prototype of his hero as follows: “He was a man in whom ardor was combined with straightforwardness, and perseverance with amazing clarity of purpose. He knew how to achieve success in any undertaking. A clear mind and the ability for deep feeling were visible in his every judgment ". The writer met Georgy Lvovich Brusilov for the first time in 1932, when the scientist was preparing to defend his Ph.D. thesis. The details of his biography are very clearly written out in the novel, but the prototype itself never aspired to the glory of a hero. Even Brusilov’s son, reading the novel “Two Captains” as a child, did not compare its plot with the fate of his father. Brusilov, head of the expedition on the "St. Anna" (prototype of the ship "St. Maria") - the prototype of the famous polar explorer Sedov. The prototype of the Sani is the famous polar pilot Sigismund Aleksandrovich Levanevsky, one of the first Heroes of the Soviet Union. He died on August 12, 1937, when he flew from the USSR to the USA via the North Pole on a four-engine N-409 bomber. After 20 hours of flight, communication with the crew was lost. 24 aircraft and one airship were sent to search for N-409, but all efforts were in vain. The airship eventually crashed, killing the rescuers on board.

I have given only a few episodes of the results of my research.

thesis

1.1 Analysis of historical and modern prototypes, analogues of creative sources

When creating modern clothing, it is necessary to take into account not only its convenience, practicality, economic indicators, but also aesthetic qualities. For a fashion designer, a designed costume is not just a household item - it is, first of all, a means of expression. artistic vision peace. Through a costume, the designer always tries to convey certain information to the viewer.

Ideas for new costume forms and images do not come to the artist by chance. As a rule, this is the result of a long study and understanding of the various phenomena of our life. The source that inspires a fashion designer to create can be any manifestation of both the real and the ideal world. Every aspect of the life of human society (history, politics, science, literature, art, etc.) is capable of evoking artistic images in the designer’s mind, which he then transfers into the designed products.

The ability to see beauty and uniqueness in the most common objects and phenomena of the world around us is an essential part of an artist’s talent. Any phenomenon in our life can help a true professional in the birth of an idea. Images of a future product may appear in the artist’s mind after reading a book, watching a movie or theatrical performance. Collections are sometimes inspired by prominent historical figures.

Some events can also give impetus to the birth of a new idea, for example, space exploration, Olympic Games, scientific discoveries which caused a strong resonance in public life. All this can be characterized by one term - a creative source.

Two creative sources were used to create the collection:

1. Folk style (ethnographic)

2. Embroidery

One of the trends in modern fashion uses the attractive simplicity of ancient techniques for creating clothes. The folk style enriched youth fashion with gathered skirts, spacious blouses, shirts, hand-knitted vests, stockings, and scarves.

From the materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference "Folk Artistic Culture as a Strategic Resource for the Development of Russia":

"On modern stage In preparation for the life of the younger generation, one must take care not only of the quality of general education disciplines, but also devote time to artistic and aesthetic education, in which due place must be given to the study of one’s origins, traditions, and culture.

One aspect of folk culture is its traditional clothes. It reflects the traditions of the people, their worldview and worldview.

Nowadays, traditional costume is of interest not only from an artistic, but also from a historical, ethnographic, sociological and scientific point of view. Folk costume is an important part of traditional artistic culture. And this part folk art distinguished by high artistry and diversity. The skill with which women spun, weaved, embroidered, preserving centuries-old traditions, surprises everyone who has at least once come into contact with folk costume. Knowledge of the origins of its artistic nature gives the younger generation the opportunity to join traditional Russian culture, allows them to cultivate a certain perception of the world, develop creative personality qualities that ensure their readiness to inherit the spiritual values of folk art.”

Rice. 1. Ritual folk

Rice. 2. Wedding folk costume

And today the folk costume attracts many. It has not lost its relevance today. Not only ethnographers, historians and art critics are interested in it. Many leading fashion designers (not only Russian ones) use elements of folk costume in their collections and even create entire collections based on it. But these “rites”, “rites”, “outfits” were made by the hands of simple, illiterate peasant women who, without realizing it, created masterpieces of world artistic culture.

Rice. 3. Show of the autumn-winter collection 2006-2007 Jean Paul Gaultier

Rice. 4. Show of the autumn-winter collection 2006-2007 Jean Paul Gaultier

Rice. 5. Russian felt boots from Italian brand Judari

Both Gianni Versace and Paco Rabanne addressed the theme of folk costume. Even in one of Madame Chanel’s collections, small dresses were decorated with braid made in the traditional Russian style. Russian fashion designer Vyacheslav Zaitsev has repeatedly created collections based on Russian folk costume, which delighted not only his compatriots, but also foreign fashion connoisseurs. Another master of Russian modeling, Valentin Yudashkin, also in his works repeatedly turns to the origins of traditions, in particular, to embroidery on dresses from the Pret-a-porte and even Couture collections. Perhaps, after many years of oblivion, we need a real folk tradition today to realize our identity, to restore almost lost connections with the past, with our roots, for the proper education of the modern generation.

Speaking about folk costume, we turn to the costume of the peasant environment. It was formed in ancient times, and at that time it was endowed with iconic features. Clothing was adapted to natural climatic conditions and corresponded to the human lifestyle. From time immemorial, the complex of folk costume carried a special spiritual meaning, in which the psychology of each people was manifested. The costume reflected the aesthetic views of the people, going back to the concepts of life and death, youth and old age, procreation and unity with people living nearby.

Russian folk costume is not only a variety of styles and types of clothing, not only the way of life of Russian people over a vast space. This is the interaction of the visible and invisible world. These are audible sound vibrations and women’s feelings and thoughts hidden from everyone, which were not customary to be shared among the peasants, but which were “sewn” into patterns and dissolved in the centuries-old thickness of time, correlating personal life with the life of their ancestors.

I would like to note All-Russian competition“Russian Costume at the Turn of Epochs”, held for the fifth time in the city of Yaroslavl by the State Russian House of Folk Art. The competition nominations are interesting and varied. This is the restoration and reconstruction of an ethnographic costume in the local features of its manufacture. This is a modern suit that meets the requirements of today's fashion, using modern technologies, materials that preserve the traditional features and flavor of Russian costume. This is a stage costume with stylized folk motifs, combined with the repertoire program of creative groups.

Time is running away from us irrevocably, but there is so much more that can be saved, discovered, studied. After all, this is irreproducible material, it is part of our culture, part of our soul, part of our national heritage, and we have no right to forget about it.

It is necessary to support the interest of craftsmen and fashion designers who strive to study, preserve and develop the traditions of Russian costume, to educate and help shape the aesthetic tastes of the younger generation on the basis of traditional culture, to identify and support talented craftsmen, new teams and author centers in the field of creating Russian costume in its regional diversity.

The second, but no less important creative source that influenced the creation of my collection was embroidery.

The art of embroidery has a long history. On the territory of our country, archaeologists have discovered fragments of clothing embroidered with gold threads. Finds dating back to the 9th-12th centuries confirm that embroidery existed and developed already in the era of Ancient Rus'.

Rice. 6. Modern wedding dresses in Ukrainian folk style

Rice. 7. Girls in wedding dresses in folk Ukrainian style

Since pagan times, women embroiderers have created scenes of everyday life in their embroidery paintings. Most often, embroidery was used to decorate bedding (sheets), the ends of which hung from the beds, as well as towels, tablecloths, curtains, wedding and holiday shirts, canvas sundresses, hats, and scarves. An embroidered towel was used not only in everyday life.

Ritual, richly embroidered towels were hung on sacred trees, roadsides and grave crosses, they decorated the temples of idols. Later, in Christian times, the custom arose of decorating icons, mirrors and windows with embroidered towels. At a wedding, Maslenitsa, at the birth or death of a person, embroidered towels were a sacred amulet. A special power to protect people from evil forces, diseases and the elements was attributed to an ordinary (“made in one day”) towel. It was created by several craftswomen in one day or day and was considered impeccably clean. Embroiderers often depicted a sacred tree and a human figure with his hands raised to the sun - a traditional religious gesture from both pagan and Christian times. The patterns reproduced the signs good wishes(hooked cross, circle, rhombus, rosette), symbolic animals, birds of paradise.

Rice. 8. "Bird of Paradise"

Rice. 9. Geometric pattern

Rice. 10. Designation of symbolic characters in embroidery

Until the 18th century, embroidery was mainly practiced by women from noble families and nuns. Church vestments, rich clothes of kings and boyars were made from expensive fabrics (silk, velvet) and embroidered with gold and silver threads, combined with pearls and gems. Wedding towels, festive shirts and scarves were also decorated with colored silk and gold threads. The daughter of the Russian Tsar Boris Godunov, Ksenia, was a skilled needlewoman. The coverlet embroidered by her hands in 1601 on the church throne with the image of the Mother of God, Christ, John the Baptist, Sergius of Radonezh and Nikon worshiping them has survived to this day. This is embroidery with gold, silver and precious stones on velvet. The work is delicate and painstaking. Since the 18th century, embroidery has become one of the main occupations of peasant girls. The products were made from simple, inexpensive fabrics, but were distinguished by high artistic skill. The embroiderers themselves created patterns and selected colors.

Rice. 11. Festive tablecloth

Rice. 12. Ritual belts for shirts

Russian peasant embroidery can be divided into two main groups: the northern regions and the central Russian strip. Common techniques of northern embroidery include: cross stitch, painting, cutouts, white fine stitching, end-to-end sewing done on a grid, white and colored satin stitch. Most often, the patterns were made with red threads using white background or white threads on a red background. The background was used by craftswomen as an element of the pattern. Squares and stripes inside large figures (peahen birds, leopards, trees) were embroidered with blue, yellow and dark red wool.

The Russian North is characterized by white stitching, while the Upper Volga region is characterized by colored stitching. In the Yaroslavl region, silk threads of delicate tones or woolen garus were selected for colored stitch embroidery.

In the Olonets, Vologda and western parts of the Arkhangelsk region they embroidered mainly with a vestibule. White and colored satin stitch with plant motifs are characteristic of the Vladimir region, gold embroidery - for the Tver region, guipure - for the Gorky and Ivanovo regions. In northern embroidery patterns, plot motifs prevailed over geometric ones.

The patterns were drawn on checkered paper and embroidered by counting the threads in the fabric. Complex compositions were made in outline, in one color, using one embroidery technique. The embroideries of Kaluga, Tula, Ryazan, Smolensk, Oryol and other Central Russian regions are multicolored. Ornament - the image of a bird is often found in embroidery. These are roosters, peacocks, waterfowl and birds of prey. Another popular motif is horses located on the sides of the tree and carrying a rider. There are images of snakes and frogs, which in the old days were attributed with supernatural and mysterious powers. The sun was depicted in the form of a circle, a rhombus, or a rosette. The female figure and the flowering tree symbolized fertility. The location of the pattern and embroidery techniques depended on the shape of the clothing, which was sewn from straight pieces of fabric.

Rice. 13. Russian smooth surface

Rice. 14. Vladimir tops

Embroidery was placed along connecting seams, on the forearms, ends of sleeves, slits on the chest, and hems of aprons. By the age of 13-15, peasant girls had to prepare a dowry for themselves. These were embroidered tablecloths, valances, hats, and towels. Before the wedding, a public display of the dowry was held as evidence of the bride’s hard work and skill. In peasant families, clothes were made from homespun linen and woolen fabrics. It was decorated not only with embroidery, but also with lace, braid, and colored chintz inserts.

Rice. 15. Simple hems

In the second half of the 19th century, factory fabrics replaced homespun canvas. Along with them, embroideries made with counted stitches have practically disappeared. Cross stitch designs appeared, using colorful soap wrappers as examples. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, embroiderers were fond of white openwork embroidery on a large mesh, called guipure. In the 1920-1930s, capes, sofa cushions, and tablecloths appeared with airplanes, tractors, airplanes, and even state symbols embroidered on them - five-pointed star, sickle and hammer. Urban embroidery continued to be influenced by the Art Nouveau style.

In the supplements to the Women's Magazine, patterns were printed for tambour embroidery and machine cutwork openwork embroidery, which was fashionable in the pre-war years. IN post-war years unique works of monumental art were created - plot-themed curtains-panels dedicated to the victory over the enemy and hero cities. Architectural motifs were complemented plant patterns with oak and laurel branches, personifying the power and glory of the Motherland. Modern fashion is once again turning to embroidery, an elegant decorative element that adorns clothing and our everyday life. With the development of new technologies and the release of the latest embroidery equipment, the process of creating embroidery has become significantly faster and simplified. With the help of embroidery machines and special software for embroidery, almost anyone who wants to touch this type of decorative and applied art has the opportunity to express creativity. Machine embroidery has simplified and made the work of embroiderers easier, leaving more time for ideas and fantasies in relation to embroidery.

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PROTOTYPE

- (Greek prototypon - prototype) - real personality or literary hero, which served the author as a model for creating the character. P. can appear in a work under the authentic (Pugachev in " The captain's daughter"A.S. Pushkin) or a fictitious name (the prototype of Rakhmetov in N.G. Chernyshevsky’s novel “What is to be done?” was P.A. Bakhmetyev). Often the author “focuses” in a literary hero the traits of different people or groups of people (for example, Vasily Terkin in the poem of the same name by A.T. Tvardovsky is a collective image of a Russian soldier). However, not all characters in works of art have P..

Dictionary of literary terms. 2012

Images and prototypes in literature. Character prototype. Psychology: “prototype” and its definition

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1.1 Analysis of historical and modern prototypes, analogues of creative sources

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